Method for screening antimycotic substances substances using essential genes from S. cerevisiae

Abstract

The present invention concerns a method for the screening of antimycotic substances wherein an essential gene from mycetes or a functionally similar mycete gene, or the corresponding encoded protein, is used as target and wherein the essential gene is selected from the group consisting in YML114c, YLR186w, YLR215c, YLR222c, YLR243w, YLR272c, YLR275w, YLR276c, YLR317w, YLR359w, YLR373c, YLR424w, YLR437c, YLR440c, YML023c, YML049c, YML077w, YML093w, YML127w, YMR032w, YMR093w, YMR131c, YMR185w, YMR212c, YMR213w, YMR218c, YMR281w, YMR288w, YMR290c, YMR211w, YMR049c, YMR134w, YDR196c, YDR299w, YDR365c, YDR396w, YDR407c, YDR416w, YDR449c, YDR472w, YDR499w, YDR141c, YDR324c, YDR325w, YDR398w, YDR246w, YDR236c, YDR361c, YDR367w, YDR339c, YDR413c, YDR429c, YDR468c, YDR489w, YDR527w, YDR288w, YDR201w, YDR434w, YDR181c, YDR531w, YPL126w, YPL093w, YPL063w, YPL024w, YPL020c, YPL012w, YPL007c, YPL233w, YPLI46c, YIL091c, YIL083c, YIL019w, YIL109c, YIL104c, YFL024c, YFR003c, YFR027w, YFR042w, YIR010w, YIR015w, YPR048w, YPR072w, YPR082c, YPR085c, YPR105c, YPR112c, YPR137w, YPR143w, YPR144c and YPR169w.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for screening for antimycotic substances in which essential genes from mycetes, particularly from Saccaromyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) as well as functionally similar genes from other mycetes, or the corresponding encoded proteins, are used as targets.

[0002] The spectrum of known fungal infections stretches from fungal attack of skin or nails to potentially hazardous mycotic infections of the inner organs; Such infections and resulting diseases are known as mycosis.

[0003] Antimycotic substances (fungistatic or fungicidal) are used for treatment of mycosis. However, up to now, relatively few substances with pharmacological effects are known, such as Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Pimaricin, Griseofulvin, Clotrimazole, 5-fluoro-cytosine and Batraphene. The drug treatment of fungal infections is extremely difficult, in particular because both the host cells and the mycetes, are eukaryotic cells. Administration of drugs based on known antimycotic substances results therefore often in undesired side-effects, for example Amphotericin B has a nephrotoxic effect. Therefore, there is a strong need for pharmacologically efficient substances usable for the preparation of drugs, which are suitable for prophylactic treatments of immunodepressive states or for the treatment of an existing fungal infection. Furthermore, the substances should exhibit a specific spectrum of action in order to selectively inhibit the growth and proliferation of mycetes without affecting the treated host organism.

[0004] The aim of the present invention is to provide a method for the identification of antimycotic substances. An essential feature of this method is that essential genes from mycetes are used as targets for the screening.

[0005] The present invention thus concerns a method for screening antimycotic substances wherein an essential gene from mycetes or a functionally similar gene in another mycete, or the corresponding encoded protein, is used as target and wherein the essential gene is selected from the group consisting in YML114c, YLR186w, YLR215c, YLR222c, YLR243w, YLR272c, YLR275w, YLR276c, YLR317w, YLR359w, YLR373c, YLR424w, YLR437c, YLR440c, YML023c, YML049c, YML077w, YML093w, YML127w, YMR032w, YMR093w, YMR131c, YMR185w, YMR212c, YMR213w, YMR218c, YMR281w, YMR288w, YMR290c, YMR211w, YMR049c, YMR134w, YDR196c, YDR299w, YDR365c, YDR396w, YDR407c, YDR416w, YDR449c, YDR472w, YDR499w, YDR141c, YDR324c, YDR325w, YDR398w, YDR246w, YDR236c, YDR361c, YDR367w, YDR339c, YDR413c, YDR429c, YDR468c, YDR489w, YDR5:27w, YDR288w, YDR201w, YDR434w, YDR181c, YDR531w, YPL126w, YPL093w, YPL063w, YPL024w, YPL020c, YPL012w, YPL007c, YPL233w, YPL146c, YIL091c, YIL083c, YIL019w, YIL109c, YIL104c, YFL024c, YFR003c, YFR027w, YFR042w, YIR010w, YIR015w, YPR048w, YPR072w, YPR082c, YPR085c, YPR105c, YPR112c, YPR137w, YPR143w, YPR144c and YPR169w.

[0006] According to one embodiment of the method of the invention mycete cells which express the essential gene, or a functionally similar mycete gene, to a different level are incubated with the substance to be tested and the growth inhibiting effect of the substance is determined.

[0007] According to another embodiment, said target gene or the corresponding target gene encoded protein is contacted in vitro with the substance to be tested and the effect of the substance on the target is determined.

[0008] According to another embodiment, the screened substances inhibit partially or totally the functional expression of the essential genes or the functional activity of the encoded proteins.

[0009] According to another embodiment, the mycete species are selected from the group comprising Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes and Hyphomycetes.

[0010] According to another embodiment of the method of the invention said functional similar genes are essential genes from Candida Spp., preferably Candida albicans, or from Aspergillus Spp., preferably from Aspergillus fumigatus.

[0011] According to a further embodiment of the above method said mycete cells are haploid S. cerevisiae cells.

[0012] According to a particular embodiment of the method of the invention the essential genes of S. cerevisiae are identified by integrating by homologous recombination a selection marker at the locus of the gene to be studied.

[0013] The present invention also concerns a method as described above wherein the functionally similar genes are identified by:

[0014] a) providing a S. cerevisiae mutant strain in which the gene of S. cerevisiae to be investigated is either integrative or extrachromosomal under the control of a regulated promoter,

[0015] b) culturing said mutant strain under growth conditions in which the regulated promoter is active,

[0016] c)transforming the mutant strain with a cDNA or genomic DNA that has been prepared from the heterologous mycete-species and that has been integrated into an appropriate vector,

[0017] d) altering the culture condition, so that the regulated promoter is switched off and only S. cerevisiae cells which contain a functionally similar gene can survive,

[0018] e)isolating and analyzing the cDNA or genomic DNA.

[0019] The invention thus discloses that in a first step, essential genes from S. cerevisiae are identified. The invention also discloses that, essential genes from other mycetes are identified starting from the identified essential genes in S. cerevisiae. In order to identify essential genes of S. cerevisiae, individual genomic genes are eliminated through homologous recombination. If the DNA segment thus eliminated concerns an essential gene, then the deletion is lethal for the S. cerevisiae cells in haploid form.

[0020] A method, wherein the studied S. cerevisiae gene is replaced by a marker gene can be used to generate the corresponding genomic deletion of S. cerevisiae and to determine the S. cerevisiae cells containing the deletion.

[0021] As a selection marker a dominant selection marker (e.g. kanamycin resistance gene) or an auxotrophic marker can for example be used. As an auxotrophic marker, it is possible to use genes coding for key enzymes of amino acid or nucleic base synthesis. For example, one can use as a selection marker the following genes from S. cerevisiae: gene encoding for the metabolic pathway of leucine (e.g. LEU2-gene), histidine (e.g. HIS3-gene) or tryptophan (e.g. TRP1 gene) or for the nucleic base metabolism of uracil (e.g. URA3-gene).

[0022] Auxotrophic S. cerevisiae strains can be used. These auxotrophic strains can only grow on nutritive media containing the corresponding amino acids or nucleotide bases. All laboratory S. cerevisiae strains, containing auxotrophic markers can for instance be used. When diploid S. cerevisiae strains are used, then the corresponding marker gene must be homozygously mutated. Strain CEN.PK2 or isogenic derivates thereof can be used.

[0023] Strains containing no suitable auxotrophic marker can also be used such as prototrophic S. cerevisiae strains. Then a dominant selection marker e.g. resistance gene, such as kanamycin resistance gene can be used. A loxP-KanMX-loxP cassette can advantageously be used for this purpose.

[0024] For the homologous recombination replacing the whole DNA sequence or part thereof of a S. cerevisiae gene, DNA fragments are used wherein the marker gene is flanked at the 5′- and 3′-ends by sequences which are homologous to the 5′- and 3′-ends of the studied S. cerevisiae gene.

[0025] Different processes can be used for the preparation of the corresponding DNA fragments which are also appropriate for the deletion of any specific S. cerevisiae gene. A linear DNA-fragment is used for the transformation of the suitable S. cerevisiae strain. This fragment is integrated into the S. cerevisiae genome by homologous recombination. These processes include:

[0026] 1. “Conventional method” for the preparation of deletion cassettes (Rothstein, R. J. (1983) Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 101, 202-211).

[0027] 2. “Conventional Method” using the PCR technique (“modified conventional method”).

[0028] 3. SFH (short flanking homology)—PCR method (Wach, A. et al. (1994) Yeast 10: 1793-1808; Gültner, U. et al. (1996) Nucleic Acids Research 24:2519-2524).

[0029] 1. In the “conventional method” for the preparation of deletion cassettes in the S. cerevisiae genome, the gene to be studied is either already present in an appropriate vector or is integrated in such a vector. With this method, any pBR-pUC- and pBluescript®-derivates can be used for example. A major part of the target gene sequence is eliminated from the vector, for instance using appropiate restriction sites, conserving however the 3′- and 5′-regions of the studied gene inside the vector. The selected marker gene is integrated between the remaining regions.

[0030] 2. In the modified form of this “conventional method”, PCR is used. This method allows amplification of the 3′- and 5′-terminal regions of the coding sequence of the studied S. cerevisiae gene. This method amplifies selectively both terminal regions of the studied gene, therefore, two PCR-reactions must be carried out for each studied gene, amplifying once the 5′-end, and once the 3′-end of the gene. The length of the amplified terminal DNA-fragment depends on the existing restriction sites. The amplified terminal ends of the studied gene have generally a length of 50 to 5000 base pairs (bp), preferably a length between 500 and 1000 bp.

[0031] As template for the PCR-reactions, genomic DNA of S. cerevisiae or wild-type genes can be used. The primer-pairs (a sense and an antisense primer, respectively) are constructed so that they correspond to the 3′-end and the 5′-end sequence of the studied S. cerevisiae gene. Especially, the primer is selected such as to allow its integration by way of appropriate restriction sites.

[0032] As vectors, pBR-pUC- and pBluescript®-derivates can be used. In particular vectors already containing a gene encoding the selection marker, are appropriate. In particular, vectors can be used, which contain genes of the selection marker HIS3, LEU2, TRP1 or URA3.

[0033] The DNA segments of the studied S. cerevisiae gene, r obtained by PCR, are integrated in the vector at both sides of the selection marker, so that subsequently, as in the “conventional method”, the selection marker is flanked on both ends by DNA sequences which are homologous to the studied gene.

[0034] 3. Homologous recombination in S. cerevisiae takes place in a very efficient and precise manner and the length of the DNA sequence homologous to the studied S. cerevisiae gene flanking the selection marker gene can in fact be considerably shorter than with the “modified conventional method”. The flanking ends homologous to the studied S. cerevisiae gene need to present a length of only about 20-60 bp, preferably 30-45 bp. The SFH-PCR method is particularly advantageous as the laborious cloning step can be obviated.

[0035] A PCR reaction is carried out on a DNA-template containing the gene for the selection marker to be used, wherein the primers are constructed so that the DNA sequence of the sense primer is homologous to the 5′-end of the selection marker sequence and so that the primer presents in addition at its 5′-end a region of preferably 40 nucleotides, which corresponds to the 5′-terminal sequence of the studied S. cerevisiae gene. The antisense primer is constructed in an analogous manner, i.e. it is complementary to the 3′-end of the gene sequence of the selection marker, wherein this primer contains at its 5′-end a region of also preferably 40 nucleotides, which corresponds to the complementary strand of the 34-terminal coding sequence of the studied gene.

[0036] For the amplification of S. cerevisiae genes to be studied by the SFH-PCR method, vectors containing the gene for the auxotrophic marker or selection marker can be used. Especially, plasmid pUG6 is used as the template. This plasmid contains a loxP-KanMX-loxP cassette (Gültner, U. et al. (1996) Nucleic Acids Research 24: 2519-2524). In other terms, the Kanamycin resistance gene is flanked at both ends by a loxP sequence (loxP-KanMX-loxP cassette). This cassette is advantageous in that the Kanamycin resistance gene can be eventually eliminated from the S. cerevisiae genome after integration of the loxP-KanMX-loxP cassette into the S. cerevisiae gene to be studied. Cre-recombinase of bacteriophage P1 can be used for this purpose. Cre-recombinase recognizes the loxP sequences and induces elimination of the DNA located between the two loxP sequences by a homologous recombination process. As a result only one loxP sequence remains and the so-called marker regeneration occurs, i.e. the S. cerevisiae strain may be transformed again using the loxP-KanMX-loxP cassette. This is particularly advantageous, when at least two functionally similar genes are to be deleted in order obtain a lethal phenotype.

[0037] With the PCR-method, the PCR reaction primers are at the 3′-end a preferably 20 nucleotide long sequence, which is homologous to the sequence situated left and/or right of the loxP-KanMX-loxP cassette, and at the 5′-end a preferably 40 nucleotide long sequence, which is homologous to the terminal ends of the gene to be studied.

[0038] Using the three methods, one obtains linear deletion cassettes containing the gene encoding the selection marker, which is flanked on both sides by homologous sequences of the gene to be studied. The deletion cassettes are used for the transformation of diploid S. cerevisiae strains. The diploid strain S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2 (Scientific Research & Development GmbH, Oberursel) can be used for example for this purpose. [CEN.PK2 Mata/MAT α ura3-52/ura3-52 leu2-3, 112/leu2-3, 112his3Δ1/his3Δ1 trp1-289/trp1-289 MAL2-8c/MAL2-8c SUC2/SUC2]

[0039] The strain CEN.PK2 is prepared and cultivated using known methods (Gietz, R. D. et al. (1992) Nucleic Acids Research 8: 1425; Güldener, U. et al. (1996) Nucleic Acids Research 24:2519-2524).

[0040] The cells of the S. cerevisiae strain used are transformed according to known processes with an appropriate DNA quantity of the linear deletion cassette (e.g. Sambrook et al. 1989). Thereafter, the medium in which the cells are cultivated is replaced by a new medium, a so-called selective medium, which does not contain the corresponding amino acid (e.g. histidine, leucine or tryptophan) or nucleic base (e.g. uracil) or, when using a deletion cassette containing the kanamycin resistance gene, by a medium containing geneticin (G418®) (e.g. a complete medium (YEPD) containing geneticin). Alternatively, the transformed cells may be plated on agar plates prepared using the corresponding media. Thereby, one selects the transformed cells, in which a homologous recombination occured, since only those cells can grow under these modified conditions.

[0041] However, in most cases, only one of the two copies of the gene in the double chromosome set of a diploid S. cerevisiae strain is replaced by the DNA of the deletion cassette during the transformation, resulting in a heterozygote-diploid S. cerevisiae mutant strain, wherein one copy of the gene studied is replaced by a selection marker, while the other copy of the gene is maintained in the genome. This presents the advantage that in case of a deletion of an essential gene, due to the existence of the second copy of the essential gene, the mutant S. cerevisiae strain is still viable.

[0042] The proper integration of the deletion cassette DNA at the predetermined chromosomal gene locus (gene locus of the gene to be studied) may be checked by Southern-Blot Analysis (Southern, E. M. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 98:503-517) or by diagnostic PCR analysis using specific primers (Güldener, U. et al. (1996) Nucleic Acids Research 24:2519-2524)

[0043] The genetic separation of individual diploid cells may be monitored by tetrad analysis. To this end, reduction division (meiosis) is induced in the diploid cells, especially heterozygote mutant strains, using known methods such as nitrogen impoverishment on potassium acetate plates (Sherman, F. et al. (1986) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Guthrie, C. and Fink, G. R. (1991) Methods in Enzymology, Vol 194. Academic Press, San Diego, 3-21; Ausubel, F. M. et al. (1987) Current Protocol in Molecular Biology John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Chapter 13). Meiosis results only in asci with four ascospores (segregated), which can be indivualized after partial enzymatic digestion of the ascospore wall with zymolyase (Ausubel et al. (1987)) by way of micromanipulators (e.g. SINGER). For example when a tetrad analysis is carried out on a heterozygote-diploid mutant strain in which an essential gene present in the double chromosome set is replaced on one chromosome by homologous recombination, then only two segregated ascospores are viable, namely those which carry the essential gene. The two remaining segregated ascospores are not viable because they lack the essential gene.

[0044] In order to check if the genes studied by this method are really essential or if the homologous recombination leads to an alteration of an essential gene adjacent to the gene locus of the gene studied, the heterozygote diploid S. cerevisiae mutant strain is transformed with a centromere plasmid containing said studied gene.

[0045] A tetrad analysis is carried out on the transformants. When four instead of two viable segregates are obtained, then the studied gene contained in the centromere plasmid can complement the defect of the two non-viable haploid S. cerevisiae cells/mutant strains, which demonstrates that the studied S. cerevisiae gene is essential.

[0046] Preferably, plasmids present in low copy number, e.g. one or two copies per cell are used as centromere plasmids. For example plasmids pRS313, pRS314, pRS315 and 35′, pRS316 (Sijkorski, R. S. and Hieter, P. (1989) Genetics 122: 19-27) or similar plasmids can be used for this purpose. Preferably, the studied genes are integrated in said plasmids including their 3′- and 5′-end non-coding regions.

[0047] Individual S. cerevisiae genes may be studied using the above-described method, their sequences being totally or partially known. The complete genomic sequence of S. cerevisiae was made accessible to the public via the WWW (World Wide Web) on Apr. 24, 1996.

[0048] Different possibilities exist to have access to the S. cerevisiae genomic DNA sequence via the WWW.

[0049] MIPS (Munich information Centre of Protein Sequence) Address http://speedy.mips.biochem.mpq.de/mips/yeast/

[0050] SGD (Saccharomyces Genome Database, Stanford) Address http://genome-www.stanford.edu/Saccharomyces

[0051] YPD (Yeast Protein Database, Cold Spring Harbor) Address http://www.proteome.com/YPDhome.html

[0052] The complete S. cerevisiae DNA sequence is also accessible via FTP (file transfer protocol) in Europe (e.g. at the address: ftp.mips.embnet.org) in the U.S.A. (address: genome-ftp.stanford.edu) or in Japan (address: ftp.nig.ac.jp)

[0053] The complete S. cerevisiae DNA sequence was published in Nature, special issue No 387, 1997.

[0054] 90 essential genomic S. cerevisiae genes have been identified by this way. These essential genes are listed in table 1. Table 1 contains the systematic gene name of the essential genes (corresponding to the denomination under which the corresponding DNA sequences are accessible in databanks), the deleted nucleotides and the corresponding amino acids of the essential genes (position 1 is taken as reference, this latter corresponding to the A of the probable initiation codon ATG of the ORF). The deleted nucleotides correspond to nucleotides deleted in the gene and the deleted amino acids correspond to the amino acids missing in the encoded protein. Furthermore aa corresponds to the total number of amino acids present in the encoded protein. The numbers of deleted nucleotides do not necessarily correspond to 3 times the numbers of deleted amino acids; this is explained by the fact that a gene is bigger than the encoded reading frame for amino acids. YMR134w for example encodes a protein of 237aa, the deletion starts at nucleotide 5 (counting starts from ATG) and continues until nucleotide 740, this also includes part of the terminator region which does not encode aa, so the deletion of the aa starts from aa 2 until the end of the protein which is aa 237. Furthermore, the information available concerning the functions of respective genes or of the encoded proteins and/or homologies/similarities to other genes or proteins are indicated. The primers used for the PCR reaction to prepare the DNA fragments appropriate for the deletion of the genes are listed in table 2, where S1 and S2 are the forward and reverse primers, respectively, and the bold letters corresponding to the nucleotides of the respective gene.

[0055] The data of table 1 emphasize that despite the fact that the S. cerevisiae gene DNA sequences are known, very little is known today about the function, the characteristic properties of these genes, the essential function of these genes, or the proteins encoded by the same.

