Patent Application
20150034230
The present invention relates to the retreading of tyres comprising a composition based on thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) in their crown.
As the tread of tyres is the part of the tyre in contact with the running surface, it is the part of the tyre which wears furthest and fastest. An advantageous objective for tyre manufacturers is to be capable of removing the tread from a tyre, which operation is commonly known as tread separation, in order to replace it with another tread, which operation is commonly known as retreading, in order to prolong the lifetime of a tyre without having to completely change it. However, with the materials used to date, the tread separation operation remains complex and thus expensive. This is one of the reasons why the tyres of passenger vehicles are today very seldom retreaded. It would thus be highly advantageous to find a means for more effectively separating tread from and retreading tyres.
With this aim, the Applicant Company has found, surprisingly, that a specific tread underlayer makes it possible to facilitate the operations of separating tread from and retreading the tyre provided with such an underlayer.
A subject-matter of the invention is a process for retreading a radial tyre for a motor vehicle, comprising:
The softening of the underlayer is easily carried out by heating, making possible the separation of the worn tread from the remainder of the structure of the tyre, greatly simplifying the tread separation operation.
Furthermore, once the tread has been lifted off by softening of the tread underlayer, the presence of a thermoplastic elastomer residue on the remaining structure of the tyre (also known as “carcass”) makes possible facilitated retreading by using a new tread also exhibiting, in its lower part, an underlayer comprising a thermoplastic elastomer of identical or compatible nature (that is to say, similar in its chemical composition, its weight, its polarity and/or its glass transition temperature Tg). It is consequently sufficient to bring the tread-separated structure of the tyre into contact with the tread and to apply a sufficient temperature and a sufficient pressure at the interface to bring about the fusion of the two thermoplastic layers and to thus obtain a new retreaded tyre. This operation might be repeated virtually indefinitely, limited only by the lifetime of the carcass.
Another major advantage of the invention is to make possible a saving in materials since, instead of changing the entire tyre, it becomes possible very easily to change only the worn tread. This saving is furthermore highly favourable to the protection of the environment.
The invention preferably relates to a process as defined above in which the softening of the underlayer is carried out so as to bring the said underlayer to a temperature of between 100° C. and 230° C., preferably between 100° C. and 200° C. and more preferably still between 120° C. and 180° C.
The invention more preferably relates to a process as defined above comprising, subsequent to the removal of the tread, a stage of positioning a new tread on the structure of the tyre. More preferably, the new tread is provided with an underlayer comprising at least one thermoplastic elastomer, the said thermoplastic elastomer being a block copolymer comprising at least one elastomer block and at least one thermoplastic block, and the total content of thermoplastic elastomer being within a range varying from 65 to 100 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts of elastomer).
The invention preferably relates to a process as defined above in which the new tread is positioned by softening its underlayer and then cooling the tyre. Preferably, the softening of the underlayer is carried out by heating the said tyre, preferably at a temperature of between 100° C. and 230° C., preferably between 100° C. and 200° C. and more preferably still between 120° C. and 180° C.
Preferably, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the number-average molecular weight of the thermoplastic elastomer is between 30 000 and 500 000 g/mol.
More preferably, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the elastomer block or blocks of the block copolymer are chosen from elastomers having a glass transition temperature of less than 25° C., preferably selected from the group consisting of ethylene elastomers, diene elastomers and their mixtures, more preferably chosen from diene elastomers.
More preferably still, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the elastomer block or blocks of the block copolymer are diene elastomers resulting from isoprene, butadiene or a mixture of the latter.
Preferably, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the thermoplastic block or blocks of the block copolymer are chosen from polymers having a glass transition temperature of greater than 80° C. and, in the case of a semicrystalline thermoplastic block, a melting point of greater than 80° C., and, in particular, the thermoplastic block or blocks of the block copolymer are selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polyurethanes, polyamides, polyesters, polyacetals, polyethers, polyphenylene sulphides, polyfluorinated compounds, polystyrenes, polycarbonates, polysulphones, polymethyl methacrylate, polyetherimide, thermoplastic copolymers and their mixtures, and, more preferably, the thermoplastic block or blocks of the block copolymer are chosen from polystyrenes.
Preferably again, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the thermoplastic elastomer or elastomers are selected from the group consisting of styrene/butadiene (SB), styrene/isoprene (SI), styrene/butadiene/isoprene (SBI), styrene/butadiene/styrene (SBS), styrene/isoprene/styrene (SIS) and styrene/butadiene/isoprene/styrene (SBIS) thermoplastic elastomers and the mixtures of these copolymers.
According to a preferred form, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the thermoplastic elastomer is the only elastomer of the underlayer.
According to another preferred form, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the underlayer additionally comprises a non-thermoplastic elastomer at a content of at most 35 phr.
Preferably, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the underlayer additionally comprises at least one polyether-based thermoplastic polymer. More preferably, the polyether is chosen from poly(para-phenylene ether) polymers. Preferably, the polyether content is less than 40 phr, preferably between 2 and 35 phr.
Preferably, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the underlayer is devoid of thermoplastic polymer other than a polyether or comprises less than 30 phr, preferably less than 10 phr, thereof.
Preferably, the invention relates to a process as defined above, in which the said underlayer exhibits a ratio of elastic modulus at 200° C. and at 60° C. which is different from that of the adjacent layers, so that the following equation is adhered to with each of the adjacent layers:
in which G′A(T) represents the elastic component of the shear modulus of the underlayer at the temperature T and G′B(T) represents the elastic component of the shear modulus of the layer adjacent to the underlayer at the temperature T. Preferably, the following equation is adhered to for the underlayer with each of the layers adjacent to the underlayer:
and more preferably still the following equation is adhered to for the underlayer with each of the layers adjacent to the underlayer:
Preferably, the invention also relates to a process as defined above, in which the following equation is adhered to for the underlayer:
and more preferably the following equation is adhered to for the underlayer:
The invention relates more particularly to a process for retreading tyres intended to equip non-motor vehicles, such as bicycles, or motor vehicles of passenger vehicle type, SUVs (“Sport Utility Vehicles”), two-wheel vehicles (in particular motorcycles), aircraft, as well as industrial vehicles chosen from vans, “heavy-duty” vehicles—that is to say, underground trains, buses, heavy road transport vehicles (lorries, tractors, trailers) or off-road vehicles, such as heavy agricultural vehicles or earthmoving equipment —, or other transportation or handling vehicles.
