Patent Application
20130164409
The invention relates to a method for producing a softened plant material that is obtained by introducing a degrading enzyme. The invention also relates to a softened plant material obtained by the method.
A soft minced food, gooey food, blender food, or the like has been provided for a person who has difficulty in chewing/swallowing, a person who requires nursing care, a patient in the early, middle, or late postoperative stage, an elderly person, or the like, taking account of digestion/absorption, chewing/swallowing, and the like.
Since such a food is produced by finely chopping a cooked food using a kitchen knife or the like, or thickening a cooked food using potato starch, or adding water to a cooked food, and processing the mixture in a blender, such a food has poor appearance in spite of softness.
Various methods that can soften a cooked food or a material without chopping the food or the material using a kitchen knife or the like have been developed in order to produce a food having good appearance. For example, a method that freezes and defrosts a raw or heated material (e.g., carrots or potatoes), immerses the material in a solution containing a pectic enzyme, and introduces the pectic enzyme into the material under reduced pressure to effect an enzyme reaction (see Patent Document 1, for example), and a method that freezes a material (e.g., burdocks or lotus roots) using a quick freezer, and introduces a pectic enzyme or a cellulolytic enzyme into the material to effect an enzyme reaction (see Patent Documents 2 and 3, for example), have been proposed. A method that utilizes vacuum packing when introducing a degrading enzyme has also been proposed (see Patent Document 4, for example).
The material can be softened by the above methods. However, the softness of the softened material is insufficient when the softened material is used as a food material used to produce a food for a person who has difficulty in chewing/swallowing, a person who requires nursing care, a patient in the early, middle, or late postoperative stage, an elderly person, or the like. Moreover, since a variation in softness occurs even if the same type of material is simultaneously subjected to the same treatment, it is impossible to stably mass-produce a softened material. In particular, since a large amount of water is separated from the material, and the nutrients are removed from the material when using a method that immerses the material in a solution containing a degrading enzyme, the resulting softened material has a low nutritional value, is watery, and has a little taste.
The inventors of the invention have made it possible to provide a softened material that has been softened while maintaining the original shape, shows only a small amount of syneresis, and has an excellent texture by reducing the amount of enzyme treatment solution used to soften the material, adding a disaccharide to the enzyme treatment solution, and specifying the degrading enzyme content in the enzyme treatment solution (see Patent Document 5, for example). The inventors have attempted to perform a decompression treatment a plurality of times for introducing the degrading enzyme into the material, and searched a method that prevents syneresis in order to provide a better softened material.
As a method that performs a decompression treatment a plurality of times for introducing the degrading enzyme into the material, a method that immerses an edible leaf vegetable material having soft tissue (e.g., turnip leaf or spinach) in an enzyme treatment solution, and repeats a decompression treatment twice or more has been proposed (see Patent Document 6, for example). However, the above method aims to provide a single-cell material that is used for juice, pasta sauce, or the like, and completely differs from the method according to the invention that aims to obtain a softened material that is highly nutritious and maintains the shape of the material.
An object of the invention is to provide a method for producing a softened plant material that is highly nutritious, and maintains the shape of the plant material. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for producing a softened plant material that can stably mass-produce a softened plant material having uniform softness. A further object of the invention is to provide a softened plant material obtained by the method.
The inventors conducted extensive studies in order to achieve the above objects. As a result, the inventors found that a softened plant material that is highly nutritious, and maintains the shape of the plant material can be produced by bringing the plant material into contact with a degrading enzyme, and subjecting the plant material to a decompression treatment a plurality of times so that the total decompression time is less than 12 minutes to introduce the degrading enzyme into the plant material. The inventors also found that syneresis from the plant material can be prevented by heating the softened plant material at a temperature of 70 to 120° C. and a humidity of 10 to 100% for 5 to 120 minutes to inactivate the degrading enzyme introduced into the plant material, so that a softened plant material that is highly nutritious, and maintains the shape of the plant material can be produced.
The inventors found that a softened plant material having uniform softness can be stably mass-produced by utilizing a method for producing a softened plant material that is characterized by the above feature(s) and can efficiently and uniformly introduce the degrading enzyme into the plant material.
Several aspects of the invention may provide the following method for producing a softened plant material (see (1) to (13)), softened plant material obtained by the method, and the like.
(1) A method for producing a softened plant material including bringing a plant material into contact with a degrading enzyme, and subjecting the plant material to a decompression treatment a plurality of times so that a total decompression time is less than 12 minutes to introduce the degrading enzyme into the plant material to obtain a softened plant material.
(2) The method according to (1), further including heating the softened plant material at a temperature of 70 to 120° C. and a humidity of 10 to 100% for 5 to 120 minutes to inactivate the degrading enzyme.
(3) The method according to (1) or (2), further including freezing the softened plant material.
(4) The method according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the plant material to be softened is a fresh plant material or a frozen or heated plant material.
(5) The method according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the degrading enzyme is a degrading enzyme that has at least one of cellulase activity, hemicellulase activity, and pectinase activity.
