Patent Grant
7603353
The present invention relates to the field of information retrieval, and more particularly, to a method of information retrieval that enhances identification of relevant documents retrieved from a multi-lingual document database.
Information retrieval systems and associated methods search and retrieve information in response to user search queries. As a result of any given search, vast amounts of data may be retrieved. These data may include structured and unstructured data, free text, tagged data, metadata, audio imagery, and motion imagery (video), for example. To compound the problem, information retrieval systems are searching larger volumes of information every year. A study conducted by the University of California at Berkley concluded that the production of new information has nearly doubled between 1999 and 2002.
When an information retrieval system performs a search in response to a user search query, the user may be overwhelmed with the results. For example, a typical search provides the user with hundreds and even thousands of items. The retrieved information includes both relevant and irrelevant information. The user now has the burden of determining the relevant information from the irrelevant information.
One approach to this problem is to build a taxonomy. A taxonomy is an orderly classification scheme of dividing a broad topic into a number of predefined categories, with the categories being divided into sub-categories. This allows a user to navigate through the available data to find relevant information while at the same time limiting the documents to be searched. However, creating a taxonomy and identifying the documents with the correct classification is very time consuming. Moreover, a taxonomy requires continued maintenance to categorize new information as it becomes available.
Another approach is to use an information retrieval system that groups the results to assist the user. For example, the Vivisimo Clustering Engine™ automatically organizes search results into meaningful hierarchical folders on-the-fly. As the information is retrieved, it is clustered into categories that are intelligently selected from the words and phrases contained in the search results themselves. This results in the categories being up-to-date and fresh as the contents therein.
Visual navigational search approaches are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,574,632 and 6,701,318 to Fox et al., the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Fox et al. discloses an information retrieval and visualization system utilizing multiple search engines for retrieving documents from a document database based upon user input queries. Each search engine produces a common mathematical representation of each retrieved document. The retrieved documents are then combined and ranked. A mathematical representation for each respective document is mapped onto a display. Information displayed includes a three-dimensional display of keywords from the user input query. The three-dimensional visualization capability based upon the mathematical representation of information within the information retrieval and visualization system provides users with an intuitive understanding, with relevance feedback/query refinement techniques that can be better utilized, resulting in higher retrieval accuracy.
Despite the continuing development of search engines and result visualization techniques, there is still a need to quickly and efficiently search large document collections and present the results in a meaningful manner to the user.
This is particularly true when analyzing multi-lingual documents. For instance, analysts typically operate in a time critical environment that is both multicultural and multi-lingual. The volumes of data that need to be analyzed are growing at ever increasing rates. Analysts generally lack the time and many lack the capability to analyze multi-lingual data. Consequently, there is also a need to quickly and efficiently search large document collections containing multi-lingual information and present the results in a meaningful manner to the user.
In view of the foregoing background, it is therefore an object of the present invention to assist a user in identifying relevant documents containing multi-lingual information and discarding irrelevant documents after the documents have been retrieved using an information retrieval system.
This and other objects, features, and advantages in accordance with the present invention are provided by a computer-implemented method for processing documents in a document database comprising generating an initial ranking of retrieved multi-lingual documents using an information retrieval system and based upon a user search query, generating a plurality of vocabulary words based upon occurrences thereof in at least some of the retrieved multi-lingual documents, and generating respective relevancies of the vocabulary words based on the occurrences thereof and the user search query. A re-ranking of the retrieved multi-lingual documents based on the relevancies of the vocabulary words is generated. The computer-implemented method in accordance with the present invention advantageously allows a user to identify relevant documents and discard irrelevant documents after the multi-lingual documents have been retrieved using the information retrieval system.
The multi-lingual documents may comprise at least one document having multiple languages and/or different documents with different languages. The user search query may comprise a multi-lingual user search query. Alternatively, the user search query may be translated into a multi-lingual user search query before generating the initial ranking of the retrieved multi-lingual documents.
