Patent Application
20110117645
The present invention relates to a method for proliferation of pluripotent stem cells, the use of laminin-5 as a cell-supporting material, and a culture kit for pluripotent stem cells. The present application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2008-93350 (filed on Mar. 31, 2008) and 2008-225686 (filed on Sep. 3, 2008).
Pluripotent stem cells are stem cells having the ability to differentiate into cells of every tissue type (differentiation pluripotency). Cells currently known as pluripotent stem cells include embryonic stem cells (ES cells), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) which are prepared from somatic cells by introducing and expressing a combination of specific factors (e.g., a combination of Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc), embryonic germ cells (EG cells) which are prepared from primordial germ cells, and germline stem cells (GS cells) which are prepared from germ cells in the testis.
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are pluripotent stem cells established from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocysts at the early developmental stage (Nature. 292, 154-156, 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78, 7634-7638, 1981, Science. 282, 1145-1147, 1998). Mouse ES cells can retain their pluripotency in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (Nature. 336, 684-687, 1988, Nature. 336, 688-690, 1988). For their maintenance culture, in general, LIF-producing cell lines or mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are used as feeder cells, or alternatively, a LIF-supplemented medium and an appropriate supporting material are used instead.
In the culture of mouse ES cells, feeder cells are responsible for providing a scaffold for cell adhesion and supplying growth factors required for ES cells and LIF. It should be noted that the culture solution may further be supplemented with LIF, in addition to LIF supplied from feeder cells. In embodiments where LIF is added, LIF per se or the supernatant of a LIF-producing cell line may be added to the culture solution. On the other hand, in the case of feeder cell-free systems, mouse ES cells are cultured in a culture solution supplemented with LIF by using various extracellular matrixes (e.g., gelatin) as supporting materials.
In contrast, the culture of human ES cells requires the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) to maintain their pluripotency (Dev Biol. 227, 271-278, 2000), and also requires additional factors supplied from MEFs for this purpose. Human ES cells can be maintained and cultured in a state retaining their pluripotency, either by using MEFs as feeder cells in the presence of FGF2 or by using the supernatant of MEFs in combination with an appropriate supporting material (Nature Biotech. 19, 971-974, 2001).
More specifically, human ES cells may be cultured in the presence of serum in addition to FGF2 or may be cultured in a serum-free medium. Currently, it is more common to use a serum-free medium for culture of human ES cells, and serum replacements used for this purpose include Knockout™ serum replacement (KSR, Invitrogen) and so on. Culture systems commonly used for human ES cells include those in which MEFs are used as feeder cells and the culture solution is supplemented with FGF2, or those in which various extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., Matrigel) are used as supporting materials and the cells are cultured in the supernatant of MEFs supplemented with FGF2. It should be noted that not only mouse fibroblasts, but also human fibroblasts can be used as feeder cells.
Further, recent reports have shown that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) having properties very similar to those of embryonic stem cells were established from somatic cells in mice and humans (Cell. 126, 663-672, 2006, Cell. 131, 861-872, 2007, Science. 318, 1917-1920, 2007, WO2007/069666). iPS cells are somatic cell-derived pluripotent stem cells established by introducing Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc and/or other factors into somatic cells. In general, the presence of feeder cells is also required for maintenance culture of iPS cells, as in the case of ES cells.
iPS cells can be cultured in the same manner as used for ES cells. Mouse iPS cells can be maintained and cultured on STO cells (cell line derived from mouse SIM fibroblasts stably producing LIF) using the supernatant of LIF-producing cells. On the other hand, in feeder cell-free systems, mouse iPS cells can be maintained and cultured on gelatin-coated plates when LIF is added to their medium. It should be noted that STO cells are known to be effective in stably maintaining mouse-derived ES cells, EG cells and EC cells.
Human iPS cells can also be cultured in FGF2-supplemented systems by using mouse fibroblasts as feeder cells. It should be noted that the group of Shinya Yamanaka et al. (Kyoto University) uses SNL cells (cell line derived from mouse fibroblasts co-expressing LIF and the G418 resistance gene) for culture of human iPS cells (Cell. 131, 861-872, 2007). In the case of using feeder cell-free systems for maintenance culture of human iPS cells, Matrigel is used as a supporting material and FGF2 is added to the supernatant of MEFs.
Somatic cell-derived iPS cells have fewer ethical problems than early embryo-derived embryonic stem cells, and are free from the problem of immunological rejection because they can be prepared from patients' own cells. Their application to regenerative medicine is expected.
Embryonic germ cells (EG cells) are cells established from primordial germ cells by being cultured in the presence of Steel Factor (Kit-Ligand), LIF and FGF2, and are known to have substantially the same properties as ES cells, as demonstrated by experiments in mice. For maintenance culture of EG cells, it is possible to use the same culture method as used for ES cells. Namely, EG cells can be cultured in LIF-supplemented systems in the presence of feeder cells such as MEFs or STO cells (Cell 70:841-847, 1992, Development 120, 3197-3120, 1994).
Germline stem cells (GS cells) prepared from germ cells in the testis are cell lines of spermatogonia) stem cells (sperm stem cells) designed to allow in vitro culture under culture conditions containing at least GDNF (Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic growth factor), and they can form sperms when injected into seminiferous tubules in the testis. Prolonged culture of GS cells can be accomplished on MEFs (as feeder cells) by using a medium supplemented with GDNF, FGF2, EGF (epidermal growth factor) and LIF. It has also been reported that GS cells were cultured in feeder cell-free systems; GS cells can be maintained by being cultured on laminin-coated plates (Biology of Reproduction 69:612-616, 2003, Biology of Reproduction 72:985-991, 2005).
Among GS cells, mGS cells (multipotent germline stem cells) particularly have the same properties as ES cells and also have differentiation pluripotency. mGS cells are established by further converting the established GS cells into pluripotent stem cells in culture systems for ES cells. The established mGS cells can also be cultured in the same manner as used for ES cells, i.e., can be cultured in systems using a LIF-supplemented medium in the presence of feeder cells (Cell 119:1001-1012, 2004, Nature 440:1199-1203, 2006).
Such pluripotent cells as described above are expected to have applications to regenerative medicine, etc. However, particularly for their clinical applications, it is necessary to avoid the problem of immunological rejection and potential risks such as contamination with unknown viruses; and hence there is a need to develop a maintenance culture system in which no animal-derived substance is used whatsoever. Namely, it is predicted that when animal-derived sialic acids, which cannot be found in humans, are taken up into human ES cells or iPS cells, the antigenicity of these sialic acids will become a problem and will cause immunological rejection in the regenerated tissue. Moreover, even in the case of using human proteins, naturally occurring proteins prepared from placenta and other tissues may have potential risks such as contamination with AIDS virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and other unknown viruses.
For these reasons, while maintaining the pluripotency of human ES cells, iPS cells and other pluripotent stem cells, efforts have been made to search for the composition of culture solution capable of supporting their proliferation and/or appropriate supporting materials serving as substitutes for MEFs (Nature Biotech. 24, 185-187, 2006, Stem Cell. 24, 2649-2660, 2006). However, even when MEFs are used as feeder cells, the cell adhesion efficiency obtained is as low as a few percent, and this efficiency further decreases in feeder cell-free systems currently under study. In the maintenance culture of pluripotent stem cells, it is desired to develop a system in which no animal-derived substance is used whatsoever, although low cell adhesion efficiency as described above is one of the great problems. Thus, there is a demand for human-derived supporting materials, which exert effective adhesion activity while maintaining pluripotency, and such supporting materials may serve as useful tools to obtain cellular materials that can be used in clinical applications such as regenerative medicine.
Laminin-5
Laminin, which is localized primarily on the basement membranes of various tissues, is an extracellular matrix protein playing an important role in maintenance of tissue structure and in control of cell functions (Matrix Biol., 18:19-28, 1999, Dev. Dyn., 218:213-234, 2000).
