Patent Application
20220185672
The present application claims foreign priority to Chinese Patent Application No. CN202011486809.1, titled: Method for production of nitrogen-doped single wall carbon nanohorns from anode graphite of wasted lithium-ion batteries, filed on Dec. 16, 2020 in the State Intellectual Property Office of China, and the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The present disclosure relates to methods for production of nitrogen-doped single wall carbon nanohorns (N-SWCNHs) from anode graphite of wasted lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), especially relates to the N-SWCNHs produced by such methods, and methods for the use thereof.
In recent years, the demand for LIBs has continued to increase, which means that there will be a large number of waste LIBs in the future. The waste LIB contains a large amount of valuable metal elements such as cobalt, nickel, manganese and lithium, as well as graphite materials, which has high economic value. Discarding a large amount of waste LIBs is not only a waste of resources, but also serious pollution to the environment. Therefore, the recycling of waste LIBs anode electrode graphite can not only realize “turning waste into treasure”, but also slow down the consumption of graphite resources. At this stage, the recovery of LIBs anode electrode graphite mainly adopts acid leaching method (e.g., the solution concentration with 0.1-1 mol/L), high temperature calcination method (e.g., heating at temperatures between 450-800° C.), to remove the small amount of metal elements remaining in the anode electrode, and obtain the anode electrode graphite without impurities. These methods are harmful to the environment and consume huge energy, which makes the recovery cost of graphite quite high, and it is difficult to promote industrially. Therefore, on one hand, finding a suitable method is very important for LIBs anode graphite recovery. On the other hand, processing recycled graphite into other forms of carbon materials (e.g., carbon nanohorns) with high added value will help promote the use of recycled graphite.
N-doped: Nitrogen atoms are doped in the form of pyridine nitrogen and pyrrole nitrogen in the single wall carbon nanohorn.
Single wall carbon nanohorn: single wall carbon nanohorn is similar as single wall nanotube, the difference is that the top of a single carbon nanohorn is a closed structure, the single wall carbon nanohorns is a carbon material which aggregate of thousands of single carbon nanohorns. The applicants of the present disclosure have found that the single wall carbon nanohorns of the present disclosure maintains the dahlia-like structure. The N-SWCNHs is introduced with nitrogen atoms. The introduction of these nitrogen atoms increases defects and specific surface area of N-SWCNHs and brings more reactive centers while has excellent properties in various applications. In dahlia-like structure of the N-SWCNHs of the present disclosure, a spherical diameter of N-SWCNHs may be 50-80 nm.
Tap water: means the water without deionization
The diameter of N-SWCNHs: means the spherical diameter of the N-SWCNHs.
Tubular diameter of N-SWCNHs: means the diameter in carbon nanotube with closed top.
Uniformity: defines the density distribution within the spherical diameter, therefore the uniformity indices is spherical diameter uniformity. The calculation method of the uniformity is as follows: producing ten batches of N-SWCNHs under the same conditions. Each batch of products counts the size of 50 N-SWCNHs particles, the extreme value of the distribution is the uniformity. By taking an example, if the product prepared is distributed in 1-100 nm, each of 10 nanometers is defined as one interval and the extreme value of the distribution is the uniformity. For example, if the sample prepared in 70-80 nm accounts for 80% of the density distribution of the product prepared, this batch of product has a diameter of 70-80 nanometers and a uniformity of 80%.
First Aspect
A first aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for preparing N-SWCNHs from anode graphite of wasted LIBs, the method including:
a. immersing anode electrodes of the lithium-ion batteries in water for a first preset time and the immersed liquid is tap water, this will reduce recycling costs; then separating copper foil of the anode electrode from the graphite to obtain a mixture solution including the graphite, the mixture solution is subjected to solid-liquid separation treatment and washing by washing liquid to obtain solid graphite, the washing liquid is deionized water to ensure that impurities can be removed; and the solid graphite is subjected to particle refining treatment with a speed of planetary ball mill is preferably higher than 350 r/min, using deionized water when ball milling. In that case, the powder of graphite particles can be ground finer and easier to shape;
b. molding the recycled graphite powder to obtain recycled graphite block, the pressure and pressure holding time of cold isostatic pressing device is preferably higher than 8 MPa and 1 h, respectively. In that case, graphite block is not easily broken during the work of DC arc plasma device;
c. putting graphite block as an anode into a DC arc plasma device, a graphite rod sharpened at one end as a cathode and is arranged opposite to the graphite block, filling the plasma device with preset gas, and then starting the plasma device to synthesis N-SWCNHs.