(6) The method according to any one of (1) to (5), wherein the plant material is brought into contact with the degrading enzyme using an enzyme treatment solution that includes the degrading enzyme in an amount of 2 wt % or more.
(7) The method according to (6), wherein the plant material is brought into contact with the degrading enzyme using the enzyme treatment solution in an amount of 50 wt % or less based on a weight of the plant material.
(8) The method according to (6) or (7), wherein the enzyme treatment solution includes a disaccharide.
(9) The method according to (8), wherein the disaccharide is trehalose.
(10) The method according to any one of (1) to (9), wherein the softened plant material has a compressive stress of less than 2.0×104N/m2 as measured in accordance with “Testing Method for Foods for People with Difficulty in Swallowing” specified in “Approval of Indication of Foods for Special Dietary Use” (Notification No. 0212001, Department of Food Safety, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, Feb. 12, 2009).
(11) The method according to (10), wherein a standard deviation of the compressive stress of the softened plant material is 5.0×103 N/m2 or less.
(12) The method according to any one of (1) to (11), wherein a content of each nutrient in the softened plant material is 85% or more based on an original content (=100%) of each nutrient in the plant material.
(13) The method according to any one of (1) to (12), wherein the softened plant material has been softened to have uniform hardness while maintaining an original color and an original shape of the plant material, and containing nutrients originally contained in the plant material.
Several aspect of the invention thus make it possible to stably mass-produce a softened plant material that maintains the shape of the plant material, is highly nutritious, and has uniform softness. Since the softened plant material obtained according to several aspect of the invention has good appearance, is highly nutritious, and has a good flavor, the softened plant material may effectively used as a food material used to produce a softened food for an elderly person, a food for a postoperative patient, a dysphagia diet, a weaning food, or the like, and makes it possible to stably mass-produce such a food. Since the softened plant material maintains the original color and the original shape of the plant material even when subjected to frozen storage, shows only a small amount of syneresis, and has a soft texture and a good flavor, the softened plant material can be widely distributed and used.
The term “softened plant material” used herein refers to an edible plant material (e.g., carrot, potato, or burdock) that has been softened to such an extent that a person who has difficulty in chewing/swallowing, a person who requires nursing care, a patient in the early, middle, or late postoperative stage, an elderly person, a baby, or the like can easily eat the plant material.
A fresh plant material, a frozen plant material, a dried plant material, or the like may be softened using the method according to one embodiment of the invention. A fresh plant material that has been heated and packed in a can or the like, or a plant material that has been heated and dried may also be softened using the method according to one embodiment of the invention.
The plant material that is softened using the method according to one embodiment of the invention is not particularly limited as long as the plant material is edible. Examples of the plant material include leaf and stem vegetables such as broccoli, spinach, cabbage, turnip leaf, rape blossoms, Chinese cabbage, lettuce, onion, cauliflower, common bean, young corn, and bamboo shoot, fruit vegetables such as green pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, eggplant, tomato, zucchini, and paprika, root vegetables such as carrot, Japanese radish, lotus root, and burdock, beans such as pea, soybean, green soybean, and broad bean, potatoes such as sweet potato, potato, and eddoe, fruits such as apple, peach, strawberry, melon, grape, mango, banana, and mandarin orange, mushrooms (fungi) such as shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes), hen of the Woods (Grifola frondosa), king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii), Shimeji mashroom (Lyophyllum aggregatum), and mashroom (Agaricus bisporus), and the like.
It is preferable that the softened plant material have been softened to have a compressive stress of less than 2.0×104N/m2 (more preferably less than 1.5×104N/m2, and still more preferably less than 1.0×104 N/m2) as measured in accordance with “Testing Method for Foods for People with Difficulty in Swallowing” specified in “Approval of Indication of Foods for Special Dietary Use” (Notification No. 0212001, Department of Food Safety, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, Feb. 12, 2009). It is also preferable that the softened plant material have been softened to have uniform hardness while maintaining the original color and the original shape of the plant material, and containing the nutrients originally contained in the plant material.
The expression “maintaining the original color and the original shape of the plant material” used herein means that the softened plant material has a color and a shape similar to those of the plant material, or those of the plant material that has been treated to remove harshness, for example.
The expression “containing the nutrients originally contained in the plant material” used herein means that the plant material that has been treated to remove harshness, and blanched (boiled) at 98° C. for 20 seconds, and the softened plant material contain equal amount of respective nutrients, for example. The content of each nutrient in the plant material was equal to that specified in “Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition” (Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, Jan. 24, 2005).
When expressing the content of each preferable nutrient in the softened plant material using a numerical value, it is preferable that the content of each nutrient in the softened plant material is 85% or more, more preferably 90% or more, and still more preferably 95% or more, based on the original content (=100%) of each nutrient in the plant material.
