Patent Application
20050039841
The invention relates to a method for the bonding of disk-shaped substrates and an apparatus for carrying out the method. Method and apparatus are used in particular for the production of optical disks for data storage such as DVD disks.
DVD and similar disks usually comprise a lower disk-shaped substrate and an upper disk-shaped substrate, both with central circular openings, which normally consist of a plastic material like polycarbonate. At least the lower substrate carries a thin optically active, i.e. reflective or semi-reflective layer, usually consisting of a metal like Al, Au, Ag, Cu or an alloy, which carries the data. The upper substrate is bonded to the lower substrate by an adhesive, e.g., a UV-curable resin or a hot melt. The liquid adhesive is usually applied to the lower substrate before the substrates are joined and cured after the joining step. Alternatively, use of adhesives in the shape of flexible sheets has been proposed.
Many different processes have been described for bonding the substrates. In most cases the adhesive is applied to the upper side of the lower substrate whereupon the parallel upper substrate is lowered or dropped onto the adhesive layer and then pressed against the same as disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,265,578 A and 6,291,046 B. Major problems of this general method are variations in the thickness of the adhesive layer which is spread merely by mechanical pressure exerted by the often slightly warped substrates and the entrapment of gas which then forms inclusions or bubbles whenever areas where the adhesive and the upper substrate have not bonded properly are surrounded by bonded areas. Both effects influence the optical properties of the disk and may cause misreading of stored data.
To avoid the latter of the said problems the bonding step is often carried out in a vacuum or partial vacuum. Although the problem of creating bubbles by entrapment is thereby reduced it could only be virtually completely solved in this way by applying high-vacuum which, however, would require long cycle times and expensive high performance vacuum pumps and is therefore unacceptable for economic reasons. Also, longer exposure to vacuum may cause the formation of bubbles from gases solved in the adhesive under atmospheric pressure as it begins to outgas and it is usually not possible to wait for complete outgassing as this would increase cycle times even further beyond the economically acceptable.
An example of the above-mentioned process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,208 A where UV-curable adhesive is applied to the top side of the lower substrate via a nozzle of a dispenser in such a way that it covers, e.g., an annulus-shaped zone. After transferral of the lower substrate and the upper substrate to a vacuum chamber and reduction of the pressure to below 30 torr (40 mbar), the upper substrate is lowered onto the adhesive layer. The whole process may be carried out in a vacuum chamber. However, this requires a relatively large chamber which exacerbates the problems mentioned above. A process of this type is also described in JP 2000 315 338 A.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,677 A and U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,407 A a large vacuum chamber is avoided in that a small cylindrical vacuum chamber which narrowly encloses the substrates is provided. After the joining of the upper and lower substrates the atmospheric pressure is used for pressing the substrates against each other.
In several prior art publications it has been proposed to use spin coating where the adhesive is spread over the upper surface of the lower substrate by rotation of the same in order to achieve a layer of constant thickness. According to U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,133 A the bonding step is then carried out in a vacuum chamber at a pressure of about 50 pa (0, 5 mbar). In DE 197 15 779 A1 a similar process is described. While spin coating provides adhesive layers of essentially constant thickness it does not solve the problem of gas inclusions.
According to a somewhat different method, the disk is spun after the substrates have been joined as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,257 A. Here the centrifugal forces lead to a radially increasing thickness of the adhesive layer unless they are exactly balanced by suction from the edge of the central opening. Such balancing, however, requires precise control of angular velocity and pressure and is therefore difficult to achieve. According to U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,577 B1 the problem is alleviated in that the lower substrate is elastically deformed so as to form a central depression which should accommodate surplus adhesive. However, the control requirements are still difficult to fulfill.
EP 0 624 870 B1 shows a bonding method where, after a two package epoxy resin adhesive has been applied to the upper surface of the lower substrate along a circle surrounding the central opening, the upper substrate and the lower substrate are held in positions where they enclose an acute angle and first touch at contact points at the outer edges when the upper substrate is lowered. With the edge of the upper substrate opposite the point of first contact being lowered further by, e.g., 1 mm/s, the upper substrate pivots about the contact point until the substrates are parallel and joined, with the adhesive spread between them. This method, however, may as well lead to a varying thickness of the adhesive layer. Also, entrapment of gas bubbles cannot be excluded.
