METHOD FOR SEPARATING LORAN SKY AND GROUND WAVES BASED ON LEVENBERG-MARQUART ALGORITHM

Abstract

Provided herein is a method for separating Loran sky and ground waves based on a Levenberg-Marquart algorithm, including: (1) collecting a plurality of Loran sky-ground wave signals followed by normalization to obtain a normalized signal; (2) preprocessing the normalized signal by inverse Fourier transform method to obtain an initialization parameter; (3) establishing a mathematical model for the Loran sky-ground wave signals in time domain; and (4) solving parameters of the mathematical model using the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm to separate the Loran sky and ground waves.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority from Chinese Patent Application No. 202110681189.5, filed on Jun. 18, 2021. The content of the aforementioned application, including any intervening amendments thereto, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates to digital signal processing, and more specifically to a method for separating Loran sky and ground waves based on a Levenberg-Marquart algorithm.

BACKGROUND

Long-range navigation system (abbreviated as Loran) is a ground-based and low-frequency radio navigation system with strong anti jamming performance and reliability, which has been used as a backup for the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) for a long time. After the information collection and processing, the primary interference in the Loran receiver signal is from the sky waves of the same source. Therefore, the sky-ground wave separation technique is crucial for the development of the Loran receiver. In recent years, the theoretical high-precision sky-ground wave separation methods mainly include: hybrid weighted Fourier transform and relaxation (Hybrid-WRELAX) and extended invariance principle weighted Fourier transform and relaxation (EXIP-WRELAX). These techniques greatly improve the separation accuracy of Loran sky and ground waves, but struggle with poor performance in a low signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, considering that they are frequency domain algorithms, the calculation amount is positively correlated with the calculation accuracy, and when the number of signal multipaths increases, the calculation process will become extremely complicated. The Levenberg-Marquart algorithm is very effective for the parameter fitting of a nonlinear function, and introduces a damping factor based on the Gauss-Newton method, such that it not only has the optimization capability of the Gauss-Newton method, but also has reduced requirements for an initial parameter value. At the same time, the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm has a particularly strong adaptability to the function. So far, the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm has not been applied to the separation of Loran sky and ground waves.

SUMMARY

In order to achieve the high calculation accuracy in the entire range of signal-to-noise ratio, especially under a low signal-to-noise ratio, this application provides a method for separating Loran sky and ground waves based on a Levenberg-Marquart algorithm.

The technical solutions of the present disclosure are described as follows.

This application provides a method for separating Loran sky and ground waves based on a Levenberg-Marquart algorithm, comprising:

• • (1) generating a plurality of simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals by simulation, and collecting a plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals; and normalizing the plurality of simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals and the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals to obtain a normalized signal;
  • (2) preprocessing the normalized signal to obtain an initialization parameter;
  • (3) according to the initialization parameter, establishing a mathematical model for a Loran received signal in time domain; and
  • (4) fitting parameters in the mathematical model using the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm to obtain a Loran sky-wave time delay, a Loran sky-wave amplitude, a Loran ground-wave time delay and a Loran ground-wave amplitude.

In an embodiment, the step (1) is performed through steps of:

• • (1.1) generating 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals under a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB;
  • wherein each of the 1000 Loran sky-ground wave signals is composed of ground wave, sky wave and noise; a time delay of the ground wave is 77 μs, and a time delay of the sky wave is 133 μs; a signal ratio of the sky wave to the ground wave is 12 dB; a sampling frequency is 1 MHz; and a single pulse repetition period of the Loran signal is 1 ms; for each Loran sky-ground wave signal, 1000 sampling points are selected, and a total sampling time is 1000 μs;
  • (1.2) generating 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals under a signal-to-noise ratio of 0 dB, 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals under a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 dB, 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals under a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB and 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals under a signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB;
  • (1.3) collecting the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals with a sampling frequency of 1 MHz; wherein a single pulse repetition period of the Loran signals is 1 ms; for each of the actual received Loran signals, 1000 sampling points are selected, a total sampling time is 1000 μs; and
  • (1.4) normalizing a signal amplitude of a total of 5000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals and the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals to [−1,1] to obtain the normalized signal expressed as (t_i, y_i);
  • wherein i=1,2 . . . m; and m is equal to 1000, and represents the number of samples for a single signal.

In an embodiment, in step (2), the normalized signal is preprocessed by inverse Fourier transform method; and the initialization parameter comprises: the number of signal multipaths, an initial time delay and an initial amplitude of each multipath signal.

