The present disclosure relates to a method for simultaneously injecting a fuel gas and an oxygen-rich gas into a unit, preferably into a metallurgical meltdown unit, by means of a burner. The disclosure further relates to a method for setting a flame pattern of a burner along with the use of a burner which comprises a primary nozzle designed as a supersonic nozzle for injecting the oxygen-rich gas and a coaxial nozzle designed as a subsonic nozzle, located coaxially to the primary nozzle, with an annular outlet opening for injecting the fuel gas.
Injectors for top blowing and injecting oxygen-rich gas into a molten metal with the aim of decarburizing the molten metal and simultaneously building up a reactive, protective foamed slag layer over the molten metal are already known from the prior art. Such injectors are also used to melt the scrap initially present in the meltdown unit, such as an EAF, by selectively introducing chemical energy in the form of combustible gases. Thereby, modern injectors may switch between two method modes, i.e. between injector operation and burner operation.
A corresponding injector is known, for example, from WO 2015/004182 A1, which comprises a primary nozzle designed as a supersonic nozzle for top blowing an oxygen-rich gas onto a molten metal and a secondary nozzle located coaxially with the primary nozzle for generating a coaxial jet surrounding the gas jet exiting from the primary nozzle, wherein the primary nozzle has a convergent portion and a divergent portion, which adjoin each other at a radius of the narrowest cross-section r*, and wherein the primary nozzle and the secondary nozzle are defined by a set of nozzle forms in their respective design cases.
An injector for injecting oxygen-rich gas into a molten metal can operate in different phases, which are shown in
Pilot mode,
In burner mode,
In the flat bath phase, the system switches to so-called injector mode,
In practice, it has been shown that the three different modes in which such an injector can operate no longer meet newer requirements.
Therefore, the present invention is based on the object of providing a method for simultaneously injecting a fuel gas and an oxygen-rich gas into a unit, in particular a metallurgical meltdown unit, by means of a burner that, in burner mode, permits operation in a design state and in a so-called off-design mode.
In accordance with the invention, the object is achieved by a method as claimed.
The method is provided for simultaneously injecting a fuel gas and an oxygen-rich gas into a unit, preferably a metallurgical meltdown unit, by means of a burner. The burner comprises a primary nozzle designed as a supersonic nozzle for injecting the oxygen-rich gas and a coaxial nozzle having an annular outlet opening for injecting the fuel gas, which coaxial nozzle is designed as a subsonic nozzle and is coaxial to the primary nozzle, wherein the primary nozzle has a convergent portion and a divergent portion, which adjoin each other at a radius of the narrowest cross-section, and wherein the annular outlet opening is located at an end face of the injector. In accordance with the invention, the fuel gas in the form of hydrogen or in the form of a fuel-gas mixture of hydrogen and a hydrocarbon-containing gas, in particular natural gas, is injected at a fixed inlet pressure and a fixed inlet volumetric flow rate, with respect to a planned thermal power of the burner, whereas the inlet pressure and the inlet volumetric flow rate of the oxygen-rich gas are varied according to the application.
Similarly, the invention provides for the use of the method in accordance with the invention to adjust a flame pattern of the burner.
In another aspect, the disclosure further provides for the use of a burner comprising a primary nozzle for injecting the oxygen-rich gas, which primary nozzle is designed as a supersonic nozzle and a coaxial nozzle having an annular outlet opening for injecting the fuel gas, which coaxial nozzle is designed as a subsonic nozzle and is coaxial to the primary nozzle, wherein the primary nozzle has a convergent portion and a divergent portion, which adjoin each other at a radius of the narrowest cross-section, and wherein the annular outlet opening is located at an end face of the burner, for simultaneously injecting a fuel gas and an oxygen-rich gas into a metallurgical meltdown unit, wherein the fuel gas, in the form of hydrogen or in the form of a fuel-gas mixture of hydrogen and a hydrocarbon-containing gas, more particularly natural gas, is injected at a fixed inlet pressure and a fixed inlet volumetric flow rate, with respect to a planned thermal power of the burner, whereas the inlet pressure and the inlet volumetric flow rate of the oxygen-rich gas are varied according to the application.
With the method in accordance with the disclosure, pure hydrogen or a fuel-gas mixture of hydrogen and a hydrocarbon-containing gas is injected into the unit. The fuel-gas mixtures are individually premixed in the range of 1 to 100% by volume, for example in a valve station, and injected into the unit via the coaxial nozzle, where the fuel gas or fuel-gas mixture can be ignited.