[0056] According to one embodiment of the method, essential genes of S. cerevisiae are used to identify corresponding functionally similar genes in other mycetes.

[0057] By functionally similar genes in other mycete species, is meant genes which have a function similar or identical to that of the identified essential genes of S. cerevisiae. Functionally similar genes in other mycetes may, but need not be homologous in sequence to the corresponding essential S. cerevisiae genes. Functionally similar genes in other mycetes may exhibit only moderate sequence homology at the nucleotide level to the corresponding essential S. cerevisiae genes. By moderate sequence homology it is meant in the present invention genes having a sequence identity, at the nucleotide level, of at least 50%, more preferably of at least 60% and most preferably of at least 70%.

[0058] In addition, functionally similar genes in other mycetes may, but need not encode proteins homologous in sequence to the proteins encoded by the essential S. cerevisiae genes. Functionally similar proteins in other mycetes may exhibit moderate protein sequence homology to the proteins encoded by the essential S. cerevisiae genes.

[0059] By moderate protein sequence homology is meant in the present invention proteins having a sequence identity, at the amino-acid level, of a least 40%, preferably of at least 50%, more preferably of at least 60% and most preferably of at least 70%.

[0060] Genes homologous in sequence may be isolated according to known methods, for example via homologous screening (Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, N.Y.) or via the PCR technique using specific primers from genomic libraries and/or cDNA libraries of the corresponding mycetes.

[0061] According to one embodiment, genes homologous in sequences are isolated from cDNA libraries. In order to find out functionally similar genes in other mycetes, mRNA is isolated from mycete species to be studied according to known methods (Sambrock et al. 1989) and cDNA is synthesized according to known methods (Sambrock et al. 1989; or cDNA synthesis kits, e.g. from STRATAGENE).

[0062] The prepared cDNA is directionally integrated in a suitable expression vector.

[0063] For example, synthesis of the first cDNA strand may be carried out in the presence of primers having appropriate restriction sites in order to allow a subsequent cloning in the proper orientation with respect to the expression vector promoter. As restriction sites, any known restriction site may be used. As a primer, for instance the following primer, 50 nucleotides long may be used:

5′-GAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAACTAGTXXXXXXTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
TTT-3′

[0064] The sequence (X)6 represents an appropriate restriction site, for example for XhoI.

[0065] After two-strand synthesis, the cohesive ends of the double stranded cDNA are filled (blunt end) and the cDNA ends are then ligated using a suitable DNA adaptor sequence. The DNA adaptor sequence should contain a restriction site which should be different from the restriction site used in the primer for the synthesis of the first cDNA strand. The DNA adaptor may comprise For example complementary 9- or 13-mer oligonucleotides, whose ends represent the cohesive end of a restriction site. These ends may be for example a EcoRI-site:

5′ XXXXXGGCACGAG 3′
3′ XCCGTGCTC 5′

[0066] The single-stranded X in the adaptor sequence represent the cohesive end of a restriction site.

[0067] The cDNA provided with corresponding adaptor sequences is then cleaved using restriction endonuclease, whose recognition site was used in the primer for the synthesis of the first cDNA strand, for example XhoI. The cDNA thus obtained would have according to this example 3′-XhoI and 5′-EcoRI protruding ends and could be therefore directionally integrated into an expression vector cleaved with XhoI and EcoRI.

[0068] As expression vectors, among others, E. coli/S. cerevisiae shuttle vectors, i.e. vectors usable in E. coli as well as in S. cerevisiae are suitable. Such vectors may then be amplified for instance in E. coli. As expression vectors, those which are present in a high copy number as well as those present in a low copy number in S. cerevisiae cells can be used. For this purpose, for example vectors selected in the group consisting of pRS423-pRS426 (pRS423, pRS424, pRS425, pRS426) and/or pRS313-pRS316 (pRS313, pRS314, pRS315, pRS316) (Sikorki, R. S. and Hieter, P. (1989) Genetics 122: 19-27; Christianson T. W. et al. (1992) Gene 110: 119-122) are suitable.

[0069] Expression vectors should contain appropriate S. cerevisiae promoters and terminators. In case they do not have, these elements, the corresponding promoters and terminators are inserted in such a way that a subsequent incorporation of the generated cDNA remains possible. Particularly suitable are the promoters of S. cerevisiae genes MET25, PGK1, TPI1, TDH3, ADHI, URA3. One may use promoters of the wild-type gene in non modified form as well as promoters which were modified in such a way that certain activator sequences and/or repressor sequences were eliminated. As terminators, for example the terminators of the S. cerevisiae genes MET25, PGK1, TPI1, TDH3, ADHI, URA3 are suitable.

[0070] According to another embodiment, genes homologous in sequence are isolated from genomic libraries. Genomic DNA libraries from mycetes can be prepared according to procedures known (for example as described in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc). For example, genomic DNA from mycetes can be prepared using known methods for yeast cell lysis and isolation of genomic DNA (for example commercially available kits from Bio101, Inc). The genomic DNA can be partially digested using a restriction enzyme such as Sau3AI and the fragments are size-selected by agarose gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments having for example a size of 5-10 kb are then purified by classical methods (as for example, using Gene Clean kit from Bio101) and inserted in a E. coli/yeast shuttle vector such as YEP24 (described e.g. by Sanglard D., Kuchler K., Ischer F., Pagani J-L., Monod M. and Bille J., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, (1995) Vol.39 No11, P2378-2386) cut by a restriction enzyme giving compatible ends (for example BamHI for Sau3AI-cut genomic DNA). The resulting expression library can be amplified in E. coli. However any known method, appropriate for the preparation of a genomic library, can be used in the present invention.

[0071] In order to find the genes in the studied mycete species, which are functionally similar to essential genes of S. cerevisiae, one S. cerevisiae essential gene is placed under control of a regulated promoter, either as an integrative (1) or extrachromosomal (2) gene.

[0072] 1. For the integration of a regulated promoter in the S. cerevisiae genome, one replaces the native promoter of the selected essential gene by the regulated promoter, for example by homologous recombination via PCR (Güldener et al. (1996). The homologous recombination via PCR can be carried out for example in the diploid S. cerevisiae strain CEN.PK2. The successfull integration into one chromosome can be checked in haploid cells following tetrad analysis.

[0073] Using the tetrad analysis, one obtains four viable ascospores, wherein in two haploid segregates, the selected essential gene is placed under the control of the native promoter, while the essential gene in the two remaining segregates is placed under the control of the regulated promoter.

[0074] The last mentioned haploid segregates are used for the transformation with the cDNA or the genomic DNA present in the recombinant vector.

[0075] 2. Using the extrachromosomal variant, the selected essential S. cerevisiae gene, is first inserted in a suitable expression vector, for example a E. coli/S. cerevisiae shuttle vector. For this purpose, the essential gene may be amplified via PCR from genomic S. cerevisiae DNA starting from the ATG initiation codon up to and including the termination codon. The primers used for this purpose may be constructed in such a way that they contain recognition sites for appropriate restriction enzymes, facilitating a subsequent insertion under control of a regulated promoter in an expression vector.

[0076] The recombinant expression vector with the plasmid copy of the essential S. cerevisiae gene under the control of a regulated promoter is subsequently used for the transcomplementation of the corresponding mutant allele. The corresponding mutant allele may be selected from the heterozygote-diploid mutant strains prepared by eliminating, partially or totally, by homologous recombination an essential mycete gene listed in table 1 (first column of table 1), as described above.

[0077] The expression vector with the selected essential S. cerevisiae gene is transformed in the corresponding heterozygote-diploid mutant strain carrying instead of the selected essential S. cerevisiae gene, a selection marker gene. The transformants are isolated by selection based on the auxotrophic marker contained in the expression vector used. The thus transformed heterozygote-diploid mutant strains are submitted to a tetrad analysis. One obtains four viable segregates. By retracing the corresponding markers of the mutant allele and the expression vector, the transformed wild-type segregates may be distinguished from segregates which do not contain the genomic copy of the essential gene. Segregates, which do not contain the genomic copy of the selected essential gene, are designated as trans-complemented haploid mutant strains. They are subsequently used for transformation with cDNA or genomic DNA libraries from other mycete species present in appropriate vectors.

[0078] As regulated promoters, inducible or repressible promoters may be used. These promoters can consist of naturally and/or artificially disposed promoter sequences.

[0079] As regulated promoters, for example the promoters of GAL1 gene and the corresponding promoter derivatives, such as for example promoters, whose different UAS (upstream activation sequence) elements have been eliminated (GALS, GALL; Mumberg, J. et al. (1994) Nucleic Acids Research 22:5767-5768) may be used. As regulated promoters, promoters of gluconeogenic genes may also be used, such as e.g. FBP1, PCK1, ICL1 or parts therefrom, such as e.g. their activation sequence (UAS1 and/or UAS2) or repression sequence (URS, upstream repression sequence) (Niederacher et al. (1992), Curr. Genet. 22: 636-670; Proft et al. (1995) Mol. Gen. Gent. 246: 367-373; Schüiler et al. (1992) EMBO J; 11: 107-114; Guarente et al. (1984) Cell 36: 503-511).

[0080] A S. cerevisiae mutant strain modified in this manner can be cultivated under growth conditions, in which the regulated promoter is active, so that the essential S. cerevisiae gene is expressed. The S. cerevisiae cells are then transformed with a representative quantity of the library containing the studied mycete species cDNA or genomic DNA. Transformants express additionally the protein whose coding sequence is present in the recombinant vector.

[0081] The method contemplates that the growth conditions may be modified in such a way as to inhibit the regulated promoter, under the control of which is the selected essential gene. Especially, growth conditions may be changed by replacing the growth medium. When for example the GAL1 promoter or a derivate thereof is used, one can replace the galactose-containing medium (induced state) by a glucose-containing medium (repressed state).

[0082] These modified conditions are lethal for the S. cerevisiae cells in which the recombinant vector does not carry the functionally similar genomic DNA or cDNA of the studied mycete species. On the contrary, the S. cerevisiae cells in which the recombinant vector expresses a functionally similar coding sequence of the studied mycete species, are viable, since in these cells the lethal metabolic defect is complemented by the protein encoded by the functionally similar gene.