In an embodiment, in step (3), considering that a Loran signal transmission process only experiences amplitude and delay changes, the mathematical model is established in the time domain according to the number of signal multipaths, expressed as:

$\begin{array}{cc}y\left(t\right)=\sum _{n=1}^N{a}_{n}q\left(t-{\tau }_n\right);\mathrm{and}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$ $\begin{array}{cc}q\left(t\right)=t^2\sin \left(0.2\pi t\right)\exp \left(-2t/65\right);& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

• • wherein y(t) is a certain signal sample; q(t) is a standard enhanced Loran signal; t is time, in μs; α_n is a normalized amplitude of a n^th multipath signal; τ_n is a time delay of the n^th multipath signal, in μs; N is the number of signal multipaths; for the plurality of simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals, N is equal to 2; and for the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals, N is equal to 5.

In an embodiment, in step (4), a nonlinear equation (1) is solved using the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm, wherein there are 2n parameters to be solved α₁, α₂, . . . , α_n; τ₁, τ₂, . . . , τ_n; let x=[α₁, α₂, . . . , α_n; τ₁, τ₂, . . . , τ_n]=[x₁, x₂, . . . , x_2n]; a model function is expressed as φ(x; t); a residual r(x) is expressed as:

r(x)=[r₁(x), r₂(x), . . . r_m(x)]  (3); and

r _i(x)=φ(t_i,x)−y_i,i=1, . . . ,m  (4).

• • an objective function of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is expressed as:

$\begin{array}{cc}f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}{r\left(x\right)}^{T}r\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}\sum _{i=1}^m{\left[r_i\left(x\right)\right]}^2;& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

• • according to a principle of least squares, when solving parameters of the objective function to be fitted, it is necessary to make a residual sum of squares be a minimum value:

min f(x)  (6);

• • through the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm, multiple iterations are performed to make the parameters to be fitted infinitely approach optimal parameters of the min f(x); and an iteration incremental equation is expressed as:

x _k+1 =x _k−(h+λI)⁻¹g  (7);

• • wherein k represents the current number of iterations; λ is a damping coefficient; I is an identity matrix; h(x_k)=J(x_k)^T J (x_k), g(x_k)=J(x_k)^Tr(x_k), J(x_k) is a jacobi matrix of r(x_k), expressed as:

$\begin{array}{cc}J\left(x_k\right)={\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial r_1}{\partial x_1}& \dots & \frac{\partial r_1}{\partial x_{2n}}\\ ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ \frac{\partial r_m}{\partial x_1}& \dots & \frac{\partial r_m}{\partial x_{2n}}\end{array}\right]}_{x_k};& \left(8\right)\end{array}$

• • the step (4) is performed through steps of:
  • (4.1) according to the initialization parameter obtained in step (2), setting an initial point x_k=x₀, and setting the damping coefficient λ to be greater than 1, and a convergence accuracy ϵ to be greater than 0;
  • (4.2) calculating r(x_k) and f(x_k);
  • (4.3) calculating J(x_k), h(x_k) and g(x_k);
  • (4.4) solving the incremental equation (h(x_k)+λI)Δx_k=g(x_k,) to obtain an increment Δx_k;
  • (4.5) letting x_k+1=x_k+Δx_k, and calculating f (x_k+1);
  • (4.6) if ∥Δx_kμ₂<ϵ, ending iterations;
  • otherwise, proceeding to step (4.7);
  • (4.7) if f(x_k+1,)<f(x_k)+βg^TΔx_k, letting λ=λ/v, and proceeding to step (4.8);
  • otherwise, letting λ=λv, and repeating steps (4.4)-(4.7);
  • wherein β,v are constraint variables; and
  • (4.8) letting k=k+1, repeating steps (4.2)-(4.8);
  • wherein β0, v=2 , λ=2, and ϵ=10⁻⁴.

Compared to the prior art, the present disclosure has the following beneficial effects.

