Method for reducing allergenicity in indoor spaces

Abstract

According to this invention, allergenicity is reduced by combining the step of cleaning textiles in situ, to physically removing allergens with at least one of the following steps:

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] This invention relates to medically sound procedures for reduction in environmental allergenicity due to certain airborne allergens known to produce asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema in both humans and animals. Specifically, allergens derived from house dust mites, certain molds, cockroaches, cats and dogs are removed from indoor living spaces to provide sanctuaries for asthma sufferers.

[0004] 2. Review of Related Art

[0005] Asthmatic bronchitis (asthma), allergic rhinitis (hay fever), and atopic eczema are immunologic reactions which, in the majority of cases, are triggered by one or more allergens from five primary sources: cat dander, dog dander, mold spores, cockroach fecal pellets and house dust mite fecal pellets. All of the primary asthmatic allergens from these five sources are protein in nature, typically glycoprotein. These allergens accumulate on various indoor surfaces and in allergen reservoirs, such as carpets, upholstery, mattresses and pillows. The presence of these allergens in any interior space can make that space hazardous for an asthmatic patient.

[0006] Of the primary allergens, house dust mite (HDM) accounts for 50-55% of the asthmatic's problems. HDMs proliferate indoors when temperature, humidity and the presence of sloughed epithelial cells (the mite's primary food source) are adequate for their survivals and reproduction. Adult HDMs produce 20-30 fecal pellets per day per mite over a life span of 2 ½ months. Each fecal pellet is heavily inoculated during its midgut formation with proteins (principally digestive enzymes) capable of evoking an immune response.

[0007] HDM allergenic proteins have been identified for mites of the genus Dermatophagoides, and the proteins fall mainly into two immunological groups: Der I (Der pI and Der fI) and Der II (Der pII and Der fII). The primary sequence of HDM allergens has been disclosed (see a series of U.S. patents and also reviews by Thomas, et al. (1998), “House-dust-mite allergens,” Allergy, 1998 September; 53(9):821-32; PlattsMills TA, et al. (1997), “Indoor allergens and asthma: report of the Third International Workshop,” J Allergy Clin Immunol1997 December; 100(6 Pt 1):S2-24; and Chua KY, et al. (1996), “Analysis of sequence polymorphism of a major mite allergen, Der p 2,” Clin Exp Allergy. 1996 July; 26(7):829-37). HDMs are primarily found in indoor textiles (carpet, upholstery, mattresses and pillows) where their populations can become enormous—well into the millions. Mechanical disturbance can release the proteins from dried fecal pellets into the air, producing an allergenic cloud that will resettle onto textile surfaces over time.

[0008] Mold spores account for 10-15% of asthmatic reactions, and four mold genera account for nearly all of the allergenic spores. These genera are: Alternaria, Cladiosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, with Alternaria accounting for about 80% of the mold spore responses of asthmatics.

[0009] Physicians currently address the disorders produced by HDMs and their excreta with symptomatic medicinal approaches, desensitization methods and preventive measures such as textile removal from the home, air filters, dehumidifiers, mattress covers and the like, yet the problem still exists. Ablative HDM chemicals currently in use include short tem insecticides or denaturants that reduce the allergenicity of protein allergens, such as the proteins in HDM fecal pellets. Insecticides that have been tested include benzyl benzoate (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,916,917; 6,107,341; and 6,117,440) phenyl salicylate, the organophosphate, pirimiphos methyl (Mitchell, et al., 1985, “Reduction of house dust mite allergen levels in the nome: uses of the acaricide, pirimiphos methyl,” Clin. Allergy, 15:234), and synthetic pyrethroids such as permethrin (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,843,981; 5,916,580; 5,965,602; Glass, et al., “Evaluation of the acaricide permethrin against all stages of the American house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes (Pyroglyphidae),” in Mitchell, et al., eds., Acarology IX Proceedings, Columbus, Ohio Biological Survey, 1997, pp. 693-695). Tannic acid has been used to denature HDM fecal pellets short term (Green, “Abolition of allergens by tannic acid,” Lancet, 2:160 1984, U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,142), and polyphenol denaturants have been used in combination with insecticides (Green, et al., 1989, “Reduction of house dust mites and mite allergens: Effects of spraying carpets and blankets with Allersearch DMS, an acaricide combined with an allergen reducing agent,” Clin. Exp. Allergy, 19:203; U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,526).