The expression “softened to have uniform hardness” means that the same type of plant material simultaneously subjected to the softening treatment has been softened uniformly. The expression “softened to have uniform hardness” means that the standard deviation of the compressive stress of the softened plant material is less than 1.0×104N/m2. When the standard deviation of the compressive stress of the softened plant material is less than 5.0×103 N/m2, it is considered that the softened plant material has been softened to have particularly uniform hardness.
The softened plant material according to one embodiment of the invention may be produced by an arbitrary known method as long as the softened plant material can be produced. Note that it is necessary to bring the plant material into contact with the degrading enzyme, and subjecting the plant material to the decompression treatment a plurality of times so that the total decompression time is less than 12 minutes to introduce the degrading enzyme into the plant material.
The degrading enzyme is not particularly limited as long as the degrading enzyme can be used to soften a plant material. Examples of the degrading enzyme include a degrading enzyme that has at least one of cellulase activity, hemicellulase activity, and pectinase activity, and the like. A commercially available product may be used as the degrading enzyme. For example, Hemicellulase Amano 90 (manufactured by Amano Enzyme Inc.) that has cellulase activity and hemicellulase activity, Macerozyme 2A (manufactured by Yakult Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.) that has pectinase activity, or the like may be used as the degrading enzyme.
The expression “bringing the plant material into contact with the degrading enzyme” used herein means bringing the plant material into contact with the degrading enzyme by coating the plant material with a small amount of an enzyme treatment solution that includes the degrading enzyme, or applying a small amount of an enzyme treatment solution that includes the degrading enzyme to the plant material, for example, without immersing the plant material in an enzyme treatment solution that includes the degrading enzyme. The degrading enzyme is thus spread over the entire surface of the plant material.
The enzyme treatment solution may be prepared by dissolving the degrading enzyme in water, a citrate buffer, an acetate buffer, a phosphate buffer, or the like. The concentration of the degrading enzyme in the enzyme treatment solution is not particularly limited as long as the softened plant material can be produced. It is preferable that the enzyme treatment solution include the degrading enzyme in an amount of 2 wt % or more (more preferably 3.5 to 10.0 wt %).
The enzyme treatment solution may include a disaccharide (e.g., trehalose, sucrose, maltose, or lactose) in addition to the degrading enzyme. The concentration of the disaccharide in the enzyme treatment solution is not particularly limited as long as the softened plant material can be effectively produced. It is preferable that the enzyme treatment solution include the disaccharide in an amount of 5 to 30 wt % (more preferably 20 to 25 wt %).
It suffices to use only a small amount of the enzyme treatment solution when bringing the plant material into contact with the degrading enzyme. For example, the enzyme treatment solution may be used in an amount of 50 wt % or less based on the weight of the plant material. It is preferable to use the enzyme treatment solution in an amount of 5 to 25 wt % based on the weight of the plant material.
After bringing the plant material into contact with the degrading enzyme, the decompression treatment is performed so that the degrading enzyme included in the enzyme treatment solution penetrates into the plant material.
The term “decompression treatment” used herein refers to allow the plant material that has been brought into contact with the degrading enzyme to stand under a reduced pressure of 20 kPa or less, and preferably 10 kPa or less. The decompression treatment may be performed using a known method/system. For example, a diaphragm-type dry vacuum pump “DAU-100H” (manufactured by ULVAC KIKO, Inc.) or the like may be used for the decompression treatment.
It is important to repeat the decompression treatment a plurality of times (e.g., repeat a 1 min decompression treatment 2 to 4 times, or repeat a 30 sec decompression treatment 2 to 9 times) so that the total decompression time is less than 12 minutes. It suffices that the total decompression time be less than 12. For example, the total decompression time may be 1 to 8 minutes (preferably 2 to 4 minutes).
The degrading enzyme that has penetrated into the plant material is allowed to stand at a given temperature for a given time to effect an enzyme reaction, so that the plant material can be softened. The enzyme reaction conditions may be appropriately determined depending on the plant material used to produce a softened plant material. For example, when the plant material is a potato or a carrot, the enzyme reaction may be effected at 4° C. for about 12 to 30 hours, followed by allowing the plant material to stand at 45 to 60° C. for 20 to 40 minutes. When the plant material is a burdock, the enzyme reaction may be effected at 4° C. for about 3 to 30 hours, followed by allowing the plant material to stand at 45 to 60° C. for 20 to 40 minutes.
The degrading enzyme is inactivated after reacting the plant material with the degrading enzyme. The degrading enzyme may be inactivated by an arbitrary known method as long as the softened plant material can be produced. It is particularly preferable to inactivate the degrading enzyme by heating the plant material at a temperature of 70 to 120° C. and a humidity of 10 to 100% for 5 to 120 minutes using a system (e.g., steam convection oven) that can be adjusted in temperature and humidity.
Water can be removed in the inactivation step. It is possible to remove only unnecessary water from the plant material by heating the plant material in the inactivation step while adjusting humidity in a state in which the surface of the plant material is not dried, and softening of the plant material is not affected.