In the second step of the method of the present disclosure, the preset gas can be nitrogen gas. The nitrogen preset gas can ionize nitrogen atoms and nitrogen ion in DC arc plasma device. In that case, nitrogen atoms can partially replace carbon atoms to form a five-membered ring or seven-membered ring, resulting in an anode curvature structure, forming N-SWCNHs. The working current of DC arc plasma device is preferably higher than 150 A. In that case, production rate of N-SWCNHs and quality of N-SWCNHs can be improved.
In the present disclosure, a duration of the discharge time of the DC arc plasma device is not specifically limited as long as purpose of the present disclosure may be achieved. Generally, as long as the graphite block is not exhausted, the DC arc plasma device can be discharged continuously.
Preset gas used in the present disclosure may be pure nitrogen or nitrogen and argon mixture. In a specific embodiment, a ratio of argon to nitrogen is 0-50%, such as 0:1, such as 1:6, such as 1:5, such as 1:4. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of argon to nitrogen is 0:1. Nitrogen atoms can partially replace carbon atoms to result in an anode curvature structure, forming N-SWCNHs.
The N-SWCNHs prepared by the method of the present disclosure has a spherical diameter of 50-80 nm, such as 50-60 nm, such as 60-70 nm, preferably 50-60 nm. The step c includes quenching, the spherical diameter of the N-SWCNHs prepared can be controlled by a quenching speed in the DC arc plasma device, and a flow rate of cooling water used in the quenching. The flow rate of cooling water is 1-5 m/s. Preferably 3-5 m/s, such as 3 m/s, such as 3.5 m/s, such as 4.5 m/s, such as 5 m/s. Tubular diameter of N-SWCNHs is 2-4 nm.
The method of the present disclosure is carried out in faster quenching rate, thus the N-SWCNHs product obtained has a very high uniformity. Generally, the uniformity of the N-SWCNHs of the present disclosure is higher than 80%, preferably higher than 90%, In the present application, under a circumstance of no specific indication, the uniformity described means spherical diameter uniformity.
The N-SWCNHs with a high uniformity especially exhibits great practicability in applications. For example, when the N-SWCNHs of the present disclosure is applied to drug carrier materials, the efficiency of body's absorption of drugs can be improved.
The N-SWCNHs obtained by the method of the present disclosure has a content of nitrogen atom is about 2-2.5%. A term of “content of nitrogen atoms” used in the present disclosure means the ratio of nitrogen atoms to the total number atoms, that is, the molar ratio thereof in the N-SWCNHs. Generally, the nitrogen doped content of the N-SWCNHs may be controlled by controlling the preset gas composition. Specifically, the higher proportion of nitrogen in the process of producing N-SWCNHs, the higher the content of nitrogen atoms, vice versa. For example, when the ratio of argon to nitrogen is 0:1, the content of nitrogen atoms in N-SWCNHs is 2.48%, when the ratio of argon to nitrogen is 1:4, the content of nitrogen atoms in N-SWCNHs is 2.26%. When the content of nitrogen atoms is higher, the N-SWCNHs has higher number of defects resulting in a high ID/IG vale and specific surface area. Further increase catalytically active sites, vice versa. The N-SWCNHs obtained by the method of the present disclosure has an excellent ability to catalyze carbon dioxide.
Second Aspect
A second aspect of the present disclosure relates to a N-SWCNHs product, wherein the N-SWCNHs is provided with pyrrole nitrogen and is characterized in that: the content of nitrogen atoms is about 2-2.5%. The terms “content of nitrogen atoms” used in the present disclosure means the ratio of nitrogen atoms to the total number of atoms, that is, the molar ratio thereof, in the N-SWCNHs obtained.
The content of nitrogen atom reflects amount of pyrrole nitrogen connected in the N-SWCNHs. When the content of nitrogen atoms is higher, the N-SWCNHs has higher amount of pyrrole nitrogen, vice versa. The N-SWCNHs obtained by the method of the present disclosure has an ID/IG value of 1.02-1.08 a specific surface area of 210-230 m2/g. Preferably higher than 1.05 and 215 m2/g.