[0010] Either the insecticide treatments or the chemical denaturants must be reapplied at 2-3 month intervals for any hope of efficacy. These products are available over-the-counter, and subject to the variabilities existing among do-it-yourselfers who apply such products. These products are displaceable from textiles so that during vacuuming and subsequently they become air-borne, inhaled and can serve as a major irritant to asthmatics or hay fever sufferers. Therefore, there remains a need for improved methods of reducing allergenicity in indoor spaces to alleviate the suffering of asthmatics and hay fever sufferers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] It is an object of this invention to provide more effective methods for medically addressing asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema by creating “sanctuary” spaces with low allergenicity.

[0012] This invention provides a method for reducing allergenicity in an indoor space. The method uses at least two of the following steps. One step provides for physically removing allergens capable of producing respiratory or skin reactions in asthmatics from allergen reservoirs in the indoor space. A second step provides for denaturing the allergens in the allergen reservoirs to reduce allergic reaction to the allergens. A third step provides for prophylactically preventing reinfestation of the indoor space by house dust mites and molds. In a preferred mode, the step of physically removing allergen from allergen reservoirs is accomplished by vacuum and hot water washing, the step of denaturing allergens is accomplished by enzymatic hydrolysis of the allergens and/or the step of preventing reinfestation is accomplished by treating allergen reservoirs with a pesticide plus a fungicide. Most preferably, these steps are repeated periodically to maintain low levels of allergenicity.

[0013] In another embodiment, this invention provides a method for reducing allergenicity in an interior space comprising exposing textile-covered surfaces in an interior space to means for hydrolytically cleaving a plurality of peptide bonds in an allergenic polypeptide selected from house dust mite fecal antigens, cockroach fecal antigens, cat dander, dog dander and mold spores at ambient temperature, wherein the amount of active allergen in the interior space is consequently reduced. Preferably, said means for hydrolytically cleaving peptide bonds is a subtilysin-type protease, more preferably, the subtilisin-type protease is subtilysin savinase.

[0014] In yet another embodiment, this invention provides a method for reducing allergenicity in an interior space comprising treating textile-covered surfaces in the interior space with one or more proteolytic enzymes under conditions where said enzymes cleave peptide bonds in allergenic polypeptides selected from house dust mite fecal antigens, cockroach fecal antigens, cat dander, dog dander and mold spores, wherein allergenicity in the interior space is lowered. Typically, the textile-covered surface comprises a reservoir for the allergenic polypeptides, and the reservoir may comprise one or more of carpets, bedding, pillows or upholstery. Also, typically, the textile-covered surface is not immersed in water in the method of this invention and/or the textile-covered surface is incubated with the proteolytic enzyme under ambient conditions. Preferably, the proteolytic enzyme is applied to said textile-covered surface periodically, for example, semi-annually. In a preferred embodiment, the method of this invention further comprises at least one step selected from (a) vacuuming at least a portion of the allergenic polypeptide from the surface and (b) washing the textile surface with hot water to remove the allergenic polypeptide. In another preferred embodiment, the proteolytic enzyme is applied to said textile surface in conjunction with a pesticide that limits house dust mite infestation, such as permethrin. Preferably, the proteolytic enzyme is a subtiliysin-type protease, more preferably, the enzyme is catalytically active at neutral pH.