The computer-implemented method may further comprise generating the plurality of vocabulary words based upon occurrences thereof in at least some of the retrieved multi-lingual documents before the processing. In this embodiment, the vocabulary words are provided by the words in the retrieved multi-lingual documents.
Alternatively, a user may select a vocabulary comprising the plurality of vocabulary words before the processing, with the vocabulary words corresponding to the user search topic. In this embodiment, the vocabulary words may be based upon words in at least one predetermined document, and the predetermined document does not need to be part of the retrieved multi-lingual documents. In addition, vocabulary words may be added to the vocabulary based upon occurrences of words in at least some of the retrieved multi-lingual documents. A quality of the vocabulary may be determined based upon how many vocabulary words are added thereto.
The computer-implemented method may further comprise selecting N top ranked documents from the retrieved multi-lingual documents before processing the plurality of vocabulary words, with N being an integer greater than 1. Generating the respective relevancies and generating the re-ranking are with respect to the N top-ranked documents.
Generating the respective relevancies of the vocabulary words may comprise counting how many times a respective vocabulary word is used in the N top ranked documents, and counting how many of the N top ranked documents uses the respective vocabulary word. A word/document ratio for each respective vocabulary word may be generated based upon the counting, and if the word/document ratio is less than a threshold, then the relevancy of the word is not used when generating the re-ranking of the N top ranked documents.
The computer-implemented method may further comprise determining which documents from at least some of the retrieved multi-lingual documents are relevant to the user search query, and generating the re-ranking of the retrieved multi-lingual documents may also be based on the relevant documents. A determination may be made if the respective vocabulary words are relevant to the user search query, and then a determination may be made as to whether the documents are relevant based upon the relevant vocabulary words.
The computer-implemented method may further comprise determining a respective source of at least some of the retrieved multi-lingual documents, and assigning priority to documents provided by preferred sources. Generating the re-ranking of the retrieved multi-lingual documents may also be based on documents with preferred sources. A second re-ranking of the retrieved multi-lingual documents based upon a combination of the initial ranking and the re-ranking of the retrieved multi-lingual documents may be generated. The re-ranked documents may also be displayed.
Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a computer-readable medium having stored thereon a data structure for processing documents in a multi-lingual document database as defined above. Yet another aspect of the present invention is directed to a computer implemented system for processing documents in a multi-lingual document database as also defined above.
a and 3b respectively illustrate in accordance with the present invention a display screen for starting a new vocabulary and for using an existing vocabulary.
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout, and prime notation is used to indicate similar elements in alternative embodiments.
Referring initially to
The computer-implemented method for processing documents in a document database advantageously allows a user to identify relevant documents and discard irrelevant documents after the documents have been retrieved using an information retrieval system. The user may be a human user or a computer-implemented user. When the user is computer-implemented, identifying relevant documents and discarding irrelevant documents is autonomous. The information retrieval system includes an input interface for receiving the user search query, and a search engine for selectively retrieving documents from a document database.
The search engine is not limited to any particular search engine. An example search engine is the Advanced Information Retrieval Engine (AIRE) developed at the Information Retrieval Laboratory of the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). AIRE is a portable information retrieval engine written in Java, and provides a foundation for exploring new information retrieval techniques. AIRE is regularly used in the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) held each year, which is a workshop series that encourages research in information retrieval from large text applications by providing a large text collection, uniform scoring procedures, and a forum for organizations interested in comparing their results.
Since TREC uses a dataset with known results, this facilities evaluation of the present invention. An example search topic from TREC is “piracy,” which is used for illustrating and evaluating the present invention. AIRE provides the initial ranking of the retrieved documents based upon the “piracy” user search query. The number and/or order of the relevant documents in the initial ranking is the baseline or reference that will be compared to the number of relevant documents in the re-ranked documents.