[0083] The method contemplates that the recombinant vector (the plasmid) is isolated from the surviving transformants using known method (Strathern, J. N. and Higgins, D. R. (1991). Plasmids are recovered from yeast into Escherichia coli shuttle vectors in: Guthrie, C. and Fink, G. R. Methods in Enzymology, Volume 194. Guide to yeast genetic and molecular Biology. Academic Press, San Diego, 319-329) and the cDNA or genomic DNA is analyzed using DNA-analysis methods such as DNA sequencing. (Sanger et al. (1977), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5463-5467)

[0084] The method contemplates that essential S. cerevisiae genes may be used for the identification of functionally similar genes and/or genes homologous in sequence in other mycetes, especially essential genes functionally similar and/or homologous in sequence in mycetes pathogenic to human, animal and plants. For this purpose for example mycetes of the classes phycomycetes or eumycetes may be used, in particular the subclasses basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, especially mehiascomycetales (yeast) and plectascales (mould fungus) and gymnascales (skin and hair fungus) or of the class of hyphomycetes, in particular the subclasses conidiosporales (skin fungus) and thallosporales (budding or gemmiparous fungus), among which particularly the species mucor, rhizopus, coccidioides, paracoccidioides (blastomyces brasiliensis), endomyces (blastomyces), aspergillus, penicilium (scopulariopsis), trichophyton (ctenomyces), epidermophton, microsporon, piedraia, hormodendron, phialophora, sporotrichon, cryptococcus, candida, geotrichum and trichosporon.

[0085] Of particular interest is the use of Candida Spp. especially Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Aspergillus Spp., especially Aspergillus fumigatus, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliens and Sporothrix schenckii.

[0086] The method contemplates that essential mycete genes are used to identify substances which may inhibit partially or totally the functional expression of these essential genes and/or the functional activity of the encoded proteins. Substances may be identified in this fashion, which inhibit mycetes growth and which can be used as antimycotics, for example in the preparation of drugs.

[0087] A particular feature of this method is that essential mycete genes or the corresponding encoded proteins are used as targets for the screening of the substances. The method contemplates that essential S. cerevisiae genes as well as functionally similar genes and/or genes homologous in sequence of other mycetes or the corresponding encoded proteins may be used as targets.

[0088] According to one embodiment of the screening method of the invention, myceces cells are provided, which contain the essential gene used as target, and those cells are incubated with the substance to be tested. By this way, the growth inhibitory effect of this substance with respect to the essential target gene is determined.

[0089] The mycetes cells which express the essential target gene to a different degree are used, and these cells are then incubated with the substance to be tested and the growth inhibitory effect of this substance is determined.

[0090] The method includes the use of two or more mycetes cells, or strains derived therefrom, which differ in that they express the essential target gene to a different degree.

[0091] For example, two, three, four, five, ten or more mycetes cells or the corresponding mycetes strains may be comparatively analysed with respect to the growth inhibitory effect of a substance used in a defined concentration. Through such concentration series, antimycotic substances may be distinguished from cytotoxic or inactive substances.

[0092] A particular embodiment of the method includes the use of haploid mycetes cells/strains for the screening, especially haploid S. cerevisiae cells/strains.

[0093] The method contemplates the integration of the essential gene selected as a target in a suitable expression vector.

[0094] As expression vectors E. coli/S. cerevisiae shuttle vectors are for example suitable. Especially vectors differing in their copy number per cell may be used. Therefore, one may use vectors, which are present in the transformed S. cerevisiae cells in a high copy number, or one can also use those with a low copy number. One embodiment comprises the use of expression vectors which allow the integration of the target gene in the S. cerevisiae genome.

[0095] For example the vectors pRS423, pRS424, pRS425, pRS426, pRS313, pRS314, pRS315, pRS316, pRS303, pRS304, pRS305, pRS306 (Sikorki and Hieter, 1989; Christianson et al. 1992) are appropriate as expression vectors.

[0096] The vectors of the series pRS423-pRS426 are present in a high copy number, about 50-100 copies/cell. On the contrary, the vectors of the series pRS313-pRS316 are present in a low copy number (1-2 copies/cell). When expression vectors from these two series are used, then the target gene is present as an extrachromosomal copy. Using the vector of the series pRS303-pRS306 allows the integration of the target genes into the genome. Using these three different expression vector types allows a gradual expression of the studied functionally similar essential gene.

[0097] The method includes that the growth inhibitory effect of substances with respect to mycetes cells/strains is comparatively determined using expression vectors differing for instance in the copy number of the vector/cell.

[0098] Such cells may express the essential target gene to a different degree and may exhibit a graduated reaction with respect to the substance.

[0099] The method includes also, that a target gene expression of different strength is obtained in different mycetes cells (regulated overexpression) by insertion of the target gene in the expression vector between specific selected S. cerevisiae promoters and terminators. S. cerevisiae promoters which are constitutively expressed, but with different strength, are suitable. Examples for such promoters are native promoters of S. cerevisiae genes MET25, PGK1, TPI1, TDH3, ADH1, URA3, TRP1, as well as corresponding derivatives therefrom, for example promoter derivatives without specific activator and/or repressor sequences.

[0100] Regulated promoters are also appropriate for the graduated over-expression of the target gene. The native promoters of the GALL genes and/or corresponding derivates thereof, for example promoters, in which different UAS elements have been eliminated. (GALS, GALL; Mumberg et al. (1994) Nucleic Acids Research 22: 5767-5768) as well as promoters of gluconeogenic genes, for example the promoters FBP1, PCK1, ICL1, or parts thereof, for example their activator-(UAS1 or UAS2) or repressor-(URS) sequences are used in corresponding non activable and/or non repressible test promoters (Schüller et al. (1992) EMBO J. 11: 107-114) Guarente et al. (1984) Cell 36: 503-511; Niederacher et al. (1992) Curr. Genet. 22: 363-370; Proft et al. (1995) Mol. Gen. Genet. 246: 367-373).

[0101] In the expression vector terminator for example the terminator sequence of S. cerevisiae genes MET25, PGK1, TPI1, TDH3, ADHI, URA3 may be used.

[0102] The method includes that by the use of cleverly selected expression vector types and/or the preparation of suitable expression vectors, eventually using promoters of different strength and differently regulated promoters, a series of expression vectors may be constructed, all containing the same target gene, but differing in that they express the target gene to a different extent.

[0103] The method includes the transformation of the expression vector in haploid wild-type cells of S. cerevisiae. The thus obtained S. cerevisiae cells/strains are cultivated in liquid medium and incubated in the presence of different concentrations of the tested substance and the effect of this substance on the growth behaviour of the cells/strains expressing the target gene to a different degree is comparatively analysed. The method also includes that haploid S. cerevisiae cells/strains, transformed using the respective expression vector type without target gene, are used as a reference.

[0104] The method includes that the screening of the substances can be carried out in different media using regulated promoters, especially GAL1 promoter and its derivates (GALS and GALL), since the expression degree may be largely influenced by the choice of the respective medium. Thus, the expression degree of the GAL1 promoter decreases in the following fashion: 2% galactose>1% galactose+1% glucose>2% glycerine>2% glucose.

[0105] The effect of the substances inhibiting the growth of wild-type cells of S. cerevisiae, may be partially or totally compensated by the overexpression of the functionally similar gene of another mycete species.

[0106] According to one embodiment, the method for screening antimycotic substances is carried out in vitro by contact of an essential or functionally similar gene or the corresponding encoded protein with the substance to be tested and determination of the effect of the substance on the target. Any in vitro test appropriate for determining the interaction of two molecules, such as a hybridization test or a functional test, can be used (e.g. enzymatic tests which are described in details in Bergmeyer H. U., Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, VCH Publishers). If the screening is carried out using the encoded protein as the target, then the corresponding essential gene is inserted by any suitable method known in the art, such as PCR amplification using a set of primers containing appropriate restriction sites, (Current Protocol in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc) into an expression system, such as E. coli, Baculovirus, or yeast, and the expressed protein is then completely or partially purified by a method known in the art. Any purification method appropriate for the purification of expressed proteins, such as affinity chromatography can be used. If the target protein function is known, a functional test can then be carried out in which the effect of the antimycotic substance on the protein function is determined. If the protein function is unknown, substances which can interact with the target protein, e.g. which bind to the encoded protein, can be tested. In such a case a test such as protection of the target protein from enzymatic digestion by appropriate enzymes can be used.

[0107] The method also includes the identification of genes which are functionally similar and/or homologous in sequence to essential S. cerevisiae genes from humans, animals or plants. The corresponding human, animal or plant genes may optionally be used as target genes in the method in order to test if antimycotic substances exhibit an effect on these target genes.

[0108] A particular advantage of the method is that in this way substances may be identified which efficiently Inhibit mycetes growth and also the influence of these substances on corresponding functionally similar genes and/or genes homologous in sequence to essential S. cerevisiae genes from human, animal or plants may be determined.

[0109] The method includes also the possibility to check the existence of functionally similar genes and/or human, animal, or plant genes homologous in sequence to the corresponding essential mycete genes, for example by checking homology of the identified essential mycete genes or parts thereof with human, animal or plant sequence genes available in data banks. In this way, it is possible to select at an early stage from the identified essential mycete genes, depending on the aim, those for which no functionally similar gene and/or no human gene homologous in sequence exist, for example.

[0110] Thereby, the method offers a plurality of possibilities to identify selectively substances with antimycotic effects, with no harmful effect on human beings.

[0111] For example, it is possible to identify substances usable for the preparation of drugs for the treatment of mycosis or prophylaxis in immunodepression states. These substances may be used for example for the manufacture of drugs usable for the treatment of mycotic infections, which occur during diseases like Aids or Diabetes. Substances which may be used for the fabrication of fungicides, especially of fungicides which are harmless for humans and animals, can also be identified.

[0112] Furthermore, the method offers the possibility to identify antimycotic substances, which selectively inhibit growth of specific mycete species only.

[0113] The screening method is particularly advantageous inasmuch as it is sufficient to know whether the genes are essential, one does not need any additional information regarding the function of the essential genes or the function of the encoded proteins. In addition, it is particularly advantageous for the identification of functionally similar genes to essential S. cerevisiae gene, in other mycetes where the DNA sequence is not available for many of these genes.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0114] Preparation of a Deletion Cassette for ORF YML114c, by the Classical Method Using PCR (Modified Classical Method)

[0115] 1) Construction of the Plasmids

[0116] pBluescript®KS+vector (Stratagene; the sequence of which is available on Genbank®X52327) is used as the starting vector for the preparation of the other plasmids.