[0015] In still another embodiment, this invention provides a method for reducing allergen load on a reservoir of allergens, where the method comprises applying one or more proteolytic enzymes to the reservoir under conditions where the enzymes cleave sufficient peptide bonds in allergenic polypeptides selected from house dust mite fecal antigens, cockroach fecal antigens, cat dander, dog dander and mold spores to reduce active allergen load in the reservoir. In one embodiment, the reservoir comprises animal fur, the enzyme is dispensed from a porous glove. Typically, the method of this invention is not carried out in a controlled reaction environment, but rather, the reaction conditions comprise ambient temperature. In a preferred embodiment, the one or more proteolytic enzymes are applied in conjunction with a pesticide. More preferably, the proteolytic enzymes comprise a subtilysin-type enzyme, particularly one that is catalytially active at neutral pH. Even more preferably, the one or more proteolytic enzymes are applied contemporaneously with a pesticide and a fungicide. In a related embodiment, this invention provides an allergenicity reducing composition comprising a proteolytic enzyme, a pesticide active against dust mites and a fungicide active against Alternaria.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0016] This invention relates to medical and veterinary medicine procedures addressing certain airborne allergens known to produce asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema in both humans and animals. There specific allergens are derived from house dust mites, certain molds, cockroaches, cats and dogs. These allergens are complex glyco-proteins having polypeptide structures which render the molecule allergenic.

[0017] The goal of this invention is to offer the immunologically compromised patient an organized, professional, holistic approach to the control of the major indoor antigens (derived from HDM, molds, cockroach, cat and dog) that are capable of producing the medical conditions asthmatic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema. The major habitat for these antigens is textiles which provide adequate humidity, temperature and food for proliferation of the sources of these allergenic antigens. Antigen prevention should address temperature, humidity and food, but taken individually or collectively simply addressing these factors in any combination is grossly inadequate to decrease antigen levels below established medical statistical antigen levels capable of inciting allergic response in a sensitized individual.

[0018] Within the indoor environment, the primary asthmatic allergens are commonly found in allergen reservoir textiles, such as carpet, upholstery, mattresses and pillows. According to this invention, allergenicity is reduced by combining the step of cleaning textiles in situ, to physically removing allergens with at least one of the following steps:

[0019] a) use enzymes to denature all allergens capable of producing respiratory or skin reactions; and

[0020] b) apply approved pesticides and fungicides/fungistats (preferably via professional pest control operators) to prevent reinfestation of house dust mites, molds and cockroaches.

[0021] Alternatively, either of the latter two steps can be used alone or in combination with other aspects of any protocol to reduce the allergen load in allergen reservoirs momentarily or prophylactically.

[0022] Definitions

[0023] For the purpose of describing the present invention, the following terms are defined.

[0024] “Indoor space” means an enclosed space containing a body of air for which passage of air into and out of the space is hindered (e.g., by solid walls, semi-permeable screens, doors, windows, etc.), so that particulates or aerosols suspended in the atmosphere of the indoor space will dissipate only slowly by settling or exchange with the atmosphere in adjacent spaces through limited connecting passages (e.g., through doors and windows or by diffusion through screens). Examples of indoor spaces include the interior of a residential dwelling, a room or suite of rooms that is not subject to free exchange of air with the out-of-doors, the inside of airplanes, buses, automobiles, trains, hotel rooms, offices, assembly or meeting halls, etc.

[0025] “Primary allergens” as discussed herein are allergens found in cat dander, dog dander, mold spores, cockroach fecal pellets and house dust mite fecal pellets which are associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema in both humans and animals.

[0026] “Allergen reservoir” means any region or volume in an indoor space that can dispense allergens when mechanically disturbed. Typical reservoirs are woven materials including textiles such as carpets, upholstery, and bedding or baskets and mats. Allergens may accumulate in the reservoirs by settling from an allergen aerosol or by deposition from an infestation of insects of other sources of allergens.

