Patent Application
20090109523
The present invention relates to technologies of designing, installing and regulating optical networks comprising high power optical amplifiers, such as Raman amplifiers.
There are a number of solutions proposed in the prior art for calculating and regulating Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) in optical communication networks. In particular, there are a number of approaches for controlling and regulating OSNR in optical lines comprising Raman optical amplifiers.
Let the illustrated system 10 initially comprises a multiplexer assembly 12 at the transmitting end of the system, a demultiplexer assembly 14 at the receiving end of the system, an optical fiber link 15 extending between an optical amplifier (EDFA) 13 the transmitting end and EDFA 17 of the receiving end for conveying the multiplexed optical signal, and a backward Raman amplifier (BRA) 18 which is inserted close to the receiving end of the link. The goal of the system designer is that OSNR at the input of any single channel receiver at the receiving end of the link is larger than the receiver OSNR Tolerance, being the minimum OSNR for which the Bit Error Rate (BER) is still better than, say, a commonly accepted standard value 10−12. The required OSNR must be greater than the receiver OSNR tolerance+a margin selected by the system designer. One of the possibilities to improve the system OSNR is to increase the input power applied to the fiber up to the possible maximum, by using output power of the EDFA's 13 booster. The possible maximum is usually set by the system nonlinearity limit.
Those skilled in the art know that, at high power levels, nonlinear phenomena like self-phase modulation (SPM), Cross-phase modulation (XPM) and four-wave mixing (FWM) cause signal distortion and performance (or BER) degradation in the system.
The non-linearity limit of a system should be understood as follows. When a network works under the non-linearity limit, non-linear penalty (performance degradation due to non-linear effects in the fiber) does not exceed a value determined by a system designer (say, 1 or 2 dB). Actually, crossing of the non-linearity limit can be expressed as such a condition of the system when increasing the power applied to the fiber leads to increase of a real OSNR required for the same stated BER. Usually, when performance of an optical line cannot be further improved by its own resources and without crossing the non-linearity limit, network designers insert a Forward Raman Amplifier (FRA) in the line.
A number of articles, for example 1) Essiambre et al. IEEE photon. Techn. Lett. Vol. 14, pp. 914 (2002); 2) Perline and Winful. IEEE photon. Techn. Lett. Vol. 14, pp. 1199 (2002) explain that the Forward Raman amplification (FRA) enables the system designer to increase the effective input power applied to the fiber, thus improving the system OSNR, without crossing the nonlinear limit.
The above articles propose various but quite complex mathematical equations which enable theoretically calculating the FRA power required for a specific communication system. However, these and some other previous works dealt with too general systems; it is very hard to employ their methods of calculation, including many system parameters, to practical systems.
To the best of the Applicant's knowledge, prior art does not give a simple and effective advice of how to estimate the required gain of FRA for obtaining a designed value of OSNR in real optical telecommunication systems. Likewise, no recommendations are found for effective OSNR regulation in real systems.
It is therefore the object of the present invention to present a simple tool to the system designer, enabling to effectively deploy FRA in an optical communication line and perform adjustment of OSNR at the receiving end of the line.
The problem of obtaining desired values of OSNR when designing an optical line consists of at least three sub-problems:
The Inventor has derived a formula for any real long transmission system operating substantially close to its non-linearity limit, that shows that the gain of a required Forward Raman Amplifier (FRA) can be determined, with quite a high accuracy, solely by the desired value of OSNR improvement, and that an almost linear regulation function can be obtained for fine tuning of the OSNR by regulating the FRA gain.
In practice, the Inventor has found that any reasonable OSNR improvement (say, up to 5 dB) can be achieved by a properly selected value of the FRA gain.
The Inventor has also found that, when adding and regulating a FRA in a long transmission system that operates substantially close to its non-linearity limit, a desired OSNR increment practically does not depend on gain of a Backward Raman Amplifier BRA (if comprised in the system) and on many other parameters usually present in theoretical equations described in the prior art references.
The long transmission systems should be understood as such optical communication systems where a value of the power loss L in a fiber span that extends between two optical network nodes respectively associated with its transmitting end and its receiving end, is much greater than a value of the working gain Gf of the FRA (Forward Raman Amplifier) associated with the transmitting end:
L>>Gf
If a BRA (Backward Raman Amplifier) is already present in the same system (span) at its receiving end, the above condition should be understood as
L>>Max of (Gf, Gb),
where Gf is a value of working gain of the FRA,
For example, the formula found out by the Inventor applies to an optical span equipped with a FRA having gain Gf=10 dB, wherein the power loss L of an optical span is approximately 20 dB or more.
In the present description, the term “gain” will be used intermittently with the term “on-off gain” accepted in the art.