As will be discussed in further detail below, there are a variety of word and document relevancy options available to the user. Individually or in combination, these options improve the retrieval accuracy of a user search query. Implementation of the present invention is in the form of an algorithm requiring user input, and this input is provided via the graphical user interface (GUI) associated with AIRS.
The initial AIRE query screen for assisting a user for providing the relevant feedback for re-ranking the retrieved documents is provided in
A description of the topic of interest is provided in section 44, which is directed to “what modern instances have there been of good old-fashioned piracy, the boarding or taking control of boats?” A narrative providing more detailed information about the description is provided in section 46. The narrative in this case states that “documents discussing piracy on any body of water are relevant, documents discussing the legal taking of ships or their contents by a national authority are non-relevant, and clashes between fishing boats over fishing are not relevant unless one vessel is boarded.” The words in the description and narrative sections 44, 46 were not included as part of the user search query. Nonetheless, the user has the option of making the words in the description and narrative sections 44, 46 part of the user search query by selecting these sections along with section 40.
When the user selects starting a new vocabulary in section 42, a new vocabulary screen appears as illustrated in
The initial ranking of the retrieved documents is a very large number with respect to “piracy,” which includes both relevant and irrelevant documents. Before generating a new vocabulary, the user selects the N top ranked documents in section 48 in
To build a new vocabulary, an algorithm counts the number of times words are used throughout the top 100 retrieved documents. The words may be counted at their stemmed version, although this is not absolutely necessary. A domain vocabulary can also be built by providing a list of relevant documents. The information collected for each word in each document is the number of times the word was used in the document, and the number of documents in the top 100 top ranked documents that used the word.
Next, document statistics are calculated for determining how useful each word is to the N top ranked documents. Useless words are not used to calculate information about the document. Useless words are words that do not provide meaning, such as stop words (e.g., am, are, we) or words that act as stop words within the domain (e.g., computer in computer science literature). Statistics used for determining a useless word may include, but are not limited to, the following:
a) word/document ratio=1 (the word needs to appear more than once in a document to be useful);
b) word/document ratio>20 (this determines a meaningful threshold; and a range of thresholds may be used instead of a single threshold); and
c) the number of documents=1 (the word needs to appear in more than one document).
Based upon the criteria in a) through c), the vocabulary thus comprises for each useful word the number of times it was used (traditional term frequency only within a single document, the number of documents using the word (traditional document frequency), and the word/document ratio.
After a list of vocabulary words provided by the top 100 ranked documents and the user search query (i.e., “piracy”) has been compiled, the relevancy of the vocabulary words are set. Some vocabulary words may be more relevant/irrelevant than other words. Word relevance is set by topic, which in this case is “piracy” as related to “maritime.” Relevant words are useful words that describe the topic “piracy.” Irrelevant words are words that do not describe the topic, and are an indicator of irrelevant documents.
Relevance is set to a value of 1 for the query terms supplied by the user. The relevance value of a vocabulary word is based upon the number of times the word was relevant and on the number of times the word was irrelevant. The relevancy value of a word can be written as follows: Relevancy Value=(#Rel−#Irrel)/(#Rel+#Irrel). A word can be deemed relevant, for example, if the relevancy value>0.5, and irrelevant if the relevancy value<−0.5. The 0.5 and −0.5 are example values and may be set to other values as readily appreciated by those skilled in the art. In addition, a range of thresholds may be used instead of a single threshold.
To calculate document statistics, information is calculated based on the words in the N top ranked documents. A document comprises a set of words, and a word can appear 1 or more times therein. Each document is essentially unstructured text, and a word can be characterized as new, useless or useful. A new word is new to the vocabulary. In a training session, i.e., starting with a new vocabulary, all the words are in the vocabulary. A useless word is not used in document calculations, and as noted above, these words do not provide meaning. Useless words are stop words, such as am, are, we, or words that act as stop words within the domain, such as computer in computer science literature. A useful word is a word that will be used in the document statistics.