[0027] “Active allergens” are chemical entities, typically macromolecules, that cause an allergic reaction in a sensitized individual. If the chemical entities are chemically modified so that they no longer cause the allergic reaction, the entities have become inactive allergens. The allergenic effect is typically caused by binding of regions on the macromolecular allergen to receptors in the sensitized individual. These regions are called epitopes, and modification of the epitopes can result in inactive allergens.

[0028] “Allergen load” means the level of active allergen in some volume, which may be an indoor space or an allergen reservoir. Typically, allergen load is measured by collecting the allergen in some volume (e.g., by filtering allergen from an aerosol or by mechanically disturbing an allergen reservoir and collecting the allergen released) and measuring the amount of allergen, for example by ELISA.

[0029] To “lower allergenicity” means reducing the allergen load in the designated space or reservoir. Target allergen level for house dust mite allergen is less than 2 micrograms/gram dust; levels above 10 micrograms/gram are likely to produce some symptoms in mite-sensitive asthmatics, and 100 micrograms/gram is likely to provoke an asthma attack.

[0030] “Ambient conditions” refers to conditions that will affect the rate of chemical reactions, such as temperature, pressure, etc., as those conditions exist normally in contrast to controlled conditions which occur inside closed vessels and consciously deviate from ambient to facilitate some action. Ambient conditions exist, for example, in a bedroom or a garden, while controlled conditions exist inside a refrigerator or a washing machine or a chemical reactor.

[0031] Proteases are enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of polypeptides to produce peptide fragments. The polypeptides consist of various different amino acid residues connected by peptide bonds, and proteases may catalyze hydrolysis of bonds between certain amino acid residues in preference to other peptide bonds. “Subtilysin-type proteases” are peptide-hydrolyzing enzymes equivalent to the proteases secreted by various species of Bacillius. The proteases from Bacillus species are relatively nonselective among the various peptide bonds.

[0032] Physical Removal of Allergens

[0033] Studies have shown that dry vacuum can remove up to 50-55% of the house dust mite material from carpets. Effectiveness of the vacuum protocol may be confirmed by ELISA (see, e.g., Example 2, below). As an example, a portion of carpet might by divided into two test plots, and each extracted with hot water, after one of the plots had been vacuumed. The effectiveness of the vacuum could be determined by comparing the amount of HDM substance in the two extracts by ELISA. Procedures for measuring the allergen level in an environmental area are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,535, which is incorporated herein by reference, and the skilled artisan will be able to develop variant methods from the description therein.

[0034] Even more effective allergen removal can be achieved by hot water extraction. A suitable protocol might apply water at a temperature of 120-140° F. to the carpet, followed promptly by vacuum removal of as much of the water as possible (typically 95%). Preferably, the hot water will include surfactants to facilitate mobilizing the allergenic material from the textile fibers. Such a procedure has been shown to remove substantially all of the allergens (<2 microgram of the house dust mite substance/gram dust).

[0035] Chemical Degradation of Allergens

[0036] As discussed above, the primary asthmatic allergens are glycoproteins. Proteases (which may be genetically engineered) are capable of catalyzing the hydrolytic cleaveage of these listed allergenic glyco-proteins into peptide fragments, thereby denaturing their allergenicity. The proteolytic fragments are both less allergenic and more easily mobilized from the textile during the physical removal process. Therefore treatment with enzymes further reduces the allergenicity associated with treated textiles. Surprisingly, neither the fragments nor the proteases form highly allergenic aerosols.