In particular, under a set of assumptions that the Inventor considers practically correct for realistic long transmission systems working close to their non-linearity limit, the Inventor shows that, by introducing a FRA at the transmitting end of a fiber span, OSNR of an optical signal at the receiving end can be improved according to a function of OSNR improvement ROSNR, being close to linear (or at least, approximatable to linear portions):
R
OSNR
=G
f
/R
NL (1)
where Gf is the FRA on-off gain and RNL is the FRA's so-called nonlinear enhancement factor determined close to the following:
R
NL
=μG
f(ln(Gf))−μ[Γ(μ)−Γ(μ,ln(Gf))] (2)
where μ=α/β,
α is the fiber attenuation at the signal wavelength (practically, the average fiber attenuation at the C-band), known for each specific fiber,
β is the fiber attenuation of the Raman pump wavelengths (in practice, the average value over the pump wavelengths),
and Γ(x) and Γ(x, y) are the Gamma and the incomplete Gamma functions, respectively.
It should be noted that though the coefficients α and β may slightly vary from fiber to fiber, their ratio μ=α/β remains almost constant. The remaining components of the expression (2) can easily be obtained by those skilled in the art.
Since a modern FRA comprises two Raman pumps, the simultaneous operation of the pumps enables obtaining equal Raman gain for each of the propagating signal wavelengths. Thereby, one and the same equation (2) is practically applicable to each optical channel of a multi-channel signal.
Further, the Inventor has shown that for a practical interval of 0-20 dB of the FRA on-off gain, the function of OSNR improvement ROSNR at the receiver end of the optical transmission line can be approximated as a number of linear sections:
ROSNR=0.39Gf for 0 dB<Gf≦6 dB (3)
ROSNR=0.27Gf+0.7 for 6 dB<Gf≦13 dB (4)
ROSNR=0.2Gf+1.55 for 13 dB<Gf≦20 dB (5)
optionally, for an interval of 0-12 dB, the function can be approximated as:
ROSNR=0.35Gf for 0 dB<Gf≦12 dB (6)
Suitable calculations and verifying experiments were performed and have proven the proposed method.
In simple words, when designing a transmission line, the Inventor proposes selecting, for a long fiber optic transmission line, a FRA capable of reaching a certain “on-off” gain calculated according to Equation (1) in order to improve OSNR of the line by a certain required amount.
According to that version, the Inventor proposes a method of selecting a Forward Raman Amplifier (FRA) to be inserted at a transmitting end of a given fiber optic transmission line, for providing improvement of OSNR at a receiving end of said transmission line by no less than a certain required improvement amount ROSNR, the method comprises determining a required value of (working) gain Gf of said FRA by using a regulation function (ROSNR) of OSNR improvement substantially close to that defined by the following expression:
R
OSNR
=G
f
/R
NL (1)
where RNL is the FRA nonlinear enhancement factor:
R
NL
=μG
f(ln(Gf))−μ[Γ(μ)−Γ(μ,ln(Gf))] (2)
where μ=α/β,
α is the fiber attenuation at the signal wavelength,
β is the fiber attenuation of the Raman pump wavelengths,
Γ(x) and Γ(x, y) are the Gamma and the incomplete Gamma functions, respectively;
the method being applicable if the following two conditions are satisfied:
the given fiber optic transmission line operates under a non-linearity limit,
power loss L of the given fiber optic transmission line is much greater than the determined gain Gf.
The FRA capable of reaching a value of gain not less than the required gain Gf, can be considered as selected.
The method may further comprise inserting the selected FRA (i.e. the FRA capable of reaching a value of gain not less than Gf) in the fiber optic transmission line at the transmitting end.
Further, the Inventor proposes adding a step of regulating (adjusting, fine tuning) of the OSNR at the receiving end of the transmission line by adjusting gain of said FRA according to the regulation function expressed by said equation (1).
Since any Raman amplifier comprises pumps, the gain adjustment can be performed by controlling pumps of said FRA.
The Inventor also proposes an alternative method for regulating OSNR in a real, given fiber optic transmission line comprising an existing FRA at its transmitting end; the method comprises
regulating OSNR at the receiving end of said transmission line by adjusting gain of said FRA using a regulation function substantially expressed by the equation (1),
provided that the given transmission line operates without crossing the non-linearity limit, and that L>>Gf, wherein:
Gf is a value of working (or actual) gain of the existing FRA,
L is a value of power loss in the given fiber transmission line.
For both of the methods proposed above, the power loss L should be approximately one order of magnitude greater than the determined gain Gf.
In case the given transmission line initially comprises a Backward Raman Amplifier BRA, the transmission line should satisfy a condition that the power loss L is much greater (for example, approximately one order of magnitude greater) than the highest value among values of the Gf and Gb, wherein Gb is a value of working (or actual) gain of the BRA.
The step of regulating OSNR actually comprises adjusting gain of said FRA by an amount produced by said regulation function for a value of a certain required improvement of OSNR.
Both the method of selecting a FRA, and the method of regulating OSNR in the line comprising a FRA can be essentially simplified by using a linear approximation of the regulation function (1).