The structure of laminin is a heterotrimer molecule composed of α, β and γ chains linked to each other via disulfide linkages, which takes a characteristic cross-structure. Each chain is composed of multiple domains, and domains I and II form a triple helix. Before the filing date of the present application, at least 15 isoforms of laminin molecules have been identified according to different combinations of 5 types of α chains (α1 to α5), 3 types of βchains (β1 to β3) and 3 types of γ chains (γ1 to γ3), and it is suggested that there are actually several times that number of isoforms (Miyazaki et al., Jikken Igaku (Experimental Medicine) Vol. 16 No. 16 (extra issue), 1998, pages 114-119, Dev. Dyn., 218:213-234, 2000, J. Neurosci., 20:6517-6528, 2000, Physiol Rev. 85, 979-1000, 2005). These α, β and γ chains are encoded by different genes, respectively; and the individual laminin isoforms have specific sites of localization and specific functions, and mainly regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, motility, differentiation and so on through the cell membrane receptor integrin (Dev. Dyn. 218, 213-234, 2000, Physiol. Rev. 85, 979-1000, 2005).
Table 1 shows 15 laminin molecular species and their subunit structure.
Laminin molecules construct the basement membrane by associating with each other at the amino (N) terminal portion (short arm) of the triple strand or by associating with other matrix molecules. On the other hand, laminin molecules each have 5 homologous globular domains (G1-G5 domains or LG1-LG5) at the carboxy (C) terminal of the α chain, and bind to integrin or other receptors mainly at this site.
Laminin-5 (also called kalinin, epiligrin, nicein or ladsin) is one of the laminin isoforms, which is composed of α3, β3 and γ2 chains, and was found by multiple research institutes under different circumstances (J. Cell Biol. 114, 567-576, 1991, Cell 65, 599-610, 1991, J. Invest Dermatol. 101, 738-743, 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90, 11767-11771, 1993).
Laminin-5 is reported to have strong cell adhesion activity, cell dispersion activity, cell proliferation activity and the like on various cells (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90, 11767-11771, 1993, J. Biochem. 116, 862-869, 1994, J. Cell Biol. 125, 205-214, 1994, Mol. Biol. Cell. 16, 881-890, 2005, Stem Cell. 24, 2346-2354, 2006). WO2007/023875 discloses culture techniques for mesenchymal stem cells using laminin-5
The object of the present invention is to provide a technique for efficient proliferation of pluripotent stem cells in a system free from any animal-derived substance such as feeder cells or serum.
As a result of extensive and intensive efforts made to achieve the above object, the inventors of the present invention have found that the use of laminin-5, an extracellular matrix molecule, allows pluripotent stem cells to proliferate in an undifferentiated state without the need to use feeder cells or serum. This finding led to the completion of the present invention.
Accordingly, to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for proliferation of pluripotent stem cells, which comprises culturing the pluripotent stem cells in a medium free from both feeder cells and serum in a system containing laminin-5
The present invention also provides the use of laminin-5 as a cell-supporting material for proliferation of pluripotent stem cells.
The present invention further provides a culture kit for pluripotent stem cells, which comprises a laminin-5-treated culture vessel and a serum replacement.
The present invention includes the following embodiments as preferred ones.
A method for proliferation of pluripotent stem cells, which comprises culturing the pluripotent stem cells in a medium free from both feeder cells and serum in a system containing laminin-5.
The method according to Embodiment 1, wherein the pluripotent stem cells are induced pluripotent stem cells.
The method according to Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the induced pluripotent stem cells are human induced pluripotent stem cells.
The method according to Embodiment 1, wherein the pluripotent stem cells are selected from the group consisting of embryonic stem cells, embryonic germ cells, and geimline stem cells.
The method according to Embodiment 4, wherein the pluripotent stem cells are embryonic stem cells.
The method according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the culture medium comprises a serum replacement.
The method according to Embodiment 6, wherein the serum replacement comprises one or more amino acids selected from the group consisting of glycine, histidine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine, vitamin(s) consisting of thiamine and/or ascorbic acid, one or more trace metal elements selected from the group consisting of silver, aluminum, barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, germanium, manganese, silicon, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, rubidium, tin and zirconium, one or more halogen elements selected from the group consisting of bromine, iodine and fluorine, as well as one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of albumin, reduced glutathione, transferrin, insulin and sodium selenite.
The method according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the pluripotent stem cells are cultured in a system containing laminin-5 and (an) additional extracellular matrix protein(s).
The method according to Embodiment 8, wherein the additional extracellular matrix protein is collagen.
The method according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the pluripotent stem cells are cultured in a laminin-5-treated culture vessel.
The method according to Embodiment 10, wherein the laminin-5 is human laminin-5.
The method according to any one of Embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the pluripotent stem cells do not differentiate during culture.
Use of laminin-5 as a cell-supporting material for proliferation of pluripotent stem cells.
A culture kit for pluripotent stem cells, which comprises a laminin-5-treated culture vessel and a serum replacement.
The present invention enables efficient proliferation of pluripotent stem cells while maintaining them in an undifferentiated state, without the need to use feeder cells or serum.
S+Gl (LIF+), while the lower panel shows the results of K+Gl
S+Gl (LIF−). In
S+Gl (LIF+), while the lower panel shows the results of K+Lm5−4
S+Gl (LIF−). In
S+Gl (LIF+), while the lower panel shows the results of K+Lm5−2
S+Gl (LIF−). In
S+Gl (LIF+), while the lower panel shows the results of K+Gl
S+Gl (LIF−). In
S+Gl (LIF+), while the lower panel shows the results of Y+Gl
S+Gl (LIF−). In
S+Gl (LIF+), while the lower panel shows the results of Y+Lm5−4
S+Gl (LIF−). In
S+Gl (LIF+), while the lower panel shows the results of Y+Lm5−2
S+Gl (LIF−). In
S+Gl (LIF+), while the lower panel shows the results of Y+Lm−Mix
S+Gl (LIF−). In
S+Gl (LIF+), while the lower panel shows the results of Y+Mg
S+Gl (LIF−). In
Details and additional features and advantages of the present invention will be described in more detail below on the basis of embodiments.
1. Method for Proliferation of Pluripotent Stem Cells
The present invention provides a method for proliferation of pluripotent stem cells. The method of the present invention comprises culturing the pluripotent stem cells in a medium free from both feeder cells and serum in a system containing laminin-5.
Pluripotent Stem Cells
As used herein, the term “pluripotent stem cells” is intended to collectively refer to stem cells having the ability to differentiate into cells of any tissue type (differentiation pluripotency). Although ES cells are used for study in the Example section described later, pluripotent stem cells that can be proliferated by the method of the present invention include not only embryonic stem cells, but also all pluripotent stem cells derived from, e.g., cells of adult mammalian organs or tissues, bone marrow cells, blood cells, and embryonic or fetal cells, as long as their characters are similar to those of embryonic stem cells. In this case, characters similar to those of embryonic stem cells can be defined by cell biological properties specific to embryonic stem cells, including the presence of surface (antigen) markers specific to embryonic stem cells, the expression of genes specific to embryonic stem cells, or the ability to form teratomas.
Specific examples of cells that can be proliferated by the method of the present invention include, but are not limited to, embryonic stem cells (ES cells), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), embryonic germ cells (EG cells), germline stem cells (GS cells) and so on. It should be noted that pluripotent stem cells preferred in the present invention are ES cells and iPS cells. iPS cells are particularly preferred, for example, because they have no ethical problem.
As used herein, the term “ES cells” is intended to mean cell lines designed to allow in vitro culture, which are prepared from pluripotent stem cells at the early developmental stage having the ability to differentiate into all tissue cells constituting the whole body. ES cells can be expanded to virtually unlimited numbers while retaining their ability to differentiate into all cells constituting the whole body, as in the case of pluripotent stem cells in early embryos.
More specifically, mouse ES cells are the first ES cells reported in 1981 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7634-7638, 1981, Nature 292, 154-156, 1981). ES cells have pluripotency and can generate all tissue and cell types constituting the whole body.
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells have been isolated from a wide variety of species, including rats (Iannaconns et al., Dev. Biol. 163, 288-292, 1994), hamsters (Dev. Biol. 127, 224-227, 1988), rabbits (Mol. Reprod. Dev. 36, 424-433, 1993), birds, fish, pigs (Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 6, 563-568, 1994), cattle (Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 6, 553-562, 1994), as well as primates (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7844-7848, 1995).