[0037] Any enzyme that will cleave the allergenic polypeptides to destroy the epitopes recognized by the asthmatic's sensitized immune system is suitable, but proteases that are less specific (i.e., hydrolyze peptide bonds between a variety of different amino acid residues, rather than only between specific residues) are preferred. In particular, subtilisin-type proteases from various Bacillus sp. have been shown to be effective, including subtilisn savinase, derived from Bacillus lentus, or subtilisn BPN, derived from B. amyloliquefaciens. Similar non-specific proteases are suitable for use in this invention, as well as Bacillus neutral protease and the like. Genetically engineered enzymes are within the contemplation of this invention, so long as the resulting enzyme can be shown to destroy allergenic epitopes of the primary allergens, as shown by ELISA tests (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,991). Suitable assays may be analogous to the tests for active T cell epitopes of Der pI, Der pII, Der fI, and Der fII disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,526 (incorporated herein by reference).

[0038] Application of the enzymes to the textile may be by any suitable procedure. The enzymes may be applied in a separate step, with the hot water used for physical removal, or with the prophylactic pesticide/fungicide discussed below. Typical formulations will be buffered to avoid extremes of pH that are detrimental to enzyme stability, and may include other well known enzyme stabilizers, such as polyols, calcium salts or other ionic stabilizers. In a particular mode, an aqueous solution of the enzyme is absorbed in a porous matrix that is then run over the allergen reservoir to be treated, and the enzyme solution is dispensed into the reservoir by capillary action. One example of such a porous matrix is a sheet of sponge-like material incorporated into the palm of a glove that is worn by a person when petting a cat or dog. The enzyme solution is applied to the animal's coat from the sponge, and the solution will penetrate the coat to the animal's skin (adjacent to sebaceous glands) to degrade all or a portion of the allergenic antigen in the fur reservoir (especially cat dander antigen). This method is particularly useful as part of the veterinary treatment of asthmatic pets discussed in more detail below.

[0039] Prophylactic Treatment

[0040] House dust mites and mold spores are ecologically interlocked. Mold spores are the principal diet of immature dust mites. Furthermore, mold spores settle on sloughed epithelial cells which form the principal food source for adult dust mites, and mold secretes enzymes that predigest the epithelial cell proteins to make them more easily assimilated by the mites. Thus, reducing mold spore levels will have a limiting effect on mite infestation. Together, HDM and mold spores account for thirds of the asthmatic's problems, so restraining the reaccumulation of these two allergens will provide significant relief for the asthma sufferer.

[0041] Application of a pesticide targeted at mites and a microbicide/stat targeted at the allergenic molds can maintain the low level of allergenicity achieved by physical cleaning and/or enzymatic degradation of the allergens in a target area. Pesticides that have some effect against dust mites are known, and use of such pesticides is within the contemplation of this invention. Pesticides that are effective against both house dust mites and cockroaches may be used, but even more preferred are pesticides of extremely low human toxicity that are effective against the major allergen-producer—house dust mites.

[0042] Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid which can achieve 100% kill of house dust mites in carpet a levels of 0.1% permethrin. Permethrin is less toxic to humans than most other pyrethroid derivatives. Permethrin is currently used for treating head lice and scabies; an ointment containing 5% permethrin is applied for 12 hours, then washed off. Less than 2% of the permethrin is absorbed through the skin. Permethrin is a particularly preferred pesticide for use in the methods of this invention. Another class of suitable pesticides is the avermectins, polyheterocyclic compounds such as ivermectin or abamectin. Abamectin is typically applied to control mites on foliage or fruit at about 0.014%.

[0043] As discussed above, application of pesticide is likely to be more effective if it is accompanied by an antimicrobial compound effective as a fungicide or fungistat. (The term “fungicide” will be used hereinafter to represent either fungicides or fungistats, or combinations thereof.) In particular, fungicides should be chosen for their effectiveness against the four mold genera responsible for asthma-inducing allergens: Alternaria, Cladiosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, most particularly Alternaria. The skilled artisan will be aware of suitable tests for fungicidal efficacy, including inhibition of fungal growth in petri dishes or shake flask cultures. Preferably, the antimicrobial compound selected as fungicide according to this invention will be stable when formulated under conditions suitable for permethrin. Organophosphate 2-ethylhexyl esters (antimicrobial chemicals sold under the trademark INTERSEPT) are suitable, as is asoxystrobin. Other antimicrobials meeting the criteria provided herein may be selected by the skilled worker.