The present disclosure provides a method for separating Loran sky and ground waves based on a Levenberg-Marquart algorithm, which directly performs a mathematical model for the enhanced Loran sky-ground wave signal in the time domain, and converts it into a nonlinear equation parameter optimization problem, which is simple, clear and convenient to be implemented by the hardware; and significantly improves the accuracy in the entire signal-to-noise ratio, especially in a low signal-to-noise ratio.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a Levenberg-Marquart algorithm according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2a is a histogram illustrating performance comparison of algorithms under simulated signals in step (1.1);

FIG. 2b illustrates performance comparison of algorithms under different signal-to-noise ratios in step (1.2); where a statistical average of 1000 groups of data errors is taken as the delay error;

FIG. 2c is a histogram showing performance comparison of algorithms under a signal-to-noise ratio of 0 dB in step (1.2); where the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm is represented by L-M; and

FIG. 3 shows separation results of actual signals acquired in step (1.3).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The present disclosure will be described completely and clearly below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments to make the object, technical solutions, and beneficial effects of the present disclosure clearer.

Provided herein is a method for separating Loran sky and ground waves based on a Levenberg-Marquart algorithm, which is performed through the following steps.

• • (1) A plurality of simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals are generated by simulation, and a plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals are collected. The plurality of simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals and the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals are normalized to obtain a normalized signal.
  • (1.1) 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals are generated under a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB.

Each of the 1000 Loran sky-ground wave signals is composed of ground wave, sky wave and noise. A time delay of the ground wave is 77 μs, and a time delay of the sky wave is 133 μs. A signal ratio of the sky wave to the ground wave is 12 dB. A sampling frequency is 1 MHz. A single pulse repetition period of the Loran signals is 1 ms. For each Loran sky-ground wave signal, 1000 sampling points are selected, and a total sampling time is 1000 μs.

• • (1.2) 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals are generated under a signal-to-noise ratio of 0 dB. 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals are generated under a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 dB. 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals are generated under a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB. 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals are generated under a signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB.
  • (1.3) The plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals are collected with a sampling frequency of 1 MHz. A single pulse repetition period of actual Loran signals is 1 ms. For each of the actual received Loran signals, 1000 sampling points are selected, and a total sampling time is 1000 μs.
  • (1.4) A signal amplitude of a total of 5000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals and the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals is normalized to [−1,1] to obtain the normalized signal expressed as (t_i, y_i); where i=1, 2 . . . m; and m is equal to 1000, and represents the number of samples for a single signal.
  • (2) The normalized signal is preprocessed by inverse Fourier transform method. An initialization parameter includes: the number of signal multipaths, an initial time delay and an initial amplitude of each multipath signal.
  • (3) Considering that a Loran signal transmission process only experiences amplitude and delay changes, a mathematical model for the plurality groups of Loran sky-ground wave signals is established in a time domain according to the number of signal multipaths, expressed as:

$\begin{array}{cc}y\left(t\right)=\sum _{n=1}^N{a}_{n}q\left(t-{\tau }_n\right);\mathrm{and}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$ $\begin{array}{cc}q\left(t\right)=t^2\sin \left(0.2\pi t\right)\exp \left(-2t/65\right);& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

• • where y(t) is a certain signal sample; q(t) is a standard enhanced Loran signal; t is time, in μs; α_n is a normalized amplitude of the n^th multipath signal; τ_n is a time delay of the n^th multipath signal, in μs; N is the number of signal multipaths; for the plurality of simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals, N is equal to 2; and for the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals, N is equal to 5.
  • (4) A nonlinear equation (1) is solved using the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm. There are 2n parameters to be solved α₁, α₂, . . . , α_n; τ₁, τ₂, . . . , τ_n. let x=[α₁, α₂, . . . , α_n; τ₁,τ₂, . . . , τ_n]=[x₁, x₂, . . . , x_2n]. A model function is expressed as φ(x; t). A residual r(x) is expressed as:

r(x)=[r₁(x), r₂(x), . . . r_m(x)]  (3); and

r _i(x)=φ(t_i,x)−y_i,i=1, . . . , m  (4).

An objective function of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is expressed as:

$\begin{array}{cc}f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}{r\left(x\right)}^{T}r\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}\sum _{i=1}^m{\left[r_i\left(x\right)\right]}^2.& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

According to the principle of least squares, when solving parameters of the objective function to be fitted, it is necessary to make a residual sum of squares be a minimum value:

min f(x)  (6).