A useful word can be further classified as relevant, irrelevant or neutral. As defined by these classification terms, a relevant word is important to the topic, and an irrelevant word is not useful to the topic and is usually an indicator of a bad document. A neutral word is one in which the status of the word as related to the topic has not been determined.
To calculate the re-ranking of the retrieved documents, an algorithmic approach is used to rate the documents. The algorithmic approach uses the relevancy information discussed above. The output of the initial document ranking by AIRE is a list of the documents rated from 1 to 100, where 100 was selected by the user. The lowest number indicates the best ranking. Alternatively, the highest number could be the best ranking.
Three different relevancy values are used to re-rank the documents. The first relevancy value is based upon following expression:
Unique Rel−Unique Irrel→UniqueRel (1)
The number of unique relevant words in the document is counted, and the number of irrelevant words in the document is counted. The sum of the irrelevant words is subtracted from the sum of the relevant words. As an observation, this calculation becomes more useful when there are only individual words identified. That is, entire documents have not been identified as relevant/irrelevant.
The second relevancy value is based upon following expression:
Rel NO Freq−Irrel NO Freq→RelNOFreq (2)
Here the importance of unique relevant/irrelevant words in the document is determined. The sum of the number of times the word is irrelevant in the vocabulary is subtracted from the sum of the number of times the word is relevant in the vocabulary. A word that appears more often in the vocabulary will have a higher weight than words that just appeared a couple of times. As an observation, this value is tightly coupled with the Unique Rel−Irrel value in expression (1), particularly when all the values are positive.
The third relevancy value is based upon following expression:
Rel Freq−Ir Freq→RelFreg (3)
Here the importance of unique relevant/irrelevant words and their frequency in the documents is determined. The sum of the number of times the word is relevant in the vocabulary is multiplied by the number of times the word is used in the document. The sum of the number of times the word is irrelevant in the vocabulary is multiplied by the number of times the word is used in the document. The irrelevancy frequency sum is subtracted from the relevancy frequency sum. A word that appears more often in the vocabulary will have a higher weight than words that just appeared a couple of times. As an observation, this value is more useful when relevant/irrelevant document examples have been trained in the system.
To identify bad documents there are two techniques. One is based upon the over usage of specific words, and the other is based on a low UniqueRel value as defined in expression (1). With respect to over usage of specific words, documents that have a word appearing more than 100 times, for example, in a document are identified as bad documents. Also, words that are used very frequently in a few documents are determined to have a usefulness set to 0. The user has the option of setting the number of times the word appearing in a document is to be considered as a bad value.
The initial ranking of the N top ranked retrieved documents is re-ranked from the highest relevancy values to the lowest relevancy values for expressions 1) UniqueRel, 2) RelNOFreq and 3) RelFreq. The re-ranking of each document is averaged for the three expressions to obtain the final re-ranking of the retrieved documents. In each of the respective document rankings, bad documents are sent to the bottom of the document list. Two different techniques may be used in moving the bad documents to the bottom. One technique is jumping number ordering—which assigns large values to the document's ranking so that it remains at the bottom. The other technique is smooth number ordering—which assigns continuous ranking numbers to the documents.
With respect to the UniqueRel numbers obtained for the documents, all documents with the smallest UniqueRel number are identified as bad. If the second smallest UniqueRel numbers are under 30%, for example, then these documents are also characterized as bad. Additional small UniqueRel documents can be added until the total number of documents does not exceed 30%. In other words, taking the percentage of the lowest number of UniqueRel from the percentage of the highest number of UniqueRel should not exceed 30%. The user has the option of setting this threshold to a value other than 30%, as readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
In re-ranking the N top ranked retrieved documents, it is also possible to assign priority to a document based upon the source of the document. For example, National Scientific would carry a greater weight than The National Enquirer.