[0044] Typically, the pesticide and fungicide are formulated in an aqueous mixture or in other volatile solvent(s) for application to the textiles that might serve as allergen reservoirs. The mixture may be sprayed onto the textiles or painted on or applied by any other method that provides a relatively even coating throughout the body of the textile. The solvent will volatilize, leaving a residue of pesticide and fungicide to serve to inhibit development of new mite infestations and/or mold inoculation of the textile material. The presence of the pesticide/fungicide will postpone the need for repeat cleaning to maintain low allergen load in the indoor space occupied by the textiles. Preferably, the pesticide and the fungicide are chosen to retain efficacy as applied for substantially similar periods. Most preferably, both the pesticide and the fungicide as applied will retain efficacy for at least six months or even for over a year.

[0045] Prophylactic compositions containing permethrin and asoxystrobin are of particular interest because both of these agents migrate into textile fibers where they are ionically bound, resulting in extended periods of efficacy and reduced volatility for lower toxicity and allergenicity of the prophylactic agents. Other desireable prophylactic compositions contain three active components: pesticide, fungicide, and proteolytic enzyme. Yet another desireable formulation is an aerosol that can deposit active components in the same reservoir areas reached by cat dander allergen, including light fixtures, ceiling fans, cabinet tops, etc. Application of the prophylactic compositions in heating or air conditioning ducts, either as aerosols or by impregnating air filter matrices in the ducts, is also within the contemplation of this invention.

[0046] Veterinary Treatment

[0047] Animals are also susceptible to allergic asthmatic reaction against the same allergens that affect humans. In particular, asthma has been diagnosed in household pets, such as cats and dogs. Allergen reservoirs associated with animal asthma include the animal's coat, pet beds or sleeping mats, and litter boxes. In addition to treatment to apply enzymes to an animal's coat with a porous glove as described above, animal asthma may be treated by applying enzymes to the textiles in pet beds or a pesticide/fungicide combination to either pet bed textiles or to the animal's coat. Enzymes and/or pesticide/fugicide combinations may also be added to the pet's bath water or dispersed in an indoor space by aerosol bomb.

EXAMPLES

[0048] In order to facilitate a more complete understanding of the invention, Examples are provided below. However, the scope of the invention is not limited to specific embodiments disclosed in these Examples, which are for purposes of illustration only.

Example 1. Allergen control system

[0049] Major university laboratory and double-blinded clinical studies have proven the following indoor textile “cradle to grave” holistic approach to be capable of maintaining HDM and HDM fecal pellet antigens below levels capable of producing allergenic response (2 microgram HDM antigen per gram of dust):

[0050] Phase One

[0051] Ideally carpet, upholstery and bedding should be anti-antigen treated during manufacturing bilaterally with SMITE ™, i.e., synthetic permethrin, and UNISEPT ™ i.e., fungistat/fugicide1. HDM antigen is the major indoor antigen (55%) which coexists with mold antigen (10-15% of indoor antigen load). There is synergism between HDMs and mold spores in that:

[0052] a) Immature HDMs food source consists of mold spores

[0053] b) Mold spores predigest epithelial cells which is the major food source of adult HDMs.

[0054] Accordingly new textile products for indoors that are involved in this issue should be prophylactically controlled against both HDMs and mold. Fungistats/fungicides must be specific in addressing the four molds that are predominate in creating immunological response (Alternaria 80%), Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus)

[0055] Phase Two

[0056] A. New products containing SMITE ™ and UNISEPT ™ deteriorate over time necessitating re-application of the acaricide and fungicide at intervals of one year. The textile product must be dry vacuumed, then subjected to hot water extraction for dirt, dust, HDMs, mold spores and other antigens prior to applying the pesticides. Hot water extraction obviously leaves moisture residual which translates into mold overgrowth and proliferation, thereby necessitating application of UNISEPT ™ along with the acaricide SMITE ™.