The invention and its advantages will be easily understood in the light of the description and implementational examples which follow, and also of
In the present description, unless expressly indicated otherwise, all the percentages (%) shown are percentages by weight.
For the requirements of the present invention, the underlayer is positioned circumferentially inside the crown of the tyre, between, on the one hand, the radially outermost part of its tread, that is to say the portion intended to come into contact with the road during running, and, on the other hand, the crown reinforcement. Underlayer is thus understood to mean any part made of rubber which is radially external to the crown reinforcement of the tyre which does not open onto the outside of the tyre, which has no contact with the air or an inflating gas, in other words which is thus situated in the actual interior of the tread or between the latter and the belt (or crown reinforcement) of the tyre.
It thus has to be understood that this underlayer can be positioned:
either in the tread itself, but in this case radially under the tread patterned portion (that is to say, radially internally with respect to this portion) which is intended to come into contact with the road during the running of the tyre, throughout the lifetime of the latter;
or under the tread (that is to say, radially internally with respect to this tread), between the tread and the belt (or crown reinforcement).
Preferably, this underlayer is the only layer located between the tread and the crown reinforcement, or else located inside the tread.
The appended
In this
More specifically, a tyre belt is generally composed of at least two superimposed belt plies, sometimes referred to as “working” plies or “crossed” plies, the reinforcing elements or “reinforcers” of which are positioned virtually parallel to one another inside a ply, but crossed from one ply to the other, that is to say inclined, symmetrically or asymmetrically, with respect to the median circumferential plane, by an angle which is generally between 10° and 45°, according to the type of tyre under consideration. Each of these two crossed plies is composed of a rubber matrix or “calendering rubber” which coats the reinforcers. In the belt, the crossed plies can be supplemented by various other auxiliary rubber plies or layers, with widths which can vary as the case may be, comprising or not comprising reinforcers; mention will be made, by way of example, of simple rubber cushions, “protection” plies having the role of protecting the remainder of the belt from external attacks or perforations, or also “hooping” plies comprising reinforcers oriented substantially along the circumferential direction (“zero-degree” plies), whether radially outer or inner with respect to the crossed plies.
For the reinforcing of the above belts, in particular of their crossed plies, protection plies or hooping plies, use is generally made of reinforcers in the form of steel cords or textile cords composed of thin threads assembled together by braiding or twisting together.
The carcass reinforcement (6) is here anchored in each bead (4) by winding around two bead wires (4a, 4b), the turn-up (6a, 6b) of this reinforcement (6) being, for example, positioned towards the outside of the tyre (1), which is here represented fitted to its wheel rim (9). The carcass reinforcement (6) is composed of at least one ply reinforced by radial textile cords, that is to say that these cords are positioned virtually parallel to one another and extend from one bead to the other so as to form an angle of between 80° and 90° with the median circumferential plane (plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tyre which is located halfway between the two beads 4 and passes through the middle of the crown reinforcement 7). Of course, this tyre (1) additionally comprises, in a known way, a layer (10) of inner gum or elastomer (commonly known as “inner liner”) which defines the radially inner face of the tyre and which is intended to protect the carcass ply from the diffusion of air originating from the space interior to the tyre.
This example of a tyre (1) of
This underlayer preferably has a thickness between 0.02 and 5 mm, preferably between 0.05 and 3 mm. According to a preferred form, this thickness is preferably between 0.2 and 3 mm, more preferably between 0.5 and 2.5 mm and more preferably still between 1 and 2.5 mm. According to another preferred embodiment, this thickness is between 0.05 and 0.25 mm, more preferably 0.05 and 0.15 mm. A person skilled in the art will easily understand that this thickness will be variable from one application to another, according to the destination of the tyres (two-wheel vehicles, passenger vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, earthmoving equipment).
Furthermore, the term “phr” means, within the meaning of the present patent application, parts by weight per hundred parts of elastomer, thermoplastic and non-thermoplastic mixed together. Within the meaning of the present invention, thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) are included among the elastomers.
Furthermore, any interval of values denoted by the expression “between a and b” represents the range of values extending from more than a to less than b (that is to say, limits a and b excluded), whereas any interval of values denoted by the expression “from a to b” means the range of values extending from a up to b (that is to say, including the strict limits a and b).
The invention relates to a process for retreading a radial tyre (1) for a motor vehicle, comprising:
Preferably, the softening of the underlayer is carried out by heating the said tyre, for example by bringing the said underlayer to a temperature of between 100° C. and 230° C., preferably between 100° C. and 200° C. and more preferably between 120° C. and 180° C.
Subsequent to the removal of the tread, it is possible to position a new tread on the structure of the tyre, in particular when the new tread is provided with an underlayer comprising at least one thermoplastic elastomer, the said thermoplastic elastomer being a block copolymer comprising at least one elastomer block and at least one thermoplastic block, the total content of thermoplastic elastomer being within a range varying from 65 to 100 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts of elastomer).
The new tread is positioned by softening its underlayer and then cooling the tyre. The softening of the underlayer is carried out by heating the said tyre, for example by bringing the said underlayer to a temperature of between 100° C. and 230° C., preferably between 100° C. and 200° C., more preferably between 120° C. and 180° C.
The heating of the tyre to be retreaded and/or of the new tread to be positioned can be carried out in several ways known to a person skilled in the art, for example by placing in an oven.
The process of the invention has the essential characteristic of relating to a tyre provided with an elastomer layer, referred to as “underlayer”, having a formulation different from the patterned external portion of the tread, the said underlayer comprising at least one thermoplastic elastomer, the said thermoplastic elastomer being a block copolymer comprising at least one elastomer block and at least one thermoplastic block, and the total content of thermoplastic elastomer being within a range varying from 65 to 100 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts of elastomer).
Thermoplastic elastomers (abbreviated to “TPEs”) have a structure intermediate between thermoplastic polymers and elastomers. These are block copolymers composed of rigid thermoplastic blocks connected via flexible elastomer blocks.
The thermoplastic elastomer used for the implementation of the invention is a block copolymer, the chemical nature of the thermoplastic and elastomer blocks of which can vary.
