Patent Application
20200071347
The present invention relates to a method for producing a transition metal-isocyanide complex.
An isocyanide or isonitrile compound (hereinafter, collectively referred to as an isocyanide compound) is a compound having an isocyano group formed of a triple bond of carbon and nitrogen; unlike a nitrile compound, the isocyanide compound has an unshared electron pair on carbon and has a substituent on nitrogen, and is known for having an electronic structure equal to a carbon monoxide ligand.
For this feature, from old times isocyanide compounds have been used as reaction intermediates of various nitrogen-containing compounds, and have been used as ligands of transition metal complexes similarly to carbon monoxide.
Examples in which isocyanide compounds are used as ligands of catalysts for hydrosilylation reaction are reported.
Hydrosilylation reaction in which a Si—H functional compound is reacted to be added to a compound having a carbon-carbon double bond is a useful means for synthesizing an organic silicon compound, and is an industrially important synthesis reaction.
As the catalyst for hydrosilylation reaction, Pt, Pd and Rh compounds are known. Among others, Pt compounds as typified by Speier's catalyst and Karstedt's catalyst are most commonly used. As a catalyst for hydrosilylation reaction using an isocyanide compound, an example using a catalyst produced by adding an aryl isocyanide compound to a rhodium complex is reported (Non-Patent Document 1).
These days, hydrosilylation reaction catalysts using inexpensive iron or cobalt and having isocyanide compounds as ligands are reported. For example, a hydrosilylation reaction catalyst using bis(cyclooctatetraenyl)iron and an isocyanide compound as ligands is reported (Non-Patent Document 2).
Also a hydrosilylation reaction catalyst using iron pivalate or cobalt pivalate and an isocyanide compound as ligands is reported (Non-Patent Document 3), and it is reported that an isocyanide compound is useful as a ligand of a catalyst for hydrosilylation reaction. However, all these examples are still insufficient in terms of catalytic activity, and the development of a catalyst having higher catalytic activity is desired.
As a common method for improving catalytic activity, a technique using a complex having a structure close to an active species of the reaction is known. Chalk-Harrod mechanism and modified Chalk-Harrod mechanism are known as reaction mechanisms of hydrosilylation reaction (Non-Patent Documents 4 to 7); a complex with an oxidation number of zero is close to a catalytic active species. That is, it is expected that catalytic activity will be improved when a zero-valent transition metal complex having an isocyanide compound as ligands is used as a catalyst.
Thus far, a zero-valent transition metal complex having an isocyanide compound as ligands has been synthesized by, for example, reacting together a halide salt, an acetate, or a hexafluorophosphate, an isocyanide compound, and sodium amalgam or potassium amalgam as a reducing agent (Non-Patent Documents 8 to 14); however, in this technique, highly toxic mercury is used, and a complex containing mercury like in Non-Patent Document 15 may be contained in the product depending on the reaction conditions.
Further, a method in which a zero-valent transition metal complex having carbon monoxide as ligands and an isocyanide compound are reacted together to perform synthesis is reported (Non-Patent Documents 10, and 16 to 20). However, while an aromatic isocyanide compound can create a state where all carbonyl ligands are substituted with isocyanide ligands, in an aliphatic isocyanide compound, it is difficult to create such a state, and highly toxic carbon monoxide is generated during the reaction.
In this respect, a method in which a precursor of a zero-valent transition metal complex having substitutable ligands other than carbon monoxide and an isocyanide compound are reacted together is reported (Non-Patent Documents 21 to 26); however, the precursor is unstable to air or water, and is hard to handle.
Also an example in which an ate-type (or ion-structured) transition metal complex having an isocyanide compound as ligands is used as a precursor of a complex is reported (Non-Patent Documents 27 and 28); however, also in this case, sodium amalgam containing mercury is used when synthesizing the ate-type transition metal complex, and there is a problem of high toxicity like in the technology mentioned above.
Further, a synthesis example in which potassium naphthalenide is used as a reducing agent is reported (Non-Patent Document 29); however, it is necessary to dispose of a large amount of naphthalene produced after reaction, and there is a problem with the purification of the complex.