In addition, some research teams have succeeded in isolating ES cells and ES cell-like stem cells from embryonic human tissue. Their early successes are as described in Science 282, 1145-1147, 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13726-13731, 1998, Nature Biotech., 18, 399-404, 2000. These ES cell lines have been established from ICM separated from blastocysts by being cultured on feeder cells. Other recent studies have indicated that embryos and embryonic cells can be obtained when nuclei derived from embryos and mature mammalian cells are transplanted into enucleated oocytes.
In 2006, the group of Robert Lanza et al. (Advanced Cell Technology, Inc.) succeeded in establishing mouse and human ES cells by using only single blastomeres from embryos at the cleavage stage before the blastocyst stage in embryonic discs, without impairing the developmental potency of embryos (Nature 439: 216-219, 2006, Cell Stem Cell 2, 113-117, 2008). The development of this technique enabled the establishment of ES cells without destructing fertilized eggs. In the same year, the group of Miodrag Stojkovic et al. (University of Newcastle) succeeded in establishing ES cells from human embryos whose development was arrested (Stem Cells 24, 2669-2676, 2006). This allowed excess eggs to be used, which had been discarded in infertility treatment.
Moreover, in 2004, the group of Yury Verlinsky et al. (Reproductive Genetics Institute of Chicago) succeeded in establishing 20 ES cell lines from human embryos having hereditary diseases. These are the first ES cells that can be used for therapeutic studies on serious hereditary diseases. In addition to them, Yury Verlinsky now possesses 200 or more ES cell lines having different genes, which can be used for screening of pharmaceuticals or other purposes.
In the method of the present invention, any established ES cell line can be used. On the other hand, to avoid immunological rejection which will occur when ES cells prepared by the method of the present invention are applied to an individual, it is effective to use the subject's somatic cells to create clone embryos, from which ES cell lines are then established. This technique allows the establishment of ES cells having the same genetic elements as the individual.
On the other hand, during creation of somatic cell clones, a phenomenon called “reprogramming” would occur, in which somatic cell nuclei introduced into ova would enter the same state as the nuclei of fertilized eggs. ES cells are reported to also have activity similar to such activity as observed in ova (Curr. Biol., 11, 1553-1558, 2001). Namely, it is expected that fusion between individual's somatic cells and ES cells allows the somatic cells to be converted into ES cell-like cells. Since ES cells can be genetically manipulated in vitro, it is expected that when ES cells pre-treated to modify factors responsible for immunological rejection (e.g., groups of MHC genes) are used for this purpose, rejection reaction can be avoided without using techniques such as creation of somatic cell clone embryos.
In the present invention, “ES cells” are preferably human ES cells. Established human ES cell lines are currently available, for example, from the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University.
Alternatively, ES cells can also be prepared as described in the various documents cited herein above.
As used herein, the term “iPS cells” is intended to mean cells having differentiation pluripotency similar to that of ES cells, which are obtained from somatic cells by introducing genes for transcription factors (e.g., Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc). Thus, as in the case of ES cells, iPS cells can also be expanded to unlimited numbers while retaining their differentiation pluripotency.
To isolate only somatic cells which have been converted into ES-like cells, the group of Shinya Yamanaka et al. (Kyoto University) focused on a gene called Fbx15, which is expressed only in ES cells but is not required for maintenance of their differentiation pluripotency. At this gene locus, they introduced the neomycin resistance gene by homologous recombination techniques and supplemented the medium with G418, which is detoxicated by the action of this resistance gene, to construct an experimental system by which only ES-like cells expressing Fbx15 would acquire G418 resistance and hence survive, whereas normal somatic cells not expressing Fbx15 would be killed. Using this experimental system, they found that 4 genes, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, were sufficient to establish iPS cells (Cell. 126, 663-672, 2006).
Further, the group of Shinya Yamanaka et al. also succeeded in establishing human iPS cells from fibroblasts by using OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and C-MYC, which are human homologs of the mouse genes used for establishment of mouse iPS cells (Cell. 131, 861-872, 2007).
Concurrently, the group of James Thomson et al., who were the first researchers in the world to establish human ES cells, succeeded in establishing human iPS cells when 4 genes, OCT3/4, SOX2, NANOG and LIN28, among genes expressed specifically in human ES cells were introduced into fetal lung-derived fibroblasts or neonatal foreskin-derived fibroblasts by using the same strategy as that of Shinya Yamanaka et al. (Kyoto University) used for successful establishment of mouse iPS cells (Science 318:1917-1920, 2007).
Moreover, in December 2007, the group of Shinya Yamanaka et al. (Kyoto University) demonstrated that only three factors, Oct-4, Sox2 and Klf4, were sufficient to establish iPS cells in mice and humans without introducing the c-Myc gene, and thus succeeded in suppressing the conversion of iPS cells into cancer cells (Nat. Biotechnol. 26:101-106, 2008). Almost at the same time, the group of Rudolf Jaenisch et al. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) also succeeded in similar experiments in mice (Cell Stem Cell 2:10-12, 2008).
Moreover, to avoid risks such as carcinogenesis, attempts have been made to further reduce the number of factors to be introduced. As a result, Hans R Scholer et al. (Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry) have succeeded in establishing iPS cells by introducing two genes, i.e., either Oct4 and Klf4 or Oct4 and c-Myc into adult mouse neural stem cells (Nature 454:646-650, 2008). Recently, Hans R Scholer et al. have further reported that the introduction of Oct4 alone is sufficient to prepare iPS cells from neural stem cells (Cell 136:411-419, 2009).
Further, Sheng Ding et al. have reported that some genes can be compensated by small-molecule compounds during induction of iPS cells (Cell Stem Cell 3, 568-574, 2008). They have demonstrated that the use of small-molecule compounds such as BIX and BayK enables the induction of iPS cells by introducing only two genes, Oct4 and Klf4, into mouse embryonic fibroblasts.
Furthermore, attempts have also been made to improve gene transfer techniques for induction of iPS cells. Although viruses (e.g., retrovirus) with a high potential to integrate a transgene into the chromosome are used widely at present, there are reports of techniques using adenovirus (Science 322, 945-949, 2008) or plasmid vectors (Science 322, 949-953, 2008), which appear to be less integrated.
In the present invention, “iPS cells” are preferably human iPS cells. Established human iPS cell lines are currently available, for example, from Kyoto University or RIKEN BioResource Center.
Alternatively, iPS cells may also be prepared by reference to the documents shown below. For example, induced pluripotent stem cells can be prepared according to the procedures described in the documents by the group of Professor Shinya Yamanaka (Kyoto University) (Cell 131, 861-872, 2007, Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 101-106, 2008) or in the document by the group of Thomson (University of Wisconsin) (Science 318, 1917-1920, 2007).
More specifically, any type of somatic cells may be introduced with at least one or more genes selected from Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4, Nanog and LIN28, and then screened by detecting the expression of genes or proteins specific to pluripotent stem cells to prepare iPS cells.
As in the case of ES cells, the iPS cells thus prepared can be cultured together with basic fibroblast growth factor in the presence of mouse fibroblasts whose proliferation has been inactivated or alternatives thereof, and can also be used as pluripotent stem cells.
These iPS cells have been found to have the same properties as ES cells in relation to features of differentiation into various tissues and features of gene expression in the cells (Cell. 126, 663-672, 2006, Cell 131:861-872, 2007, Science 318, 1917-1920, 2007), and conditions for culturing ES cells and conditions for inducing differentiation from ES cells into various tissues can be applied directly to iPS cells (Takahashi and Yamanaka, Saibo Kogaku (Cell Technology), Vol. 27, No. 3, 252-253, 2008).
As used herein, the term “EG cells” is intended to mean any type of embryonic germ cells prepared from primordial germ cells, and their origin is not limited in any way.
As used herein, the term “Gcells” refers to germline stem cells prepared from germ cells in the testis, i.e., cell lines of spermatogonial stem cells (sperm stem cells) designed to allow in vitro culture (Cell. 119, 1001-1012, 2004). Among GS cells, mGS cells (multipotent germline stem cells) are particularly preferred because they have the same properties as ES cells and also have differentiation pluripotency. When used herein, the term “Gcells” means mGS cells, depending on the context.
Laminin-5
The method of the present invention is directed to the culture of pluripotent stem cells and its most remarkable feature lies in culturing the pluripotent stem cells in a system containing laminin-5.