The softened plant material according to one embodiment of the invention can be produced by the above steps. Note that the scope of the softened plant material according to one embodiment of the invention also includes the softened plant material that has been frozen.
When freezing the softened plant material, it is preferable to rapidly freeze the softened plant material produced by the above steps using a blast freezer “QXF-006SF5” (manufactured by Fukushima Industries Corporation) or the like.
It is preferable to defrost the softened plant material that has been rapidly frozen (or rapidly frozen, and stored in a frozen state) under conditions whereby the softened plant material is uniformly defrosted, and maintains its shape retention capability. For example, it is preferable to defrost the softened plant material at 70 to 80° C. for 20 to 40 minutes.
The invention is further described below by way of examples. Note that the invention is not limited to the following examples.
Carrots that had been sliced to a thickness of about 10 mm, peeled/hulled, and immersed in water to remove harshness were used as the plant material.
Potatoes that had been sliced to a thickness of about 10 mm, peeled, and immersed in water to remove harshness were used as the plant material.
Burdocks that had been diagonally sliced to a thickness of about 5 mm, peeled, and immersed in water to remove harshness were used as the plant material.
Hemicellulase: Hemicellulase Amano 90 (manufactured by Amano Enzyme Inc.)
Pectinase: Macerozyme 2A (manufactured by Yakult Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd.)
Disaccharide: Trehalose (manufactured by Hayashibara Co., Ltd.)
1) The carrots prepared as described above (see “1) Carrot” in “1. Plant material”) were heated at 120° C. for 10 minutes using a saturated steam cooker.
2) After the addition of an enzyme treatment solution prepared by dissolving trehalose and hemicellulase (5 wt %) in a 0.020 M citrate buffer (pH: 5.0) in an amount of 20 wt % based on the weight of the carrots subjected to the step 1), the carrots were impregnated with the enzyme treatment solution under reduced pressure (−0.095 MPa) (1 min×4 (total decompression time: 4 min) or 2 min×4 (total decompression time: 8 min)). Note that a piece that had been deformed by the step 2) was removed before performing the subsequent step.
3) The carrots subjected to the step 2) were stored in a refrigerator at 4° C. for 16 hours, and stored in a temperature-controlled room at 45° C. for 30 minutes to effect an enzyme reaction.
4) The carrots subjected to the step 3) were heated at 70° C. for 40 minutes using a steam convection oven to inactivate the enzyme, and then frozen rapidly.
5) Softened carrots were thus produced by the steps 1) to 4).
Softened carrots were produced by performing the steps 1) and 2) of the production method (1), and then performing the following step 3) instead of the steps 3) to 5) of the production method (1).
3) The carrots subjected to the steps 1) and 2) were stored in a refrigerator at 4° C. for 16 hours, heated at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 50% for 10 minutes using a steam convection oven to effect an enzyme reaction, enzyme inactivation, and water removal, and then frozen rapidly to obtain softened carrots.
1) The potatoes prepared as described above (see “1) Potato” in “1. Plant material”) were heated at 100° C. for 20 minutes using a saturated steam cooker, and then allowed to cool to 50° C.
2) After the addition of an enzyme treatment solution prepared by dissolving trehalose, hemicellulase (5 wt %), and pectinase (5 wt %) in a 0.020 M citrate buffer (pH: 5.0) in an amount of 20 wt % based on the weight of the potatoes subjected to the step 1), the potatoes were impregnated with the enzyme treatment solution under reduced pressure (−0.095 MPa) (1 min×4 (total decompression time: 4 min)). Note that a piece that had been deformed by the step 2) was removed before performing the subsequent step.
3) The potatoes subjected to the step 2) were stored in a refrigerator at 4° C. for 16 hours, and stored in a temperature-controlled room at 45° C. for 30 minutes to effect an enzyme reaction.
4) The potatoes subjected to the step 3) were heated at 70° C. for 40 minutes using a steam convection oven to inactivate the enzyme, and then frozen rapidly.
5) Softened potatoes were thus produced by the steps 1) to 4).
Softened potatoes were produced by performing the steps 1) and 2) of the production method (1), and then performing the following step 3) instead of the steps 3) to 5) of the production method (1).
3) The potatoes subjected to the steps 1) and 2) were stored in a refrigerator at 4° C. for 16 hours, heated at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 50% for 30 minutes using a steam convection oven to effect an enzyme reaction, enzyme inactivation, and water removal, and then frozen rapidly to obtain softened potatoes.
1) The burdocks prepared as described above (see “1) Burdock” in “1. Plant material”) were heated at 120° C. for 20 minutes using a saturated steam cooker.
2) After the addition of an enzyme treatment solution prepared by dissolving trehalose and hemicellulase (5 wt %) in a 0.020 M citrate buffer (pH: 5.0) in an amount of 20 wt % based on the weight of the burdocks subjected to the step 1), the burdocks were impregnated with the enzyme treatment solution under reduced pressure (−0.095 MPa) (1 min×4 (total decompression time: 4 min)). Note that a piece that had been deformed by the step 2) was removed before performing the subsequent step.