On the other hand, these days, an alkali metal supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent as a reducing agent and a use example thereof are reported, and the ease of handling, the ease of reactivity and purification, or an improvement in safety is achieved; however, there is no example in which such a supported alkali metal is used for the synthesis of a zero-valent transition metal complex that is useful as a catalyst for hydrosilylation reaction and that has a transition metal and an isocyanide compound as ligands (Patent Documents 1 to 5, and Non-Patent Documents 30 and 31).
Patent Document 1: JP 4885730
Patent Document 2: JP 5346986
Patent Document 3: JP 5385358
Patent Document 4: JP 5048503
Patent Document 5: JP-A 2016-160487
The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method that, without using a compound harmful to human bodies, can easily and efficiently produce a transition metal complex formed of a prescribed transition metal that has an oxidation number of zero and that has identical or different isocyanide compounds.
The present inventors conducted extensive studies in order to achieve the object mentioned above; and have found out that reaction progresses under mild conditions by reacting together a compound containing a prescribed transition metal and a prescribed isocyanide compound in the presence of an alkali metal supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent, and have found out that, since the alkali metal supported by a solid substance is insoluble in an organic solvent, the supported alkali metal can be easily removed by a simple process of filtration, and consequently a transition metal-isocyanide complex can be produced efficiently and safely; thus, have completed the present invention.
The invention provides a transition metal-isocyanide complex and a method defined below.
the method including reacting together a compound containing a transition metal selected from V, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, and Pt, and an isocyanide compound represented by formula (1) below in the presence of an alkali metal supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent,
(CN)x—R1 (1)
wherein R1 represents a monovalent to trivalent organic group that has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and is optionally substituted with a halogen atom and in which one or more atoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and silicon are optionally interposed, and x represents an integer of 1 to 3,
M1a(L)b (2)
wherein M1 represents V, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, or Pt with an oxidation number of zero, L represents an isocyanide compound represented by the formula (1), M1 may be the same or different, and L may be the same or different, “a” represents an integer of 1 to 8, and “b” represents an integer of 2 to 12.
M2Xc (3)
wherein M2 represents Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, or Pt, X represents a halogen atom or a group represented by formula (4) below each of which is possibly the same as or different from another one, and c represents an integer of 1 to 6,
—OC(O)R2 (4)
wherein R2 represents a monovalent organic group that has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and is optionally substituted with a halogen atom and in which one or more atoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and silicon are optionally interposed.
A method for producing a transition metal-isocyanide complex of the present invention does not release mercury or carbon monoxide harmful to human bodies and furthermore does not need to use a precursor unstable to air or water, and is therefore safe; and can remove an alkali metal supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent by a simple process of filtration; thus, the method is an easy and efficient method.
Further, in the production method of the present invention, the risk during the production of a transition metal complex can be minimized by using an alkali metal supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent, in which risks due to water sensitivity and high oxygen reactivity, which are peculiar to alkali metals, have been reduced, and very high usefulness is provided.
Below the invention is described in more detail.
A method for producing a transition metal-isocyanide complex according to the present invention reacts together a compound containing a transition metal and an isocyanide compound represented by formula (1) in the presence of an alkali metal supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent.
(CN)x—R1 (1)
The transition metal used in the present invention is V, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, or Pt, preferably Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, or Pt, and more preferably Fe, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, or Pt.
The compound containing any of these transition metals is not particularly limited as long as it can be reduced by being reacted with an alkali metal supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent, and examples include transition metal oxides; transition metal acids such as chloroplatinic acid and chloroauric acid, or salts thereof; transition metal oxyacid salts such as sulfates, carbonates, and phosphates; transition metal halide salts such as fluorides, chlorides, bromide salts, and iodides; transition metal alkoxide salts such as methoxides, ethoxides, and isopropoxides; transition metal carboxylates such as acetates, pivalates, and 2-ethylhexanoates; transition metal β-diketonates such as acetylacetonates; transition metal sulfonates such as p-toluenesulfonates and trifluoromethanesulfonates; transition metal amide salts such as bis(trimethylsilyl)amides; transition metal tetrafluoroborates; transition metal hexafluorophosphates; and the like; the compound is preferably a transition metal salt represented by formula (3) below.
M2Xc (3)
In formula (3), M2 represents Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, or Pt, X represents a halogen atom or a group represented by formula (4) below, and c represents a number that changes in accordance with the oxidation number of the transition metal and represents an integer of 1 to 6.