In a specific embodiment, the N-SWCNHs of the present disclosure has a spherical diameter, i.e., a spherical diameter of the N-SWCNHs, preferably smaller than 80 nm. In a specific embodiment, the N-SWCNHs of the present disclosure has a tubular diameter, i.e., the diameter in carbon nanotube with closed top, of 2-4 nm. In a preferred embodiment, the N-SWCNHs has a spherical diameter uniformity of more than 80%. In a more preferred embodiment, the N-SWCNHs has a spherical diameter uniformity of more than 90%.
Third Aspect
A third aspect of the present disclosure relates to use of the N-SWCNHs product of the present disclosure or the N-SWCNHs obtained by the method of the present disclosure. The N-SWCNHs product prepared by the present disclosure can be used in various known carbon nanotube applications, but is broader than it. The N-SWCNHs has a very wide material application range. The N-SWCNHs is a new type of carbon material with excellent performances, with a high specific surface area and no metal impurities. Currently, the N-SWCNHs of the present disclosure may be applied in carbon dioxide catalysis, catalyst carrier, supercapacitors, fuel cells, solar cells, biocarrier, biological sensor, gas sensor, gas storage, composite material or photosensitive elements.
Example 9 of the present disclosure illustrates use of the N-SWCNHs of the present disclosure in Na—CO2 battery, wherein the N-SWCNHs of the present disclosure have excellent carbon dioxide adsorption capacity and nitrogen heteroatoms, containing more catalytically active pyrrole nitrogen, therefore the carbon dioxide reduction ability significantly improved. This effect is obviously superior to that of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes in prior art.
In the examples in the present application, some following raw materials are used; other raw materials are conventional or commercially available.
Test Methods
N-SWCNHs (the characterization thereof): N-SWCNHs may be characterized by infrared spectrum, Raman spectrum, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and other methods. In the present application, the N-SWCNHs is characterized mainly by Raman spectrum, transmission electron microscope and Brunner-Emmet-Teller measurements, wherein there are D peak and G peak at 1350 cm−1, 1580 cm−1 and 2700 cm−1 in Raman spectrum; The specific surface area, total pore volume and average pore size
Spherical diameter: The spherical diameter of the N-SWCNHs may be measured by TEM, SEM and other methods. The results measured by these methods are similar. In the present disclosure, the spherical diameter is measured mainly by SEM and TEM.
Tubular diameter: The tubular diameter of the N-SWCNHs may be measured by TEM, SEM and other methods. In the present disclosure, the spherical diameter is measured mainly by TEM.
Specific surface area: In the present disclosure, the specific surface area, total pore volume and average pore size may be measured by BET.
Surface element distribution: In the present disclosure, the surface element distribution may be measured by HAADF. These measuring methods are well known by a person skilled in the art.
The content of nitrogen atoms: The content of nitrogen atoms in N-SWCNHs may be measured by elemental analysis, XPS and other methods. In the present disclosure, the spherical diameter is measured mainly by SEM and TEM.
Uniformity: the uniformities in terms of spherical of the N-SWCNHs may be determined based on the spherical diameter as measured above by the following steps: Each batch of products counts the size of 50 N-SWCNHs particles, the extreme value of the distribution is the uniformity. By taking an example, if the product prepared is distributed in 1-100 nm, each of 10 nm is defined as one interval and the extreme value of the distribution is the uniformity. For example, if the sample prepared in 70-80 nm accounts for 80% of the density distribution of the product prepared, this batch of product has a diameter of 70-80 nm and a uniformity of 80%.
Completely immerse the anode electrode of wasted LIBs in tap water and soak for 5 h; then use a magnetic stirrer to stir to separate the copper foil from the graphite at a speed of 250 r/min, and then perform suction filtration and deionization rinse with deionized water 2 times to obtain filtered graphite, ball mill the filtered graphite with a planetary ball mill at a speed of 350 r/min for 18 h, and then dry it in a blast drying box at 70° C. for 12 h to obtain recycled graphite powder;
Put the recycled graphite powder into a mold, and perform cold isostatic pressing at a pressure of 10 MPa and holding the pressure for 1 h to obtain graphite block;
Put the graphite block as an anode into a carbon crucible, a graphite rod sharpened at one end as a cathode, and perform plasma treatment in a 70 KPa (Ar:N2=0:1) atmosphere. The working current is 200 A. The flow rate of cooling water is 5 m/s. Finally, the N-SWCNHs were obtained, which is put in a dry environment for storage.