3) The burdocks subjected to the step 2) were stored in a refrigerator at 4° C. for 16 hours, and stored in a temperature-controlled room at 45° C. for 30 minutes to effect an enzyme reaction.
4) The burdocks subjected to the step 3) were heated at 70° C. for 40 minutes using a steam convection oven to inactivate the enzyme, and then frozen rapidly.
5) Softened burdocks were thus produced by the steps 1) to 4).
Softened burdocks were produced by performing the steps 1) and 2) of the production method (1), and then performing the following step 3) instead of the steps 3) to 5) of the production method (1).
3) The burdocks subjected to the steps 1) and 2) were stored in a refrigerator at 4° C. for 16 hours, heated at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 50% for 10 minutes using a steam convection oven to effect an enzyme reaction, enzyme inactivation, and water removal, and then frozen rapidly to obtain softened burdocks.
Softened carrots were produced by the production method (1) described in “1. Production of softened carrots”.
Softened carrots were produced by the production method (1) described in “1. Production of softened carrots” using the carrots prepared as described above (see “1) Carrot” in “1. Plant material”) and stored in a frozen state (−20° C., about 1 day).
Softened carrots were produced in the same manner as in the production method (1) described in “1. Production of softened carrots”, except that the carrots were impregnated with the enzyme treatment solution under reduced pressure (−0.095 MPa) for 30 seconds four times (total decompression time: 2 min).
Softened carrots were produced by the production method (2) described in “1. Production of softened carrots”.
Softened carrots were produced by the production method (2) described in “1. Production of softened carrots” using the carrots prepared as described above (see “1) Carrot” in “1. Plant material”) and stored in a frozen state (−20° C., about 1 day).
Softened carrots were produced in the same manner as in the production method (2) described in “1. Production of softened carrots”, except that the carrots were heated in the step 3) at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 20% using a steam convection oven.
Softened carrots were produced in the same manner as in the production method (2) described in “1. Production of softened carrots”, except that the carrots were heated in the step 3) at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 70% using a steam convection oven.
Softened carrots were produced in the same manner as in the production method (2) described in “1. Production of softened carrots”, except that the carrots were heated in the step 3) at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 100% using a steam convection oven.
Table 1 shows some of the features of the softened carrot production method of each example, and
Softened potatoes were produced by the production method (1) described in “2. Production of softened potatoes”.
Softened potatoes were produced by the production method (1) described in “2. Production of softened potatoes” using the potatoes prepared as described above (see “2) Potato” in “1. Plant material”) and stored in a frozen state (−20° C., about 1 day).
Softened potatoes were produced in the same manner as in the production method (1) described in “2. Production of softened potatoes”, except that the potatoes were impregnated with the enzyme treatment solution under reduced pressure (−0.095 MPa) for 30 seconds four times (total decompression time: 2 min).
Softened potatoes were produced by the production method (2) described in “2. Production of softened potatoes”.
Softened potatoes were produced by the production method (2) described in “2. Production of softened potatoes” using the potatoes prepared as described above (see “2) Potato” in “1. Plant material”) and stored in a frozen state (−20° C., about 1 day).
Softened potatoes were produced in the same manner as in the production method (2) described in “2. Production of softened potatoes”, except that the potatoes were heated in the step 3) at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 20% using a steam convection oven.
Softened potatoes were produced in the same manner as in the production method (2) described in “2. Production of softened potatoes”, except that the potatoes were heated in the step 3) at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 70% using a steam convection oven.
Softened potatoes were produced in the same manner as in the production method (2) described in “2. Production of softened potatoes”, except that the potatoes were heated in the step 3) at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 100% using a steam convection oven.
Table 2 shows some of the features of the softened potato production method of each example, and
Softened burdocks were produced by the production method (1) described in “3. Production of softened burdocks”.
Softened burdocks were produced by the production method (1) described in “3. Production of softened burdocks” using the burdocks prepared as described above (see “3) Burdock” in “1. Plant material”) and stored in a frozen state (−20° C., about 1 day).
Softened burdocks were produced in the same manner as in the production method (1) described in “3. Production of softened burdocks”, except that the burdocks were impregnated with the enzyme treatment solution under reduced pressure (−0.095 MPa) for 30 seconds four times (total decompression time: 2 min).
Softened burdocks were produced by the production method (2) described in “3. Production of softened burdocks”.
Softened burdocks were produced by the production method (2) described in “3. Production of softened burdocks” using the burdocks prepared as described above (see “3) Burdock” in “1. Plant material”) and stored in a frozen state (−20° C., about 1 day).
Softened burdocks were produced in the same manner as in the production method (2) described in “3. Production of softened burdocks”, except that the burdocks were heated in the step 3) at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 20% using a steam convection oven.
Softened burdocks were produced in the same manner as in the production method (2) described in “3. Production of softened burdocks”, except that the burdocks were heated in the step 3) at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 70% using a steam convection oven.
