Method for suspension-polymerizing vinyl chloride

This invention relates to an improved method for suspension-polymerizing vinyl chloride or a mixture of monomers containing vinyl chloride as its main component.
It is well known that when polyvinyl chloride is to be prepared, the material monomer (vinyl chloride) is suspension-polymerized in an aqueous medium containing (i) a suspending agent consisting of one or more kinds of water-soluble polymer substances such as polyvinyl alcohol, water-soluble cellulose ether, vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer or partially saponified polyalkyl acrylate or gelatine, and (ii) a polymerization initiator. Further, the polyvinyl chloride thus prepared is porous and corpuscular and gives molded products superior not only in chemical properties such as chemical resistance but also in mechanical properties, so that a large quantity of such polyvinyl chloride is consumed as a material resin for making various molded products.
In choosing the method for suspension-polymerizing vinyl chloride, the greatest importance is attached to obtaining polyvinyl chloride which can be molded (extrusion or injection molding) with ease and which gives molded products of fine quality. Therefore, various studies have been conducted for the purpose of obtaining polyvinyl chloride which is uniform in particle distribution and superior in absorptivity of plasticizers (with regard to the amount of plasticizers absorbed and to the absorbing velocity), and in gelling velocity when molded. But those which have been reported upon so far are not very useful in that some are characterized by the use of an extremely specific suspending agent or additives, and with others, the selection and the combination of the suspending agents are very complicated. None, therefore, have met the requirements for an improvement of the properties as discussed.
An object of this invention is to provide a method for suspension-polymerizing vinly chloride or a mixture of monomers containing vinyl chloride as its main component by employing a specified suspending agent, whereby a superior polyvinyl chloride or a copolymer containing vinyl chloride as its main component is prepared.
Another object of this invention is to provide a method for preparing porous polyvinyl chloride or a copolymer containing vinyl chloride as its main component, which is superior in uniformity of particle size, in absorptivity of plasticizers, and in processability.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a method for preparing porous polymer which is functional, even if the polymerization temperature is higher than the softening temperature of the product to be prepared. The product is thereby superior in uniformity of particle size, in absorptivity of plasticizers and liquid heat-stabilizers, as well as in processability.
The present invention is characterized by employing, as a suspending agent, two kinds of water-soluble cellulose ether, with a 2% aqueous solution of one of them having a viscosity of no more than 100 cps at 20.degree.C, and the other having a viscosity of at least 400 cps at 20.degree.C, in an aqueous medium containing a polymerization initiator and a suspending agent and vinyl chloride or a mixture of monomers containing vinyl chloride as its main component.
To give a more detailed description of the method of the invention, when suspension-polymerizing vinyl chloride, if, as a suspending agent, only a water-soluble cellulose ether of a low polymerization degree is employed, it will disperse the monomer into the water very effectively, but will not be able to keep the monomer particles in a dispersed state, so that the polymer particles formed in the early stage of the polymerization are apt to be locally agglomerated, until at last various particle sizes ranging, for example, from 1,000.mu. to 10.mu. are formed, resulting in irregularity in polymer particle distribution. On the other hand, if, as a suspending agent, only a cellulose ether of a high polymerization degree is employed, the monomer particles will be kept stable in the dispersed state, but such a suspending agent will not be able to disperse the monomer uniformly into the water in the reactor. Therefore, the polymer prepared is apt to be in large glassy, globe-shaped grains, of the sizes of for example from 500.mu. to 1,000.mu., instead of being of porous substance. Such a polymer is extremely inferior in absorptivity of plasticizers and in gelling property at the time of molding. Thus it is clear that no polymer of superior quality can be obtained in either case.
Taking these technical problems into consideration, various studies were conducted and a conclusion has been arrived at that in a suspension-polymerizing vinyl chloride or a mixture of monomers containing vinyl chloride as its main component, if two kinds of cellulose ether, one being of a low polymerization degree, a 2% aqueous solution of which has a viscosity of no more than 100 cps at 20.degree.C, and the other being of a comparatively high polymerization degree, a 2% aqueous solution of which has a viscosity of at least 400 cps, are employed, the following remarkable effects (i) and (ii) result:
i. Unfavorable phenomenon such as the agglomeration of the polymer prepared in the early stage of polymerization or the formation of glassy globular polymer, will be prevented. Additionally, the synergistic action of the two kinds of cellulose ethers make it possible to industrially produce in a good yield a porous polymer, uniform in particle size and superior in absorptivity of plasticizers.
ii. Even when the copolymerization is higher than the softening termperature of the polymer to be prepared, as in the suspension copolymerization of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate or propylene, the fusion or agglomeration, which is apt to take place in the course of polymerization, of the copolymer prepared will be successfully prevented, and the product obtained will prove to be a porous polymer superior in particle-size uniformity in absorptivity of plasticizers and heat stabilizers, as well as in processability. Such findings of ours have led us to the present invention.