—OC(O)R2 (4)
In formula (4), R2 represents a monovalent organic group that has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and is optionally substituted with a halogen atom and in which one or more atoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and silicon are optionally interposed.
Specific examples of the halogen atom include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
The monovalent to trivalent organic group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, but is preferably a monovalent to trivalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
Examples of monovalent hydrocarbon groups include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, alkyl aryl, and aralkyl groups.
The alkyl groups may be straight, branched or cyclic, is preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10 alkyl group. Examples include straight or branched alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-heptadecyl, n-octadecyl, n-nonadecyl, and n-eicosanyl; and cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, norbornyl, and adamantyl.
The alkenyl group is preferably an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and examples include ethenyl, n-1-propenyl, n-2-propenyl, 1-methylethenyl, n-1-butenyl, n-2-butenyl, n-3-butenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 1-ethylethenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-methyl-2-propenyl, n-1-pentenyl, n-1-decenyl, and n-1-eicosenyl.
The alkynyl group is preferably an alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and examples include ethynyl, n-1-propynyl, n-2-propynyl, n-1-butynyl, n-2-butynyl, n-3-butynyl, 1-methyl-2-propynyl, n-1-pentynyl, n-2-pentynyl, n-3-pentynyl, n-4-pentynyl, 1-methyl-n-butynyl, 2-methyl-n-butynyl, 3-methyl-n-butynyl, 1,1-dimethyl-n-propynyl, n-1-hexynyl, n-1-decynyl, n-1-pentadecynyl, and n-1-eicosynyl.
The aryl or alkylaryl group is preferably an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or an alkylaryl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, and specific examples include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, o-biphenylyl, m-biphenylyl, p-biphenylyl, tolyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, a mesityl group, and the like.
The aralkyl group is an arylalkyl group preferably having 7 to 30 carbon atoms and more preferably having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, and specific examples include benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, naphthylmethyl, naphthylethyl, a naphthylpropyl group, and the like.
Suitable divalent hydrocarbon groups include alkylene, arylene and aralkylene groups.
The alkylene groups may be straight, branched or cyclic ones, preferably alkylene groups having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples include straight or branched alkylene groups such as methylene, ethylene, propylene, trimethylene, n-butylene, isobutylene, s-butylene, n-octylene, 2-ethylhexylene, n-decylene, n-undecylene, n-dodecylene, n-tridecylene, n-tetradecylene, n-pentadecylene, n-hexadecylene, n-heptadecylene, n-octadecylene, n-nonadecylene, and n-eicosanylene; and cycloalkylene groups such as 1,4-cyclohexylene.
Examples of the arylene group include o-phenylene, m-phenylene, p-phenylene, 1,2-naphthylene, 1,8-naphthylene, 2,3-naphthylene, and 4,4′-biphenylene.
Examples of the aralkylene group include —(CH2)y—Ar— wherein Ar is an arylene group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms and y is an integer of 1 to 10, —Ar—(CH2)y— wherein Ar and y are as defined above, and —(CH2)y—Ar—(CH2)y— wherein Ar is as defined above and y is each independently as defined above.
Specific examples of the trivalent hydrocarbon group include those represented by the following formulae, but are not limited to these.
Specific examples of other organic groups in R2 above include alkoxy groups such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, and an isopropoxy group; aryloxy groups such as a phenoxy group; alkyl halide groups such as a trifluoromethyl group; alkylamino groups such as a dimethylamino group; ester groups such as a methyl ester and an ethyl ester; a nitro group; a nitrile group; alkyl- or arylsilyl groups such as a trimethylsilyl group and a phenyldimethylsilyl group; alkoxysilyl groups such as a trimethoxysilyl group, a triethoxysilyl group, a dimethoxymethylsilyl group, and a diethoxymethylsilyl group; nitrogen-containing heterocycle-containing groups such as a pyridyl group; sulfur-containing heterocycle-containing groups such as a thienyl group; and the like.
One or more atoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus may be interposed in each of the organic groups described above, and each of the organic groups described above may be substituted with a halogen atom.
Among these, as R2, alkyl groups or cycloalkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, stearyl, and a cyclohexyl group, and aryl groups such as a phenyl group are preferable, and a methyl group is more preferable.
Specific examples of the compound containing a transition metal that can be used in the present invention are as follows.