Softened burdocks were produced in the same manner as in the production method (2) described in “3. Production of softened burdocks”, except that the burdocks were heated in the step 3) at a temperature of 90° C. and a humidity of 100% using a steam convection oven.
Table 3 shows some of the features of the softened burdock production method of each example, and
Softened carrots were produced in the same manner as in the production method (1) described in “1. Production of softened carrots”, except that the carrots were impregnated with the enzyme treatment solution under reduced pressure (−0.095 MPa) for 2 minutes six times (total decompression time: 12 min).
Softened potatoes were produced in the same manner as in the production method (1) described in “2. Production of softened potatoes”, except that the potatoes were impregnated with the enzyme treatment solution under reduced pressure (−0.095 MPa) for 2 minutes six times (total decompression time: 12 min).
Softened burdocks were produced in the same manner as in the production method (1) described in “3. Production of softened burdocks”, except that the burdocks were impregnated with the enzyme treatment solution under reduced pressure (−0.095 MPa) for 2 minutes six times (total decompression time: 12 min).
The carrots prepared as described above (see “1) Carrot” in “1. Plant material”) were treated using the method disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3686912 (“Method for rapidly introducing enzyme into plant tissue”).
Specifically, the carrots were blanched (boiled) at 98° C. for 20 seconds, frozen at −15° C., immersed (defrosted) in an enzyme treatment solution (40° C.) prepared by dissolving hemicellulase (1 wt %) in a 0.020 M citrate buffer (pH: 5.0) for 60 minutes (amount of enzyme treatment solution: 250 wt % based on weight of carrots), and decompressed (−0.095 MPa) for 5 minutes using a vacuum pump.
The carrots were heated at 70° C. for 40 minutes using a steam convection oven to inactivate the enzyme, and then frozen rapidly.
The carrots were treated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 4, except that the blanched carrots were not frozen.
The potatoes prepared as described above (see “2) Potato” in “1. Plant material”) were treated using the method disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3686912 (“Method for rapidly introducing enzyme into plant tissue”).
Specifically, the potatoes were blanched (boiled) at 98° C. for 20 seconds, frozen at −15° C., immersed (defrosted) in an enzyme treatment solution (40° C.) prepared by dissolving hemicellulase (1 wt %) and pectinase (1 wt %) in a 0.020 M citrate buffer (pH: 5.0) for 60 minutes (amount of enzyme treatment solution: 250 wt % based on weight of potatoes), and decompressed (−0.095 MPa) for 5 minutes using a vacuum pump.
The potatoes were heated at 70° C. for 40 minutes using a steam convection oven to inactivate the enzyme, and then frozen rapidly.
The potatoes were treated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 6, except that the blanched potatoes were not frozen.
The burdocks prepared as described above (see “3) Burdock” in “1. Plant material”) were treated using the method disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3686912 (“Method for rapidly introducing enzyme into plant tissue”).
Specifically, the burdocks were blanched (boiled) at 98° C. for 20 seconds, frozen at −15° C., immersed (defrosted) in an enzyme treatment solution (40° C.) prepared by dissolving hemicellulase (1 wt %) in a 0.020 M citrate buffer (pH: 5.0) for 60 minutes (amount of enzyme treatment solution: 250 wt % based on weight of burdocks), and decompressed (−0.095 MPa) for 5 minutes using a vacuum pump.
The burdocks were heated at 70° C. for 40 minutes using a steam convection oven to inactivate the enzyme, and then frozen rapidly.
The burdocks were treated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 8, except that the blanched burdocks were not frozen.
Carrots (plant material) were treated using the method disclosed in JP-A-2010-51209 (“Method for producing frozen soft vegetable food”).
1) The carrots were sliced to a thickness of about 10 mm, peeled/hulled, and immersed in water to remove harshness.
2) The carrots subjected to the step 1) were immersed in water (8-fold volume), and heated at 90° C. for 30 minutes.
3) The carrots subjected to the step 2) were removed from the water, cooled with water, and frozen at −20° C. for 40 minutes using a quick freezer to produce ice crystals in the tissue of the carrots. Next, cold air (−20° C.) was applied to the surface of the carrots for 48 hours to reduce the water content in the surface of the carrots in a frozen state. A degrading enzyme easily enters the tissue of the carrots as a result of performing the above operation.
4) The carrots subjected to the step 3) were defrosted, immersed in an enzyme treatment solution prepared by dissolving hemicellulase (1 wt %) in a 0.020 M citrate buffer (pH: 5.0) in an amount of 250 wt % based on the weight of the carrots, and decompressed at −0.095 MPa for 20 minutes.
5) The carrots subjected to the step 4) were returned to normal pressure, removed from the enzyme treatment solution, and stored in a refrigerator at 10° C. for 16 hours.
6) The carrots subjected to the step 5) were immersed in water (3-fold volume), and heated at 95° C. for 10 minutes to inactivate the enzyme.