The two kinds of cellulose ether, one of a low polymerization degree, and the other of a high polymerization degree, employed in practicing the present invention, are exemplified by water-soluble cellulose ether such as methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
The ratio of the amount by weight of the cellulose ether of a low polymerization degree, having a viscosity of no more than 100 cps to the cellulose ether of a high polymerization degree, having a viscosity of at least 400 cps had better be from 1:4 to 4:1 in order to have them exhibit the synergistic effect to the best advantage.
If the amounts employed are too small, neither the uniform distribution of the monomer particles nor the stabilization of the dispersed particles can be expected to take place, and if they are too large, the particles of the polymer prepared will become too fine or the polymer will be inferior in porosity, so that the total amount should be from 0.01 to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the monomer charged.
The present invention is applicable not only to the suspension-polymerization of vinyl chloride alone but also to that of a mixture of monomers containing vinyl chloride as its main component. The comonomers copolymerizable with vinyl chloride are exemplified by vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl ethers such as stearyl vinyl ether, cetyl vinyl ether, and lauryl vinyl ether, .alpha.-monoolefins such as ethylene, propylene and butylene, acrylic and methacrylic alkyl ester, maleic anhydride, maleic alky ester, fumaric alkyl ester, vinylidene halide, vinyl halides excepting vinyl chloride, aromatic vinyl compounds such as styrene and .alpha.- methylstyrene, acrylonitrile, and methacrylonitrile.
The polymerizing catalyst for practicing the method of the present invention is exemplified by organic peroxides such as benzoylperoxide, lauroylperoxide, diisopropylperoxydicarbonate, dicyclohexylperoxydicarbonate, tertiary butylperoxypivalate, acetyl cyclohexylsulfonylperoxide, and azo compounds such as azobisisobutyranitrile and azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile, used either singly or in combination.
Besides employing, as a suspending agent, the above-given two kinds of water-soluble cellulose ether, the present invention may be practiced in accordance with the known suspensionpolymerization methods, with regard to charging the monomer(s) (successive charging), stirring the polymerization system, and the length of the polymerization time. Any known dispersing agents pH controllers (alkaline substances), and polymerization controllers such as organic solvents, may be used, in small quantities together with the two kinds of cellulose ether.

In the following examples, all the parts are parts by weight. The viscosity of the cellulose ether is that of a 2% solution of it at 20.degree.C and the physical properties of the polymers were measured by the methods described below.
Absorption by the polymer of a plastizer:
To a prescribed quantity of a polymer was added double the quantity of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP), and after being let to stand at room temperature for 1 hour, the mixture was put in a tube equipped at the bottom with a thin tube packed with glass fiber, and employing a centrifugal separator for laboratory use, it was subjected to centrifugation at a velocity of 3,000 r.p.m. for an hour. The amount (%) of DOP absorbed by the polymer as measured at the end of the centrifugation, was employed to show the absorptivity by the polymer of the plasticizer.
Absorption velocity by the polymer of a plasticizer:
A mixer having an inner capacity of 500 cc and equipped with a sigma-type stirrer was set to a brabender plastograph, and after the jacket of the mixer was heated to 80.degree.C, 300 g of the polymer was put in it and the mixture was stirred at 30 r.p.m. for 2 minutes, when 50 g of DOP were added to it. The stirring was continued as ever, and the time elapsed from the addition of DOP till the torque of stirring gave the maximum value was employed to show the velocity at which the plasticizer was absorbed by the polymer.
Gelling velocity:
A mixer having an inner capacity of 50 cc and equipped with a roller-type stirrer was set to a plastograph, and after the jacket of the mixer was heated to 185.degree.C, 65 g of a composition consisting of:Polymer 100 partsTribasic lead sulfate 2.0 partsLead stearate 1.5 partsBarium stearate 0.7 partTitanium oxide 0.5 part
were put in it, and the composition was stirred at 30 r.p.m. The time elapsed from the beginning of the stirring until the torque of stirring gave the maximum value was employed to show the gelling velocity of the polymer.