The iron salt includes iron halides such as FeCl2, FeBr2, FeCl3, FeBr3, and FeI3; iron carboxylates such as Fe(OAc)2, Fe(stearate)2, and Fe(stearate)3; and the like.
The cobalt salt includes cobalt halides such as CoCl2, CoBr2, and CoI2; cobalt carboxylates such as Co(OAc)2, Co(benzoate)2, Co(2-ethylhexanoate)2, and Co(stearate)2; and the like.
The nickel salt includes nickel halides such as NiCl2, NiBr2, and NiI2; nickel carboxylates such as Ni(OAc)2; and the like.
As the ruthenium salt, ruthenium halides such as RuCl2 and RuCl3, and the like are given.
As the rhodium salt, rhodium halides such as chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium (dimer) and RhCl3; rhodium carboxylates such as Rh2(OAc)4; and the like are given.
As the palladium salt, palladium halides such as PdCl2, PdBr2, and PdI2; palladium carboxylates such as Pd(OAc)2; and the like are given.
As the chromium salt, chromium halides such as CrCl2, CrCl3, and CrBr3; chromium carboxylates such as Cr(OAc)2 and Cr(OAc)3; and the like are given.
As the molybdenum salt, molybdenum halides such as MoCl3 and MoCl5; molybdenum carboxylates such as Mo2(OAc)4; and the like are given.
As the tungsten salt, tungsten halides such as WCl6 and the like are given.
As the vanadium salt, vanadium halides such as VCl2, VCl3, VBr3, and VI3, and the like are given.
As the platinum salt, platinum halides such as PtCl2 and PtCl3; chloroplatinic acids such as H2PtCl6; chloroplatinates such as K2PtCl6; and the like are given.
In particular, as the compound containing a transition metal in the present invention, halides such as chlorides, bromides, and iodides; and carboxylates such as acetates are preferable, and halides such as chlorides, bromides, and iodides are more preferable, in terms of reactivity with a reducing agent.
In formula (3) above, a solvent or the like may be coordinated to M2. Examples of the solvent or the like include water; ammonia; amines such as ethyleneimine, N,N-tetramethylethylenediamine, and pyridine; ethers such as dimethoxyethane, diglyme, and tetrahydrofuran; nitriles such as acetonitrile and benzonitrile; amides such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and N-methylpyrrolidone; olefins such as ethylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, cyclooctene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, and norbornadiene; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and p-cymene; and the like.
On the other hand, in formula (1) above, R1 represents a monovalent to trivalent organic group that has 1 to 30 carbon atoms and may be substituted with a halogen atom and in which one or more atoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and silicon may be interposed, and x represents an integer of 1 to 3.
As the monovalent to trivalent organic group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, similar groups to those given as examples in the above are given; among them, a t-butyl group, a 1-adamantyl group, a mesityl group, a phenyl group, a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group, and a 2,6-diisopropylphenyl group are preferable as R1.
x in formula (1) above represents an integer of 1 to 3, and is preferably 1 or 2 and more preferably 1.
The isocyanide compound represented by formula (1) above may be obtained as a commercially available product, or may be synthesized by a known method. For example, it may be obtained by a method in which a formylated product is obtained from an amine compound and formic acid, and subsequently the formylated product is reacted with phosphoryl chloride in the presence of an organic amine to be turned into an isocyanide (Synthesis Method 1; see Organometallics, 2004, 23, 3976-3981); as a method for obtaining a formylated product under mild conditions, a formylated product can be obtained by forming acetic formic anhydride from acetic anhydride and formic acid, and reacting the acetic formic anhydride with an amine compound (Synthesis Method 2; see Org. Synth., 2013, 90, 358-366). The obtained formylated product can be turned into an isocyanide by the method described in Synthesis Method 1, which is the same as above.
The synthesis can be made also by a method in which an amine compound and dichlorocarbene are reacted together to produce an isocyanide, which is a method not involving formylation (Synthesis Method 3; see Tetrahedron Letters, 1972, 17, 1637-1640).