One advantage of blending hydrogen with the hydrocarbon-containing gas is that it allows a flexible response to rising CO2 prices in the future.
With respect to the planned thermal power of the burner, the corresponding fuel gas is injected with a fixed inlet pressure and a fixed inlet volumetric flow rate, whereas the inlet pressure and the inlet volumetric flow rate of the oxygen-rich gas vary according to the application. By selectively adjusting the inlet pressure along with the inlet volumetric flow rate of the oxygen-rich gas, a complex shock pattern is created outside the burner, which influences and thus controls the mixing with the surrounding fuel gas. This allows, for example, a delayed mixing of fuel gas and oxygen-rich gas, such that the latter ignites only downstream of the burner outlet and combustion can take place at lower combustion temperatures. If a nitrogen-containing atmosphere prevails in the meltdown unit, this can significantly reduce the formation of thermal NOX gases.
By means of the method in accordance with the invention, the burner can be operated specifically in the so-called design state and in the non-adapted state (off-design mode), by which the burner can be adjusted or controlled, as the case may be, specifically with regard to the burner output along with the flame pattern.
A design state is present if, for a correctly designed Laval nozzle, the actual inlet pressure and inlet volumetric flow rate correspond to the so-called design pressure and design volumetric flow rate. The pressure at the outlet of the primary nozzle then corresponds to the ambient pressure. In the design state, the oxygen-rich gas exits from the primary nozzle with maximum impulse flow, wherein the structure of the so-called supersonic free jet—in contrast to the classic subsonic free jet—is formed to be undisturbed and coherent. Consequently, its flame length is also maximum. Therefore, the flame pattern is less pulsating.
In the design state, delayed combustion of the fuel gas takes place, which consequently leads to a lower combustion temperature and to a lower thermal load on the burner and the refractory lining of the meltdown unit. An additional advantage is the lower NOX values.
By contrast, the non-adapted state (off-design mode) results in more intensive mixing of fuel gas and oxygen-rich gas due to large-scale vortex structures and transport of the well-mixed, ignitable gas mixture away from the burner tip, which also ensures a lower thermal load on the burner. In contrast to the design state, the flame pattern exhibits a more spatially and temporally unsteady, transient operating behavior. By successively reducing or increasing the inlet pressure and the inlet volumetric flow rate, the flame pattern can be changed in a targeted manner.
In the non-adapted state (off-design mode), the burner can be operated in an over-expanded or an under-expanded state.
An over-expanded state is characterized by a smaller inlet pressure at the inlet of the primary nozzle compared to the design pressure. At the outlet of the primary nozzle, the oxygen-rich gas expands more than intended by the design state, such that so-called compression shocks are formed. As a result, more fuel gas is drawn into the oxygen-rich gas or the oxidizer free jet, as the case may be, and combustion occurs much earlier.
If, on the other hand, the inlet pressure is greater than the design pressure, the so-called under-expanded state is present. Expansion waves attach to the outlet edge of the primary nozzle and the oxidizer free jet expands outside the primary nozzle. Moreover, in the under-expanded state, the coaxially outflowing fuel gas mixes intensively with the oxygen-rich gas in such a manner that the flame becomes even shorter and even wider than in the over-expanded state.
Thus, in accordance with the invention, in certain situations the design state can be left specifically in order to generate a short flame or an even shorter flame in burner mode, for example to melt down scrap in the vicinity of a reactor wall of the meltdown unit.
Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are indicated in the dependent formulated claims. The features listed individually in the dependent formulated claims can be combined with one another in a technologically useful manner and can define further embodiments of the invention. In addition, the features indicated in the claims are further specified and explained in the description, wherein further preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated.
The burner can also be operated in either injector mode or pilot mode as previously explained.
For the purposes of the present invention, the term “unit” is understood to mean any unit that can be used for melting down metallic, non-ferrous metallic along with non-metallic scrap and/or materials, for superheating the respective melts and/or for keeping them warm. The specified scrap and/or materials may comprise iron, copper, steel, aluminum, various precious metals, electrical scrap, glasses, glass scraps and various plastics.