Dry flow:
100 parts of the polymer, 3 parts of dibutylin dilaurate and 0.5 part of barium stearate were stirred with a high speed mixer, while they were heated from room temperature up to 140.degree.C, and then the mixture was cooled down once more to room temperature and let to flow from the hopper through an 8 mm .phi. outlet. The time required for a prescribed amount of the mixture to flow out was employed to denote the dry flow of the polymer.
The following examples are illustrative only and not meant to be limiting in any way:
EXAMPLE 1
In a 1,000 liter stainless steel reactor were put:Methylcellulose 0.15 partWater 200 parts.alpha.,.alpha.'azobisdimethylvaleronitrile 0.025 partVinyl chloride 100 parts
As a suspending agent, two kinds of methylcelluloses were used, MC-A, having a viscosity of 15 cps, and containing 28.5% by weight of methoxy radical, and MC-B, having a viscosity of 1,000 cps and containing 28% by weight of methoxy radical, in the ratio set forth in Table 1. The polymerization was carried out at 57.degree.C for 9 hours, whereby a polymer having the physical properties set forth in Table 1 was obtained.
It was determined from the results that with the method of the invention a polymer which is extremely superior in particle size distribution, plasticizer absorptivity and gelling property when molded is obtained as compared with those obtained in the controls.
When a similar experiment was conducted, employing as a suspending agent a partially saponified polyvinyl acetate (saponification value: 80 mole %, and average polymerization degree: 1,750) instead of the two kinds of methylcelluloses (MC-A and MC-B), the polymer obtained (quantity of the plasticizer absorbed (%): 18.5%, plasticizer absorption velocity: 20 minutes, and gelling velocity: 20 minutes) proved to be considerably inferior to the one obtained by the method of the invention.
Table 1__________________________________________________________________________ Control Present inventionExp. No. 1 2 3 4 5__________________________________________________________________________MC-A/ 100/ 0/ 75/ 50/ 25/ MC-B 0 100 25 50 75__________________________________________________________________________Par- 60 mesh thru 56.5 42.3 100 100 100ticle 80 mesh thru 53.6 30.0 89.1 80.0 79.9size 100 mesh thru 50.1 21.5 60.5 45.6 45.9distri- 115 mesh thru 48.6 10.5 29.9 20.1 21.3bution 150 mesh thru 32.2 6.3 12.3 9.3 8.0(%) 200 mesh thru 28.5 0.1 1.2 0.4 0.2__________________________________________________________________________Quantity of plasti-cizer absorbed (%) 18.5 12.3 31.9 30.0 29.8Plasticizer absorp-tion velocity (min) 20 21 10 10 12Gelling velocity (min) 20 21 16 15 17__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 2.
An experiment similar to the one described in Example 1 (Experiments 1-5) was conducted in which, instead of the two kinds of methyl cellulose, MC-A and MC-B, HPMC-A (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose having a viscosity of 50 cps and containing 9.8% by weight of hydroxypropyl radical and methoxy radical content: 29% by weight) and HPMC-B (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, having a viscosity of 1,500 cps and containing 7% by weight of hydroxypropyl radical) were employed. The polymer obtained proved to have the physical properties given in Table 2.
In Exp. 9, HPMC-B was replaced by hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (viscosity: 200 cps, hydroxypropyl radical content: 7% by weight and methoxy radical content: 30% by weight). The polymer obtained was extremely varied in particle size (60 mesh thru: 43.2%, and 200 mesh thru: 11.5%).
Table 2__________________________________________________________________________ Control Present inventionExp. No. 6 7 8 9 10__________________________________________________________________________HPMC-A/ 100/ 0/ 75/ 50/ 25/ HPMC-B 0 100 25 50 75__________________________________________________________________________Par- 60 mesh thru 66.2 21.3 100 100 100ticle 80 mesh thru 60.3 15.1 80.1 79.5 79.0size 100 mesh thru 52.5 3.8 69.7 48.6 40.3distri- 115 mesh thru 50.3 1.8 38.5 21.1 20.0bution 150 mesh thru 41.1 0.2 11.8 9.7 8.8(%) 200 mesh thru 39.0 0.1 1.5 0.7 0.2__________________________________________________________________________Quantity of plasti-cizer absorbed (%) 20.3 10.5 30.5 30.0 29.3Plasticizer absorp-tion velocity (min) 19 20 or more 9 10 10Gelling velocity (min) 20 25 or more 14 16 16__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
An experiment similar to the one described in Example 2 (Exp 8) was conducted in which the only difference was that HPMC-B was replaced by HEMC-B (hydroxyethyl methylcellulose, having a viscosity of 1,000 cps and containing 5% of hydroxethyl radical, 29% by weight of methoxy radical), and the polymer obtained proved to have the physical properties given in Table 3 (Exp. 12).