Laminin-5 is reported to have stronger adhesion activity on many cell types than various extracellular matrix proteins including other laminin isoforms (J. Biochem. 116, 862-869, 1994, J. Cell Biol. 125, 205-214, 1994, Mol Biol Cell. 16, 881-890, 2005).
As shown in Table 1, laminin-5 is a laminin molecule composed of α3, β3 and γ2 chains, which plays a dominant role in binding between epidermis and corium, and binds preferentially to integrin α3β1 in most cells and also binds to integrin α6β1 or α6β4 in some cells. In laminin-5, it has been elucidated that the α3G2A sequence (RERFNISTPAFRGCMKNLKKTS) in the α3 chain G2 domain and the KRD sequence in the G3 domain are major binding sites for integrin.
It is also known that laminin-5, after being secreted as a trimer, receives limited hydrolysis by protease to remove G4 and G5 domains located at the C-terminal of the α3 chain, and is thereby converted from 190 kDa (non-truncated) into 160 kDa (truncated). Laminin-5 isolated in a standard manner does not have G4 and G5 domains. Such α3 chain-truncated laminin-5 is known to have higher stimulatory activities on cell adhesion, motility and neuranagenesis, when compared to non-truncated laminin-5 (J. Biol. Chem., 280 (2005), 14370-14377).
Laminin-5 in the present invention is not limited in any way, and may be either in a non-truncated form containing G4 and G5 domains or in a truncated form free from all or part of G4 and G5 domains.
Moreover, the laminin-5 protein may be either naturally occurring or modified to have one or more modified amino acid residues while retaining its biological activities, particularly stimulatory activity on cell adhesion. Moreover, the laminin-5 protein in the present invention may be of any origin and may be prepared in any manner, as long as it has the features described herein. Namely, the laminin-5 protein of the present invention may be naturally occurring, expressed from recombinant DNA by genetic engineering procedures, or chemically synthesized.
The laminin-5 protein may be of any origin, preferably of human origin. In a case where human pluripotent stem cells are cultured in order to obtain materials for regenerative medicine, etc., it is preferred to use laminin-5 of human origin in the sense of avoiding the use of materials derived from other animals.
SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 6 in the Sequence Listing herein show the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of human laminin-5 α3, β3 and γ2 chains, respectively. The laminin-5 protein to be used in the present invention is preferably a protein composed of the following subunits: an α3 chain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or an amino acid sequence comprising deletion, addition or substitution of one or more amino acids in the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 (amino acid residues 1-1713) (J. Biol. Chem. 269, 22779-22787, 1994), a β3 chain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 or an amino acid sequence comprising deletion, addition or substitution of one or more amino acids in the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 (amino acid residues 1-1170) (J. Biol. Chem. 269, 11073-11080, 1994), and a γ2 chain having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 or an amino acid sequence comprising deletion, addition or substitution of one or more amino acids in the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 (amino acid residues 1-1193) (J. Cell. Biol. 119, 679-693, 1992).
Globular domains (G1 to G5 domains) in the α3 chain correspond to amino acid residues 794-970, 971-1139, 1140-1353, 1354-1529 and 1530-1713, respectively, in SEQ ID NO: 1.
Each chain of laminin-5 may have an amino acid sequence comprising deletion, addition or substitution of one or more amino acid residues in the amino acid sequence shown in the corresponding SEQ ID NO. Such proteins having amino acid sequences homologous to naturally occurring proteins can also be used in the present invention. The number of amino acids which may be modified is not limited in any way in the respective amino acid sequences of α3, β3 and γ2 chains, but it is preferably 1 to 300 amino acid residues, 1 to 200 amino acid residues, 1 to 150 amino acid residues, 1 to 120 amino acid residues, 1 to 100 amino acid residues, 1 to 80 amino acid residues, 1 to 50 amino acid residues, 1 to 30 amino acid residues, 1 to 20 amino acid residues, 1 to 15 amino acid residues, 1 to 10 amino acid residues, or 1 to 5 amino acid residues. More preferred is a possible number of amino acid residues which may be modified by known site-directed mutagenesis, for example, 1 to 10 amino acid residues, or 1 to 5 amino acid residues.
It is well known in the art that conservative substitution of amino acids can be used to obtain proteins or polypeptides retaining their original functions. Such substitution includes replacement of an amino acid with another residue having similar physical and chemical properties, as exemplified by replacement of one fatty acid residue (Ile, Val, Leu or Ala) with another, or replacement between basic residues Lys and Arg, between acidic residues Glu and Asp, between amide residues Gln and Asn, between hydroxyl residues Ser and Tyr, or between aromatic residues Phe and Tyr.
Laminin-5 to be used in the present invention may also be a protein sharing at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identity with the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4 and 6 and having the ability to stimulate cell adhesion activity. When the structure of constituent subunits is compared between laminin-5 and laminin-1, the amino acid sequence homology in each subunit is 50% or less. In particular, the homology in the above a chain G domains is as low as about 25%.
Identity is calculated as follows: the number of identical residues is divided by the total number of residues in a corresponding known sequence or a domain therein, and then multipled by 100. Computer programs available for use in the determination of sequence identity using standard parameters include, for example, Gapped BLAST PSI-BLAST (Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3389-340, 1997), BLAST (J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410, 1990), and Smith-Waterman (J. Mol. Biol. 147:195-197, 1981). In these programs, default settings are preferably used, but these settings may be modified, if desired.
The laminin-5 protein in the present invention may be of any origin and may be prepared in any manner, as long as it has the features described herein. Namely, the laminin-5 protein of the present invention may be a naturally occurring laminin-5 protein as found in or purified from the supernatant of human or animal cells secreting laminin-5. However, laminin-5 can be effectively produced as a gene recombinant protein by expressing each subunit using recombinant DNA technology known in the art. It is particularly preferred to obtain laminin-5 as a human recombinant protein, in the sense of avoiding unwanted factors derived from other animals.
For this purpose, primers may be designed based on a DNA sequence comprising nucleic acid residues 1-5139 in SEQ ID NO: 1 (encoding the laminin-5 α3 chain) and nucleotide sequences of nucleic acid residues 121-3630 in SEQ ID NO: 3 (encoding the β3 chain) and nucleic acid residues 118-3696 in SEQ ID NO: 5 (encoding the γ2 chain), and an appropriate cDNA library may be used as a template in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify desired sequences. Such PCR procedures are well known in the art and can be found, e.g., in “PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications,” Academic Press, Michael, et al., 1990.
DNA encoding a gene for each chain of laminin-5 may be integrated into an appropriate vector and then introduced into either eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells by using an expression vector that allows expression in each host, whereby the respective chains are expressed to obtain a desired protein. Host cells which can be used to express laminin-5 are not limited in any way and include prokaryotic host cells such as E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, as well as eukaryotic hosts such as yeast, fungi, insect cells and mammalian cells. It should be noted that human fetal kidney cell line HEK293 used in the Example section described later is particularly preferred as a host cell.
A vector constructed to express laminin-5 can be introduced into the above host cells by transformation, transfection, conjugation, protoplast fusion, electroporation, particle gun technique, calcium phosphate precipitation, direct microinjection or other techniques. The cells containing the vector may be grown in an appropriate medium to produce a laminin-5 protein to be used in the present invention, which may then be purified from the cells or medium to obtain the laminin-5 protein. Purification may be accomplished, for example, by size exclusion chromatography, HPLC, ion exchange chromatography, immunoaffinity chromatography, etc.
Laminin-5 is described in detail in JP 2001-172196 A, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Method for Proliferation of Pluripotent Stem Cells
In the present invention, pluripotent stem cells are cultured in a system containing laminin-5. As used herein, the phrase “system containing laminin-5” is intended to mean that a culture system for pluripotent stem cells contains laminin-5 in some fashion, and embodiments thereof are not limited in any way.
In the present invention, it is a preferred embodiment to use a laminin-5-treated culture vessel for culture of pluripotent stem cells in a system containing laminin-5. However, the “system containing laminin-5” intended in the present invention is not limited to this embodiment, and also includes other embodiments where laminin-5 is added to the medium for culture of pluripotent stem cells.