It should be noted that the regulation function can be presented as a sum of linear approximations according to equations 3, 4, 5.
The methods can therefore be simplified by using a specific linear section of the regulation function for practically required intervals of FRA gains and OSNR increments.
Yet further, for a multi-channel optical traffic conveyed via said transmission line, the Inventor proposes regulating the OSNR so as to achieve said certain required improvement of OSNR in “the worst” optical channel, wherein the worst optical channel is considered to be such having the lowest OSNR at a currently used value of the FRA gain Gf.
In one specific embodiment, the optical fiber transmission line comprises a single optical fiber span extending between the transmitting end and the receiving end of the line.
It should be added that the method can be applied to an optical system in the form of the fiber optic transmission line comprising a number of optical spans, each of the spans working close to the limit of non-linearity and being equipped with a FRA such that values of Gf of all said FRA are substantially equal to one another; and wherein each of the spans satisfies either the requirement L>>Gf, or L>>Max of (Gf, Gb) in case any of the optical spans is also equipped with a BRA. The OSNR of that system can be then regulated according to the equation 1, equation 6, and/or the equations 3, 4, 5, by synchronously regulating the FRA gains Gf of each of the spans.
Generally speaking, the Inventor has found a method for selecting a relation between a gain Gf of a Forward Raman Amplifier (FRA) at a transmitting end of a fiber optic transmission line and an optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) at a receiving end of the fiber optic transmission line satisfying the above-mentioned limitations for long lines; wherein the method comprises selecting said relation using a regulation function ROSNR either in the form of equation (1), or in the form of one or more linear approximations for a practical range of the FRA gain 0 to 12 dB or 0 to 20 dB.
For example, the regulation function can be in the form of one or more, or a sum of the following linear approximations:
ROSNR=0.39Gf for 0 dB<Gf≦6 dB (3)
R
OSNR=0.27Gf+0.7 for 6 dB<Gf≦13 dB (4)
R
OSNR=0.2Gf+1.55 for 13 dB<Gf≦20 dB (5)
In a more approximate case, the regulation function can be in the form of a single linear approximation section covering a more limited practical range of the FRA gain:
ROSNR=0.35 Gf 0 dB<Gf≦12 dB (6)
The general method can be applied a) for regulating OSNR at the receiving end of a given transmission line by adjusting gain of the FRA existing at the transmitting end of the line;
b) for selecting a Forward Raman Amplifier (FRA) to be inserted at a transmitting end of a fiber optic transmission line, for providing a required OSNR or OSNR improvement at a receiving end of said transmission line.
The dependence uncovered and checked by the Inventor has allowed providing a surprisingly simple handy tool that helps the network designer to determine the FRA on-off gain to be ensured in order to achieve a required OSNR or a required improvement of the system OSNR.
The invention will further be described in more detail with reference to the following non-limiting drawings, in which:
An exemplary long fiber optic transmission line is shown in
Let us consider for our example, that the line satisfies the following two conditions: it operates under a non-linearity limit (without any non-linearity effects), and its fiber loss L is much greater than the maximal gain Gm of the FRA (16). If, for example the Gm of the existing FRA is 10 dB, the method can be applied quite accurate when the line is long enough to create fiber loss of about 20 dB or more. And vice versa, if quite a long given transmission line is not yet provided with Raman amplifiers and requires specific OSNR improvement, the proposed method enables performing a quick estimation of the required FRA gain.
The regulation function is built according to Equation (1) for the most practical interval of the FRA gains, namely from 0 to 12 dB.
The graphical diagram enables to obtain a practical answer to a question—which FRA gain should be selected (achieved) for obtaining a specific required improvement in OSNR at the receiving end of the long transmission line.
It should be noted that the transmission line of interest may comprise a number of fiber spans similar to span 15, each comprising a FRA and a BRA having substantially equal gains and satisfying both of the above conditions. In this case, OSNR at the receiving end of the line can be regulated using the same regulation function, by adjusting gain of the FRA in each of the spans synchronously.
In particular, for the practical region of 0-12 dB FRA on-off gain, the OSNR improvement function for a long fiber optic transmission line may be linearized by the following equation:
ROSNR=0.35Gf (6)
ROSNR=0.39Gf for 0 dB<Gf≦6 dB (3)
R
OSNR=0.27Gf+0.7 for 6 dB<Gf≦13 dB (4)
R
OSNR=0.2Gf+1.55 for 13 dB<Gf≦20 dB (5)
The approximated regulation functions shown in
In these figures, the regulation function is shown by the dashed line, and the approximated linearized functions—by the solid line.
It should be appreciated that the equations (1) and (2) describing the regulation function can be slightly altered, without changing the principle of the present invention, such modified equations (regulation functions) should thereby be considered part of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 174669 | Mar 2006 | IL | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IL07/00310 | 3/8/2007 | WO | 00 | 9/30/2008 |