The number-average molecular weight (denoted Mn) of the TPE is preferably between 30 000 and 500 000 g/mol, more preferably between 40 000 and 400 000 g/mol. Below the minima indicated, there is a risk of the cohesion between the elastomer chains of the TPE being affected, in particular due to its possible dilution (in the presence of an extending oil); furthermore, there is a risk of an increase in the working temperature affecting the mechanical properties, in particular the properties at break, with the consequence of a reduced “hot” performance. Furthermore, an excessively high weight Mn can be damaging to the use. Thus, it has been found that a value within a range from 50 000 to 300 000 g/mol is particularly well suited, in particular to use of the TPE in a tyre underlayer composition.
The number-average molecular weight (Mn) of the TPE elastomer is determined in a known way by steric exclusion chromatography (SEC). For example, in the case of styrene thermoplastic elastomers, the sample is dissolved beforehand in tetrahydrofuran at a concentration of approximately 1 g/l and then the solution is filtered through a filter with a porosity of 0.45 μm before injection. The apparatus used is a Waters Alliance chromatographic line. The elution solvent is tetrahydrofuran, the flow rate is 0.7 ml/min, the temperature of the system is 35° C. and the analytical time is 90 min. A set of four Waters columns in series, with the Styragel tradenames (HMW7, HMW6E and two HT6E), is used. The injected volume of the solution of the polymer sample is 100 μl. The detector is a Waters 2410 differential refractometer, and its associated software, for making use of the chromatographic data, is the Waters Millennium system. The calculated average molar masses are relative to a calibration curve produced with polystyrene standards. The conditions can be adjusted by a person skilled in the art.
The value of the polydispersity index PI (reminder: PI=Mw/Mn, with Mw the weight-average molecular weight and Mn the number-average molecular weight) of the TPE is preferably less than 3, more preferably less than 2 and more preferably still less than 1.5.
In the present patent application, when reference is made to the glass transition temperature of the TPE, it concerns the Tg relative to the elastomer block. The TPE preferably exhibits a glass transition temperature (“Tg”) which is preferably less than or equal to 25° C., more preferably less than or equal to 10° C. A Tg value greater than these minima can reduce the performance of the underlayer when used at very low temperature; for such a use, the Tg of the TPE is more preferably still less than or equal to −10° C. Preferably again, the Tg of the TPE is greater than −100° C.
In a known way, TPEs exhibit two glass transition temperature peaks (Tg, measured according to ASTM D3418), the lowest temperature being relative to the elastomer part of the TPE and the highest temperature being relative to the thermoplastic part of the TPE. Thus, the flexible blocks of the TPEs are defined by a Tg which is less than ambient temperature (25° C.), while the rigid blocks have a Tg which is greater than 80° C.
In order to be both elastomeric and thermoplastic in nature, the TPE has to be provided with blocks which are sufficiently incompatible (that is to say, different as a result of their respective weights, their respective polarities or their respective Tg values) to retain their own properties of elastomer block or thermoplastic block.
The TPEs can be copolymers with a small number of blocks (less than 5, typically 2 or 3), in which case these blocks preferably have high weights of greater than 15 000 g/mol. These TPEs can, for example, be diblock copolymers, comprising a thermoplastic block and an elastomer block. They are often also triblock elastomers with two rigid segments connected by a flexible segment. The rigid and flexible segments can be positioned linearly, or in a star or branched configuration. Typically, each of these segments or blocks often comprises a minimum of more than 5, generally of more than 10, base units (for example, styrene units and butadiene units for a styrene/butadiene/styrene block copolymer).
The TPEs can also comprise a large number of smaller blocks (more than 30, typically from 50 to 500), in which case these blocks preferably have relatively low weights, for example from 500 to 5000 g/mol; these TPEs will subsequently be referred to as multiblock TPEs and are an elastomer block/thermoplastic block series.
According to a first alternative form, the TPE is provided in a linear form. For example, the TPE is a diblock copolymer:thermoplastic block/elastomer block. The TPE can also be a triblock copolymer:thermoplastic block/elastomer block/thermoplastic block, that is to say a central elastomer block and two terminal thermoplastic blocks, at each of the two ends of the elastomer block. Equally, the multiblock TPE can be a linear series of elastomer blocks/thermoplastic blocks.
According to another alternative form of the invention, the TPE of use for the requirements of the invention is provided in a star-branched form comprising at least three branches. For example, the TPE can then be composed of a star-branched elastomer block comprising at least three branches and of a thermoplastic block located at the end of each of the branches of the elastomer block. The number of branches of the central elastomer can vary, for example, from 3 to 12 and preferably from 3 to 6.
According to another alternative form of the invention, the TPE is provided in a branched or dendrimer form. The TPE can then be composed of a branched or dendrimer elastomer block and of a thermoplastic block located at the end of the branches of the dendrimer elastomer block.
The elastomer blocks of the TPE for the requirements of the invention can be any elastomer known to a person skilled in the art. They generally have a Tg of less than 25° C., preferably of less than 10° C., more preferably of less than 0° C. and very preferably of less than −10° C. Preferably again, the Tg elastomer block of the TPE is greater than −100° C.
For the elastomer blocks comprising a carbon-based chain, if the elastomer part of the TPE does not comprise an ethylenic unsaturation, it will be referred to as a saturated elastomer block. If the elastomer block of the TPE comprises ethylenic unsaturations (that is to say, carbon-carbon double bonds), it will then be referred to as an unsaturated or diene elastomer block.
A saturated elastomer block is composed of a polymer sequence obtained by the polymerization of at least one (that is to say, one or more) ethylenic monomer, that is to say, a monomer comprising a carbon-carbon double bond. Mention may be made, among the blocks resulting from these ethylenic monomers, of polyalkylene blocks, such as ethylene/propylene or ethylene/butylene random copolymers. These saturated elastomer blocks can also be obtained by hydrogenation of unsaturated elastomer blocks. They can also be aliphatic blocks resulting from the families of the polyethers, polyesters or polycarbonates.
In the case of saturated elastomer blocks, this elastomer block of the TPE is preferably predominantly composed of ethylenic units. Predominantly is understood to mean the highest content by weight of ethylenic monomer, with respect to the total weight of the elastomer block, and preferably a content by weight of more than 50%, more preferably of more than 75% and more preferably still of more than 85%.
Conjugated C4-C14 dienes can be copolymerized with the ethylenic monomers. They are, in this case, random copolymers. Preferably, these conjugated dienes are chosen from isoprene, butadiene, 1-methylbutadiene, 2-methylbutadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-hexadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-hexadiene, 4-methyl-1,3-hexadiene, 5-methyl-1,3-hexadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-hexadiene, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-1,3-hexadiene, 2-neopentylbutadiene, 1,3-cyclopentadiene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1-vinyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene or their mixture. More preferably, the conjugated diene is chosen from butadiene or isoprene or a mixture comprising butadiene and isoprene.