Examples of the isocyanide compound include alkyl isocyanides such as methyl isocyanide, ethyl isocyanide, n-propyl isocyanide, cyclopropyl isocyanide, n-butyl isocyanide, isobutyl isocyanide, sec-butyl isocyanide, t-butyl isocyanide, n-pentyl isocyanide, isopentyl isocyanide, neopentyl isocyanide, n-hexyl isocyanide, cyclohexyl isocyanide, cycloheptyl isocyanide, 1,1-dimethylhexyl isocyanide, 1-adamantyl isocyanide, and 2-adamantyl isocyanide; aryl isocyanides such as phenyl isocyanide, 2-methylphenyl isocyanide, 4-methylphenyl isocyanide, 2,4-dimethylphenyl isocyanide, 2,5-dimethylphenyl isocyanide, 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl isocyanide, 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl isocyanide, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl isocyanide, 1-naphthyl isocyanide, 2-naphthyl isocyanide, 2-methyl-1-naphthyl isocyanide; aralkyl isocyanides such as benzyl isocyanide and phenylethyl isocyanide.
Examples of the diisocyanide compound include 1,2-diisocyanoethane, 1,3-diisocyanopropane, 1,4-diisocyanobutane, 1,5-diisocyanopentane, 1,6-diisocyanohexane, 1,8-diisocyanooctane, 1,12-diisocyanododecane, 1,2-diisocyanocyclohexane, 1,3-diisocyanocyclohexane, 1,4-diisocyanocyclohexane, 1,3-diisocyano-2,2-dimethylpropane, 2,5-diisocyano-2,5-dimethylhexane, 1,2-bis(diisocyanoethoxy)ethane, 1,2-diisocyanobenzene, 1,3-diisocyanobenzene, 1,4-diisocyanobenzene, 1,1′-methylenebis(4-isocyanobenzene), 1,1′-oxybis(4-isocyanobenzene), 3-(isocyanomethyl)benzyl isocyanide, 1,2-bis(2-isocyanophenoxy)ethane, bis(2-isocyanophenyl)phenyl phosphonate, bis(2-isocyanophenyl) isophthalate, bis(2-isocyanophenyl) succinate.
Examples of the triisocyanide compound include 1,3-diisocyano-2-(isocyanomethyl)-2-methylpropane, 1,5-diisocyano-3-(2-isocyanoethyl)pentane, 1,7-diisocyano-4-(3-isocyanopropyl)heptane, and 3-isocyano-N,N′-bis(3-isocyanopropyl)propane-1-amine.
A transition metal-isocyanide complex of the present invention obtained by reacting together the compound containing a transition metal described above and the isocyanide compound represented by formula (1) above is represented by formula (2).
M1a(L)b (2)
In formula (2), M1 represents V, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, or Pt with an oxidation number of zero; and is preferably Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, or Pt, and more preferably Fe, Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, or Pt. When there are a plurality of M′s, they may be the same or different.
L represents the isocyanide compound represented by formula (1) above; when there are a plurality of L's, they may be the same or different.
“a” represents an integer of 1 to 8, and “b” represents an integer of 2 to 12; from the viewpoints of the stability of the complex and catalytic activity, it is preferable that, when a is 1, b be an integer of 2 to 6; when a is 2, b be an integer of 4 to 10; when a is an integer of 3 to 8, b be an integer of 4 to 12; it is more preferable that, when a is 1, b be 2 to 6; when a is 2, b be an integer of 4, or 8 to 10; when a is an integer of 3 to 8, b be 6, 7, 10, or 12.
In formula (2), L may be partially substituted with a known two-electron donating ligand, and a solvent or the like may be coordinated to L.
The two-electron donating ligand refers to a neutral compound having an unpaired electron; and is not particularly limited as long as it is a ligand other than a carbonyl ligand, and may be a nitrogen molecule, an ether compound, an amine compound, a phosphine compound, a phosphite compound, a sulfide compound, or the like; in view of the stability of the compound, it is preferable that all L's be isocyanide compound ligands.
As described above, in the present invention, the compound containing a transition metal mentioned above and the isocyanide compound represented by formula (1) above are reacted together in the presence of an alkali metal supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent.
Here, the solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent used for reaction; examples include carbon materials such as activated carbon, graphite, carbon nanofibers, and carbon nanotubes; silicon compounds such as silicon; metal oxides such as zeolite, zinc oxide, ceria, silica gel, alumina, and titanium oxide; polymer compounds such as polystyrene; and the like.
Specific examples of the alkali metal supported by a solid substance mentioned above include sodium, potassium, sodium-potassium alloy, and the like.