Table 3______________________________________ Control Present inventionExp. No. 11 12______________________________________HPMC-A/ 0/ 75/ HEMC-B 100 25______________________________________Par- 60 mesh thru 31.3 100ticle 80 mesh thru 20.5 83.5size 100 mesh thru 15.6 55.0distri- 115 mesh thru 4.5 31.2bution 150 mesh thru 2.1 15.6(%) 200 mesh thru 0.8 2.0______________________________________Quantity of plasti-cizer absorbed (%) 17.0 34.9Plasticizer absorp-tion velocity (min) 20 or more 7Gelling velocity (min) 24 17______________________________________
EXAMPLE 4.
In a reactor were put:
Methylcellulose 0.5 partWater 200 partsDiisopropylperoxydicarbonate 0.02 partVinyl chloride 85 partsVinyl acetate 15 partsTrichloroethylene 3 parts
and with an addition of MC-A (methylcellulose, like the one employed in Example 1) and MC-B' (methylcellulose having a viscosity of 4,000 cps and containing 29% by weight of methoxy radical) in the ratio given in Table 4. The mixture was polymerized at 57.degree. C for 15 hours, obtaining the copolymer which had the physical properties given in Table 4.
The compositions obtained in Exp. 13 and 14 were inferior in dry flow, the former very sticky and the latter utterly unable to flow out from the hopper, proving that the copolymers prepared were extremely inferior in the absorption of liquid stabilizers such as dibutyltin dilaurate.
It was observed that the compositions obtained in Exp. 15, 16 and 17 had a softening point of 51.degree.C (when measured by means of the Clash-Berg softening point measuring method), proving that by the method of the invention, hardly any agglomeration of the polymer particles will take place, even if the polymerization temperature should be above the softening point of the polymer to be prepared, so that the polymer obtained will be superior in uniformity of particle size and in absorption of plasticizers.
__________________________________________________________________________ Control Present InventionExp. No. 13 14 15 16 17__________________________________________________________________________MC-A/ 100/ 0/ 75/ 50/ 25/ MC-B' 0 100 25 50 75__________________________________________________________________________Par- 60 mesh thru 88.0 65.0 100 100 100ticle 80 mesh thru 72.2 42.1 90.6 89.2 80.9size 100 mesh thru 66.1 21.2 66.2 62.8 50.1distri- 115 mesh thru 60.1 12.8 50.8 51.8 25.8bution 150 mesh thru 58.1 8.4 22.1 18.4 14.1(%) 200 mesh thru 56.6 0.2 4.2 2.2 1.0__________________________________________________________________________Quantity of plasti-cizer absorbed (%) 10.1 5.6 22.0 21.5 19.3Dry flow (sec) No flow 28 12 10 9__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 5
An experiment similar to the one described in Example 4 (Exp. 16) was conducted in which the only difference was that MC-B' was replaced by HPC-B (hydroxypropyl cellulose having a viscosity of 8,000 cps and containing 45% by weight of hydroxypropyl radical). The polymer obtained proved to have the physical properties given in Table 5 (Exp. 19).
______________________________________ Control Present inventionExp. No. 18 19______________________________________MC-A/ 0/ 50/ HPC-B 100 50______________________________________Particle 60 mesh thru 51.2 100sizedistri- 100 mesh thru 43.5 90.3bution(%) 200 mesh thru 38.0 3.8______________________________________Quantity of plasti-cizer absorbed (%) 4.9 18.6Dry flow (sec) 30 13______________________________________
EXAMPLE 6.
In a reactor were put and subjected to polymerization at 60.degree. for 20 hours:
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 0.4 partWater 300 partsLauroyl peroxide 0.1 partVinyl chloride 70 partsVinyl acetate 30 parts
where the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as shown in Table 6 was two kinds of HPMC's (1:1, ratio by weight) differing in viscosity but invariably containing 8% by weight of hydroxypropyl radical and 29% by weight of methoxy radical. When the copolymer obtained was filtered off and dried, the product proved to have the physical properties given in Table 6. The softening temperature of the copolymer was found to be about 47.degree.C in every case.