In the case of unsaturated elastomer blocks, this elastomer block of the TPE is preferably predominantly composed of a diene elastomer part. Predominantly is understood to mean the highest content by weight of diene monomer, with respect to the total weight of the elastomer block, and preferably a content by weight of more than 50%, more preferably of more than 75% and more preferably still of more than 85%. Alternatively, the unsaturation of the unsaturated elastomer block can originate from a monomer comprising a double bond and an unsaturation of cyclic type, which is the case, for example, in polynorbornene.
Preferably, conjugated C4-C14 dienes can be polymerized or copolymerized in order to form a diene elastomer block. Preferably, these conjugated dienes are chosen from isoprene, butadiene, piperylene, 1-methylbutadiene, 2-methylbutadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,4-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,4-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-hexadiene, 2-methyl-1,5-hexadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-hexadiene, 4-methyl-1,3-hexadiene, 5-methyl-1,3-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-1,3-hexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, 2-neopentyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-cyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentadiene, 2-methyl-1,6-heptadiene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1-vinyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene or their mixture. More preferably, the conjugated diene is isoprene or butadiene or a mixture comprising isoprene and/or butadiene.
According to an alternative form, the monomers polymerized in order to form the elastomer part of the TPE can be randomly copolymerized with at least one other monomer, so as to form an elastomer block. According to this alternative form, the molar fraction of polymerized monomer, other than an ethylenic monomer, with respect to the total number of units of the elastomer block, has to be such that this block retains its elastomer properties. Advantageously, the molar fraction of this other comonomer can range from 0% to 50%, more preferably from 0% to 45% and more preferably still from 0% to 40%.
By way of illustration, this other monomer capable of copolymerizing with the first monomer can be chosen from ethylenic monomers as defined above (for example ethylene), diene monomers, more particularly the conjugated diene monomers having from 4 to 14 carbon atoms as defined above (for example butadiene), monomers of vinylaromatic type having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms as defined below or also it can be a monomer such as vinyl acetate.
When the comonomer is of vinylaromatic type, it advantageously represents a fraction of units, with regard to the total number of units of the thermoplastic block, from 0% to 50%, preferably ranging from 0% to 45% and more preferably still ranging from 0% to 40%. The styrene monomers mentioned above, namely methylstyrenes, para(tert-butyl)styrene, chlorostyrenes, bromostyrenes, fluorostyrenes or also para-hydroxystyrene, are suitable in particular as vinylaromatic compounds. Preferably, the comonomer of vinylaromatic type is styrene.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the elastomer blocks of the TPE exhibit, in total, a number-average molecular weight (Mn) ranging from 25 000 g/mol to 350 000 g/mol, preferably from 35 000 g/mol to 250 000 g/mol, so as to confer, on the TPE, good elastomeric properties and a mechanical strength which is sufficient and compatible with the use as tyre underlayer.
The elastomer block can also be a block comprising several types of ethylenic, diene or styrene monomers as defined above.
The elastomer block can also be composed of several elastomer blocks as defined above.
Use will be made, for the definition of the thermoplastic blocks, of the characteristic of glass transition temperature (Tg) of the rigid thermoplastic block. This characteristic is well known to a person skilled in the art. It makes it possible in particular to choose the industrial processing (transformation) temperature. In the case of an amorphous polymer (or polymer block), the processing temperature is chosen to be substantially greater than the Tg of the thermoplastic block. In the specific case of a semicrystalline polymer (or polymer block), a melting point may be observed which is then greater than the glass transition temperature. In this case, it is instead the melting point (M.p.) which makes it possible to choose the processing temperature for the polymer (or polymer block) under consideration. Thus, subsequently, when reference will be made to “Tg (or M.p., if appropriate)”, it will be necessary to consider that this is the temperature used to choose the processing temperature.
For the requirements of the invention, the TPE elastomers comprise one or more thermoplastic block(s) preferably having a Tg (or M.p., if appropriate) of greater than or equal to 80° C. and formed from polymerized monomers. Preferably, this thermoplastic block has a Tg (or M.p., if appropriate) within a range varying from 80° C. to 250° C. Preferably, the Tg (or M.p., if appropriate) of this thermoplastic block is preferably from 80° C. to 200° C., more preferably from 80° C. to 180° C.
The proportion of the thermoplastic blocks, with respect to the TPE as defined for the implementation of the invention, is determined, on the one hand, by the thermoplasticity properties which the said copolymer has to exhibit. The thermoplastic blocks having a Tg (or M.p., if appropriate) of greater than or equal to 80° C. are preferably present in proportions sufficient to retain the thermoplastic nature of the elastomer of use for the requirements of the invention. The minimum content of thermoplastic blocks having a Tg (or M.p., if appropriate) of greater than or equal to 80° C. in the TPE can vary as a function of the conditions of use of the copolymer. On the other hand, the ability of the TPE to deform during the preparation of the tyre can also contribute to determining the proportion of the thermoplastic blocks having a Tg (or M.p., if appropriate) of greater than or equal to 80° C.
The thermoplastic blocks having a Tg (or M.p., if appropriate) of greater than or equal to 80° C. can be formed from polymerized monomers of various natures; in particular, they can constitute the following blocks or their mixtures:
polyolefins (polyethylene, polypropylene);
polyurethanes;
polyamides;
polyesters;
polyacetals;
polyethers (polyethylene oxide, polyphenylene ether);
polyphenylene sulphides;
polyfluorinated compounds (FEP, PFA, ETFE);
polystyrenes (described in detail below);
polycarbonates;
polysulphones;
polymethyl methacrylate;
polyetherimide;
thermoplastic copolymers, such as the acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) copolymer.