As used herein, the phrase “laminin-5-treated culture vessel” is intended to mean a culture vessel whose surface is treated with laminin-5, e.g., by coating. The “culture vessel” intended in the present invention is not limited in any way, and a vessel of any material and any shape may be used as long as it is sterilized to avoid bacterial contamination and is suitable for cell culture. Examples of such a culture vessel include, but are not limited to, culture dishes, culture flasks, culture petri dishes, culture plates (e.g., 96-well, 48-well, 12-well, 6-well, 4-well plates), culture bottles and so on, all of which are commonly used in the art. Techniques for coating laminin over the surface of a culture vessel are known in the art, and those skilled in the art would be able to select any type of culture vessel suitable for the object of the present invention, treat the vessel with laminin-5, and use the laminin-5-treated vessel to culture pluripotent stem cells by the method of the present invention.
The amount of laminin-5 used for culture vessel treatment is not limited in any way. When treated with a laminin-5 solution of 0.05 μg/ml or more, preferably 0.5 to 15 μg/ml, more preferably 3.75 to 15 μg/ml, good results are obtained.
As shown in the Example section described herein later, the inventors of the present invention have found that recombinant human laminin-5 shows stronger adhesion activity on mouse ES cells than Matrigel, a laminin mixture or other extracellular matrix proteins, and thus have arrived at the present invention. Further, in the present invention, it has been found that mouse ES cells can be maintained and cultured on plates coated with recombinant human laminin-5, even in a LIF-free and serum-free medium and in the absence of MEFs. The culture of mouse ES cells in the absence of MEFs has been conventionally accomplished by using gelatin-coated plates and in the presence of bovine fetal serum (FBS). When cultured by the method of the present invention, mouse ES cells were confirmed to proliferate at a level equal to that in conventional methods even under MEF-free and FBS-free conditions and also to retain their undifferentiated state. In addition, when cultured by the method of the present invention, mouse ES cells were found to retain pluripotency.
Studies were also conducted on human iPS cells, indicating that recombinant human laminin-5 also showed strong adhesion activity on human iPS cells, as demonstrated in the Example section described later. In addition, when cultured on plates coated with recombinant human laminin-5, human iPS cells were found to form colonies even under serum-free conditions, thus indicating that they were able to be maintained and cultured under serum-free conditions. Furthermore, human iPS cell cultured by the method of the present invention were found to retain their undifferentiated state.
Thus, the method of the present invention comprises culturing pluripotent cells in a medium free from both feeder cells and serum, more preferably in a medium free from any substances derived from non-human animals.
For human ES cells, various extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., Matrigel, fibronectin, laminin-1, type 1 collagen, type 4 collagen) were tested in the past as supporting materials alternative to MEFs, but the adhesion activity was as low as a few percent or less in each case (Stem Cell. 24, 2649-2660, 2006). In the present invention, by applying the strong adhesion activity of laminin-5 to maintenance culture of pluripotent stem cells (e.g., human ES cells, human iPS cells), which are very poor in cell adhesion efficiency, improvements can be achieved in both adhesion efficiency and proliferation efficiency in the absence of MEFs. Moreover, to ensure the use of human ES cells or human iPS cells for regenerative medicine, recombinant human laminin-5 is also useful as a material constructing a culture system completely free from animal-derived substances.
Thus, in the present invention, treatment with laminin-5 allows an improvement in the adhesion efficiency of pluripotent stem cells onto a culture vessel and also enables efficient proliferation of pluripotent stem cells without the need to use feeder cells generally required for their culture.
As used herein, the term “feeder cells” is intended to mean additional cells playing a role as an aid, which are used to adjust culture conditions for target pluripotent stem cells to be proliferated or differentiated. In the case of pluripotent cells such as ES cells or iPS cells, in commonly used conventional methods, mouse-derived primary cultured fibroblasts are used as feeder cells and nutrients such as growth factors are supplied from the feeder cells to the pluripotent cells, whereby the pluripotent cells can be cultured. According to the present invention, the strong adhesion efficiency of laminin-5 allowed the culture of pluripotent stem cells such as ES cells or iPS cells without the need to use these feeder cells.
As used herein, the term “supporting material” is intended to mean a proteinous factor used to aid cell proliferation, and laminin-5 is used as a supporting material in the present invention. As shown in the Example section described later, laminin-5 has higher adhesion ability than various extracellular matrixes and is excellent as a supporting material for pluripotent stem cells.
When used herein to describe pluripotent stem cells, the term “differentiation” is intended to mean a change that causes the pluripotent stem cells to lose their differentiation pluripotency (i.e., potential ability to differentiate into all tissues) and to have characters as cells constituting a specific tissue. For example, undifferentiation markers of pluripotent stem cells, such as Ecat1, ERas, Nanog, Oct4, Rex1, Sox2 and Utf1, may be measured to thereby evaluate whether pluripotent stem cells do not differentiate during culture. As shown in Examples 3 and 4 described later, ES cells cultured by the method of the present invention were evaluated for passage-induced differentiation, indicating that they did not differentiate and remained in an undifferentiated state even after 10 or more passages of subculture. Further, as shown in Example 5 described later, ES cells cultured by the method of the present invention were evaluated for maintenance of pluripotency during subculture, indicating that they also retained pluripotency even after passages.
Furthermore, as shown in Example 11 described later, human iPS cells cultured by the method of the present invention were also found not to differentiate and to remain in an undifferentiated state even after subculture for 5 weeks. Moreover, as shown in Example 12 described later, human iPS cells cultured by the present invention were also able to be induced to differentiate.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a culture vessel may be treated with laminin-5, for example, by applying laminin-5 onto the inner surface of the culture vessel and then drying. Such a laminin-5-treated culture vessel is charged with medium (e.g., GMEM or DMEM) commonly used for culture of pluripotent stem cells, and pluripotent stem cells are added to the medium. Then, the pluripotent stem cells are cultured under known appropriate culture conditions, for example but not limited to, under gas phase conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO2.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is more preferable to add appropriate additives to the culture medium, in addition to the use of a system containing laminin-5. Such additives are preferably those other than serum, and more preferably exclude substances derived from non-human animals.
A non-limiting example of such additives is a serum replacement. A serum replacement is an artificial liquid composition designed to have ingredients similar to those of serum, and it allows cells to proliferate even in the absence of serum. As an example, it is possible to use a serum replacement comprising various amino acids, inorganic salts, vitamins, albumin, insulin, transferrin, and antioxidative ingredients. Various amino acids include, for example, glycine, L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-cysteine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-phenylalanine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-lysine, L-leucine, L-glutamine, L-arginine, L-methionine, L-proline, L-hydroxyproline, L-serine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, and L-valine. Inorganic salts include, for example, AgNO3, AlCl3.6H2O, Ba(C2H3O2)2, CdSO4.8H2O, CoCl2.6H2O, Cr2(SO4)3.1H2O, GeO2, Na2SeO3, H2SeO3, KBr, KI, MnCl2.4H2O, NaF, Na2SiO3.9H2O, NaVO3, (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O, NiSO4.6H2O, RbCl, SnCl2, ZrOCl2.8H2O, and sodium selenite. Vitamins include, for example, thiamine and ascorbic acid. Antioxidative ingredients include, for example, reduced glutathione.
Likewise, Knockout™ serum replacement (KSR) is a serum replacement for ES cells, which is commercially available from Invitrogen, Corp. As shown in Examples 3 and 4 described later, it is a preferred embodiment of the present invention that pluripotent stem cells are cultured in a medium supplemented with about 10% KSR.
Further, it is also a preferred embodiment of the present invention to use a serum replacement of the composition shown in Example 6 described later. In Example 6, the detailed composition of a serum replacement is disclosed, which comprises amino acids (e.g., glycine, histidine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine), vitamins (e.g., thiamine, ascorbic acid), trace metal elements (e.g., silver, aluminum, barium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, germanium, manganese, silicon, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, rubidium, tin, zirconium), halogen elements (e.g., bromine, iodine, and fluorine), as well as other ingredients (e.g., albumin, reduced glutathione, transferrin, insulin, sodium selenite). However, ingredients constituting the serum replacement intended in the present invention are not limited to those listed above, and various modifications may be made, for example, by replacement with other similar ingredients. Moreover, the content of each ingredient contained in the serum replacement is not limited to that shown in Example 6, and may be adjusted as appropriate depending on the properties of cells and/or the purpose of experiments.
Any serum replacement may be used as long as it has ingredients and functions similar to those of KSR.