A similar method is apparent from DE 196 51 423 A1 where the upper substrate is supported by a holding arm pivotable about an axis at the level of the upper surface of the lower substrate in such a way that the upper substrate is at the same time lowered onto the lower substrate and rotated into an orientation parallel to the same. Even where the process is carried out in a vacuum, entrapment of gas can not be completely excluded unless high-vacuum is employed. This, however, would again require espensive high performance vacuum pumps and long cycle times. After joining of the substrates the disk may be spun in order that the adhesive be more equally distributed while suction is applied at the boundary of the central opening to balance the centrifugal forces. This step is fraught with problems as explained above.
According to JP 2003 006 940 A the lower and the upper substrate are accommodated in a vacuum chamber where the outer edge of the upper substrate is supported by spring-biased bolts a short distance above the lower substrate. Its center portion is then pressed downward by a pressing pad and joined to the center portion of the lower substrate while the upper substrate is slightly elastically deformed. After evacuation of the chamber the pressure of the pad is increased and thereby the contact area spread radially outward. With this method the risk of gas entrapments is indeed very low, however, the pressure applied to the upper substrate decreases from the center outward which may cause a radially varying thickness of the adhesive layer.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,549 B1 another bonding method is described where the upper substrate is held in a deformed state, whith its lower surface slightly convex, by a suction holding device. When it is lowered onto the adhesive layer contact is first established at the edges of the central openings whereupon the upper substrate is released and, assuming its unstressed plane configuration, contacts the whole of the adhesive-covered upper surface of the lower substrate.
An alternative method is then proposed where the upper substrate is again slightly deformed, with the center portion held about 1.5 mm above the outer edge by a suction holding device and its lower surface slightly concave. After contact has been established between the outer edges of the substrates, the space between them is evacuated through a central opening of the lower substrate until the center portion of the upper substrate is detached from the holding device by the suction of the vacuum and the lower surface of the released upper substrate contacts the whole of the upper surface of the lower substrate. The adhesive which initially covers an annulus-shaped zone on the upper surface of the lower substrate is thereby spread out between the surfaces.
Due to the fact that the release of the upper substrate is a function of several parameters which cannot be precisely controlled and reproduced like atmospheric pressure, contact surface and pressure in the suction holding device, elastic forces produced by the deformation of the upper substrate as well as the decreasing pressure between the substrates the step is not precisely controllable, in particular with respect to its timing. This makes reliable execution of the bonding step with defined and short cycle times difficult to achieve. It is, moreover, difficult to keep the space between the substrates reliably sealed and its evacuation through one of the central openings requires a complex apparatus.
DE 100 08 111 Al shows a somewhat similar bonding method where the upper and lower substrates are placed in a small vacuum chamber and attached to its top and bottom, respectively, by suction holding devices. The upper surface of the lower substrate is covered with hot melt. As soon as the chamber is sufficiently evacuated, the substrates are forced towards each other by a feeding of compressed air to both suction devices. Contact between them is first established at the center portions and spreads from there to the outer edges as both substrates are initially deformed by the impact of the compressed air. With this method the motions of the substrates and, as a consequence, their relative positions cannot be precisely controlled which may lead to defects of the finished product.
It is the object of the invention to provide a method where the joining of the substrates takes place in a controlled manner, where variations of the thickness of the adhesive layer is small and gas inclusions between the substrates are virtually absent.
These objects are achieved by the features of claim 1. The method according to the invention allows a precisely controlled bonding step with short cycle time and high and constant quality of the output.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an apparatus which is suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention. This object is achieved by the features of claim 10. The apparatus according to the invention is simple, unexpensive and reliable.
In the following the invention is described in more detail with reference to drawings referring to an embodiment of the invention where
a is an axial section of an apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention,
b is a horizontal section along B-B in
a-f schematically show axial sections through the apparatus and substrates during various stages of the method according to the invention.