The thermoplastic blocks having a Tg (or M.p., if appropriate) of greater than or equal to 80° C. can also be obtained from monomers chosen from the following compounds and their mixtures:
acenaphthylene: a person skilled in the art may refer, for example, to the paper by Z. Fodor and J. P. Kennedy, Polymer Bulletin, 1992, 29(6), 697-705;
indene and its derivatives, such as, for example, 2-methylindene, 3-methylindene, 4-methylindene, dimethylindene, 2-phenylindene, 3-phenylindene and 4-phenylindene; a person skilled in the art may, for example, refer to the patent document U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,899, by the inventors Kennedy, Puskas, Kaszas and Hager, and to the documents by J. E. Puskas, G. Kaszas, J. P. Kennedy and W. G. Hager, Journal of Polymer Science, Part A: Polymer Chemistry (1992), 30, 41, and J. P. Kennedy, N. Meguriya and B. Keszler, Macromolecules (1991), 24(25), 6572-6577;
isoprene, then resulting in the formation of a certain number of trans-1,4-polyisoprene units and of units cyclized according to an intramolecular process; a person skilled in the art may, for example, refer to the documents by G. Kaszas, J. E. Puskas and J. P. Kennedy, Applied Polymer Science (1990), 39(1), 119-144, and J. E. Puskas, G. Kaszas and J. P. Kennedy, Macromolecular Science, Chemistry A28 (1991), 65-80.
The polystyrenes are obtained from styrene monomers. Styrene monomer should be understood as meaning, in the present description, any monomer comprising styrene, unsubstituted and substituted; mention may be made, among substituted styrenes, for example, of methylstyrenes (for example, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene or p-methylstyrene, α-methylstyrene, α,2-dimethylstyrene, α,4-dimethylstyrene or diphenylethylene), para-(tert-butyl)styrene, chlorostyrenes (for example, o-chlorostyrene, m-chlorostyrene, p-chlorostyrene, 2,4-dichlorostyrene, 2,6-dichlorostyrene or 2,4,6-trichlorostyrene), bromostyrenes (for example, o-bromostyrene, m-bromostyrene, p-bromostyrene, 2,4-dibromostyrene, 2,6-dibromostyrene or 2,4,6-tribromostyrene), fluorostyrenes (for example, o-fluorostyrene, m-fluorostyrene, p-fluorostyrene, 2,4-difluorostyrene, 2,6-difluorostyrene or 2,4,6-trifluorostyrene) or also para-hydroxystyrene.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the content by weight of styrene in the TPE elastomer is between 5% and 50%. Below the minimum indicated, there is a risk of the thermoplastic nature of the elastomer being substantially reduced while, above the recommended maximum, the elasticity of the underlayer can be affected. For these reasons, the styrene content is more preferably between 10% and 40%.
According to an alternative form of the invention, the polymerized monomer as defined above can be copolymerized with at least one other monomer, so as to form a thermoplastic block having a Tg (or M.p., if appropriate) as defined above.
By way of illustration, this other monomer capable of copolymerizing with the polymerized monomer can be chosen from diene monomers, more particularly conjugated diene monomers having from 4 to 14 carbon atoms, and monomers of vinylaromatic type having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, such as defined in the part relating to the elastomer block.
According to the invention, the thermoplastic blocks of the TPE exhibit, in total, a number-average molecular weight (“Mn”) ranging from 5000 g/mol to 150 000 g/mol, so as to confer, on the TPE, good elastomeric properties and a mechanical strength which is sufficient and compatible with the use as tyre underlayer.
The thermoplastic block can also be composed of several thermoplastic blocks as defined above.
For example, the TPE is a copolymer, the elastomer part of which is saturated and which comprises styrene blocks and alkylene blocks. The alkylene blocks are preferably of ethylene, propylene or butylene. More preferably, this TPE elastomer is selected from the following group consisting of diblock or triblock copolymers which are linear or star-branched: styrene/ethylene/butylene (SEB), styrene/ethylene/propylene (SEP), styrene/ethylene/ethylene/propylene (SEEP), styrene/ethylene/butylene/styrene (SEBS), styrene/ethylene/propylene/styrene (SEPS), styrene/ethylene/ethylene/propylene/styrene (SEEPS), styrene/isobutylene (SIB), styrene/isobutylene/styrene (SIBS) and the mixtures of these copolymers.
According to another example, the TPE is a copolymer, the elastomer part of which is unsaturated and which comprises styrene blocks and diene blocks, these diene blocks being in particular isoprene or butadiene blocks. More preferably, this TPE elastomer is selected from the following group consisting of diblock or triblock copolymers which are linear or star-branched: styrene/butadiene (SB), styrene/isoprene (SI), styrene/butadiene/isoprene (SBI), styrene/butadiene/styrene (SBS), styrene/isoprene/styrene (SIS), styrene/butadiene/isoprene/styrene (SBIS) and the mixtures of these copolymers.
For example again, the TPE is a linear or star-branched copolymer, the elastomer part of which comprises a saturated part and an unsaturated part, such as, for example, styrene/butadiene/butylene (SBB), styrene/butadiene/butylene/styrene (SBBS) or a mixture of these copolymers.
Mention may be made, among multiblock TPEs, of the copolymers comprising random copolymer blocks of ethylene and propylene/polypropylene, polybutadiene/polyurethane (TPU), polyether/polyester (COPE) or polyether/polyamide (PEBA).
It is also possible for the TPEs given as example above to be mixed with one another within the retreadable tyre underlayer according to the invention.
Mention may be made, as examples of commercially available TPE elastomers, of the elastomers of SEPS, SEEPS or SEBS type sold by Kraton under the Kraton G name (e.g., G1650, G1651, G1654 and G1730 products) or Kuraray under the Septon name (e.g., Septon 2007, Septon 4033 or Septon 8004), or the elastomers of SIS type sold by Kuraray under the name Hybrar 5125 or sold by Kraton under the name D1161, or also the elastomers of linear SBS type sold by Polimeri Europa under the name Europrene SOLT 166 or of star-branched SBS type sold by Kraton under the name D1184. Mention may also be made of the elastomers sold by Dexco Polymers under the Vector name (e.g., Vector 4114 or Vector 8508). Mention may be made, among multiblock TPEs, of the Vistamaxx TPE sold by Exxon; the COPE TPE sold by DSM under the Arnitel name or by DuPont under the Hytrel name or by Ticona under the Riteflex name; the PEBA TPE sold by Arkema under the PEBAX name; or the TPU TPE sold by Sartomer under the name TPU 7840 or by BASF under the Elastogran name.
If optional other (non-thermoplastic) elastomers are used in the composition, the thermoplastic elastomer or elastomers (TPE) constitute the predominant fraction by weight; they then represent at least 65% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight and more preferably at least 75% by weight of the combined elastomers present in the elastomer composition. Preferably again, the TPE elastomer or elastomers represent at least 95% (in particular 100%) by weight of the combined elastomers present in the elastomer composition.