The alkali metal supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent mentioned above is not particularly limited, and may be selected for use from conventionally known ones like those described in Patent Documents 1 to 5 and Non-Patent Documents 25 and 26 above, and the like, as appropriate; examples include sodium, potassium, or sodium-potassium alloy supported by silica, alumina, graphite, titanium oxide, zeolite, zinc oxide, cerium oxide, or polystyrene; among these, potassium-carrying graphite (hereinafter, abbreviated as KC8) is preferable from the viewpoint of reactivity, and sodium-carrying silica gel (Stage 1 or 2) is preferable in terms of low risk of ignitability etc. from the viewpoint of safety.
These alkali metals supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent may be obtained as commercially available products; as such commercially available products, KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc.), Na silica gel (manufactured by Aldrich Corporation, Stage I), Na silica gel (manufactured by Aldrich Corporation, Stage II), NaK2 silica gel (manufactured by Aldrich Corporation, Stage I), and the like are given.
In the present invention, reaction conditions when producing a transition metal-isocyanide complex are not particularly limited.
The reaction temperature is usually approximately 10 to 100° C., and preferably 20 to 80° C.; the period of reaction is approximately 1 to 48 hours.
The reaction may be performed without a solvent, or may use an organic solvent in view of the control of the heat of reaction and the implementation of a post-treatment process after reaction.
As an organic solvent, for example, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, and cyclohexane; ethers such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, cyclopentyl methyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,4-dioxane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylenes, and mesitylene; and the like can be used.
The concentration of the reaction solution is not particularly limited, but the molar concentration (M) of the compound containing a transition metal is preferably 0.01 to 10 M and more preferably 0.01 to 2 M in view of the reactivity of the alkali metal supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent and the control of the heat of reaction.
In the production of the transition metal-isocyanide complex of the present invention, the molar ratio of the isocyanide compound to the compound containing a transition metal is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 to 20 equivalents, and more preferably 2 to 10 equivalents.
Further, in the production of the transition metal-isocyanide complex of the present invention, the molar ratio of the alkali metal supported by a solid substance insoluble in an organic solvent to the compound containing a transition metal is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 to 20 equivalents, and more preferably 2 to 8 equivalents.
As the post-treatment process after reaction, the reducing agent may be removed by filtration using a glass filter, filter paper, or the like, and the organic solvent may be distilled off by heating and/or pressure reduction. The resulting compound may be used as it is, or may be purified by a known method.
For example, the resulting compound may be cleaned with a solvent that the compound is insoluble or hardly soluble in, and may then be dried for use; alternatively, the resulting compound may be purified by reprecipitation or recrystallization by dissolving the compound in a good solvent and then performing cooling in this state, or by dissolving the compound in a good solvent and then adding a poor solvent that is diffusible in the good solvent.
Examples are given below by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
All solvents were deoxygenated and dehydrated by well-known methods before they were used in the preparation of the compound containing a transition metal.
The compound containing a transition metal obtained was stored in a nitrogen gas atmosphere at 25° C. until they were used in reaction.
Hydrosilylation reaction and solvent purification of an alkene were always carried out in an inert gas atmosphere. The solvents and other ingredients were purified, dried and deoxygenated by well-known methods before they were used in various reactions.
The measurement of 1H-NMR was performed using JNM-ECA600 and JNM-LA400 manufactured by JEOL Ltd, and IR measurement was performed using FT/IR-550 manufactured by JASCO Corporation.
In the chemical structure formulae shown below, hydrogen atoms are omitted in accordance with common expression. tBu represents a t-butyl group, Ad an adamantyl group, and Mes a mesityl group.
Cobalt iodide (0.31 g, 1.0 mmol), tetrahydrofuran (hereinafter, abbreviated as THF) (15 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (0.33 g, 4.0 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 0.27 g, 2.0 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 40 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Co2(CNtBu)8 was obtained (0.24 g, yield: 61%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
Cobalt bromide (22 mg, 0.10 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (33 mg, 0.40 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 27 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 4 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Co2(CN6Bu)8 was obtained (27 mg, yield: 70%).
Cobalt chloride (13 mg, 0.10 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (33 mg, 0.40 mmol), and KC8 (27 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 4 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, cobalt isocyanide complex Co2(CNtBu)8 was obtained (27 mg, yield: 70%).
Cobalt acetate (18 mg, 0.10 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (33 mg, 0.40 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 27 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 4 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Co2(CNtBu)8 was obtained (4 mg, yield: 10%).