2. Use of Laminin-5 as a Cell-Supporting Material
The present invention is also directed to the use of laminin-5 as a cell-supporting material for proliferation of pluripotent stem cells. As has been described above, laminin-5 has a strong effect on cell adhesion and is therefore useful in culturing pluripotent stem cells in a medium free from both feeder cells and serum.
3. Culture Kit for Pluripotent Stem Cells
The present invention is further directed to a culture kit for pluripotent stem cells, which comprises a laminin-5-treated culture vessel and a serum replacement. Such a serum replacement is preferably Knockout™ serum replacement (KSR). Alternatively, it is also possible to use a serum replacement of the composition shown in Example 6.
This kit can further comprise culture medium for pluripotent stem cells, such as GMEM or DMEM. If necessary, this kit may further comprise other additives required for cell culture and/or pluripotent stem cells pre se to be cultured. Examples of such additives include nonessential amino acids, sodium pyruvate, mercaptoethanol, antibiotics and so on. Such a kit may be provided in the form of a single package or may be provided in the form of multiple packages in which only pluripotent stem cells required to be stored at low temperature are packaged separately.
The present invention will now be described in more detail below on the basis of the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In this example, a recombinant human laminin-5 protein was prepared in a known manner.
From human fetal kidney cell line HEK293 modified to carry cDNAs for α3 chain (SEQ ID NO: 1), β3 chain (SEQ ID NO: 3) and γ2 chain (SEQ ID NO: 3) (Lm5-HEK293), the serum-free supernatant was collected and centrifuged at 4° C. at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. The human fetal kidney cell line HEK293 was obtained as described in J. Biochem. 132, 607-612 (2002). The supernatant was then applied to Heparin sepharose CL-6B (GE healthcare) and eluted. The rLm5-containing fractions were passed through an antibody column, in which mouse anti-Lm-α3 (anti-laminin α3) monoclonal antibody (BG5) was covalently bonded to ProteinA sepharose CL-6B (GE healthcare), and then eluted. It should be noted that monoclonal antibody BG5 is an antibody prepared by the inventors of the present invention using an N-terminal fragment of the laminin α3B chain as an antigen according to known procedures for monoclonal antibody preparation.
Purified rLm5 (1 μg) was denaturated under reducing conditions and then subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on a 5-20% gel to confirm the size and purity of α3, β3 and γ2 chains. As a result, bands of 160 kDa, 135 kDa and 105 kDa were detected, respectively.
When analyzed with a CS-Analyzer, purified rLm5 was found to have a purity of about 98%. rLm5 thus prepared was used in the following examples.
This example shows the results of adhesion assay using mouse ES cell line EB3, obtained with the use of various cell-supporting materials.
GMEM (SIGMA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.1 mM nonessential amino acids (Gibco), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Gibco), 1000 U/ml ESGRO (Chemicon) and 10−4 M 2-mercaptoethanol (WAKO) was used as a maintenance medium for mouse ES cell line, EB3 cells. The EB3 cells were provided by the Division of Stem Cell Regulation Research, Area of Molecular Therapeutics, Course of Advanced Medicine G6, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University.
In the adhesion assay, a serum-free medium was used, whose composition was the same as that of the maintenance medium, except for not containing FBS. The cell-supporting materials used were bovine gelatin (SIGMA), rLm5, Matrigel® (BD), human vitronectin (SIGMA), human type IV collagen (BD), human fibronectin (BD), human laminin-2 (Chemicon) and human laminin (SIGMA). Further, plates were prepared by being treated with these respective cell-supporting materials, and were subjected to adhesion assay for each cell-supporting material, as described below.
96-well plates (Corning) were treated with various extracellular matrix proteins prepared at desired concentrations, and then blocked with a 1.2% BSA (SIGMA) solution at 37° C. for 1 hour. The various extracellular matrix proteins were prepared at the following concentrations: 1.5 mg/ml for gelatin (Gl), 3.75 μg/ml for laminin-2 (Lm2), 3.75 μg/ml for a laminin mixture (Lm-Mix), 150 μg/ml for Matrigel (Mg), 15 μg/ml for collagen (Co), 15 μg/ml for fibronectin (Fn), and 15 μg/ml for vitronectin (Vn). On the other hand, rLm5 (Lm5) was prepared by two-fold serial dilution at three concentrations: 3.75 μg/ml, 7.5 μg/ml and 15 μg/ml.
After washing with the serum-free medium, EB3 cells were seeded at 30000 cells/well in the plates and cultured at 37° C. under gas phase conditions of 5% CO2 and 95% air for 30 or 60 minutes. After culture, the plates were gently shaken with a vortex mixer to release less adhered cells from the plate surface, followed by treatment with Percoll (GE healthcare) to remove these cells. The adhered cells were fixed with 25% glutaraldehyde (Nacalai) and stained with 2.5% crystal violet (Nacalai) for comparison of relative cell counts.
It should be noted that human ES cells, which are poor in adhesion efficiency, are known to achieve an adhesion efficiency of less than 1% in the case of using EHS-derived laminin, and their adhesion efficiency is as low as 3% even in the case of Matrigel (50-60% EHS-derived laminin, 30% type IV collagen, 10% entactin) which is most widely used at present. In this example, laminin-5 was found to show strong adhesion activity on mouse ES cells, when compared to Matrigel composed primarily of EHS laminin, laminin-2, and placenta-derived laminin (Lm-Mix) deemed to be rich in laminin-10/11. This is regarded as a remarkable effect of laminin-5 used in the present invention.
This example shows the results of proliferation assay using mouse ES cell line EB3, obtained with the use of various cell-supporting materials.
The maintenance medium used for EB3 cells was the same as that of Example 2. In the proliferation assay, a medium supplemented with 10% Knockout™ serum replacement (KSR, Invitrogen) in place of 10% FBS was used (KSR-GMEM). In 12-well plates (NUNC) which had been treated with various extracellular matrix proteins prepared at desired concentrations, EB3 cells were seeded at 40000 cells/well. After culture at 37° C. under gas phase conditions of 5% CO2 and 95% air for 2 days, the cells were collected by enzyme treatment and counted with a hemacytometer.
The EB3 cells were seeded again at 40000 cells/well in 12-well plates which had been treated with the same various extracellular matrix proteins prepared at desired concentrations. By repeating this procedure, the various extracellular matrixes were compared for their proliferative effect on EB3 cells. The culture medium used was maintenance medium (S) or KSR-GMEM (K). The cell-supporting materials were prepared at the following concentrations: 1 mg/ml for Gl, 4 μg/ml for rLm5 (Lm5−4), 2 μg/ml for rLm5 (Lm5−2), 4 μg/ml for Lm-Mix, and 150 μg/ml for Mg. In this experiment, the EB3 cells were acclimated before use by having been subcultured for several passages in KSR-GMEM.
For this reason, all the experimental groups except for K+Lm-Mix and K+Mg were further subcultured to study the effect of the extracellular matrixes on EB3 cell proliferation upon prolonged subculture in the absence of feeder cells. The theoretical fold increase in the number of cells finally proliferated was calculated and the results obtained are shown in
In this example, Ecat1, ERas, Nanog, Oct4, Rex1, Sox2 and Utf1, which are known as undifferentiation markers of mouse ES cells, were measured by RT-PCR on their genes to study whether rLm5 had the effect of allowing EB3 cells to remain in an undifferentiated state.
From the EB3 cells subcultured for 10 or more passages in Example 3, total RNA was extracted using TRIZOL (Invitrogen). After extraction, a ThermoScript RT-PCR System (Invitrogen) was used to synthesize cDNA by reverse transcription reaction. The synthesized cDNA was used as a template to perform PCR with the primers shown in Table 2. Each gene was denatured at 94° C. for 30 seconds, annealed for 30 seconds, and elongated at 72° C. for 20 seconds. Annealing was performed at a temperature of 64° C. for Ecat1, 61° C. for ERas, Oct4 and Utf1, 59° C. for Rex1, and 54° C. for Nanog and Sox2.
This example shows the results studied for maintenance of differentiation potency in mouse cell line EB3 when cultured with the use of various cell-supporting materials.