Thus, the total amount of TPE elastomer is within a range which varies from 65 to 100 phr, preferably from 70 to 100 phr and in particular from 75 to 100 phr. Preferably again, the composition comprises from 95 to 100 phr of TPE elastomer. The TPE elastomer or elastomers are preferably the only elastomer or elastomers of the underlayer.
The thermoplastic elastomer or elastomers described above are sufficient by themselves alone for the underlayer of the retreadable tyre according to the invention to be usable.
The composition of the underlayer of the retreadable tyre according to the invention can comprise at least one (that is to say, one or more) diene rubber as non-thermoplastic elastomer, it being possible for this diene rubber to be used alone or as a blend with at least one (that is to say, one or more) other non-thermoplastic rubber or elastomer.
The total content of optional non-thermoplastic elastomer is within a range varying from 0 to 35 phr, preferably from 0 to 30 phr, more preferably from 0 to 25 phr and more preferably still from 0 to 5 phr. Preferably again, the underlayer of the retreadable tyre according to the invention does not comprise a non-thermoplastic elastomer.
“Diene” elastomer or rubber should be understood as meaning, in a known way, an (one or more is understood) elastomer resulting at least in part (i.e., a homopolymer or a copolymer) from diene monomers (monomers carrying two carbon-carbon double bonds which may or may not be conjugated).
These diene elastomers can be classified into two categories: “essentially unsaturated” or “essentially saturated”.
“Essentially unsaturated” is understood to mean generally a diene elastomer resulting at least in part from conjugated diene monomers having a content of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 15% (mol %). In the category of “essentially unsaturated” diene elastomers, “highly unsaturated” diene elastomer is understood to mean in particular a diene elastomer having a content of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 50%.
Thus it is that diene elastomers, such as some butyl rubbers or copolymers of dienes and of α-olefins of EPDM type, can be described as “essentially saturated” diene elastomers (low or very low content of units of diene origin, always less than 15%).
Given these definitions, diene elastomer, whatever the above category, capable of being used in the compositions of the retreadable tyres according to the invention is understood more particularly to mean:
(a)—any homopolymer obtained by polymerization of a conjugated diene monomer having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms;
(b)—any copolymer obtained by copolymerization of one or more conjugated dienes with one another or with one or more vinylaromatic compounds having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms;
(c)—a ternary copolymer obtained by copolymerization of ethylene and of an α-olefin having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms with a non-conjugated diene monomer having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, such as, for example, the elastomers obtained from ethylene and propylene with a non-conjugated diene monomer of the abovementioned type, such as, in particular, 1,4-hexadiene, ethylidenenorbornene or dicyclopentadiene;
(d)—a copolymer of isobutene and of isoprene (diene butyl rubber) and also the halogenated versions, in particular chlorinated or brominated versions, of this type of copolymer.
Any type of diene elastomer can be used for the requirements of the invention. When the composition comprises a vulcanization system, use is preferably made of essentially unsaturated elastomers, in particular of the (a) and (b) types above, in the manufacture of the underlayer of the retreadable tyre according to the present invention.
The following are suitable in particular as conjugated dienes: 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-di(C1-C5 alkyl)-1,3-butadienes, such as, for example, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-diethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-3-ethyl-1,3-butadiene or 2-methyl-3-isopropyl-1,3-butadiene, an aryl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene or 2,4-hexadiene. The following, for example, are suitable as vinylaromatic compounds: styrene, ortho-, meta- or para-methylstyrene, the “vinyltoluene” commercial mixture, para-(tert-butyl)styrene, methoxystyrenes, chlorostyrenes, vinylmesitylene, divinylbenzene or vinylnaphthalene.
The copolymers can comprise between 99% and 20% by weight of diene units and between 1% and 80% by weight of vinylaromatic units. The elastomers can have any microstructure, which depends on the polymerization conditions used, in particular on the presence or absence of a modifying and/or randomizing agent and on the amounts of modifying and/or randomizing agent employed. The elastomers can, for example, be prepared in dispersion or in solution; they can be coupled and/or star-branched or else functionalized with a coupling and/or star-branching or functionalization agent. Mention may be made, for example, for coupling to carbon black, of functional groups comprising a C—Sn bond or aminated functional groups, such as benzophenone, for example; mention may be made, for example, for coupling to a reinforcing inorganic filler, such as silica, of silanol functional groups or polysiloxane functional groups having a silanol end (such as described, for example, in FR 2 740 778 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,718), alkoxysilane groups (such as described, for example, in FR 2 765 882 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,238), carboxyl groups (such as described, for example, in WO 01/92402 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,473, WO 2004/096865 or US 2006/0089445) or else polyether groups (such as described, for example, in EP 1 127 909 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,973). Mention may also be made, as other examples of functionalized elastomers, of elastomers (such as SBR, BR, NR or IR) of the epoxidized type.
The underlayer described above can optionally comprise, in addition to constituents presented above, one or more polyether-based thermoplastic polymers. When they are present in the composition, it is preferable for the total content of polyether-based thermoplastic polymers to be less than 40 phr, preferably between 2 and 35 phr, more preferably between 5 and 30 phr and very preferably between 10 and 25 phr. These thermoplastic polymers can in particular be poly(para-phenylene ether) polymers (denoted by the abbreviation “PPE”). These PPE thermoplastic polymers are well known to a person skilled in the art; they are resins, which are solid at ambient temperature (20° C.) and which are compatible with styrene polymers, which are used in particular to increase the Tg of TPE elastomers, the thermoplastic block of which is a styrene block (see, for example, “Thermal, Mechanical and Morphological Analyses of Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)/Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Blends”, Tucker, Barlow and Paul, Macromolecules, 1988, 21, 1678-1685).
The thermoplastic elastomer described above is sufficient by itself alone for the underlayer of the retreadable tyre according to the invention to be usable; nevertheless, a reinforcing filler can be used in the composition.
When a reinforcing filler is used, use may be made of any type of filler generally used for the manufacture of tyres, for example an organic filler, such as carbon black, an inorganic filler, such as silica, or also a blend of these two types of filler, in particular a blend of carbon black and silica.
When a reinforcing inorganic filler is used, it is possible, for example, to use, in a known way, an at least bifunctional coupling agent (or bonding agent) intended to provide a satisfactory connection, of chemical and/or physical nature, between the inorganic filler (surface of its particles) and the elastomer, in particular bifunctional organosilanes or polyorganosiloxanes.