Before a specific embodiment, the graphite of wasted LIBs has been characterized by XRD and Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). It indicates the graphite recycled from the anode of waste lithium-ion batteries has low impurity content, the highest content impurity element is copper, only 0.012% (detail data are shown in table 1), it means a little amount of impurities has no effect on the synthesis of N-SWCNHs.
The characterization of the N-SWCNHs: by characterizing by XRD, it is found that there are two peaks at 2θ=21° and 26° in XRD (
Completely immerse the anode electrode of wasted LIBs in tap water and soak for 6 h; then use a magnetic stirrer to stir at a speed of 150 r/min to separate the copper foil from the graphite, and then perform suction filtration and deionization rinse with deionized water two times to obtain filtered graphite, ball mill the filtered graphite with a planetary ball mill at a speed of 500 r/min for 8 h, and then dry it in a blast drying box at 80° C. for 10 h to obtain recycled graphite powder;
Put the recycled graphite powder into a mold, and perform cold isostatic pressing at a pressure of 8 MPa and holding the pressure for 2 h to obtain graphite block;
Put the graphite block as an anode into a carbon crucible, a graphite rod sharpened at one end as a cathode, and perform plasma treatment in an 80 KPa (Ar:N2=1:5) atmosphere. The working current is 150 A. The flow rate of cooling water is 5 m/s. Finally, the N-SWCNHs were obtained, which is put in a dry environment for storage.
The characterization of the N-SWCNHs: by characterizing by XRD, it is found that there are two peaks at 2θ=21° and 26° in XRD and obvious D, G and 2D peaks characteristic of carbon material at 1350 cm−1, 1580 cm−1 and 2700 cm−1 in Raman spectrum; it is found by measurements that the N-SWCNHs has a spherical diameter of 50-64 nm, a tubular diameter of 2-4 nm and a spherical diameter uniformity of 87% in this range; and a content of nitrogen atoms of 2.3%; and an ID/IG value of 1.06; and a specific surface area of 217 m2/g.
Completely immerse the anode electrode of wasted LIBs in tap water and soak for 6 h; then use a magnetic stirrer to separate the copper foil from the graphite at a speed of 150 r/min, and then perform suction filtration and deionization rinse with deionized water two times, ball mill the filtered graphite with a planetary ball mill at a speed of 500 r/min for 8 h, and then dry it in a blast drying box at 90° C. for 8 h to obtain recycled graphite powder;
Put the recycled graphite powder into a mold, and perform cold isostatic pressing at a pressure of 9 MPa and holding the pressure for 1.5 h to obtain graphite block;
Put the graphite block as an anode into a carbon crucible, a graphite rod sharpened at one end as a cathode, and perform plasma treatment in a 70 KPa (Ar:N2=1:6) atmosphere. The working current is 175 A. The flow rate of cooling water is 5 m/s. Finally, the N-SWCNHs were obtained, which is put in a dry environment for storage.
The characterization of the N-SWCNHs: by characterizing by XRD, it is found that there are two peaks at 2θ=21° and 26° in XRD and obvious D, G and 2D peaks characteristic of carbon material at 1350 cm−1, 1580 cm−1 and 2700 cm−1 in Raman spectrum; it is found by measurements that the N-SWCNHs has a spherical diameter of 50-64 nm, a tubular diameter of 2-4 nm and a spherical diameter uniformity of 89% in this range; and a content of nitrogen atoms of 2.2%; and an ID/IG value of 1.05; and a specific surface area of 224 m2/g.
Completely immerse the anode electrode of wasted LIBs in tap water and soak for 7 h; then use a magnetic stirrer to separate the copper foil from the graphite at a speed of 250 r/min, and then perform suction filtration and deionization rinse with deionized water two times, ball mill the filtered graphite with a planetary ball mill at a speed of 500 r/min for 8 h, and then dry it in a blast drying box at 90° C. for 8 h to obtain recycled graphite powder;
Put the recycled graphite powder into a mold, and perform cold isostatic pressing at a pressure of 10 MPa and holding the pressure for 1 h to obtain graphite block;
Put the graphite block as an anode into a carbon crucible, a graphite rod sharpened at one end as a cathode, and perform plasma treatment in a 70 KPa (Ar:N2=1:4) atmosphere. The working current is 150 A. The flow rate of cooling water is 4 m/s. Finally, the N-SWCNHs were obtained, which is put in a dry environment for storage.