[0117] The vector is cleaved with NotI and the single-stranded ends are subsequently eliminated by incubation with Mung Bean exonuclease. By religation of DNA fragments, the pKS+ΔNotI vector is thus obtained (corresponding to the pBluescript®KS+without the NotI restriction site).

[0118] pKS+ΔNotI is cleaved with PstI and BamHI and the DNA oligonucleotide, synthesized from the pK3/pK4 primer pair described below, is ligated in the opened plasmid. The pKS+neu plasmid thus prepared contains between PstI and BamHI restriction sites, the following novel restriction sites NotI, StuI, SfiI and NcoI (i.e. PstI-NotI-StuI-SfiI-NcoI-BamHI)

5′-GCGGCCGCAAGGCCTCCATGGCCG-3′   PK3
5′-GATCCGGCCATGGAGGCCTTGCGGCCGCTGCA-3′ PK4

[0119] The URA3 gene of S. cerevisiae is amplified via PCR, by use of the primer-pair PK9 and PK10, described below, and an Ycplac33 vector DNA (Gietz, R. D. and Sugino, A. (1988) 17 Gene 74: 527-534) as matrix. The amplified DNA is cleaved with BamHI and NotI and subsequently inserted in pKS+neu which has been cleaved by BamHI and NotI. The plasmid thus obtained is named pPK9/10.

..NotI..
5′-ATCTGCAGCGGCCGCAAACATGAGAATTGGGTAATAACTG-3′ PK9
PstI
..SfiI..
5′-ATGGATCCGGCCATGGAGGCCTTCAAGAATTAGCTTTTCAATTCATC-3′ PK10
BamHI

[0120] 2) Preparation of the Deletion Cassette

[0121] The 5′-region of ORF YML114c was amplified by PCR using genomic DNA of S. cerevisiae as template and both primers YML114c-Asp718 and YLM114c-EcoRI, described below.

YML114c-Asp718: 5′-GCTGGTACCCGTCGGTCTCTTTACC-3′
YLM114c-EcoRI:  5′-TTGGAATTCATTGCCCTTTATGAGTCC-3′

[0122] The PCR fragment was subsequently cut with the restriction enzymes Asp718 and EcoRI. The resulting 613BP fragment was inserted in pPK9/10 linearized with Asp718 and EcoRI generating plasmid pYML114c-A.

[0123] The 3′region of ORF YML114c was amplified by PCR using genomic DNA of S. cerevisiae as template and both primers YML114c-BamHI and YLM114c-SacI, described below.

YML114c-BamHI: 5′-ATCGGATCCGCCAACAATGACAGCG-3′
YLM114c-SacI:  5′-GTTGAGCTCTGAGCGTTTGTCCTTG-3′

[0124] The PCR fragment was subsequently cut with BamHI and SacI. The resulting 535 bp fragment was inserted in plasmid pYML114c-A linearized with BamHI and SacI generating pYML114c-B.

[0125] This latter plasmid was used for transformation of S. cerevisiae after linearization with Asp178 and SacI.

Examples 2-90

Construction of Deletion Cassettes for the Remaining Genes Listed in Table 1

[0126] Using the method disclosed in example 1, the deletion cassettes of each of the essential genes can be constructed using as primers those disclosed in table 2.

Example 91

[0127] S. cerevisiae cells from strain CEN.PK2 are transformed using each about 5 μg DNA of the linear deletion cassette of examples 1 to 90 according to known methods (Gietz et al. 1992; Güldener et al. 1996). The transformation reaction medium is plated on plates on the corresponding selective media. In this manner, the transformants are selected, in which homologous recombination occured, since only these cells can grow under these modified conditions.

[0128] The recombinant cells were submitted to a tetrad analysis in the following conditions: Reduction division (meiosis) was induced in the heterozygote mutant strain using known methods (Guthrie C. and Fink, G. R. (1991) Methods in Enzymology, Vol 194, Academic Press, San Diego). The resulting asci were submitted to partial enzymatic digestion with zygmolyase to digest the ascospore wall and separated using a micromanipulator (SINGER Instruments). This analysis demonstrated that all the above-mentioned 90 genes are essential for the growth of S. cerevisiae.

[0129] The present invention also applies more specifically to the following genes: YML114c, YLR186w, YLR215c, YLR222c, YLR243w, YLR272c, YLR275w, YLR276c, YLR317w, YLR359w, YLR373c, YLR424w, YLR437c, YLR440c, YML023c, YML049c, YML077w, YML093w, YML127w, YMR032w, YMR093w, YMR131c, YMR185w, YMR212c, YMR213w, YMR218c, YMR281w, YMR288w, YMR290c, YMR211w, YMR049c, YMR134w, YDR196c, YDR299w, YDR365c, YDR396w, YDR407c, YDR416w, YDR449c, YDR472w, YDR499w, YDR141c, YDR324c, YDR325w, YDR398w, YDR246w, YDR236c, YDR361c, YDR367w, YDR339c, YDR413c, YDR429c, YDR468c, YDR489w, YDR527w, YDR288w, YDR201w, YDR434w, YDR181c, YDR531w, YPL126w, YPL093w, YPL063w, YPL024w, YPL020c, YPL112w, YPL007c, YPL233w, YPL146c, YIL091c, YIL083c, YIL019w, YIL104c, YFL024c, YFR003c, YFR027w, YFR042w, YIR010w, YPR048w, YPR072w, YPR082c, YPR085c, YPR105c, YPR112c, YPR137w, YPR143w, YPR144c and YPR169w.

TABLE 1
ESSENTIAL GENES
Systematic		deleted	deleted
ORF name	aa	nucleotides	amino acids	comments
YMR049c	807	18-2277	6-759	weak similarity to A. thaliana PRL1 protein
YMR134w	237	5-740	2-237	hypothetical protein
YDR196c	241	174-543	59-181	similarity to C. elegans hypothetical protein T05G5.5
YDR299w	534	41-1560	14-520	hypothetical protein; nuclear localization (see
				http://paella.med.yale.edu/YGAC/genes localization.html)
YDR365c	628	45-1384	16-462	weak similarity to Streptococcus M protein
YDR396w	166	141-460	48-154	hypothetical protein
YDR407c	1289	48-3810	17-1270	weak similarity to Myolp
YDR416w	859	151-2540	51-847	synthetic lethal with CDC40
YDR449c	440	21-1270	8-424	hypothetical protein
YDR472w	283	41-810	14-270	similarity to P. falciparum 41-2 protein antigen
YDR499w	747	41-2100	14-700	weak similarity to hypothetical C. elegans protein,
				M. genitalium peptide chain release factor 1 and YJL149w
YDR141c	1698	51-4850	18-1617	hypothetical protein
YDR324c	717	79-2288	27-763	weak similarity to beta transducin from S. pombe and
				other WD-40 repeat containing proteins
YDR325w	1051	110-3109	37-1037	hypothetical protein
YDR398w	643	41-1880	14-627	similarity to human KIAA0007 gene
YDR246w	219	41-580	14-194	hypothetical protein
YDR236c	218	30-489	11-163	similarity to hypothetical A. thaliana protein
YDR361c	283	43-812	15-271	hypothetical protein
YDR367w	221	354-643	119-215	hypothetical protein
YDR339c	189	40-529	14-177	weak similarity to hypothetical protein YOR004w
YDR413c	191	81-500	28-167	weak similarity to NADH dehydrogenase; or YDR412w
YDR429c	274	86-645	29-215	TIF35; Vornlocher, H. -P., Hanachi, P. and Hershey, J. W. B.
				Cloning and Characterization of the Two Large Subunits
				of Yeast Translation Initiation Factor eIF3.
				Unpublished; translation initiation factor eIF3 (p33
				subunit)
YDR468c	224	123-602	42-201	TLG1; member of the syntaxin family of t-SNAREs; tlg
				mutants seems to have a defect in the retrieval pathway
				to the TGN; viable
YDR489w	294	131-630	44-210	hypothetical protein
YDR527w	439	41-1260	14-420	weak similarity to Plasmodium yoelii rhoptry protein, or
				YDR526c
YDR288w	303	41-800	14-267	hypothetical protein
YDR201w	165	130-319	43-107	hypothetical protein
YDR434w	534	41-1400	13-467	Similarity to S. pombe hypothetical protein
YDR181c	481	194-1323	65-441	SAS4 (viable); involved in silencing at telomeres
YDR531w	367	41-850	14-284	Similarity to hypothetical A. thaliana and C. elegans
				proteins
YLR186w	252	4-750	2-250	strong similarity to S. pombe hypothetical protein
				C18G6.07C
YLR215c	360	31-970	11-324	Similarity to rat cell cycle progression related D123
				protein; there are few domains identical to the D123
				protein
YLR222c	817	8-2378	3-793	similarity to Dip2p
YLR243w	272	41-700	14-234	strong similarity to YOR262w
YLR272c	1176	15-3384	6-1128	similarity to hypothetical human ORF
YLR275w	110	32-360	11-90	contains intron; strong similarity to human snRNPchain
				D2 involved in systemic lupus erythematosus; identified
				as part of the U1 complex by mass spectrometrie, PNAS
				94: 385-390 (1997) Neubauer G. et al.
YLR276c	594	44-1733	15-578	similarity to RNA helicases; identified as part of the
				U1 complex by mass spectrometrie, PNAS 94: 385-390
				(1997) Neubauer G. et al.
YLR317w	144	4-403	2-135	—
YLR359w	482	120-1399	41-467	strong similarity to adenylosuccinate lyase
YLR373c	901	14-2693	5-898	similarity to hypothetical protein YGR071c
YLR424w	708	109-2098	37-700	weak similarity to Stulp
YLR437c	133	7-376	3-126	—
YLR440c	709	18-1978	7-660	—
YML023c	556	81-1640	28-547	weak similarity to Nmd2p
YML049c	1361	258-3967	87-1323	weak similarity to monkey UV-damaged DNA-binding protein
YML077w	159	41-390	13-130	—
YML093w	899	29-2642	9-881	similarity to P falciparum liver stage antigen LSA-1
YML114c	510	11-1410	3-470	—
YML127w	581	65-1704	21-568	weak similarity to Los1p
YMR032w	669	46-2002	15-668	weak similarity to S. pombe cdc15
YMR093w	513	41-1300	13-434	weak similarity to Pwp2p
YMR131c	511	11-1410	3-470	similarity to human retinoblastoma-binding protein
YMR185w	981	65-2914	21-972	—
YMR212c	782	56-2287	18-763	weak similarity to myosin
YMR213w	590	58-1533	19-511	similarity to S. pombe putative transcription factor
				cdc5
YMR218c	1102	157-3253	52-1085	—
YMR281w	304	26-760	8-254	—
YMR288w	971	131-2670	43-890	strong similarity to S. pombe und C. elegans proteins
YMR290c	505	11-1471	3-491	strong similarity to Myc-regulated DEAD box protein
YMR211w	475	72-1341	25-447	weak similarity to beta tubulins
YFL024c	832	47-2406	16-802	EPL1 (viable); weak similarity to YMR164c and Gal11p
YFR003c	155	106-315	36-105	hypothetical protein
YFR027w	281	40-649	14-217	hypothetical protein
YFR042w	200	344-873	115-291	hypothetical protein
YIL091c	721	44-1953	15-651	weak similarity to spt5p
YIL083c	365	46-1005	16-335	hypothetical protein
YIL019w	346	81-1000	27-334	hypothetical protein
YIL109c	926	42-2721	14-907	SEC24 (lethal); component of COPII coat of ER-Golgi
				vesicles
YIL104c	507	133-1082	45-361	similarity to hypothetical S. pombe protein
YIR010w	576	41-1500	14-500	hypothetical protein
YIR015w	144	85-274	29-92	hypothetical protein
YPL126w	896	41-2700	14-900	weak similarity to fruit fly TFIID subunit p85
YPL093w	647	151-1900	51-634	similarity to M. jannaschii GTP-binding protein,
				GTP1/OBG-family, weak similarity to other GTP-binding
				proteins
YPL063w	476	126-1385	42-462	similarity to hypothetical protein YLR019w, YLL010c and
				S. pombe hypothetical protein SPAC2F7.02c
YPL024w	241	41-550	14-184	NCE4 (viable); negative regulator of CTS1 expression
YPL020c	621	44-1813	15-605	weak similarity to Smt4p
YPL012w	1228	41-3630	14-1210	hypothetical protein
YPL007c	588	55-1614	19-538	hypothetical protein
YPL233w	216	41-610	14-204	hypothetical protein
YPL146c	455	46-1325	16-442	weak similarity to myosin heavy chain proteins
YPR048w	623	41-1650	14-550	similarity to M. domestica NADPH-ferrihemoprotein
				reductase and mammalian nitric-oxide synthases
YPR072w	560	42-1541	14-514	NOT5 (viable); component of the NOT protein complex
YPR082c	143	140-279	47-93	weak similarity to Ypk1p
YPR085c	448	277-1166	93-389	hypothetical protein
YPR105c	861	74-2543	25-848	hypothetical protein
YPR112c	887	52-2521	18-841	similarity to RNA-binding proteins
YPR137w	573	41-1680	14-560	weak similarity to Taf90p
YPR143w	250	41-710	14-237	hypothetical protein
YPR144c	552	107-1616	36-539	similarity to YDR060w and C. elegans hypothetical protein
YPR169w	514	201-1490	201-1490	hypothetical protein