[0057] B. In-Use Products (textiles)—mite/mold infested: Priority-wise, the highest concentration of HDMs exists in mattresses and pillows followed by upholstery. The greatest numbers of HDMs exists in carpet. Thusly, in-use textiles that are a habitat for mites and mold should likewise be:

[0058] a) Professionally vacuumed (dry) which will remove 50% of dust, dirt, HDMs, mold spores and other antigens in carpet as proven in our laboratories.

[0059] b) Followed by professionally hot water extraction which will remove 100% of the HDM antigen, as laboratory tests have proven.

[0060] c) Followed by professional application of SMITE ™ and UNISEPT ™. Professional applicators will apply these pesticides with a special nozzle to insure:

[0061] Even distribution of the chemicals to textiles to control mite and mold regrowth for one year after antigen removal

[0062] This specialized nozzle will also assure even in-dept penetration of chemicals for HDMs although blind, adhore light and accordingly are embedded in textiles well below the surface.

[0063] d) Professional drying procedures are practiced to inhibit mold overgrowth.

[0064] These in-use textile procedures should be duplicated at approximately one year intervals for maximum antigen protection even though:

[0065] a) SMITE™ will control 85% of the HDM population for one year before declining slowly to 52% HDM control and 48 months.

[0066] b) UNSEPT™ is near 100% effective against all immunologically significant molds for one year.

[0067] Both SMITE™ and UNISEPT™ are EPA registered for these specific goals, are water miscible, user friendly toxicity-wise, basically nondisplacable, low volitility, odorless, dye and fabric friendly.

[0068] Phase Three

[0069] The major antigens this invention addresses emanate from HDMs, mold spores, cockroaches, cat and dog. All of these antigens are enzymes composed of glyco-proteins at molecular level. The antigencity of the enzyme is manifested via the amino acid radicals comprising the complex glyco-protein. The inventor has proven that the HDM antigen can be completely denature of all activity immunologically with the use of genetically engineered enzymes called proteases. Protease can be specific for proteins, carbohydrates of fats in disassembling their specific molecules or a combination of proteases can be used to denature and fragmentize complex enzymes (HDM gluco-protein). The resultant fragments are non-allergenic.

[0070] Application methodology of proteases to denature the antigens of HDMs, mold, cockroach, cat and dog herein discussed would include:

[0071] Protease use with detergents to clean textiles infested with antigens.

[0072] Impregnate heating/AC filters with proteases.

[0073] Aersol bombing of areas infested with antigens

[0074] Pet usage: Proteases on grooming tools, in bath water, in litter boxes, in sleeping mats, etc.

Example 2. Measurement of Allergen Load

[0075] Allergen load in carpet is measured by vacuuming a measured square yard of carpet with a hand-held vacuum, having a dust collecting bag, by stroking for 30 seconds in each of two perpendicular directions. The allergen content is determined by ELISA measurement normalized per gram of collected dust.

[0076] IMMULON™ microtiter plates are bound with monoclonal antibodies (Mab) specific for individual antigens. After washing plates with phosphate-buffered-saline (PBS) 2×, the plates are saturated with 100 microliters of 1% bovine serum albumin in PBS. Next 100 microliter of doubling serial dilutions from 250 ng/mL to 0.5 ng/mL of reference allergen standard of pre-set dilutions of samples are added and allowed to incubate for one hour. Following incubation, plates are washed 5× with PBS and wells are coated with biotinylated specific Mab and allowed to incubate, then washed and coated with streptavidin-peroxidase solution. Bound biotinylated-labeled antibody is detected by using 2′,2′-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline)sulfonic acidas a chromogen and H2O2 as a substrate. Each plate will be read when the optical density of the highest standard reaches 2.2 using a DYNATECH™ microplate spectrophotomer at 405 nm. Level of active allergen in each sample will be determined by interpolation from the reference curves and reported in microgram antigen/gram dust.