After EB3 cells were cultured under KSR-supplemented and serum-free conditions in Example 3, the cells were acclimated again under serum conditions by being subcultured for an additional 5 passages under maintenance culture conditions (S+Gl) before use in the differentiation-inducing test. For culture in a serum-free medium, a system of gelatin-coated plates (K+Gl) and a system of recombinant human laminin-5-coated plates (K+Lm5−4 or K+Lm5−2) were used. Experimental groups in which culture in these systems was followed by acclimation under serum conditions are expressed as K+GlS+Gl, K+Lm5−4
S+Gl, and K+Lm5−2
S+Gl, respectively.
Induction of differentiation was accomplished as follow. The cells were suspended in a LIF (ESGRO)-free maintenance medium to prepare hanging drops (1000 cells/drop), in which embryoid bodies were formed for 2 days. The formed embryoid bodies were transferred to bacterial culture plates and cultured under floating conditions in the LIF-free maintenance medium for an additional 5 days.
The embryoid bodies after floating culture were transferred to 1 mg/ml G1-coated chamber slides (NUNC) and cultured for 3 days under adhesion conditions, followed by immunostaining to detect differentiation markers, thereby studying the differentiation potency of ES cells (i.e., differentiation into cells of the endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal lineages).
In this study, the markers used were α-fetoprotein (AFP) for cells of the endodermal lineage, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) for cells of the mesodermal lineage, and β-III tubulin (tubulin) for cells of the ectodermal lineage. For immunostaining, the cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and then blocked with a 5% FBS solution supplemented with 0.1% Triton-X100 (Nacalai). After blocking, the cells were treated with primary and secondary antibodies, stained with DAPI (Nacalai), embedded in VECTASHIELD (VECTOR Laboratories) and then observed under a fluorescent microscope to detect marker expression.
The primary antibodies used in immunostaining were anti-AFP polyclonal antibody (DAKO) for detection of α-fetoprotein, anti-α-SMA monoclonal antibody (DAKO) for detection of α-smooth muscle actin, and anti-β-III tubulin monoclonal antibody (Chemicon) for detection of β-III tubulin. The secondary antibodies used were anti-rabbit IgG polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and anti-mouse IgG polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology).
In parallel with induction of differentiation in the experimental groups of S+Gl, K+GlS+Gl, K+Lm5−4
S+Gl and K+Lm5−2
S+Gl as described above, negative controls were prepared for these experimental groups by being cultured in the presence of LIF in a system of normal maintenance culture (S+Gl) without conducting a series of differentiation-inducing processes, including embryoid body formation. These negative controls were also immunostained in the same manner.
In these four experimental groups, differentiation markers AFP, α-SMA and β-III tubulin were compared for their expression between each experimental group induced to differentiate and the corresponding negative control not induced to differentiate (S+Gl,
S+Gl, and
S+Gl.
As a result, in all of the experimental groups, three signals of AFP, α-SMA and β-III tubulin were all observed in the experimental groups induced to differentiate (lower panel of
This result means that EB3 cells were induced to differentiate only after a series of differentiation-inducing processes and they became differentiated cells of three germ layers expressing AFP, αSMA, β-III tubulin or other markers. Taken together with the results of Example 4, the results of this example suggested that ES cells maintained in the presence of Lm5 not only remained in an undifferentiated state, but also retained pluripotency, i.e., the ability to differentiate into a wide range of cells upon induction.
A serum replacement of another composition was prepared, whose composition was different from that of KSR mentioned above. The composition of the serum replacement prepared in this example is shown in Table 3.
In distilled water, the various amino acids shown in Table 3 (glycine, histidine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine) were dissolved at 3-fold concentrations to prepare a 3-fold concentrated amino acid solution. To this 3-fold concentrated amino acid solution, thiamine, ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione were each added in an amount required to give a 3-fold concentration. This solution is designated as solution A. Next, human transferrin and BSA were dissolved at 2-fold concentrations in distilled water to prepare a 2-fold concentrated BSA solution. This solution is designated as solution B. Further, sodium selenite was dissolved in a required amount in distilled water to prepare a 7% sodium selenite solution. This solution is designated as solution C. To the solutions A, B and C thus prepared, a bovine insulin solution (SIGMA) and trace metal elements were added to prepare the serum replacement of this example. It should be noted that the trace metal elements added here are commercially available products, Trace Elements B and C (Mediatech Inc.) whose composition is known. The serum replacement prepared in this example is not commercially available, but its composition is known.
In this example, the serum replacement prepared in Example 6 was added to GMEM as an alternative to serum, as in the case of KSR, and the resulting medium was used as a maintenance medium for culture of mouse ES cells. The medium thus prepared is designated as medium Y. Using medium Y, proliferation assay was performed as described in Example 3. Further, undifferentiation markers were detected as described in Example 4. Furthermore, differentiation potency into three germ layers was studied as described in Example 5.
(1) Proliferation Assay
The results of proliferation assay using medium Y are shown in
(2) Detection of Undifferentiation Markers
After proliferation assay as described above, undifferentiation markers were studied by RT-PCR for their expression in each experimental group. The experiment was performed in the same manner as shown in Example 4, except that medium Y was used as a maintenance medium.
(3) Study on Differentiation Potency into Three Germ Layers
A differentiation-inducing test was also performed in the same manner as shown in Example 5, except that medium Y was used as a maintenance medium. All of the experimental groups induced to differentiate were found to form embryoid bodies morphologically closely resembling those observed in the control group (S+Gl). The results obtained are shown in
After induction of differentiation, markers for differentiation into three germ layers (AFP, α-SMA, β-III tubulin) were detected. In the experimental groups of S+Gl (S+Gl (
S+Gl (
S+Gl (
S+Gl (
S+Gl (
S+Gl (
As shown in lower panels (LIF−) of
The above results suggested that in the case of using medium Y, rLm5 also supported the proliferation of mouse ES cells, and the proliferated mouse ES cells also retained their undifferentiated state. This indicated that rLm5 may serve as a useful supporting material for mouse ES cells under feeder cell-free and serum-free conditions.
This example shows the results of adhesion assay using human iPS cells, obtained with the use of various cell-supporting materials.
The human iPS cells used were those of cell line 201B2 or 201B7 established by the Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University. In
Human iPS cells were cultured for 1 hour in the presence of 10 μM Y-27632 (WAKO) before being released from the dishes, and then used in the experiment. It should be noted that the same treatment was also performed in the experiments of Example 8 and the subsequent examples where human iPS cells were used.
For maintenance of human iPS cells, the supernatant of mouse embryonic fibroblasts prepared in DMEM/F12 medium containing 20% KSR, 2 mM glutamine, 1% nonessential amino acids and 10−4 M 2-mercaptoethanol was supplemented with 4 ng/ml bFGF (WAKO) and used as a maintenance medium (MEF-CM).
The cell-supporting materials used were mitomycin C-treated SNL feeder cells (Fd) as well as various extracellular matrixes (Gl, Lm5, Mg, Vn, Co, Fn, Lm2, Lm-Mix). Further, plates were prepared by being treated with these respective cell-supporting materials, and were subjected to adhesion assay for each cell-supporting material using human iPS cell line 201B7, as described below.
96-well plates (Corning) were treated with various extracellular matrix proteins prepared at desired concentrations, and then blocked with a 1.2% BSA (SIGMA) solution at 37° C. for 1 hour. The various extracellular matrix proteins were prepared at the following concentrations: 5 mg/ml and 1.25 mg/ml for Gl, 50 μg/ml and 12.5 μg/ml for Lm2, 50 μg/ml and 12.5 μg/ml for Lm-Mix, 500 μg/ml and 125 μg/ml for Mg, 50 μg/ml and 12.5 μg/ml for Co, 50 μg/ml and 12.5 μg/ml for Fn, and 50 μg/ml and 12.5 μg/ml for Vn. rLm5 was prepared by two-fold serial dilution at five concentrations: 50 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 12.5 μg/ml, 6.25 μg/ml and 3.125 μg/ml. Moreover, an additional experimental group (Lm5+Co) was also prepared by being treated with both 25 μg/ml Lm5 and 50 μg/ml Co.
Human iPS cells were treated with trypsin and dispersed into single cells, and then seeded at 20000 cells/well in the plates and cultured at 37° C. under gas phase conditions of 5% CO2 and 95% air for 60 minutes. After culture, the plates were tapped gently to release less adhered cells from the plate surface, followed by treatment with Percoll (GE healthcare) to remove these cells. The adhered cells were fixed with 25% glutaraldehyde (Nacalai) and stained with 2.5% crystal violet (Nacalai) for comparison of relative cell counts.