[0130]

TABLE 2
Primers used for gene deletions
Name       Sequence 5′-3′
Gene deletions on chromosome 13
YDR472w-S1 ATG TCT CAA AGA ATA ATT CAA CCA AGC GCA TCT GAC
           CAA CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR472w-S2 AGC CAA ATC TCA AAC CTT CCC TGT CAA GCA CTT GCC
           TGT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATG TG
YDR499w-S1 ATG AGA CGA GAA ACG GTG GGT GAA TTT TCT TCA GAT
           GAC GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC CC
YDR499w-S2 CGT ACT TTA CTT GCA TTA TTC TCC CCG TTC TTT TAT
           TCA AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATG TG
YMR049c-S1 CAG ACT ATT GAT TAC TTT ATG ACC GGT TAG TTT CTT
           TAG TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR049c-S2 TCT GTT CTA ACA TAA CTA GGT CAA TGA TGG CTA AGA
           ACA AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR134w-S1 GCA AAG TGT GGT ATA GAA AAA GAA CCA AAG GCC GGT
           ATG TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR134w-S2 TGT GTG TGT GCC TAC CTG CAT GTA TGC ATT TAG CAA
           TTG AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YML023c-S1 CAC GCA ATG GTG CAC ATT ATT TTG TTG AAC TCA CTG
           AGA ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YML023c-S2 ATT AGT TAC TTA TTC TAT AAT TAC ACT TTT ATC ATG
           AAC GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YML049c-S1 AAT TCC TGC TCA TTC AAG GAA AGT CTC AGG AAA TTT
           TCA CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YML049c-S2 ACT CCT GCA TCG GAC ACT TCG TCG ATC TGG AAG CAG
           GGT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YML077w-S1 ATG GGG ATA TAT TCA TTT TGG ATC TTT GAT AGG CAT
           TGT ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YML077w-S2 TTC TAT TGG TGA TCT TTC TTG TCC CTT GAC CTC TCA
           TTT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YML093w-S1 GCT AAC TTA AAT ATG GCA AAA AAG AAA TCT AAG AGC
           AGA TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YML093w-S2 CAA AGG ATC AAT AAC TTG GCC TGG CTT AGT CAT GAT
           TCT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YML114c-S1 AAC GTG TAA TTG AGG GAC TCA TAA AGG GCA ATG ACT
           TCC ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YML114c-S2 GAC TTG TAG TAG CAT CGA TAT TGG TTG TGT TAT GTG
           CTA CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YML127w-S1 CCG CTA AAT GGT ACT CCA GTA AGC GAG GCA CCC GCC
           ACA ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YML127w-S2 ATA ACC CCG ACG TGT TTT CCA TGT ATT CAG ACA ATG
           CTA AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR032w-S1 CTA CAG TTA TGA AGC TTC TTT TTG GGA CCC AAA CGA
           CAA TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR032w-S2 CAG AAA ACT AGT AAA ATT GAT ATA CAT CGA GAT CAA
           AGA CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR093w-S1 ATG TCG ACT GCT AGG CCT AGA ATA ATC ACT TCG AAG
           GCT CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR093w-S2 AAG CAC CAA TTC AGT AGC GGC TCT AAT GTA GAT TCA
           TCT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR131c-S1 CTT TAA CTT CCT TTT GCC AGT GAA CAA ACA ATA ATT
           GTG GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR131c-S2 GGT CTA TCG AGG TCA ACG AGG AAC AAG ATA GAG TGG
           TCT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR185w-S1 ATC AAC ATA CAC GAT ATA TTG AAT ACA AGA CCG AAG
           CTC ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR185w-S2 GTA ATG GGT TAT AAA CTA TCT AGT ACG GTT AAA AGC
           TTG TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR212c-S1 CCT CTT GAA CTT AAA GAA TGT AAA TCT TCA TTT GCG
           TCT TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR212c-S2 CGG ATG ATG TTC ACA CCA AAA CAT CAG AAA CTG GTC
           AAT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR213w-S1 ATA CGT GAA AGG CGG TGT ATG GAC CAA TGT GGA GGA
           TCA GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR213w-S2 GCT GTA ACT GTT CAA TAG ACT CCA CTT TTG ATT GGA
           TCG AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR218c-S1 GAC TCA AAT GCA TTA GAG TGA TCA ACT CTA CAA CTT
           TTA CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR218c-S2 GAA GGC ATT TGA CGG AAC TGT ACG AAC GCT TAA CAG
           GCT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR281w-S1 CTG AAG AAA AGT TAA ATG AAG ATG TTG AGG CGT ACA
           AAG GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR281w-S2 AGT ACG TAT TGT GCA TGT GTA TTC ATA AGT GAA AGC
           TTG TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR288w-S1 GAA AAC CTG CAG AAA GAA GCT GCA CGT ATT GGT GAG
           AAC GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR288w-S2 CCA AAC CTT CTA AAA TAC GCA TAA TAG CAT GTG GTG
           AAG TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR290c-S1 TGA GTT TTA CGT CTT TTG GTA TTT GGC GTT TTT CCA
           CTG GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR290c-S2 GAT AAG CTG AGC AAT ATT AAC AGG AGA ACT ATG GCT
           ACC CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YMR211w-S1 AGA GAG CAA ACC ATT TGA CTA CTC AAT TCT TCA ATA
           TAC ACA GCT CAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YMR211w-S2 ATT TCA ATC ATC TTA CTC CGT GAA TCA GGT TCG GAA
           TGA TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
Gene deletions on chromosome 4
YDR196c-S1 ATG CTT ATG ATC AAA TTG TGT TAT ACT TCA AGG ACA
           AAA TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAG GC
YDR196c-S2 TTT CAA TCT GTT CGT ATA AGT CAA CCA ATG TGC TGT
           TAT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR299w-s1 ATG GAA AAA TCA CTA GCG GAT CAA ATT TCC GAT ATC
           GCC ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR299w-S2 CAA AGA TTT GGA TAT CAT CGT TTT TAA CAG CCT CTA
           ATT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR365c-S1 CTG GAG AGA ACC CAA AGA AGG AAG GTG TAG ATG CTA
           GGT TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GG
YDR365c-S2 TTA GTA TGC TTT TTA TTA ACA GAT TTC AAC TTG CTT
           TTC TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR396w-S1 CAG ATA CAC TAT TGT GGT GTA ATC TGG ACC TTG ACT
           GTC TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR396w-S2 TAG AGA AAA CAC TGA ATG ATC TTA GCG ACC GTA CAA
           AAG AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR407c-S1 TTC TTA AGC ATT TCC CAA GCT ATG TTG GCC CAT CTA
           AGA TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR407c-S2 AAT AAC AGA CAA GAT AAC GTT TTC AGA GTC GAA CTG
           GAT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR416w-S1 ACT TAC ATG GAA AAG ATA TAT CGA GTA TTG GAA AGA
           GGA GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR416w-S2 TCA AAT ATC TAG TTC TAT TTC ATC TGG ATT AAT CGA
           ATA TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR449c-S1 CAC ATC ACC GAT TTC TAA TAA TGT CGA AGA CAA GAT
           ACT ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR449c-S2 ATA ATT AAA TCT AGA ATT TTA TAC CTA GGA TCA TCT
           TCT GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR141c-S1 TTC GTA ATC TTT GAA TTC TGC GAT TTC ATC TAC CAG
           CGC GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR141c-S2 CAC TAA AGC CCC TTA CAA TTG ACT CAA ATA ATA AAC
           AAC TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR324c-S1 AAG AAG CCT GAA AAT ACG AAA CAA ACC GGT GAA GAT
           GAC CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR324c-S2 AAA CACTAA CTT TGG TTG AAT AAA CGC CTT TTG TTT
           GGA GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR325w-S1 GAC ATT AAT ACG AAA ATC TTT AAC TCA GTT GCT GAA
           GTA TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR325w-S2 ACC TCG CTG AAA GAC TCT GAA TCC TTA TCT TCT TCA
           TCT AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR398w-S1 ATG GAT TCT CCT GTT CTA CAG TCC GCT TAT GAC CCA
           TCA GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR398w-S2 AAC GTC ACT ATA TCC GGC TTC CTC CTC GCC GTC GCT
           CTG CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR246w-S1 ATG GCC ATC GAA ACA ATA CTT GTA ATA AAC AAA TCA
           GGC GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR246w-S2 AAC AGG TTA GAT CTT ATA GGC ATT TCC ATT GAG TAA
           GAT GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR236c-S1 CTA AAA TAT TGA ACT TGA CCC TGG CCC CAT AAA AAT
           CAT TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR236c-S2 TTG AAG TGT TGA TGT TTACGT GGA CTA TTT ATG TTT
           CGT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR361c-S2 TTA CCA AGT GGA AAT TTC TGT TTC CAA TTC ATC GAT
           ACT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR361c-S1 GGT TCA AGC TAT CAA ATT AAA TGA TTT APA AAA TAG
           GAA GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR367w-S1 ATC TGC GTA CTT TAT ACA ATC GAT ACC ATT TCC ACT
           TGT TCA GCT GAA GCT TCC TAC GC
YDR367w-S2 GTT TTG TTC TAC GTC ATC CCT ATC AAC TAA ATA TTT
           GGG GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR339c-S1 TAT GGG TAA AGC TAA GAA AAC AAG AAA GTT TGG CCT
           CGT ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR339c-S2 TAA AAG ACA TCT GGC AAT TTT TCA ATG ACG TAT GCG
           TGA CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR413c-S1 TTC TTT GGT TTA TTC TTC GTT CAT TTT TGG TCA AAT
           ATC TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR413c-S2 ACA AAA GAA AGC ACA AGA GTT TAT TAA GGA GCA GGA
           AAG GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR429c-S1 TCT AGA TCT ATC ATT ACA TAC AAG ATT GAA GAC GGT
           GTC ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR429c-S2 TTT CTT TGT TTC TAA CGA CAG AAA CTC TTG GAA TGG
           GTG CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR468c-S1 GTC ACA ATA CTG CTG GTG ATG ACG ATC AAG AGG AGG
           AAA TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR468c-S2 CAA GAC GAC AAT AAG AAG TCC TAT ACA ACA ATC GTC
           GTA TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR489W-S1 ACT ACC CAC AGA GAT GCA AAT ACA ATA GTG GGT TCG
           TCC TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR489w-S2 AGT CGG GCT CAT CTA TCA TGT TTA CGC TAC CTT CTG
           TAT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR527w-S1 ATG GAC TTA CTG GGC GAT ATA GTG GAG AAA GAT ACA
           TCT GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR527w-S2 CCC CAC CGC CTT GTT TCC ATA ACC AAA GTG CAT CAA
           TAG CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR288w-S1 ATG AGT TCT ATA GAT AAT GAC AGC GAT GTG GAT TTA
           ACA GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR288w-S2 GCC CAT GAT TTC TTG CAC CAA TTT TTC AAG AGA CTC
           TAG TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR201w-S1 CCC ATG TCT GGA CTA TTC AGA GCA TCA TCG TCA TCC
           ATA CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR201w-S2 AAA AGG GTT TTC CGT TTA GTT CCC GAA TAT GAT GTT
           GAA AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR434w-S1 ATG TCC AAT GCA AAT CTA AGA AAA TGG GTT GGT TTT
           TGC TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR434w-S2 TAA AGG TAA ATA CAC AGC TAT CAT GTG CTC TTG TGG
           GAA GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR181c-S1 AGG ATA AAC CCA AAT GCT GGA CAT CTA AGG AAA TCT