Cobalt iodide (0.31 g, 1.0 mmol), adamantyl isocyanide (0.65 g, 4.0 mmol), THF (15 mL), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 0.27 g, 2.0 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in toluene (approximately 20 mL), and celite filtration was performed again. The solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure, and then the dried substance was washed with a small amount of benzene (approximately 3 mL); thus, Co2(CNAd)8 was obtained (0.33 g, 47%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
1H-NMR (396MHz, C6D6) δ:
IR (ATR): ν=1647 (CN (bridge)), 2101, 2000, 1954 (CN (terminal)) cm−1
Anal. Calcd. for Ca88H120N9Co2:
Cobalt iodide (13 mg, 0.10 mmol), mesityl isocyanide (58 mg, 0.40 mmol), THF (3 mL), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 27 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in toluene (approximately 3 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. Pentane (approximately 3 mL) was slowly added from above the filtrate to perform recrystallization; thus, a cobalt isocyanide complex of Co2 (CNMes)8 was obtained (42 mg, yield: 66%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
1H-NMR (396 MHz, C6D6) δ:
IR (ATR): ν=1669 (CN (bridge)), 2063, 2026, 1954 (CN (terminal)) cm−1
Anal. Calcd. for C80H88N8Co2:
Cobalt iodide (0.31 g, 1.0 mmol), THF (15 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (0.33 g, 4.0 mmol), and Na silica gel (manufactured by Aldrich Corporation, Stage I, 0.34 g, 5.0 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 40 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Co2(CNtBu)8 was obtained (0.19 g, yield: 48%).
Cobalt iodide (0.31 g, 1.0 mmol), THF (15 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (0.33 g, 4.0 mmol), and Na silica gel (manufactured by Aldrich Corporation, Stage II, 0.34 g, 5.0 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 40 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Co2(CNtBu)8 was obtained (13.9 mg, yield: 4%).
Cobalt iodide (0.31 g, 1.0 mmol), THF (15 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (0.33 g, 4.0 mmol), and NaK2 silica gel (manufactured by Aldrich Corporation, Stage I, 0.41 g, 5.0 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 40 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Co2(CNtBu)8 was obtained (120 mg, yield: 31%).
Iron bromide (22 mg, 0.10 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (42 mg, 0.50 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 27 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 4 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Fe(CNtBu)5 was obtained (30 mg, yield: 63%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
1H-NMR (600 MHz, C6D6) δ: 1.29 (s, 45H).
IR (ATR): ν=2119, 2000, 1943, 1826 (CN) cm−1
Iron bromide (216 mg, 1.0 mmol), THF (20 mL), adamantyl isocyanide (806 mg, 5.0 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 270 mg, 2.0 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in benzene (approximately 5 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. Pentane was added to the filtrate, and then cooling was performed to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Fe(CNAd)5 was obtained (601 mg, yield: 70%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
1H-NMR (396 MHz, C6D6) δ:
Iron bromide (22 mg, 0.10 mmol), THF (3 mL), mesityl isocyanide (73 mg, 0.50 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 27 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in toluene (approximately 3 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. Pentane (approximately 3 mL) was slowly added from above the filtrate to perform recrystallization; thus, Fe(CNMes)5 was obtained (18 mg, yield: 23%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
1H-NMR (600 MHz, C6D6) δ: 6.60 (s, 10H), 2.48 (s, 30H), 2.05 (s, 15H).
IR (ATR): ν=1971, 1940 (CN) cm−1
Nickel bromide (a dimethoxyethane adduct) (31 mg, 0.1 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (0.33 g, 0.4 mmol), and KC8 (270 mg, 2.0 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at room temperature for 30 minutes. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in benzene (approximately 5 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. Ether was added to the filtrate, and then cooling was performed to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Ni(CNtBu)4 was obtained (21 mg, yield: 54%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
1H-NMR (396 MHz, C6D6) δ: 1.09 (s, 36H).
IR (ATR): ν=2002 (CN) cm−1
Palladium chloride (18 mg, 0.10 mmol), THF (3 mL), and mesityl isocyanide (29 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 60° C. for 1 hour. Next, KC8 (27 mg, 0.20 mmol) was added, and stirring was performed at room temperature for 30 minutes. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was cleaned with ether (approximately 2 mL) twice; thus, Pd3(CNMes)6 was obtained (25 mg, yield: 63%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the complex is shown in
1H-NMR (600 MHz, C6D6) δ: 6.45 (br, 10H), 2.29 (br, 30H), 1.87 (s, 15H).