The underlayer described above can furthermore comprise the various additives normally present in the underlayers known to a person skilled in the art. The choice will be made, for example, of one or more additives chosen from protection agents, such as antioxidants or antiozonants, UV stabilizers, the various processing aids or other stabilizers, or also promoters capable of promoting the adhesion to the remainder of the structure of the tyre. Preferably, the underlayer does not comprise all these additives at the same time and, more preferably still, the underlayer does not comprise any of these agents.
Equally and optionally, the composition of the underlayer of the retreadable tyre according to the invention can comprise a crosslinking system known to a person skilled in the art. Preferably, the composition does not comprise a crosslinking system. In the same way, the composition of the underlayer of the retreadable tyre according to the invention can comprise one or more inert micrometric fillers, such as lamellar fillers, known to a person skilled in the art. Preferably, the composition does not comprise a micrometric filler.
Optionally again, the composition of the underlayer of the retreadable tyre according to the invention can comprise a plasticizing agent, such as an extending oil (or plasticizing oil) or a plasticizing resin, the role of which is to facilitate the processing of the underlayer, in particular its incorporation in the tyre, by a lowering of the modulus and an increase in the tackifying power. When the composition comprises it, it is preferable for the content of plasticizer to vary from 0 to 80 phr, more preferably from 0 to 50 phr, more preferably still from 0 to 30 phr, and in particular less than 10 phr, according to the Tg and the modulus which are targeted for the underlayer. According to a preferred alternative form of the invention, the composition of the underlayer does not comprise a plasticizer.
In addition to the elastomers described above, the composition of the underlayer can also comprise, always according to a minor fraction by weight with respect to the block elastomer, thermoplastic polymers other than those based on polyether. It is preferable for the composition not to comprise such thermoplastic polymers other than those based on polyether or, when they are present in the composition, it is preferable for the total content of thermoplastic polymers other than those based on polyether to be less than 30 phr, preferably less than 10 phr. Very preferably, the composition is devoid of such thermoplastic polymers other than those based on polyethers or comprises less than 5 phr thereof
The TPE elastomers can be processed in the usual way for TPEs, by extrusion or moulding, for example using a starting material available in the form of beads or granules.
The underlayer for the retreadable tyre according to the invention is prepared in the usual way, for example by incorporation of the various components in a twin-screw extruder, so as to carry out the melting of the matrix and an incorporation of all the ingredients, followed by use of a die which makes it possible to produce the profiled element.
This underlayer can be fitted to a tyre in the usual way, the said tyre comprising, in addition to the underlayer necessary for the requirements of the invention, a tread, a crown and a crown reinforcement, and preferably two sidewalls and two beads, and a carcass reinforcement anchored to the two beads and extending from one sidewall to the other.
According to the tyre applications targeted, it can be preferable for the underlayer to have elastic modulus properties such that the following equation is adhered to:
This is because a slight elastic modulus variation between 60° C. and 100° C. is a good indicator of the fact that the underlayer has not excessively softened at these temperatures, which is desirable for the satisfactory operation of the tyre, in particular if it is intended for tyres of passenger vehicles or heavy-duty vehicles, which have an operating temperature exceeding the values of 60° C.
Preferably, the underlayer has elastic modulus properties such that the following equation is adhered to:
Preferably, the underlayer has elastic modulus properties such that the following equation is adhered to:
Preferably, the underlayer has elastic modulus properties such that the following equation is adhered to:
It should be remembered that, in the retreadable tyre according to the invention, the possibility of facilitated tread separation is represented by the difference between the ratio of elastic modulus at 200° C. and at 60° C. of the underlayer and that of the adjacent layers, when the following equation is adhered to with each of the adjacent layers:
in which G′A(T) represents the elastic component of the shear modulus of the underlayer at the temperature T and G′B(T) represents the elastic component of the shear modulus of the layer adjacent to the underlayer at the temperature T. This is because, when this equation is adhered to, it is understood that the underlayer will soften much more before 200° C. than the adjacent layer, which is an important condition for a facilitated tread separation.
Preferably, the difference between the ratio of elastic modulus at 200° C. and at 60° C. of the underlayer and that of the adjacent layers is such that the following equation is adhered to:
and, more preferably, the difference between the ratio of elastic modulus at 200° C. and at 60° C. of the underlayer and that of the adjacent layers is such that the following equation is adhered to:
The layers adjacent to the tread underlayer are typically the tread, on the one hand, to and the belt (or crown reinforcement) of the tyre, on the other hand.
In the case where the tread underlayer is located inside the original tread, it is understood that the two adjacent layers are, on the one hand, the upper part of the tread (radially outer, forming the subject of the tread separation) and, on the other hand, the lower part (radially inner with respect to the underlayer) of the original tread. In this case, it is possible for the two adjacent layers of the underlayer to be identical or different in nature.
Whatever the chemical nature of the adjacent layers, the equation presented above has to be adhered to in order for the invention to operate correctly.
According to a preferred embodiment, the adjacent layers can be composed of compositions based on diene elastomers well-known to a person skilled in the art, such as those defined above as optional complementary elastomers of the thermoplastic elastomers of the underlayer.
Such adjacent layers are described in numerous patents well-known to a person skilled in the art and generally comprise, in addition to the diene elastomers described above, additives such as those described above for the composition of the underlayer and in particular reinforcing fillers, such as silica and/or carbon black, plasticizers in the form of plasticizing oil or plasticizing resin, a crosslinking system and other additives well-known to a person skilled in the art, such as antioxidants.
According to another preferred embodiment, the adjacent layers can also be composed of compositions based on thermoplastic elastomers or comprising thermoplastic elastomers, and in particular this can be the case of the tread.
According to yet another preferred embodiment, one of the adjacent layers can be a layer composed of a composition based on diene elastomer (in particular the tyre belt), whereas the other adjacent layer can be composed of a composition based on thermoplastic elastomer (in particular the tread).
Alternatively, the possibility of facilitated tread separation is also represented by the difference between the variation in elastic modulus between 60° C. and 200° C. of the underlayer and that of the adjacent layers, when the following equation is adhered to with each of the adjacent layers:
in which E′A(T) represents the elastic component of the shear modulus of the underlayer at the temperature T and E′B(T) represents the elastic component of the shear modulus of the layer adjacent to the underlayer at the temperature T. In this case, the E′(T) modulus is measured in compression.