The characterization of the N-SWCNHs: by characterizing by XRD, it is found that there are two peaks at 2θ=21° and 26° in XRD and obvious D, G and 2D peaks characteristic of carbon material at 1350 cm−1, 1580 cm−1 and 2700 cm−1 in Raman spectrum; it is found by measurements that the N-SWCNHs has a spherical diameter of 52-68 nm, a tubular diameter of 2-4 nm and a spherical diameter uniformity of 88% in this range; and a content of nitrogen atoms of 2%; and an ID/IG value of 1.02; and a specific surface area of 214 m2/g.
Completely immerse the anode electrode of wasted LIBs in tap water and soak for 6 h; then use a magnetic stirrer to separate the copper foil from the graphite at a speed of 250 r/min, and then perform suction filtration and deionization rinse with deionized water two times, ball mill the filtered graphite with a planetary ball mill at a speed of 500 r/min for 8 h, and then dry it in a blast drying box at 90° C. for 8 h to obtain recycled graphite powder;
Put the recycled graphite powder into a mold, and perform cold isostatic pressing at a pressure of 10 MPa and holding the pressure for 1 h to obtain graphite block;
Put the graphite block as an anode into a carbon crucible, a graphite rod sharpened at one end as a cathode, and perform plasma treatment in an 80 KPa (Ar:N2=1:5) atmosphere. The working current is 175 A. The flow rate of cooling water is 4 m/s. Finally, the N-SWCNHs were obtained, which is put in a dry environment for storage.
The characterization of the N-SWCNHs: by characterizing by XRD, it is found that there are two peaks at 2θ=21° and 26° in XRD and obvious D, G and 2D peaks characteristic of carbon material at 1350 cm−1, 1580 cm−1 and 2700 cm−1 in Raman spectrum; it is found by measurements that the N-SWCNHs has a spherical diameter of 52-68 nm, a tubular diameter of 2-4 nm and a spherical diameter uniformity of 86% in this range; and a content of nitrogen atoms of 2.3%; and an ID/IG value of 1.04; and a specific surface area of 215 m2/g.
Completely immerse the anode electrode of wasted LIBs in tap water and soak for 5 h; then use a magnetic stirrer to separate the copper foil from the graphite at a speed of 250 r/min, and then perform suction filtration and deionization rinse with deionized water 2 times, ball mill the filtered graphite with a planetary ball mill at a speed of 500 r/min for 8 h, and then dry it in a blast drying box at 90° C. for 8 h to obtain recycled graphite powder;
Put the recycled graphite powder into a mold, and perform cold isostatic pressing at a pressure of 10 MPa and holding the pressure for 1 h to obtain graphite block;
Put the graphite block as an anode into a carbon crucible, a graphite rod sharpened at one end as a cathode, and perform plasma treatment in an 80 KPa (Ar:N2=1:5) atmosphere. The working current is 200 A. The flow rate of cooling water is 3 m/s. Finally, the N-SWCNHs were obtained, which is put in a dry environment for storage.
The characterization of the N-SWCNHs: by characterizing by XRD, it is found that there are two peaks at 2θ=21° and 26° in XRD and obvious D, G and 2D peaks characteristic of carbon material at 1350 cm−1, 1580 cm−1 and 2700 cm−1 in Raman spectrum; it is found by measurements that the N-SWCNHs has a spherical diameter of 57-72 nm, a tubular diameter of 2-4 nm and a spherical diameter uniformity of 85% in this range; and a content of nitrogen atoms of 2.3%; and an ID/IG value of 1.06; and a specific surface area of 213 m2/g.