           AAG TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR181c-S2 TAG TTG GGT TTG AAT CGT TAT CAC GGG AGA ACA TTG
           CTT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YDR531w-S1 ATG CGG CGA ATT ACT CAA GAG ATA TCT TAC AAT TGC
           GAT TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YDR531w-S2 AAA TAA GCT ATT TGC CCA ATA TTG TTG GAG ATG GCG
           AAT AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
Gene deletions on chromosome 12
YLR186w-S1 CTA GTC ACC AAG AAG AAA ACC CGT AAA ATC GTA GGT
           CAT GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR186w-S2 ATA CAA AGA GGA TGC CAA GTA GAC TTA AAC ACT ATA
           AAA TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR215c-S1 TTA CTT ATT GAT GTC CTC ACA AGA ATA TAC AAC TTT
           TAT ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR215c-S2 AGC TCT CGG ATT GCT TCA GGA TTT AAA CTA GCT TCT
           ACG AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR222c-S1 CTC TCA ACG GTA GTA AGC CAT ACT ACG TAC AAT ATG
           GAT CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR222c-S2 AAT ATG TAA CTT TGT TCA ACT AAG TTA TCA ACC CTT
           GTG AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR243w-S1 ATG TCT CGC GTT GGT GTC ATG GTA TTA GGA CCT GCA
           GGT GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR243w-S2 GAT AAT ATG GTT TCT ATA CTG TCA GGA TTA TTA GAT
           TCC AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR272c-S1 TTT GGG TCT CGC ACT TTC TCA GTC TTC CAA CTA ATT
           TCT CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR272c-S2 GGT AAC TGA CTT CGT TAC TTT ATG AGA TGT CCG GCT
           TTA GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR275w-S1 CCG TTT TAT CAT GTC GTA TGT TTG ATC TTA ACC ATT
           TTT ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR275w-S2 CAA CGA TAA CTG AAT CAC CTC TTA AGA ATA GTT TAC
           TTA TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR276c-S1 CTT CAA CGG GTC TAC TTT ACC ATT CTT TGG CTT ACT
           GAC TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR276c-S2 AGC TAT GAG AAA AAG TCT GTG GAA GGC GCT TAT ATT
           GAC GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR317w-S1 CTG CCA TCT TCT GCC ACC ACT TTG TCC TTC TTT CTT
           GAT GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR317w-S2 GAA GTA AAC TAA CTA GTA AAG TAG GCT AAT TCG AAA
           CGA TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR359w-S1 GGC TAT TGC TGA GAA GGA ATT GGG CTT AAC TGT TGT
           TAC ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR359w-S2 AAC TTG ACT TGT TCA TCG TTT AGG TAC TTT TGG AAA
           GGT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR373c-S1 ACA CAC AGG TAC AGA GTG CTG AAA GAG GAT TGG TGT
           TGC CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR373c-S2 CAA ACA GAG TTT GTT CCT TTG TAT GTC CTA TGG AAG
           ATA CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR424w-S1 GAC ATG ACA TAC ACT AAT GAT GCC TTG AAA ACT AGT
           AGC GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR424w-S2 ATA GGT ACT TTC TAG AGG TCA AGG GCC CAT AAA TAA
           ATT GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR437c-S1 ATT GTG CAA GTC TGT TAA AGT CTT CTC TTG GAT CCA
           TTA ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR437c-S2 CAT CAC ACA CTA ATA CAG GAA CAA ACA AGA CTT AAT
           GGA CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YLR440c-S1 TTG CCA AGA AAA TTG CAG TAA AAA TGT TGG AAG AGC
           AAC TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YLR440c-S2 GCT CCA ATT CTA GTG TGC TCC ATT GCG ATG TAA CAA
           TTT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
Gene deletions on chromosome 6
YFL024c-S1 TGA TGA ATT TTT CTG GGT TAT AGA AGA GTT CTG TTT
           CCC TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YFL024c-S2 ACA CCT TCA AAC GCT ATA GAG ATC AAT GAC GGT TCG
           CAT AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YFR003c-S1 TGT GGA AGA GGT TCC CGC AGT TTT GCA GCT TCG AGC
           AAC TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YFR003c-S2 ATC TTC TTT GTC TAC GTT CGT TAA AGT CAA GAT CCT
           TCT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YFR027w-S1 AAT GAA AGC TAG GAA ATC GCA GAG AAA AGC GGG CAG
           TAA ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YFR027w-S2 AAT TTG GTT GCG ATA CCC AAC TTC CTT GCT GTC CTG
           CAC AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YFR042w-S1 AGT TTG CAC CAA TGG CAA TAT GCC TGT GAT AAA GAT
           AAG GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YFR042w-S2 CAT GGA AGT TAT TTG GTT GCT TAG ATT CCA CGG GTT
           CAA AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
Gene deletions on chromosome 9
YIL109c-S1 TGT CTC ATC ACA AGA AAC GTG TTT ACC CAC AAG CTC
           AGC TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YIL109c-S2 TCA TGA TTT GTA AGA ATT CTC TGT AAC TTT CGT TAT
           TCA AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YIL091c-S1 AGT GAC AGT TCT GTG AGG GAA AAG AAT GAT AAT TTC
           CGT GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YIL091c-S2 CAT TGT AAA ATT CAG GAT TGT TTG GAG GCT TAT AAA
           AAA CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YIL083c-S1 ACC TCT ACC CGT GCT CAA CAG ACC TCA AAT TCA TAC
           GTC TCA GCT GAA GCT TCC TAC GC
YIL083c-S2 CGA TGA CTT CTG GGA TTA TCA TCT CTT CAA TGA TAT
           GGT GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YIL019w-S1 TTC AAA GAA AAG CTT TTG AAA GTC AGT TCG GAT CTT
           TAG ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC CC
YIL019w-S2 TAG CGA CGG GAT TTC TTT TTG CCA TTA AAT TTA CCA
           CTC CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YIL104c-S1 TCC CCT TAC TAT TTA AGA TTA AGA TTT CCT CAC GAA
           TTA ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YIL104c-S2 CCT GAT ACC TGT AAT GAT TGC AAT CTT GAT GAG AGA
           GCT GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YIR010w-S1 ATG AGT CTG GAA CCC ACA CAA ACG GTC TCC GGT ACG
           CCG CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YIR010w-S2 ACC TTA GCT CAT CGA CTT TTG TTT CTA ACT TTG TCT
           CAA CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YIR015w-S1 GCG AAC CAG GAC CAT TTC CAT AGA TTA AAC TAC CTC
           TAC CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YIR015w-S2 ATT TCC AGT TTT TTT GGG GTC CAT AAC AAC CGA TGG
           CAT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
Gene deletions on chromosome 16
YPL233w-S1 ATG TCA CAA GGT CAG TCC AAA AAA CTG GAC GTA ACT
           GTT GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPL233w-S2 CAA TCC TCC TCC AGG AAG TCC ATT AAG CGC TTG ACC
           TTT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPL146c-S1 TCC AAC TAA TCT AACCAA GAA ACC ATC TGA ATA CAA
           ACA GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPL146c-S2 TTT GAA GTC CTT ATG TGT CCA CTT TTC AGT GAT TTT
           CTG CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPL126w-S1 ATG ACG CAA TCC CTA GGT ATG GAA CAG TAT AAA CTG
           TCA GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPL126w-S2 TAT GTT AAT ACT TTC ATC ACA CGA TCA AAA AAT GTA
           TCC AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPL093w-S1 CAA GAT TAC AAG AAT CAG AGCGTT CTA TAT GCG TAA
           AGT TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPL093w-S2 CGG AAA TCT GTC TTA CGG ACA CCA CGC TTA CCA CTG
           AAT AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPL063w-S1 TTC AAG CAT CCA GAA GAC TTT TAA CAA GTT ATT CAA
           GTT TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPL063w-S2 GGA TTC AGC AAT CTT CTT CTT TTT CTT TTC CTC TTC
           AAA TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPL024w-S1 ATG TCT TTT TCA TCT ATC TTA TCA CAG GAT ATC ACA
           GAT GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPL024w-S2 ACT TGT GAG TCC TTC AAT ATG AAA ACG CCC CTA TTG
           AAC AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPL020c-S1 TCA GTT GAA GTA GAT AAG CAC CGG AAC ACA CTA CAG
           TAT CCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPL020c-S2 TCG GTT AAA ATC AAA TGG GCA ATA AAT CTT CTC ATC
           CTA AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPL012w-S1 ATG GAT CAA GAC AAA GTT GCT TTT CTT TTA GAG CTG
           GAG GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPL012W-S2 ATT TGA ACT TTGGAC CTT TCT TAT TAT GTT TGC CAA
           TCT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPL007c-S1 CCC GTT GTT TGC TCA CGG GAC ATA TCT TTA CAT GCG
           TTG TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPL007c-S2 GGA CTT ATT GGT AGA TAG AAA GGA ATT TGA GGA TTG
           GAA GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPR048w-S1 ATG TCA TCG AGC AAG AAA ATC GTC ATC CTC TAT GGA
           TCG GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPR048w-S2 AAT TAG TTA TTT CCT CAC CTA ATC TCC ATA AGT AGT
           CTT GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPR072w-S1 TGT CTC AAA GAA AGC TAC AAC AGG ATA TCG ATA AGC
           TTT TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPR072w-S2 AGA TTT GCC CAT TCC TGG TGG TAA CTT TTC GAT TTC
           TTT AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPR082c-S1 CTT CGA TTG CTG AAA GAG TAA GGA ACT TTG CAG TTA
           TTT ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPR082c-S2 CAA TAA AGT TCA ACT TGT TGT TGT TCC CTG TAC CAA
           AAT CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPR085c-S1 CTG TAC ATT CTT TCG AAA GAC TCC ATG CTG CGA ATT
           TTT GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPR085c-S2 TCC CAC TTT ATA GTT ATG GGA TTT CGA GCT GGA TTC
           GGT AGC ATA GGG CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPR105c-S1 AGC TCG ATC ATC GAG GGC GAA TTG TCT AAA AAT CTA
           GCA ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPR105c-S2 CTG TGT TCT ATC AAT CTT CAT ATT TGT AGC TTT AAT
           TCT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPR112c-S1 CAT TGT CAA GGG TTT GCC CGT CTA TCT AAC AGA TGA
           TAA TCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPR112c-S2 GAA ACC TTC GTT TTC TTC ATC ATC CAC ATC CAG TTT
           CTT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPR137w-S1 ATG TCA GAT GTT ACC CAA CAG AAA AAG AGG AAA AGA
           TCC ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPR137w-S2 AAA AGC CTG TTT GGT CAA TGA CAG CTG AAT ATA TAC
           CAT TGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPR143w-S1 ATG GGC TCC AAG CAC AGA GTA GAC ACT AAG GAT AAG
           AAA ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPR143w-S2 TTC ATT GTC GCT TCC TGC GGC AGC TTT AAC TAA ATC
           CAA AGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPR144c-S1 TTC CAG AAA ATG TTA CTC AAT TGG AAG AAG ATG AGA
           CAG ACA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPR144c-S2 CCA TGC TAC CCC AGG CAA GTA GAC GTT ACC TTG GGA
           TGA CGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG
YPR169w-S1 TTT TAG ATG CTG AAC TGC CCA TTA TAA TAA CTG GCT
           TTG GCA GCT GAA GCT TCG TAC GC
YPR169w-S2 CTT CTT GAT CCC ATG CTC ATA CAG GTC GTT TTT TTT
           GTT GGC ATA GGC CAC TAG TGG ATC TG