IR (ATR): ν=2089, 1979, 1755 (CN) cm−1
Platinum chloride (27 mg, 0.10 mmol), THF (3 mL), and mesityl isocyanide (29 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added to a reactor, and stirring was performed at room temperature for 1 hour. Next, KC8 (27 mg, 0.20 mmol) was added, and stirring was performed at room temperature for 30 minutes. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in toluene (approximately 5 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. Next, the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure, the resulting dried substance was dissolved in diethyl ether (approximately 1 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration again. The filtrate was cooled at −30° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, a Pt-isocyanide complex was obtained (7.7 mg, yield: 16%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
IR (ATR): ν=2087, 1649, 1603 (CN) cm−1
Chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) dimers (25 mg, 0.05 mmol), mesityl isocyanide (58 mg, 0.40 mmol), THF (3 mL), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 14 mg, 0.10 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 1 hour. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in benzene (approximately 3 mL), and pentane (approximately 10 mL) was added from above the filtrate to perform reprecipitation; thus, a rhodium isocyanide complex of Rh2(CNMes)8 was obtained (11 mg, yield: 16%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
1H-NMR (396 MHz, C6D6) δ: 6.57 (br, 16H), 2.44 (br, 48H), 2.01 (br, 24H).
IR (ATR): ν=1645, 1601 (CN (bridge)), 2051 (CN (terminal)) cm−1
Bis (2,4-pentanedionato) cobalt (II) (26 mg, 0.10 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (33 mg, 0.40 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 27 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 3 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 4 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Co2(CNtBu)8 was obtained (6 mg, 15%).
Cobalt (II) isopropoxide (18 mg, 0.10 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (33 mg, 0.40 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 27 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 3 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 4 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Co2(CNtBu)8 was obtained (3 mg, 8%).
Iron (II) trifluoromethanesulfonate (35 mg, 0.10 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (42 mg, 0.50 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 27 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 3 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 4 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Fe(CNtBu)5 was obtained (11 mg, 23%).
Molybdenum acetate (II) dimer (21 mg, 0.05 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (50 mg, 0.60 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 27 mg, 0.20 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 3 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 4 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Mo(CNtBu)6 was obtained (3 mg, 2%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
1H-NMR (400 MHz, C6D6) δ: 1.33 (s, 54H).
IR (ATR): ν=2101, 1959 (CN) cm−1
Ru2(OAc)4Cl (22 mg, 0.05 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (42 mg, 0.50 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 34 mg, 0.25 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 3 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 4 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, Ru(CNtBu)5 was obtained (5 mg, 10%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
1H-NMR (400 MHz, C6D6) δ: 1.27 (s, 45H).
IR (ATR): ν=2070, 2034, 1815 (CN) cm−1
Tungsten chloride (IV) (33 mg, 0.05 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (50 mg, 0.60 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 54 mg, 0.50 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 3 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was dissolved in pentane (approximately 4 mL), and the insoluble matter was removed by celite filtration. The filtrate was cooled to −35° C. to perform recrystallization; thus, W(CNtBu)6 was obtained (10 mg, 15%). 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting complex is shown in
1H-NMR (400 MHz, C6D6) δ: 1.34 (s, 54H).
IR (ATR): ν=1960 (CN) cm−1
Vanadium(III) bromide (33 mg, 0.05 mmol), THF (3 mL), t-butyl isocyanide (50 mg, 0.60 mmol), and KC8 (manufactured by Strem Chemicals, Inc., 41 mg, 0.30 mmol) were added in this order to a reactor, and stirring was performed at 25° C. for 3 hours. After that, the reaction solution was subjected to celite filtration, and the solvent of the filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure. The resulting dried substance was extracted by pentane (approximately 4 mL); thus, 9 mg of a crude product containing V(CNtBu)6 was obtained. 1H-NMR spectrum of the resulting crude product is shown in
1H-NMR (400 MHz, C6D6) δ: 1.38 (s, 54H).
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017-036985 | Feb 2017 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2018/007216 | 2/27/2018 | WO | 00 |