The apparatus comprises a cylindrical vacuum chamber with a base plate 1, a circumferential side wall 2 and a removable cover 3. Holes 4 which are connected via a suction line 5 to a suction pump (not shown) are distributed over the inside surface of the latter so the cover 3 can serve as a suction holding device. The base plate 1 carries a support 6, a web concentric with the side wall 2 whose annulus-shaped plane upward-facing support surface 7 is slightly slanted (to the right in
The process according to the invention may, as illustrated in
In a first step of the method according to the invention a first disk-shaped substrate 11a made, e.g., from a transparent polycarbonate and containing a data-carrying metal layer, is provided whose upward-facing bonding surface 12a has previously been spin-coated with an, e.g., UV-curable, adhesive. The first substrate 11a is then deposed on the support 6 in the open vacuum chamber as a lower substrate, with an annulus-shaped part of its back surface 13a which is adjacent to its outer edge resting against the support surface 7. A second substrate 11b which may have the same general structure as the first substrate 11a is disposed as an upper substrate on the cover 3 where it is held by suction, i.e. with a back surface 13b against the inside of the cover 3, in a position above the first substrate 11a and essentially parallel to the same, apart from the small slant angle. Its downward-facing surface forms a second bonding surface 12b. Then the vacuum chamber is closed (
In a second step, support pin 9 is extended through central openings 14a, 14b of the substrates 11a, 11b and assumes an upper limit position where its tip is close to the cover 3. Then balls 10 are extended radially outward and the suction holding device which is integrated in cover 3 deactivated. The second substrate 11b is then supported by the balls 10, with a part of the second bonding surface 12b immediately adjacent the central opening 14b resting against the same. At the same time, evacuation of the vacuum chamber through evacuation line 8 begins (
During the evacuation process which takes approximately 2′700 ms the support pin 9 is being retracted. After about 2′650 ms the balls 10 touch the first substrate 11a, acting as a mechanical stop means against parts of the first bonding surface 12a immediately adjacent to the central opening 14a. The support pin 9 is retracted by approximately another 2 mm whereby a force directed away from the second substate 11b is exerted on the first substrate 11a at its center. It is thereby slightly elastically deformed, with the first bonding surface 12a assuming a concave shape where its center is about 2 mm below its circumference as the latter is kept in essentially its previous position by the support surface 7 acting as a mechanical stop means against the back surface 13a close to its circumference (
Now, 2′700 ms after the beginning of the evacuation process, the balls 10 are retracted. The released first substrate 11a snaps back to its unstressed plane configuration. As a consequence, the contact area quickly extends to a narrow annulus adjacent to the outer edge of the first bonding surface 12a and the second bonding surface 12b and then spreads radially inwards to the edges of central openings 14a, b. In this way, the contact area where the substrates are bonded spreads from a small contact area to the complete first bonding surface 12a and second bonding surface 12b without ever enclosing a not-yet-bonded part of the bonding surfaces (
After retraction of the support pin 9 by a short distance the balls 10 are again radially extended (
Due to the small volume of the vacuum chamber which narrowly encloses the substrates and with the sequence of steps as described above where the evacuation of the chamber is carried out in parallel with the mechanical manipulations of the substrates leading up to their joining, the bonding process takes only a few seconds altogether which is not only advantageous from an economic point of view but also virtually precludes outgassing of the adhesive under vacuum conditions.
It is obvious for those skilled in the art that the method and apparatus described above can be modified in many ways without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the substrates may consist of any suitable material and the first substrate may contain two data-carrying layers. The adhesive can be of the hot melt or two package type. It can be spread on the second bonding surface instead of on the first or applied to both. The central mechanical stop means can have different, e.g., wedge-like shapes and the circumferential mechanical stop-means can be interrupted by gaps. Moreover, instead of central and circumferential mechanical stop means mechanical friction means which act on the edge of the central opening or the circumferential edge, respectively, can be employed.
The support surface need not be slanted. The contact area will in this case be a narrow annulus adjacent to the circumferences of the bonding surfaces unless there is a slight warp in one of the substrates or in both in which case the contact area may be restricted to a subset of the said annulus.
More far-reaching deviations from the embodiment described above are also possible. E.g., the first substrate may be bended in different ways by appropriately modified mechanical means, for instance in such a way that the first bonding surface assumes a convex shape in which case the contact area will be an annulus adjacent the central openings or some subset thereof. Also, the schedule of the process as well as other parameters thereof may differ.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60497224 | Aug 2003 | US |