7) The carrots subjected to the step 6) were cooled under vacuum, and frozen at −40° C. for 30 minutes.
Potatoes (plant material) were treated using the method disclosed in JP-A-2010-51209 (“Method for producing frozen soft vegetable food”).
1) The potatoes were sliced to a thickness of about 10 mm, peeled, and immersed in water to remove harshness.
2) The potatoes subjected to the step 1) were immersed in water (8-fold volume), and heated at 90° C. for 30 minutes.
3) The potatoes subjected to the step 2) were removed from the water, cooled with water, and frozen at −20° C. for 40 minutes using a quick freezer to produce ice crystals in the tissue of the potatoes. Next, cold air (−20° C.) was applied to the surface of the potatoes for 48 hours to reduce the water content in the surface of the potatoes in a frozen state. A degrading enzyme easily enters the tissue of the potatoes as a result of performing the above operation.
4) The potatoes subjected to the step 3) were defrosted, immersed in an enzyme treatment solution prepared by dissolving hemicellulase (1 wt %) and pectinase (1 wt %) in a 0.020 M citrate buffer (pH: 5.0) in an amount of 250 wt % based on the weight of the potatoes, and decompressed at −0.095 MPa for 20 minutes.
5) The potatoes subjected to the step 4) were returned to normal pressure, removed from the enzyme treatment solution, and stored in a refrigerator at 10° C. for 16 hours.
6) The potatoes subjected to the step 5) were immersed in water (3-fold volume), and heated at 95° C. for 10 minutes to inactivate the enzyme.
7) The potatoes subjected to the step 6) were cooled under vacuum, and frozen at −40° C. for 30 minutes.
Burdocks (plant material) were treated using the method disclosed in JP-A-2010-51209 (“Method for producing frozen soft vegetable food”).
1) The burdocks were washed with water, peeled, and diagonally sliced to a thickness of about 5 mm.
2) The burdocks subjected to the step 1) were immersed in water (8-fold volume), and heated at 90° C. for 30 minutes.
3) The burdocks subjected to the step 2) were removed from the water, cooled with water, and frozen at −20° C. for 40 minutes using a quick freezer to produce ice crystals in the tissue of the burdocks. Next, cold air (−20° C.) was applied to the surface of the burdocks for 48 hours to reduce the water content in the surface of the burdocks in a frozen state. A degrading enzyme easily enters the tissue of the burdocks as a result of performing the above operation.
4) The burdocks subjected to the step 3) were defrosted, immersed in an enzyme treatment solution prepared by dissolving hemicellulase (1 wt %) in a 0.020 M citrate buffer (pH: 5.0) in an amount of 250 wt % based on the weight of the burdocks, and decompressed at −0.095 MPa for 20 minutes.
5) The burdocks subjected to the step 4) were returned to normal pressure, removed from the enzyme treatment solution, and stored in a refrigerator at 10° C. for 16 hours.
6) The burdocks subjected to the step 5) were immersed in water (3-fold volume), and heated at 95° C. for 10 minutes to inactivate the enzyme.
7) The burdocks subjected to the step 6) were cooled under vacuum, and frozen at −40° C. for 30 minutes.
The carrots prepared as described above (see “1) Carrot” in “1. Plant material”) were boiled at 90° C. for 6 hours.
Table 1 shows some of the features of the softened carrot production method of each comparative example, Table 2 shows some of the features of the softened potato production method of each comparative example, and Table 3 shows some of the features of the softened burdock production method of each comparative example.
The softened carrots, potatoes, and burdocks obtained in Examples 1 to 24, and the carrots, potatoes, and burdocks subjected to the softening treatment in Comparative Examples 1 to 13 were defrosted (80° C., 30 minutes), and evaluated as described below. The softened carrots and potatoes that were stored in a frozen state (see “Frozen storage test of softened plant material”) were also defrosted (80° C., 30 minutes), and evaluated as described below.
Tables 6 and 7 show the evaluation results for the softened carrots, Tables 8 and 9 show the evaluation results for the softened potatoes, and Tables 10 and 11 show the evaluation results for the softened burdocks. Tables 12 and 13 show the evaluation results for the softened carrots and potatoes that were stored in a frozen state.
The ratio of the number of pieces of the plant material that were deformed and removed after impregnation with the enzyme treatment solution to the number of pieces of the plant material (50 or more) subjected to the softening treatment in the step 2 of each example was calculated, and taken as the breakage rate.
2. Sensory Evaluation (n=10)
The appearance (color and shape), syneresis, the texture (hardness), and the flavor of the softened plant material were evaluated in five levels.
A softened plant material that maintains the original appearance (color and shape), and has been softened to such an extent that the softened plant material can be crushed with the tongue (i.e., only the texture (hardness) has been changed) was considered to be an ideal food material model. Specific criteria are shown in Table 4.
S: The softened plant material is in a state equal to that of the ideal model, and is suitable for use as a food material.
A: The softened plant material is in a state almost equal to that of the ideal model, and is suitable for use as a food material.