Therefore, preferred meltdown units are selected from the series comprising a basic oxygen furnace (BOF), an argon oxygen decarburization converter (AOD), a submerged arc furnace (SAF), an electric arc furnace (EAF), a shaft arc furnace (SHARC), a primary energy melter (PEM), converter arcing (CONARC), a walking beam furnace, a walking hearth furnace, a pusher furnace, a single-chamber melting and casting furnace, a multi-chamber furnace, a universal rotary tilting furnace (URTF), a compact remelting plant (CTRP), a chip remelting furnace, a top blown rotary refiner (TBRR), a Peirce-Smith converter (PSC), an anode furnace, a drum furnace, a shaft furnace, a cupola furnace, a hearth furnace, a tilting furnace, a Kivcet furnace, a bath melting furnace and/or a pot furnace.
The oxygen-rich gas can be selected from oxygen, air or oxygen-enriched air.
In an advantageous design variant, the inlet pressure of the oxygen-rich gas is varied with respect to the inlet pressure of the fuel gas by a factor in the range of 2 to 12, preferably by a factor in the range of 3 to 10, more preferably by a factor in the range of 4 to 9.5. The inlet volumetric flow rate of the oxygen-rich gas is preferably varied with respect to the inlet volumetric flow rate of the fuel gas by a factor in the range of 1.05 to 2.0, more preferably by a factor in the range of 1.10 to 1.90, even more preferably by a factor in the range of 1.20 to 1.80.
In a further advantageous design variant, the oxygen-rich gas is injected with respect to a design state of the burner at an inlet pressure in the range of 0.50 to 1.50, preferably at an inlet pressure in the range of 0.60 to 1.40.
Furthermore, it is advantageously provided that the oxygen-rich gas is injected with respect to a design state of the burner at an inlet volumetric flow rate in the range of 0.50 to 1.50, preferably at an inlet volumetric flow rate in the range of 0.60 to 1.40, more preferably at an inlet volumetric flow rate in the range of 0.70 to 1.30, even more preferably at an inlet volumetric flow rate in the range of 0.80 to 1.20.
The invention and the technical environment are explained in more detail below with reference to the figures. It should be noted that the invention is not provided to be limited by the exemplary embodiments shown. In particular, unless explicitly shown otherwise, it is also possible to extract partial aspects of the facts explained in the figures and combine them with other components and findings from the present description and/or figures. In particular, it should be noted that the figures and especially the size relationships shown are only schematic. Identical reference signs designate identical objects, such that explanations from other figures can be used as a supplement if necessary.
Directly behind the outlet of the primary nozzle 2, a free jet core 13 is formed, in which the flow velocity, pressure and temperature are approximately constant. Such behavior is indicated in
A compression shock is associated with an unsteady change in pressure, temperature, density, entropy, Mach number and flow velocity. While the pressure, temperature, density and entropy increase, the Mach number and flow velocity decrease. The free jet 12 constricts and the pressure in the center of the free jet 12 increases downstream to values above ambient pressure. The oblique compression waves 18 are reflected at the free jet edge 17 as expansion waves and the static pressure in the free jet 12 decreases. This process repeats periodically until the growing mixing zones at the free jet edge 17 dominate the flow field and the supersonic free jet 17 is transformed into a subsonic free jet.
The flow states significantly influence the mixing with the coaxially flowing secondary jet 16. Due to the downstream increasing interaction between the overlapping compression and expansion waves 18 and between the oxygen-rich gas and fuel gas, more fuel gas is drawn into the free jet 12, resulting in much earlier combustion. The flame becomes shorter than in the design state.
If, on the other hand, the inlet pressure is greater than the design pressure, the so-called under-expanded state is present (
For the design state, the fuel gas, which consisted of a 50/50% by volume mixture of hydrogen and methane, was injected at an inlet volumetric flow rate of 773 Nm3/and at a pressure of 1.2 bar. The oxygen-rich gas (100% by volume oxygen) was injected at an inlet volumetric flow rate of 1159 Nm3/h and at a pressure of 8.3 bar. Such values correspond to a lambda value of 1.2.
For the over-expanded state, the oxygen-rich gas (100% by volume oxygen) was then injected at an inlet flow rate of 774 Nm3/h and at a pressure of 5.1 bar. Such values correspond to a lambda value of 1.0.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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10 2020 209 756.9 | Aug 2020 | DE | national |
10 2021 200 059.2 | Jan 2021 | DE | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/EP2021/069475 | 7/13/2021 | WO |