Management of the data will now be discussed with reference to the user display screens provided in
The majority of the data management deals with the user interface. The user has the ability to view any document and the word information associated therewith. The user has the ability to identify relevant/irrelevant documents and words to use for training, i.e., building the vocabulary. The user has the ability to identify words for a future AIRE query. The user has the ability to run a new AIRE query or re-run the ranking algorithm in accordance with the present invention on the current data based on information supplied to the system.
The initial ranking of the retrieved documents using the “piracy” vocabulary is illustrated in
Selecting any one of the listed titles in column 60 will display the document words. The relevancy of each vocabulary word with respect to each document is provided in column 66. For each document, the document may be marked as relevant (column 68), mildly relevant (column 70) or off topic (column 72). In addition, the total word count for each document is provided in column 74, and comments associated with any of the documents may be added or viewed by selecting the icon in column 76.
If the user desires to view the entire document, then the user highlights the icon in column 78 next to the title of interest. The information for each document is stored in a respective file, as indicated by column 80. To further assist the user, when a document is marked as relevant, then the row associated with the relevant document is highlighted.
By selecting on the title of a particular document in column 60, the words in that document are displayed in column 81 in an order based upon how many times they are used in the document (
The highlighted section in
The screen display illustrated in
The user also has the option of selecting multiple views (as labeled) according to user preference. For instance, tab 120 list all the vocabulary words in a document, tab 122 list the vocabulary words in alphabetical order, tab 124 list the vocabulary words marked as relevant, tab 126 list the vocabulary words marked as irrelevant, tab 128 list the vocabulary words marked as new, and statistics of the vocabulary words may be obtained by selecting tab 130. In
Comparing various document ranking results of the computer-implemented method for processing documents in a document database in accordance with the present invention will now be compared to the baseline results provided by AIRE, that is, the initial ranking of the retrieved documents. The display screens provided in FIGS. 4 and 8-11 will now be referenced. The initial ranking from 1 to 20 (column 62) of the retrieved documents is provided in column 60 as shown in
Combining the AIRE ranking and the “piracy” vocabulary ranking to obtain a new ranking from 1 to 20 (column 64) is provided in column 60 in
The results of the various approaches just discussed for re-ranking the retrieved documents will now be discussed with reference to
When the AIRE ranking was combined with the “piracy” vocabulary ranking as provided in columns 60, 64 in
The fourth set of bar graphs is based upon a combined ranking of the AIRE ranking and the “maritime” vocabulary ranking as provided in columns 60, 64 in
A further increase in the number of relevant documents in the re-ranked documents is based upon just the “maritime” vocabulary as provided in columns 60, 66 in
As best illustrated in
The method may be implemented in a computer-based system 150 for processing documents in a document database, as illustrated in
The above described computer-implemented method for processing documents in a document database may also be applied to a multi-lingual document database. The multi-lingual documents may comprise at least one document having multiple languages and/or different documents with different languages.
Referring now to
The vocabularies are built by adding relevant multi-lingual documents to one or more vocabularies as they are identified. Domain vocabularies are created, maintained, and altered as needed, to capture the knowledge within a given area of interest. By sharing these vocabularies among the various users, the domain understanding of one user can be capitalized by other users. Linguists can use the domain expertise to accurately translate query terms to create a multi-lingual environment.
To better assist the user in identifying relevant documents containing multi-lingual information and discarding irrelevant documents after the documents have been retrieved using an information retrieval system, attention should be paid to word translations.
Depending on the language, word translations may be somewhat challenging. Many words may have multiple meanings, sentences may have multiple grammatical structures, there may be an uncertainty about what a pronoun refers to, and other grammar problems.
Translation is not strictly a linguistic operation. Also, translation is not an operation that always preserves intended meaning. For example, literally translating the phrase, “it's raining cats and dogs” is unlikely to capture and convey the intended meaning. To get an accurate translation the linguist should understand lexical semantics, compositional semantics and context. Lexical semantics deals with how each language provides words and idioms for fundamental concepts and ideas. Compositional semantics deals with how the parts of a sentence are integrated into the basis for understanding its meaning. Context deals with how our assessment of what someone means on a particular occasion depends not only on what is actually said, but also on aspects of the context of its saying and an assessment of the information and beliefs we share with the speaker.