Thus, the invention can be defined by replacing the equation comprising the ratios of G′ moduli by the above equation comprising the ratios of E′ moduli. The same embodiments can be envisaged and the preferences indicated above apply mutatis mutandis.
Underlayer compositions for a retreadable tyre according to the invention were prepared as indicated above.
Adjacent layer compositions for a retreadable tyre according to the invention were also prepared according to techniques known to a person skilled in the art.
The possibility of facilitated tread separation from the retreadable tyres according to the invention can be evaluated by tests carried out on different underlayer compositions and different adjacent layer compositions as indicated below.
The method of measurement of E′(T) is carried out using a DMA METRAVIB 450+ device equipped with PET10003000B compression plates.
The test carried out is a dynamic compression test on a cylindrical sample having a diameter of 10 mm and a height of 15 mm.
The TPE formulation or the raw elastomer mixture chosen is first formed into sheets (e.g., under a press for the TPE and on an open mill for the elastomer mixture). Small discs with a diameter of 10 mm will subsequently be cut out using a hollow punch. These discs are stacked until a height of at least 15 mm is obtained.
These stacked discs are subsequently placed in a mould, the internal dimensions of which are a diameter of 10 mm and a height of 15 mm. The assembly is passed into a press in order to melt the non-crosslinkable mixture or to cure the crosslinkable mixture and to constitute a cylindrical sample with a diameter of 10 mm and a height of 15 mm.
Typically, this curing (for the crosslinkable mixture) or forming (for the non-crosslinkable mixture) heat treatment is at 170° C. under 16 bar for 17 min. After forming and, if appropriate, curing, the cylindrical sample obtained is rendered integral with the compression plates using an adhesive, Loctite 406. A drop of this adhesive is first deposited at the centre of the lower plate. The cylindrical sample is positioned on this drop and a second drop is deposited on top of the cylindrical sample. The crosspiece of the Metravib will subsequently be lowered in order to cause the upper plate to adhesively bond to the top of the sample, care being taken not to crush it (virtually zero force).
After drying the adhesive for a few minutes, a sinusoidal stress is applied to this cylindrical sample at a degree of static deformation of 10% and a degree of dynamic deformation of 0.1% at 1 Hz. The variation in the E′ modulus as a function of the temperature is studied for a range varying from 40° C. to 200° C. at a rate of variation of 1° C./min.
Typically, a plot of the change in the E′ modulus as a function of the temperature is then obtained. From this curve, it is possible to extract E′ values at different temperatures, for example E′(60° C.), E′(100° C.) and E′(200° C.).
The method of measurement of G′(T) uses an RPA 2000LV rheology device (oscillating disc rheometer) equipped with the standard 200 in.lbs (22.6 Nm) viscosity sensor. The RPA device makes it possible to stress in torsion a sample of material enclosed in a chamber having biconical walls.
In order to carry out the measurement, a sample of material having a diameter of approximately 30 mm and a weight of approximately 5 g is deposited in the chamber of the RPA (A total volume of 8 cm3 is regarded as optimal; the amount is sufficient when a small amount of sample escapes from each side of the chamber and is visible at the end of the test). Preferably, the material is cut out beforehand from a sheet of this material. In the case where this sheet of material is insufficiently thick, it is possible to stack the sections of this sheet of material.
In a first step, a curing (in the case of a crosslinkable mixture) or a forming (case of a non-crosslinkable mixture) operation is carried out by applying, to the sample enclosed in the chamber, a temperature of 170° C. for 17 min with a shearing of 2.78% (i.e., an angle of 0.19°).
These first stages are in accordance with the conditions provided in Standard ISO 3417 of February 2009, which gives the parameters for preparation and for tests for analysing a vulcanization time of a sample in the rheometer.
At the end of this operation, the sample is completely moulded in the closed chamber of the RPA and, if appropriate, this sample is crosslinked. The sample is subsequently cooled to 40° C. directly in the chamber of the RPA. It is then possible to begin the measurement of the value of G′ at 5% of alternating dynamic shearing (i.e., an angle of 0.36°) and 10 Hz within a temperature range varying from 40 to 200° C.
A curve of variation in G′ as a function of the temperature is obtained, from which the G′ moduli of the composition at 60° C., 100° C. and 200° C. can be extracted.
The stages of forming and, if appropriate, of crosslinking the sample and of measurement of G′ are carried out without intervention, by programming the RPA device.
In a first step, underlayer compositions were prepared as indicated above and their G′(T) moduli at 60° C. and 200° C. were measured. The compositions and the results are presented in Table 1 below.
The compositions A-1, A-2, A-3 and A-4 correspond to underlayer compositions for the requirements of the invention. There may be noted in these compositions the great saving in means, related to the use of TPE elastomers in the composition of the underlayer. This is because it is noted that the TPE elastomer is sufficient by itself alone, as sole component of the composition of the underlayer, for this underlayer to be usable according to the invention.
In a second step, adjacent layer (in particular tread) compositions were prepared and their G′(T) moduli at 60° C. and 200° C. were measured. The compositions and the results are presented in Table 2 below.
In the light of the experimental results presented above, it is possible to calculate the ratio resulting from the following equation:
The results are presented in Table 3, according to the underlayers (A-1 to A-4) and the adjacent layers (B-1 to B-6) used.
The results presented in Table 3 demonstrate the possible combinations for the tyres of the invention. Thus, it is noticed that all the combinations provided as example are in accordance need of the tyres according to the invention, with the exception of the combination of the underlayer A-4 with an adjacent layer of B-2 or B-6 type.
A tyre according to the invention was manufactured having a composition of A-2 type as underlayer, a composition of B-1 type as tread and a composition of B-3 type as tyre belt. In this tyre, the underlayer is placed between the belt and the tread. The underlayer has a thickness of 0.4 mm.
In order to separate the tread from the tyre according to the invention, the tyre was placed in an oven at 140° C. for 15 minutes. On conclusion of this heating, the tread was very simply removed from the structure of the tyre manually.
Subsequently, a new tread was positioned on the same tyre structure, the new tread having a composition of B-1 type, and this tread being provided with an underlayer having a composition of A-2 type.
The new tread provided with its underlayer and the tyre structure were placed in an oven at 140° C. for 15 minutes and then the tread was laid down on the structure of the tyre. The tyre, thus retreaded, was cooled under gentle pressure at ambient temperature.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1252998 | Apr 2012 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2013/055342 | 3/15/2013 | WO | 00 |