B: The softened plant material is in a state inferior to that of the ideal model, but is suitable for use as a food material.
C: The softened plant material is in a state slightly similar to that of the ideal model, but is not suitable for use as a food material.
D: The softened plant material is in a state differing from that of the ideal model, and is not suitable for use as a food material.
1 point was assigned to the level D, 2 points were assigned to the level C, 3 points were assigned to the level B, 4 points were assigned to the level A, 5 points were assigned to the level S, and the average value of the evaluation points rated by ten raters was calculated, and taken as the overall evaluation result (1.0 to 1.4 points: D, 1.5 to 2.4 points: C, 2.5 to 3.4 points: B, 3.5 to 4.4 points: A, 4.5 to 5.0 points: S).
The hardness of the softened plant material was measured using a creep meter “RE2-33005B” (manufactured by Yamaden Co., Ltd.) (measurement speed: 10 mm/s, diameter of plunger: 20 mm, and temperature: 20±2° C.). The hardness of the softened plant material was measured in accordance with “Testing Method for Foods for People with Difficulty in Swallowing” specified in “Approval of Indication of Foods for Special Dietary Use” (Notification No. 0212001, Department of Food Safety, Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, Feb. 12, 2009). The hardness of the softened plant material (10 pieces) obtained in each example was measured, and the average value and the standard deviation were evaluated in three levels. The criteria are shown in Table 5.
The water content, the protein content, the lipid content, and the ash content in each softened plant material (100 g (edible part)) were measured by a normal-pressure heating/drying method, the Kjeldahl method, an acid digestion method, and a direct ashing method, respectively, and the carbohydrate content and the calorie were calculated from the resulting values. The potassium content was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The β-carotene content in the softened carrots (100 g (edible part)) was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
The carrots, potatoes, and burdocks prepared as described above (see “1) Carrot”, “2) Potato”, and “3) Burdock” in “1. Plant material”) were blanched (boiled) at 98° C. for 20 seconds. The content of each nutrient in each plant material (i.e., the nutrients originally contained in each plant material (100%)) was compared with that of each softened plant material to determine the retention rate of each nutrient. The content of each nutrient specified in “Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan, Fifth Revised and Enlarged Edition” (Council for Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, Jan. 24, 2005) is shown in Tables 7, 9, and 11 for reference.
A softened plant material produced as described above was frozen rapidly using a blast freezer “QXF-006SF5” (manufactured by Fukushima Industries Corporation), and stored in a frozen state (−20° C.). After storing the softened plant material for a given period, the softened plant material after frozen storage was evaluated in accordance with the evaluation methods and the criteria described in “Evaluation of softened plant material”.
Table 12 shows the evaluation results for the softened carrots (that were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 (total decompression time: 4 minutes) or Example 4) after frozen storage, and Table 13 shows the evaluation results for the softened potatoes (that were produced in the same manner as in Example 9 or Example 12) after frozen storage. As shown in Tables 12 and 13, each softened plant material after frozen storage showed sensory evaluation results and hardness equal to those immediately after production (storage period: 0 months), and was suitable for use as a food material. The softened plant material showed discoloration to some extent after 6-month frozen storage, but had excellent color and an excellent shape (evaluation: A), and was suitable for use as a food material.
It was confirmed from the above evaluation results that the softened plant materials obtained by the production method according to the embodiments of the invention maintained the original color and the original shape of the plant material, showed only a small amount of syneresis, had a soft texture and a good flavor, and contained the nutrients originally contained in the plant material, as compared with the softened plant materials produced in the comparative examples.
A hard plant material (e.g., carrot) could be sufficiently softened by the production method according to the embodiments of the invention. For example, a softened plant material having softness that cannot be implemented under excessive cooking conditions (see Comparative Example 13) can be produced to maintain the original appearance of the plant material and contain the nutrients originally contained in the plant material.
The softened plant materials maintained the original color and the original shape of the plant material, showed only a small amount of syneresis, and had a soft texture and a good flavor, even when subjected to 6-month frozen storage. It was thus confirmed that a softened plant material obtained by the production method according to the embodiments of the invention may suitably used as a food material used to produce a food for a person who has difficulty in chewing/swallowing, a person who requires nursing care, a patient in the early, middle, or late postoperative stage, an elderly person, or the like.
Since the production method according to the embodiments of the invention had a low plant material breakage rate as compared with the production method of the comparative examples, and could soften each plant material within a certain range (standard deviation of compressive stress), it was confirmed that a softened plant material can be uniformly and stably mass-produced by the production method according to the embodiments of the invention.
A softened food for an elderly person, a food for a postoperative patient, a dysphagia diet, a weaning food, or the like that have good appearance, are highly nutritious, and have a good flavor can be provided in a large quantity by utilizing a softened plant material produced by the production method according to the embodiments of the invention as a food material.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010-199188 | Sep 2010 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2011/070168 | 9/5/2011 | WO | 00 | 3/5/2013 |