A user search query can comprise a multi-lingual user search query, which may be defined by the user. Alternatively, a translator may be used to translate the words or terms in the user search query to a multi-lingual user search query.
As an example, the multi-lingual documents may be in English and Arabic. Arabic is used as an example language, whereas other languages may be used in lieu of or in addition to Arabic, such as French, Russian, Chinese and Korean. Since the processing of Arabic is of interest to the international community, it is included as an example language. Also, stemmers, indexers and translators are also available for Arabic.
However, the Arabic language orthography and morphology introduces a wide spectrum of lexical variations that are supported by the above-described computer-implemented method. For instance, non-vocalized orthography (e.g., newspaper articles) is often ambiguous, thus causing a mismatch with texts, dictionaries or queries that are vocalized. Further, any given word may be found in a large number of different forms. Thus, its likely position in a phrase, and its intended meaning will vary accordingly.
Also, the word structure in Arabic phrases and sentences is highly interdependent. The meaning of one word is dependent on the meaning of another word in the same phrase or in an adjacent phrase. Short vowels are frequently omitted in non-vocalized orthography assuming the reader will understand words based on the overall structure of the phrase or sentence. Knowledge of different dialects is also essential in Arabic, especially for written text of vocalized orthography.
Not all Arabic documents may be written in formal Arabic. An example is seen in the Aljazeera satellite channel where transcripts of different shows reflect the different backgrounds of guests. One of the differences between dialects and formal Arabic is that not all words can be traced back to root words, while in formal Arabic all words are traceable to a root word. Another problem to address is that with dialect words, prefixes and suffixes are applied differently. Some dialects are even unique by their own prefixes and suffixes.
Consequently, Arabic provides an excellent testing platform for the above-described computer-implemented method for processing documents in a multi-lingual document database. It is anticipated that the computer-implemented method for processing documents is word driven and not language driven.
As part of the basic concepts/architecture of a multi-lingual computer-implemented approach for processing documents, topic development allows an analyst to build their knowledge about the domain. The process starts by entering user search queries. The AIRE search engine returns a list of ranked results.
An algorithm re-ranks the results to bring the more relevant multi-lingual documents to the top of the list. The user can view the multi-lingual documents by examining the ranked results. As the analyst reviews the documents, they will identify relevant/irrelevant words and documents. The relevant documents can also be used to build the relevant vocabulary for the domain. Performing these tasks improves the query ranking and it records the domain expertise. This allows other analysts to use this expertise to query in the domain and get improved query results.
Sometimes, it may become necessary to translate topics into other languages to help identify documents relating to the target. A linguist using the present invention can quickly develop an understanding of the domain, which will help with the translation. The linguist can quickly review search terms, words and documents used to define the domain. To gain the proper word perspective the linguist can also review the documents associated with the dictionary and the documents identified as relevant/irrelevant.
As the linguist understands the appropriate usage of the word, they can add the translated term to the dictionary. However, the algorithms use the word count as part of the equations. It is important that the new word is linked to another word that has a specific word count. By linking words, the highest word count of the linked grouping will be used by the algorithms. This linking capability is not limited to just translation terms. It could also be used to link similar words, i.e., boat, ship, vessel, etc. If the translator identifies a new term that cannot be linked with an already existing word, they have the option of adding documents that contain the term, giving the word a word count.
Another multi-lingual scenario is the ability to merge different topics. Instead of performing translation on the terms, queries could be developed in the same domain in different languages and then merged together. The linguist may then decide to translate selected terms, as deemed necessary.
Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a computer-readable medium having stored thereon a data structure for processing documents in a multi-lingual document database as defined above.
Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to the mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/974,304 filed Oct. 27, 2004, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
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