In
This example shows the results of colony assay using human iPS cell line 201B2, obtained with the use of various cell-supporting materials.
The cell-supporting materials used were Gl, Lm5, Mg, Vn, Co, Fn, Lm2 and Lm-Mix. Further, 60 mm dishes (IWAKI) were prepared by being treated with these respective cell-supporting materials, and were subjected to colony assay for each cell-supporting material, as described below.
The various extracellular matrix proteins were prepared at the following concentrations: 1 mg/ml for Gl, 30 μg/ml, 15 μg/ml, 8 μg/ml, 4 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml for Lm5, 30 μg/ml, 15 μg/ml, 8 μg/ml, 4 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml for Lm2, 30 μg/ml, 15 μg/ml, 8 μg/ml, 4 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml for Lm-Mix, 300 μg/ml for Mg, 30 μg/ml for Co, 30 μg/ml for Fn, and 10 μg/ml for Vn.
In this example, human iPS cells were prepared in a state of single cells dispersed by trypsin treatment (hereinafter referred to as “Single”) and in a state of cell clumps prepared by gentle pipetting while preventing dispersion (hereinafter referred to as “Clump”), both of which were subjected to the assay. Namely, human iPS cells were seeded in Single or Clump state at a density corresponding to 1000 cells per 60 mm dish. Culture was performed at 37° C. under gas phase conditions of 5% CO2 and 95% air for 13 days (Single) or 6 days (Clump). After culture, the number of formed colonies was counted for each case.
The results obtained are shown in
In Single, colony formation was observed in the experimental groups of rLm5, Lm-Mix, Vn and Mg, and the number of colonies formed in the experimental group of 8 μg/ml Lm5 or 30 μg/ml Lm-Mix was close to that in the positive control, i.e., the experimental group using SNL feeder cells (Fd). On the other hand, in Clump, colony formation was observed in the experimental groups of rLm5, Lm2, Lm-Mix, Vn, Mg and Co, and the experimental groups of rLm5 showed colony formation comparable to or better than that observed in Fd.
Further, the formed colonies were immunostained to detect a marker of human pluripotent stem cells, thereby evaluating whether the cultured human iPS cells were in an undifferentiated state. The marker of human pluripotent stem cells used for this purpose was a cell surface antigen marker, SSEA3.
For immunostaining, the cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and then blocked with 1% BSA-containing PBS. After blocking, the cells were treated with primary and secondary antibodies, stained with Hoechist 33342 (Invitrogen) and then observed under a fluorescent microscope to detect marker expression. The primary and secondary antibodies used in immunostaining were anti-SSEA3 monoclonal antibody and anti-rat IgM antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch), respectively.
The results of immunostaining are shown in
The above results suggested that rLm5 supported the colony formation of human iPS cells comparably to or better than the other extracellular matrixes, and the formed colonies also retained their undifferentiated state.
This example shows the results of maintenance culture test using human iPS cell line 201B7, obtained with the use of various cell-supporting materials.
The cell-supporting materials used were Gl, Lm5, Lm2, Vn, Co and Fn. Further, 6-well plates (Falcon) were prepared by being treated with these respective cell-supporting materials, and were subjected to colony assay for each cell-supporting material, as described below. The maintenance medium used was MEF-CM as mentioned in Example 8.
The various extracellular matrix proteins were prepared at the following concentrations: 1 mg/ml for Gl, 2 μg/ml for Lm5, 30 μg/ml for Lm2, 30 μg/ml for Co, 30 μg/ml for Fn, and 10 μg/ml for Vn.
In this example, human iPS cells were assayed only in Clump state. Once a week, 1/9 of all the cells were re-seeded in newly prepared 6-well plates treated with the same various extracellular matrixes. The cells were cultured at 37° C. under gas phase conditions of 5% CO2 and 95% air for 5 weeks.
As a result, in the experimental groups of the various extracellular matrix proteins tested, cell proliferation was observed upon culture for 1 week after subculture at a level comparable to that in the positive control, i.e., the experimental group of SNL feeder cells (Fd). As shown in
In this example, NANOG, OCT4 and SOX2, which are know as undifferentiation markers of human pluripotent stem cells, were detected by RT-PCR on their genes to study whether rLm5 had the effect of allowing human iPS cells to remain in an undifferentiated state.
From the human iPS cells subcultured for 5 weeks in Example 10, total RNA was extracted using TRIZOL (Invitrogen). After extraction, a ThermoScript RT-PCR System (Invitrogen) was used to synthesize cDNA by reverse transcription reaction. The synthesized cDNA was used as a template to perform PCR with the primers shown in Table 4. Each gene was denatured at 94° C. for 10 seconds, annealed for 15 seconds, and elongated at 72° C. for 30 seconds. Annealing was performed at a temperature of 60° C. for OCT4 and GAPDH, and 55° C. for NANOG and SOX2.
The results of RT-PCR are shown in
This example shows the results studied for maintenance of differentiation potency in human iPS cells when cultured with the use of various cell-supporting materials. In human iPS cells induced to differentiate, differentiation markers were detected by RT-PCR to study whether human iPS cells cultured with the use of various cell-supporting materials retained differentiation potency.
After culture for 3 weeks, i.e., during the third passage in Example 10, a part of the cells were collected and used in the differentiation-inducing test. Induction of differentiation was accomplished as follow.
Clumps, which had been prepared from human iPS cells under culture by being released from the plates, were cultured using low adsorption plates (NUNC) under floating conditions for 8 days in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 20% KSR, 2 mM glutamine, 1% nonessential amino acids and 10−4 M 2-mercaptoethanol. The embryoid bodies thus formed were re-seeded in 1 mg/ml Gl-coated 6-well plates (Falcon) and cultured under adhesion conditions for an additional 8 days.
From the human iPS cells induced to differentiate, RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized in the same manner as shown in Example 11, and the synthesized cDNA was used as a template to perform PCR with the primers shown in Table 5. The markers used were SOX17 and AFP as endodermal markers, BRACHYURY and MSX1 as mesodermal markers, PAX6 as an ectodermal marker, and CDX2 as a trophectodermal marker. Each gene was denatured at 94° C. for 10 seconds, annealed for 10 seconds, and elongated at 72° C. for 30 seconds. Annealing was performed at a temperature of 63° C. for SOX17, BRACHYURY, MSX1 and PAX6, 65° C. for AFP, and 55° C. for CDX2. Only in the case of CDX2, elongation was performed at 72° C. for 15 seconds.
The results of RT-PCR are shown in
The present invention allowed pluripotent stem cells to proliferate in an undifferentiated state, without the need to use feeder cells or serum, when culturing them in a system containing laminin-5, an extracellular matrix molecule. According to the method of the present invention, pluripotent stem cells can be cultured without using any animal-derived material such as feeder cells or serum, which eliminates risks of immunological rejection, virus infection and so on. Because of their totipotency, human-derived pluripotent stem cells have a great potential to be used as cellular materials in regenerative medicine. In particular, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) have no ethical problem and are also free from the problem of immunological rejection because they can be prepared from patients' own cells.
SEQ ID NO: 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of human laminin α3 chain.
SEQ ID NO: 2 shows the amino acid sequence of human laminin α3 chain.
SEQ ID NO: 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of human laminin β3 chain.
SEQ ID NO: 4 shows the amino acid sequence of human laminin β3 chain.
SEQ ID NO: 5 shows the nucleotide sequence of human laminin γ2 chain.
SEQ ID NO: 6 shows the amino acid sequence of human laminin γ2 chain.
SEQ ID NOs: 7 to 22 show the nucleotide sequences of RT-PCR primers used for undifferentiation marker detection in ES cells.
SEQ ID NOs: 23 to 30 show the nucleotide sequences of RT-PCR primers used for undifferentiation marker detection in human iPS cells.
SEQ ID NOs: 31 to 42 show the nucleotide sequences of RT-PCR primers used for differentiation marker detection in human iPS cells.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008-093350 | Mar 2008 | JP | national |
| 2008-225686 | Sep 2008 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2009/057041 | 3/31/2009 | WO | 00 | 9/13/2010 |