[0131]

Claims

1-12. (cancelled)

13. A method for the screening of antimycotic substances wherein an essential gene from mycetes or a functionally similar mycete gene, or the corresponding encoded protein, is used as target and wherein the essential gene is selected from the group consisting in YML114c, YLR186w, YLR215c, YLR222c, YLR243w, YLR272c, YLR275w, YLR276c, YLR317w, YLR359w, YLR373c, YLR424w, YLR437c, YLR440c, YML023c, YML049c, YML077w, YML093w, YML127w, YMR032w, YMR093w, YMR131c, YMR185w, YMR212c, YMR213w, YMR218c, YMR281w, YMR288w, YMR290c, YMR211w, YMR049c, YMR134w, YDR196c, YDR299w, YDR365c, YDR396w, YDR407c, YDR416w, YDR449c, YDR472w, YDR499w, YDR141c, YDR324c, YDR325w, YDR398w, YDR246w, YDR236c, YDR361c, YDR367w, YDR339c, YDR413c, YDR429c, YDR468c, YDR489w, YDR527w, YDR288w, YDR201w, YDR434w, YDR181c, YDR531w, YPL126w, YPL093w, YPL063w, YPL024w, YPL020c, YPL012w, YPL007c, YPL233w, YPL146c, YIL091c, YIL083c, YIL019w, YIL109c, YIL104c, YFL024c, YFR003c, YFR027w, YFR042w, YIR010w, YIR015w, YPR048w, YPR072w, YPR082c, YPR085c, YPR105c, YPR112c, YPR137w, YPR143w, YPR144c and YPR169w.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein mycete cells which express the essential gene, or a functionally similar mycete gene, to a different level are incubated with the substance to be tested and the growth inhibiting effect of the substance is determined.

15. The method of claim 13 wherein said target gene or the corresponding target encoded protein is contacted in vitro with the substance to be tested and the effect of the substance on the target is determined.

16. The method according to claim 13 wherein the screened substances partially or totally inhibit the functional expression of the essential genes or the functional activity of the encoded proteins.

17. The method according to claim 14 wherein the screened substances partially or totally inhibit the functional expression of the essential genes or the functional activity of the encoded proteins.

18. The method according to claim 15 wherein the screened substances partially or totally inhibit the functional expression of the essential genes or the functional activity of the encoded proteins.

19. The method according to claim 13 wherein the mycete species are selected from the group comprising Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes and Hyphomycetes.

20. The method according to claim 13, wherein said functionally similar genes are essential genes from Candida Spp, or Aspergillus Spp.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said functionally similar genes are essential genes from Candida albicans, or Aspergillus fumigatus.

22. The method according to claim 13 wherein the functionally similar genes are identified by: a) providing a S. cerevisiae mutant strain in which the gene of S. cerevisiae to be investigated is either integrative or extrachromosomal under the control of a regulated promoter, b) culturing said mutant strain under growth conditions in which the regulated promoter is active, c) transforming the mutant strain with cDNA or genomic DNA that has been prepared from the mycete-species to investigate and that has been integrated into an appropriate vector, d) altering the culture condition, so that the regulated promoter is switched off and only S. cerevisiae cells which contain a functionally similar gene can survive, e) isolating and analyzing the cDNA or genomic DNA.

23. The method according to claim 22 wherein the functionally similar gene has a sequence identity, at the nucleotide level, with the corresponding S. cerevisiae essential gene of at least 50%, preferably of at least 60%, and most preferably of at least 70%.

24. The method according to claim 22 wherein the functionally similar gene encodes a protein having a sequence identity, at the amino-acid level, with the corresponding S. cerevisiae essential gene encoded protein of at least 40%, preferably of at least 50%, more preferably of at least 60% and most preferably of at least 70%.

25. The method according to claim 13 wherein said mycete cells are haploid S. cerevisiae cells.

26. The method according to claim 22 wherein said mycete cells are haploid S. cerevisiae cells.

27. The method according to claim 13 wherein the essential genes of S. cerevisiae are identified by integration through homologous recombination of a selection marker at the locus of the gene to be studied.

28. The method according to claim 25 wherein the essential genes of S. cerevisiae are identified by integration through homologous recombination of a selection marker at the locus of the gene to be studied.