[0077] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. Modifications of the above-described modes for carrying out the invention that are obvious to persons of skill in medicine, veterinary medicine, allergy & immunology, entomology, enzymology, pharmacology, and/or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.

[0078] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All such publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Claims

1. A method for reducing allergenicity in an indoor space, comprising two or more of the following steps: a) step for physically removing allergens capable of producing respiratory or skin reactions in asthmatics from allergen reservoirs in the indoor space; b) step for denaturing the allergens in the allergen reservoirs to reduce allergic reaction to the allergens; and c) step for prophylactically preventing reinfestation of the indoor space by house dust mites and molds.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein removing allergen from allergen reservoirs is accomplished by vacuum and hot water washing, denaturing allergens is accomplished by enzymatic hydrolysis of the allergens and/or preventing reinfestation is accomplished by treating allergen reservoirs with a pesticide plus a fungicide.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein said steps are repeated periodically.

4. A method for reducing allergenicity in an interior space comprising exposing textile-covered surfaces in an interior space to means for hydrolytically cleaving a plurality of peptide bonds in an allergenic polypeptide selected from house dust mite fecal antigens, cockroach fecal antigens, cat dander, dog dander and mold spores at ambient temperature, wherein the amount of active allergen in the interior space is consequently reduced.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein said means for hydrolytically cleaving peptide bonds is a subtilysin-type protease.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the subtilisin-type protease is subtilysin savinase.

7. A method for reducing allergenicity in an interior space comprising treating textile-covered surfaces in the interior space with one or more proteolytic enzymes under conditions where said enzymes cleave peptide bonds in allergenic polypeptides selected from house dust mite fecal antigens, cockroach fecal antigens, cat dander, dog dander and mold spores, wherein allergenicity in the interior space is lowered.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein said textile-covered surface comprises a reservoir for said allergenic polypeptides.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein said reservoir for allergens comprises one or more of carpets, bedding, pillows or upholstery.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein said textile-covered surface is not immersed in water.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein said means or enzyme is applied to said textile-covered surface periodically.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein said means or enzyme is applied to said textile semi-annually.

13. The method of claim 7, further comprising at least one step selected from (a) vacuuming at least a portion of said allergenic polypeptide from said surface and (b) washing said textile surface with hot water to remove said allergenic polypeptide.

14. The method of claim 7, wherein said means or enzyme is applied to said textile surface in conjunction with a pesticide that limits house dust mite infestation.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein said pesticide is permethrin.

16. The method of claim 7, wherein said textile surface is incubated with said means or enzyme at ambient temperature.

17. The method of claim 7, wherein said means or enzyme is a subtiliysin-type protease.

18. The method of claim 7, wherein said means or enzyme is catalytically active at neutral pH.

19. A method for reducing allergen load on a reservoir of allergens, said method comprising applying one or more proteolytic enzymes to said reservoir under conditions where said enzymes cleave sufficient peptide bonds in allergenic polypeptides selected from house dust mite fecal antigens, cockroach fecal antigens, cat dander, dog dander and mold spores to reduce active allergen load in the reservoir.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein said reservoir comprises animal fur, and said step of applying comprises dispensing said one or more proteolytic enzymes from a porous glove.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein said object does not provide a controlled reaction environment.

22. The method of claim 19, wherein said conditions comprise ambient temperature.

23. The method of claim 19, wherein one or more proteolytic enzymes are applied in conjunction with a pesticide.

24. The method of claim 19, wherein said proteolytic enzymes comprise a subtilysin-type enzyme.

25. The method of claim 19, wherein one or more of said proteolytic enzymes is catalytially active at neutral pH.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein said one or more proteolytic enzymes are applied contemporaneously with a pesticide and a fungicide.