Completely immerse the anode electrode of wasted LIBs in tap water and soak for 4 h; then use a magnetic stirrer to separate the copper foil from the graphite at a speed of 250 r/min, and then perform suction filtration and deionization rinse with deionized water two times, ball mill the filtered graphite with a planetary ball mill at a speed of 500 r/min for 8 h, and then dry it in a blast drying box at 90° C. for 8 h to obtain recycled graphite powder;
Put the recycled graphite powder into a mold, and perform cold isostatic pressing at a pressure of 10 MPa and holding the pressure for 1 h to obtain graphite block;
Put the graphite block as an anode into a carbon crucible, a graphite rod sharpened at one end as a cathode, and perform plasma treatment in a 90 KPa (Ar:N2=1:5) atmosphere. The working current is 150 A. The flow rate of cooling water is 2 m/s. Finally, the N-SWCNHs were obtained, which is put in a dry environment for storage.
The characterization of the N-SWCNHs: by characterizing by XRD, it is found that there are two peaks at 2θ=21° and 26° in XRD obvious D, G and 2D peaks characteristic of carbon material at 1350 cm−, 1580 cm−1 and 2700 cm−1 in Raman spectrum; it is found by measurements that the N-SWCNHs has a spherical diameter of 62-75 nm, a tubular diameter of 2-4 nm and a spherical diameter uniformity of 87% in this range; and a content of nitrogen atoms of 2.3%; and an ID/IG value of 1.05; and a specific surface area of 213 m2/g.
Completely immerse the anode electrode of wasted LIBs in tap water and soak for 2 h; then use a magnetic stirrer to separate the copper foil from the graphite at a speed of 250 r/min, and then perform suction filtration and deionization rinse with deionized water two times, ball mill the filtered graphite with a planetary ball mill at a speed of 500 r/min for 8 h, and then dry it in a blast drying box at 90° C. for 8 h to obtain recycled graphite powder;
Put the recycled graphite powder into a mold, and perform cold isostatic pressing at a pressure of 8 MPa and holding the pressure for 2 h to obtain graphite block;
Put the graphite block as an anode into a carbon crucible, a graphite rod sharpened at one end as a cathode, and perform plasma treatment in a 90 KPa (Ar:N2=1:5) atmosphere. The working current is 175 A. The flow rate of cooling water is 1 m/s. Finally, the N-SWCNHs were obtained, which is put in a dry environment for storage.
The characterization of the N-SWCNHs: by characterizing by XRD, it is found that there are two peaks at 2θ=21° and 26° in XRD obvious D, G and 2D peaks characteristic of carbon material at 1350 cm−1, 1580 cm−1 and 2700 cm−1 in Raman spectrum; it is found by measurements that the N-SWCNHs has a spherical diameter of 66-80 nm, a tubular diameter of 2-4 nm and a spherical diameter uniformity of 86% in this range; and a content of nitrogen atoms of 2.4%; and an ID/IG value of 1.05; and a specific surface area of 210 m2/g.
Completely immerse the anode electrode of wasted LIBs in tap water and soak for 3 h; then use a magnetic stirrer to separate the copper foil from the graphite at a speed of 250 r/min, and then perform suction filtration and deionization rinse with deionized water 2 times, ball mill the filtered graphite with a planetary ball mill at a speed of 500 r/min for 8 h, and then dry it in a blast drying box at 90° C. for 8 h to obtain recycled graphite powder;
Put the recycled graphite powder into a mold, and perform cold isostatic pressing at a pressure of 10 MPa and holding the pressure for 1 h to obtain graphite block;
Put the graphite block as an anode into a carbon crucible, a graphite rod sharpened at one end as a cathode, and perform plasma treatment in a 90 KPa (Ar:N2=0:1) atmosphere. The working current is 200 A. The flow rate of cooling water is 5 m/s. Finally, the N-SWCNHs were obtained, which is put in a dry environment for storage. The characterization of the N-SWCNHs: by characterizing by XRD, Raman spectrum, other characterization. In detail
The experiment of Example 1 is repeated except that the proportion of nitrogen is adjusted to look for the relationship between the proportion of argon to nitrogen and content of nitrogen atoms of N-SWCNHs. The test results obtained is shown in the following table (Under the same gas pressure Ar:N2=0:1).
The experiment of Example 1 is repeated except that the flow rate of cooling water is adjusted to look for the relationship between the spherical diameter and quenching rate of N-SWCNHs. The test results obtained is shown in the following table.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 202011486809.1 | Dec 2020 | CN | national |