Table 6__________________________________________________________________________ Con- Control Present invention trol__________________________________________________________________________Exp. No. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29__________________________________________________________________________HPMCCPS 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 1500CPS 50 100 400 800 1000 1500 4000 8000 15000 8000__________________________________________________________________________Meanpolymeri- 600 620 600 660 600 610 600 600 600 600zationdegreeChlorinecontent 40.80 40.00 41.00 40.50 40.72 40.88 40.20 40.25 40.66 40.99(%)__________________________________________________________________________Gellingvelocity 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.5 8.2(min) *Dry flow(sec) None None 40 38 18 8 5 13 13 32__________________________________________________________________________Par- 60 69.2 72.8 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 21.3ti- meshcle thru 80 68.3 72.0 75.0 73.2 86.6 89.2 85.4 80.1 88.1 15.1 meshsize thru 100 61.5 70.8 71.2 66.1 80.1 80.1 71.5 69.7 62.3 3.8dis- meshtri- thrubu- 115 69.8 66.8 65.8 53.2 75.1 62.3 61.9 38.5 35.5 1.8tion mesh thru 150 60.9 59.2 39.8 40.0 41.8 34.6 21.8 11.8 10.5 0.2(%) mesh thru 200 52.3 53.8 23.0 20.2 21.0 11.2 8.2 5.4 4.8 0.1 mesh thru__________________________________________________________________________ * The temperature of the mixer jacket was kept at 130.degree.C.
EXAMPLE 7
In a reactor were put and subjected to polymerization at 55.degree.C for 30 hours:
Cellulose ether 0.2 partWater 300 partsIsopropylperoxydicarbonate 0.05 partVinyl chloride 93 partsPropylene 7 parts
As cellulose ether, two kinds of cellulose ethers of various viscosities (1:1, ratio by weight) selected from the group consisting of methyl cellulose (MC) containing 28% by weight of methoxy radical, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) containing 45% by weight of hydroxypropyl radical, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), containing 8% of hydroxypropyl radical and 29% by weight of methoxy radical were employed. When the copolymer obtained was filtered off and dried, the product proved to have the physical properties given in Table 7. The softening temperature of the copolymer was found to be about 53.degree.C in every case.
Table 7__________________________________________________________________________ Control Present inventionExp. No. 30 31 32 33__________________________________________________________________________Cellulose ether MC (100) MC (4000) MC (100) MC (100)(CPS) HPC (100) HPMC (4000) HPC (8000) HPMC (8000)__________________________________________________________________________Polymerizationdegree 700 700 710 700Chlorine content 53.30 53.33 53.28 53.28(%)__________________________________________________________________________Gelling velocity 17 12 10 10(min)Dry flow (sec) None 28 9 12__________________________________________________________________________Par- 60 mesh 83.3 10.1 100 100ti- thrucle 80 mesh 69.3 8.5 99.8 90.8 thrusize 100 mesh 60.8 2.1 90.3 72.5 thrudis-tri- 115 mesh 52.2 0.3 52.2 40.8bu- thrution 150 mesh 41.1 0.1 21.0 18.5(%) thru 200 mesh 38.0 0.1 3.8 2.1 thru__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 8.
In a reactor were put and subjected to polymerization at 57.degree.C for 15 hours:
Methylcellulose 0.5 partWater 200 partsDiisopropyl peroxydicarbonate 0.02 partVinyl chloride 85 partsStearyl vinyl ether 15 partsTrichloroethylene 3 parts
As methyl cellulose, two kinds of methyl celluloses (MC-A and MC-B') like those employed in Example 4, [as given in Table 8] were used. The copolymer obtained proved to have the physical properties given in Table 8, and its softening temperature was found to be about 45.degree.C in every case.
Table 8______________________________________ Present Control inventionExp. No. 34 35 36MC-A/ 100/ 0/ 50/ MC-B' 0 100 50______________________________________Particle 60 mesh thru 85.0 64.0 100size 80 mesh thru 70.5 42.5 90.1distri- 100 mesh thru 64.0 20.8 65.2bution 115 mesh thru 54.6 13.1 53.1(%) 150 mesh thru 46.7 7.6 18.2 200 mesh thru 30.0 0.3 2.0______________________________________Plasticizer 10.0 5.3 21.6absorption (%)Dry flow (sec) None 29 9______________________________________

Number	Name	Date
3375238	Bauer et al.	Mar 1968
3592800	Oschmann et al.	Jul 1971
3701742	Richardson et al.	Oct 1972

Method for suspension-polymerizing vinyl chloride

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