Through the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm, multiple iterations are performed to make the parameters to be fitted infinitely approach optimal parameters, which make the min f (x). An iteration incremental equation of an iteration is expressed as:

x _k+1 =x _k−(h+λI)⁻¹g  (7);

where k represents the current number of iterations; λ is a damping coefficient; I is an identity matrix; h(x_k)=J(x_k)^TJ(x_k), g(x_k)=(x_k)^Tr(x_k), J(x_k) is a Jacobi matrix of r(x_k), expressed as:

$\begin{array}{cc}J\left(x_k\right)={\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial r_1}{\partial x_1}& \dots & \frac{\partial r_1}{\partial x_{2n}}\\ ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ \frac{\partial r_m}{\partial x_1}& \dots & \frac{\partial r_m}{\partial x_{2n}}\end{array}\right]}_{x_k}.& \left(8\right)\end{array}$

The step (4) is performed as follows.

• • (4.1) According to the initialization parameter obtained in step (2), an initial point x_k is set as x₀; the damping coefficient A is set to be greater than 1; and a convergence accuracy ϵ is set to be greater than 0.
  • (4.2) r(x_k) and f(x_k) are calculated.
  • (4.3) J(x_k), h(x_k) and g(x_k) re calculated.
  • (4.4) The incremental equation (h(x_k)+λI)Δx_k=g(x_k) is solved to obtain an increment Δx_k.
  • (4.5) Let x_k+1=x_k+Δx_k, and f(x_k+1) is calculated.
  • (4.6) If ∥Δx_k∥₂<ϵ, iterations are ended; otherwise, step (4.7) is proceeded.
  • (4.7) If f(x_k+1)<f(x_k)+βg^TΔ_k, let λ=λ/v, step (4.8) is proceeded; otherwise, let λ=λv, and steps (4.4)-(4.7) are repeated, where β,v are constraint variables.
  • (4.8) Let k=k+1, and steps (4.2)-(4.8) are repeated, where β=0, v=2, λ=2, and ϵ=10⁻⁴.

Claims

1. A method for separating Loran sky and ground waves based on a Levenberg-Marquart algorithm, comprising: (1) generating a plurality of simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals by simulation, and collecting a plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals; and normalizing the plurality of simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals and the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals to obtain a normalized signal;(2) preprocessing the normalized signal to obtain an initialization parameter;(3) according to the initialization parameter, establishing a mathematical model for a Loran received signal in time domain; and(4) fitting parameters in the mathematical model using the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm to obtain a Loran sky-wave time delay, a Loran sky-wave amplitude, a Loran ground-wave time delay and a Loran ground-wave amplitude.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step (1) is performed through steps of: (1.1) generating 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals under a signal-to-noise ratio of 15 dB;wherein each of the 1000 Loran sky-ground wave signals is composed of ground wave, sky wave and noise; a time delay of the ground wave is 77 μs, and a time delay of the sky wave is 133 μs; a signal ratio of the sky wave to the ground wave is 12 dB; a sampling frequency is 1 MHz; and a single pulse repetition period of the Loran signals is 1 ms; for each Loran sky-ground wave signal, 1000 sampling points are selected, and a total sampling time is 1000 μs;(1.2) generating 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals under a signal-to-noise ratio of 0 dB, 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals under a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 dB, 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals under a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB and 1000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals under a signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB;(1.3) collecting the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals with a sampling frequency of 1 MHz; wherein a single pulse repetition period of each of the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals is 1 ms; for each of the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals, 1000 sampling points are selected, and a total sampling time is 1000 μs; and(1.4) normalizing a signal amplitude of a total of 5000 simulated Loran sky-ground wave signals and the plurality of actual Loran sky-ground wave signals to [−1,1] to obtain the normalized signal expressed as (ti, yi);wherein i=1,2 . . . m; and m is equal to 1000, and represents the number of samples for a single signal.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (2), the normalized signal is preprocessed by inverse Fourier transform method; and the initialization parameter comprises: the number of signal multipaths, an initial time delay and an initial amplitude of each multipath signal.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (3), considering that a Loran signal transmission process only experiences amplitude and delay changes, the mathematical model is established in the time domain according to the number of signal multipaths, expressed as:

5. The method of claim 4, wherein in step (4), a nonlinear equation (1) is solved using the Levenberg-Marquart algorithm, wherein there are 2n parameters to be solved α1, α2, . . . , αn; τ1, τ2, . . . , τn; let x=[α1, α2, . . . , αn; τ1, τ2, . . . , τn]=[x1, x2, . . . , x2n]; a model function is expressed as φ(x; t); a residual r(x) is expressed as: r(x)=[r1(x),r2(x), . . . rm(x)]  (3); andri(x)=φ(ti,x)−yi,i=1, . . . ,m  (4);an objective function of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is expressed as: