Patent Grant
8481457
This application is a §371 National Stage Application of PCT/EP2008/007605 filed Sep. 13, 2008, which claims priority to European Application 10 2007 045 921.3 filed Sep. 26, 2007.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method for improving the utilization of the production potential of transgenic plants.
2. Description of Related Art
In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the proportion of transgenic plants in agriculture, even if regional differences are still noticeable to date. Thus, for example, the proportion of transgenic maize in the USA has doubled from 26% to 52% since 2001, while transgenic maize has hardly been of any practical importance in Germany. However, in other European countries, for example in Spain, the proportion of transgenic maize is already about 12%.
Transgenic plants are employed mainly to utilize the production potential of respective plant varieties in the most favourable manner, at the lowest possible input of production means. The aim of/be genetic modification of the plants is in particular the generation of resistance in the plants to certain pests or harmful organisms or else herbicides and also to abiotic stress (for example drought, heat or elevated salt levels). It is also possible to modify a plant genetically to increase certain quality or product features, such as, for example, the content of selected vitamins or oils, or to improve certain fibre properties.
Herbicide resistance or tolerance can be achieved, for example, by incorporating genes into the useful plant for expressing enzymes to detoxify certain herbicides, so that a relatively unimpeded growth of these plants is possible even in the presence of these herbicides for controlling broad-leaved weeds and weed grasses. Examples which may be mentioned are cotton varieties or maize varieties which tolerate the herbicidally active compound glyphosate (Roundup®), (Roundup Ready®. Monsanto) or the herbicides glufosinate or oxynil.
More recently, there has also been the development of useful plants comprising two or more genetic modifications (“stacked transgenic plants” or multiply transgenic crops). Thus, for example, Monsanto has developed multiply transgenic maize varieties which are resistant to the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and the Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera). Also known are maize and cotton crops which are both resistant to the Western corn rootworm and the cotton bollworm and tolerant to the herbicide Roundup®.
It has now been found that the utilization of the production potential of transgenic useful plants can be improved even more by treating the plants with one or more compounds of the formula (I) defined below. Here, the term “treatment” includes all measures resulting in a contact between these active compounds and at least one plant part. “Plant parts” are to be understood as meaning all above-ground and below-ground parts and organs of plants, such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, by way of example leaves, needles, stalks, stems, flowers, fruit bodies, fruits and seed, and also roots, tubers and rhizomes. The plant parts also include harvested material and also vegetative and generative propagation material, for example cuttings, tubers, rhizomes, slips and seed.
Compounds of the formula (I)
in which
in which
From these documents, the person skilled in the art will be familiar with processes for preparing and methods for using compounds of the formula (I) and with the action of compounds of the formula (I).
Preferred sub-groups for the compounds of the formula (I) mentioned above are listed below.
In a prominent group of compounds of the formula (I), A represents 6-chloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I), A represents 6-bromopyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I), A represents 6-chloro-1,4-pyridazin-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I), A represents 2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I). A represents 5-fluoro-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I), A represents 5-fluoro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I), A represents 5,6-dichloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I), R1 represents methyl.
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I), R1 represents ethyl.
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I), R1 represents cyclopropyl.
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I), R1 represents 2-fluoroethyl.
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I). R1 represents 2,2-difluoroethyl.
The radical definitions and illustrations listed above in general or listed in preferred ranges can be combined with one another as desired, i.e. including between the particular preferred ranges.
Preference is given in accordance with the invention to compounds of the formula (I) in which a combination of the definitions listed above as preferred is present.
Particular preference is given in accordance with the invention to compounds of the formula (I) in which a combination of the definitions listed above as particularly preferred is present.
Very particular preference is given in accordance with the invention to compounds of the formula (I) in which a combination of the definitions listed above as very particularly preferred is present.
A preferred subgroup of the compounds of the formula (I) are those of the formula (I-a)
in which
Preferred substituents or ranges of the radicals listed in the formula (I-a) mentioned above and below are illustrated below.
In a prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-a). B represents 6-chloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-a). B represents 6-bromopyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-a), B represents 6-chloro-1,4-pyridazin-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-a), R2 represents 2-fluoroethyl.
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-a). R2 represents 2,2-difluoroethyl.
A further preferred subgroup of the compounds of the formula (I) are those of the formula (I-b)
in which
in which
Preferred substituents or ranges of the radicals listed in the formula (I-b) mentioned above and below are illustrated below.
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-b). D represents 5-fluoro-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-b), D represents 5,6-dichloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-b), D represents 5-bromo-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-b), D represents 5-methyl-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-b), D represents 5-fluoro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-b), D represents 5-chloro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-b), D represents 5-chloro-6-iodopyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-b), R3 represents ethyl.
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-b), R3 represents ethyl.
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-b), R3 represents cyclopropyl.
A further preferred subgroup of the compounds of the formula (I) are those of the formula (I-c)
in which
in which
Preferred substituents or ranges of the radicals listed in the formula (I-c) mentioned above and below are illustrated below.
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-c), E represents 5-fluoro-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-c), E represents 5,6-dichloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-c), E represents 5-bromo-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-c), E represents 5-methyl-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-c), E represents 5-fluoro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-c), E represents 5-chloro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-c), E represents 5-chloro-6-iodopyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-c), R4 represents 2-fluoroethyl.
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-c), R4 represents 2,2-difluoroethyl.
A preferred subgroup of the compounds of the formula (I) are those of the formula (I-d)
in which
Preferred substituents or ranges of the radicals listed in the formula (I-d) mentioned above and below are illustrated below.
In a prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-d), G represents 6-chloropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-d), G represents 6-bromopyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-d). G represents 6-chloro-1,4-pyridazin-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-d), G represents 2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-d), G represents 6-fluoropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-d), G represents 6-trifluoromethyl-pyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-d), G represents 6-fluoropyrid-3-yl
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-d), R5 represents methyl.
In a further prominent group of compounds of the formula (I-d). R5 represents cyclopropyl.
Specific mention may be made of the following compounds of the general formula (I):
Preference is given to compounds of the formula (I) selected from the group consisting of the compounds of the formulae (I-a), (I-b), (I-c) and (I-d) mentioned above.
Preference is furthermore given to compounds of the formula (I) selected from the group consisting of the compounds of the formulae (I-a), (I-b) and (I-c) mentioned above.
Particular preference is given to compounds of the formula (I) in which A is selected from the radicals 6-fluoropyrid-3-yl, 6-chloropyrid-3-yl, 6-bromopyrid-3-yl, 5-fluoro-6-chloropyrid-3-yl, 2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl and 5,6-dichloropyrid-3-yl and R1 is selected from the radicals methyl, cyclopropyl, methoxy, 2-fluoroethyl or 2,2-difluoroethyl.
Very particular preference is given to compounds of the formula (I) selected from the group consisting of the compounds of the formulae (I-1), (I-2), (I-3), (I-4), (I-5), (I-6), (I-7), (I-8), (I-9) and (I-10).
According to the invention. “alkyl” represents straight-chain or branched aliphatic hydrocarbons having 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, carbon atoms. Suitable alkyl groups are, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyl, pentyl or hexyl. The alkyl group may be unsubstituted or is substituted by at least one of the substituents mentioned here.
According to the invention, “alkenyl” represents straight-chain or branched hydrocarbons having at least one double bond. The double bond of the alkenyl group may be unconjugated or is conjugated to an unsaturated bond or group. Alkenyl groups having 2 to 6 or 3 to 6 carbon atoms are preferred. Suitable alkenyl groups are, for example, vinyl or allyl. The alkenyl group may be unsubstituted or is substituted by at least one of the substituents mentioned here.
According to the invention, “alkynyl” represents straight-chain or branched hydrocarbons having at least one triple bond. The triple bond of the alkynyl group may be unconjugated or is conjugated to an unsaturated bond or group. Alkynyl groups having 2 to 6 or 3 to 6 carbon atoms are preferred. Suitable alkynyl groups are, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, methylpropynyl, 4-methyl-1-butynyl, 4-propyl-2-pentynyl and 4-butyl-2-hexynyl. The alkynyl group may be unsubstituted or is substituted by at least one of the substituents mentioned here.
According to the invention, “cycloalkyl” represents cyclic hydrocarbons having 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Suitable cycloalkyl groups are, for example, cyclopropyl cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. The cycloalkyl group may be unsubstituted or is substituted by at least one of the substituents mentioned here.
According to the invention, “alkoxy” represents alkoxy groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Suitable alkoxy groups are, for example, methyloxy, ethyloxy, n-propyloxy, i-propyloxy, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyloxy, pentyloxy or hexyloxy. The alkoxy group may be unsubstituted or is substituted by at least one of the substituents mentioned here.
According to the invention, “alkylamino” represents alkylamino groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Suitable alkylamino groups are, for example, methylamino, ethylamino, n-propylamino, i-propylamino, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butylamino, pentylamino or hexylamino. The alkylamino group may be unsubstituted or is substituted by at least one of the substituents mentioned here.
According to the invention, “heterocyclic compounds” represents cyclic hydrocarbons having preferably 3 to 14, particularly preferably 3 to 10 and very particularly preferably 5 to 6 carbon atoms which contain at least one heteroatom, such as, for example, nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur and which can be prepared by customary methods. The heterocyclic compounds may contain saturated and unsaturated bonds or groups which are additionally in conjugation with further unsaturated bonds or groups, Suitable heterocyclic compounds are, for example, oxirane, aziridine, azetidine, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran-2-one, caprolactam: unsaturated heterocyclic compounds, such as, for example, 2H-pyrrole, 4H-pyran, 1,4-dihydropyridine: and heteroaryls, such as, for example, pyrrole, pyrrazole, imidazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, oxathiazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, purine, pteridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine and phenazine. The heterocyclic compounds may be unsubstituted or are substituted by at least one of the substituents mentioned here.
According to the invention, “halogen” represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine.
According to the invention, “haloalkyl” represents alkyl groups having 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4, carbon atoms in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by a halogen. Suitable haloalkyl groups are, for example, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2Cl, CFCl2, CCl3, CF2Br, CF2CF3, CFHCF3, CH2CF3, CH2CH2F, CH2CHF2, CFClCF3, CCl2CF3, CF2CH3, CF2CH2F, CF2CHF2, CF2CF2Cl, CF2CF2Br, CFHCH3, CFHCHF2, CHFCF3, CHFCF2Cl, CHFCF2Br, CFClCF3, CCl2CF3, CF2CF2CF3, CH2CH2CH2F, CH2CHFCH3, CH2CF2CF3, CF2CH2CF3, CF2CF2CH3, CHFCF2CF3, CF2CHFCF3, CF2CF2CHF2, CF2CF2CH2F, CF2CF2CF2Cl, CF2CF2CF2Br, 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 1-(difluoromethyl)-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl, 2-bromo-1,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl, 1-(difluoromethyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl. The haloalkyl group may be unsubstituted or is substituted by at least one of the substituents mentioned here.
According to the invention, “aryl” represents aryl groups having 6 to 10, preferably 6, carbon atoms. Suitable aryl groups are, for example, phenyl or naphthyl. The aryl group may be unsubstituted or is substituted by at least one of the substituents mentioned here.
Preference is given to mixtures of two or more, preferably two or three, particularly preferably two, of the insecticidally active compounds.
According to the method proposed according to the invention, transgenic plants, in particular useful plants, are treated with compounds of the formula (I) to increase agricultural productivity. For the purpose of the invention, transgenic plants are plants which contain at least one gene or gene fragment which is not the result of fertilization. This gene or gene fragment may originate or be derived from another plant of the same species, from plants of a different species, but also from organisms from the animal kingdom or microorganisms (including viruses) (“foreign gene”) and/or, if appropriate, already have mutations compared to the naturally occurring sequence. According to the invention, it is also possible to use synthetic genes, this also being included in the term “foreign gene” here. It is also possible for a transgenic plant to code for two or more foreign genes of different origin.
For the purpose of the invention, the “foreign gene” is further characterized in that it comprises a nucleic acid sequence which has a certain biological or chemical function or activity in the transgenic plant. In general, these genes code for biocatalysts, such as, for example, enzymes or ribozymes, or else they comprise regulatory sequences, such as, for example, promoters or terminators, for controlling the expression of endogenous proteins. However, to this end, they may also code for regulatory proteins, such as, for example, repressors or inductors. Furthermore, the foreign gene may also serve the targeted localization of a gene product of the transgenic plant, coding, for example, for a signal peptide. The foreign gene may also code for inhibitors, such as, for example, antisense RNA.
The person skilled in the art is readily familiar with numerous different methods for producing transgenic plants and methods for the targeted mutagenesis, for gene transformation and cloning, for example from: Willmitzer, 1993, Transgenic plants, in: Biotechnology, A Multivolume Comprehensive Treatise, Rehm et al. (eds.), Vol. 2, 627-659, VCH Weinheim, Germany.
A good example of a complex genetic manipulation of a useful plant is the so-called GURT technology (“Genetic Use Restriction Technologies”) which allows the technical control of the propagation of the transgenic plant variety in question. To this end, in general two or three foreign genes are cloned into the useful plant which, in a complex interaction after administration of an external stimulus, trigger a cascade resulting in the death of the embryo which would otherwise develop. To this end, the external stimulus (for example an active compound or another chemical or abiotic stimulus) may interact, for example, with a repressor which then no longer suppresses the expression of a recombinase, so that the recombinase is able to cleave an inhibitor thus allowing expression of a toxin causing the embryo to die. Examples of this type of transgenic plant are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,765 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,034.
Accordingly, the person skilled in the art is familiar with processes for generating transgenic plants which, by virtue of the integration of regulatory foreign genes and the overexpression, suppression or inhibition of endogenous genes or gene sequences mediated in this manner, if appropriate, or by virtue of the existence or expression of foreign genes or fragments thereof, have modified properties.
As already discussed above the method according to the invention allows better utilization of the production potential of transgenic plants. On the one hand, this may, if appropriate, be based on the fact that the application rate of the active compound which can be employed according to the invention can be reduced, for example by lowering the dose employed or else by reducing the number of applications. On the other hand, if appropriate, the yield of the useful plants may be increased quantitatively and/or qualitatively. This is true in particular in the case of a transgenically generated resistance to biotic or abiotic stress. If, for example, compounds of the formula (I) are employed, it may in certain cases be possible to limit the dosage of the insecticide to a sublethal dose without significantly reducing the desired effect of the active compound on the pests.
Depending on the plant species or plant varieties, their location and the growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period, nutrients), these synergistic actions may vary and may be multifarious. Thus possible are, for example, reduced application rates and/or a widening of the activity spectrum and/or an increase of the activity of the compounds and compositions used according to the invention, better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, higher quality and/or higher nutrient value of the harvested products, increased storability and/or processibility of the harvested products, which exceed the effects normally to be expected.
These advantages are the result of a synergistic action, achieved according to the invention, between the compounds of the formula (I) which can be employed and the respective principle of action of the genetic modification of the transgenic plant. This reduction of production means as a result of the synergism, with simultaneous yield or quality increase, is associated with considerable economical and ecological advantages.
A list of examples known to the person skilled in the art of transgenic plants, with the respective affected structure in the plant or the protein expressed by the genetic modification in the plant being mentioned, is compiled in Table 1. Here, the structure in question or the principle expressed is in each case grouped with a certain feature in the sense of a tolerance to a certain stress factor. A similar list (Table 3) compiles—in a slightly different arrangement—likewise examples of principles of action, tolerances induced thereby and possible useful plants. Further examples of transgenic plants suitable for the treatment according to the invention are compiled in Table 4.
In an advantageous embodiment, the compounds of the formula (I) are used for treating transgenic plants comprising at least one gene or gene fragment coding for a Bt toxin. A Bt toxin is a protein originating from or derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which either belongs to the group of the crystal toxins (Cry) or the cytolytic toxins (Cyt). In the bacterium, they are originally formed as protoxins and are only metabolized in alkaline medium—for example in the digestive tract of certain feed insects—to their active form. There, the active toxin then binds to certain hydrocarbon structures at cell surfaces causing pores to be formed which destroy the osmotic potential of the cell, which may effect cell lysis. The result is the death of the insects. Bt toxins are active in particular against certain harmful species from the orders of the Lepidoptera (butterflies), Homoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera (beetles) in all their development stages; i.e. from the egg larva via their juvenile forms to their adult forms.
It has been known for a long time that gene sequences coding for Bt toxins, parts thereof or else peptides or proteins derived from Bt toxins can be cloned with the aid of genetic engineering into agriculturally useful plants to generate transgenic plants having endogenous resistance to pests sensitive to Bt toxins. For the purpose of the invention, the transgenic plants coding for at least one Bt toxin or proteins derived therefrom are defined as “Bt plants”.
The “first generation” of such Bt plants generally only comprise the genes enabling the formation of a certain toxin, thus only providing resistance to one group of pathogens. An example of a commercially available maize variety comprising the gene for forming the Cry1Ab toxin is “YieldGard®” from Monsanto which is resistant to the European corn borer. In contrast, in the Bt cotton variety (Bollgard®), resistance to other pathogens from the family of the Lepidoptera is generated by introduction by cloning of the genes for forming the Cry1Ac toxin. Other transgenic crop plants, in turn, express genes for forming Bt toxins with activity against pathogens from the order of the Coleoptera. Examples that may be mentioned are the Bt potato variety “NewLeaf®” (Monsanto) capable of forming the Cry3A toxin, which is thus resistant to the Colorado potato beetle, and the transgenic maize variety “YieldGard®” (Monsanto) which is capable of forming the Cry 3Bb1 toxin and is thus protected against various species of the Western corn rootworm.
In a “second generation”, the multiply transgenic plants, already described above, expressing or comprising at least two foreign genes were generated.
Preference according to the invention is given to transgenic plants with Bt toxins from the group of the Cry family (see, for example, Crickmore et al., 1998, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 807-812), which are particularly effective against Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. Examples of genes coding for the proteins are:
cry1Aa1, cry1Aa2, cry1Aa3, cry1Aa4, cry1Aa5, cry1Aa6, cry1Aa7, cry1Aa8, cry1Aa9, cry1Aa10, cry1Aa11, cry1Ab1, cry1Ab2, cry1Ab3, cry1Ab4, cry1Ab5, cry1Ab6, cry1Ab7, cry1Ab8, cry1Ab9, cry1Ab10, cry1Ab11, cry1Ab12, cry1Ab13, cry1Ab14, cry1Ac1, cry1Ac2, cry1Ac3, cry1Ac4, cry1Ac5, cry1Ac6, cry1Ac7, cry1Ac8, cry1Ac9, cry1Ac10, cry1Ac11, cry1Ac12, cry1Ac13, cry1Ad1, cry1Ad2, cry1Ae1, cry1Af1, cry1Ag1, cry1Ba1, cry1Ba2, cry1Bb1, cry1Bc1, cry1Bd1, cry1Be1, cry1Ca1, cry1Ca2, cry1Ca3, cry1Ca4, cry1Ca5, cry1Ca6, cry1Ca7, cry1Cb1, cry1Cb2, cry1Da1, cry1Da2 cry1Db1, cry1Ea1, cry1Ea2, cry1Ea3, cry1Ea4, cry1Ea5, cry1Ea6, cry1Eb1, cry1Fa1, cry1Fa2, cry1Fb1, cry1Fb2, cry1Fb3, cry1Fb4, cry1Ga1, cry1Ga2, cry1Gb1, cry1Gb2, cry1Ha1, cry1Hb1, cry1Ia1, cry1Ia2, cry1Ia3, cry1Ia4, cry1Ia5, cry1Ia6, cry1Ib1, cry1Ic1, cry1Id1, cry1Ie1, cry1I-like, cry1Ja1, cry1Jb1, cry1Jc1, cry1Ka1, cry1-like, cry2Aa1, cry2Aa2, cry2Aa3, cry2Aa4, cry2Aa5, cry2Aa6, cry2Aa7, cry2Aa8, cry2Aa9, cry2Ab1, cry2Ab2, cry2Ab3, cry2Ac1, cry2Ac2, cry2Ad1, cry3Aa1, cry3Aa2, cry3Aa3, cry3Aa4, cry3Aa5, cry3Aa6, cry3Aa7, cry3Ba1, cry3Ba2, cry3Bb1, cry3Bb2, cry3Bb3, cry3Ca1, cry4Aa1, cry4Aa2, cry4Ba1, cry4Ba2, cry4Ba3, cry4Ba4, cry5Aa1, cry5Ab1, cry5Ac1, cry5Ba1, cry6Aa1, cry6Ba1, cry7Aa1, cry7Ab1, cry7Ab2, cry8Aa1, cry8Ba1, cry8Ca1, cry9Aa1, cry9Aa2, cry9Ba1, cry9Ca1, cry9Da1, cry9Da2, cry9Ea1, cry9 like, cry10Aa1, cry10Aa2, cry11Aa1, cry11Aa2, cry11Ba1, cry11Bb1, cry12Aa1, cry13Aa1, cry14Aa1, cry15Aa1, cry16Aa1, cry17Aa1, cry18Aa1, cry18Ba1, cry18Ca1, cry19Aa1, cry19Ba1, cry20Aa1, cry21Aa1, cry21Aa2, cry22Aa1, cry23Aa1, cry24Aa1, cry25Aa1, cry26Aa1, cry27Aa1, cry28Aa1, cry28Aa2, cry29Aa1, cry30Aa1, cry31Aa1, cyt1Aa1, cyt1Aa2, cyt1Aa3, cyt1Aa4, cyt1Ab1, cyt1Ba1, cyt2Aa1, cyt2Ba1, cyt2Ba2, cyt2Ba3, cyt2Ba4, cyt2Ba5, cyt2Ba6, cyt2Ba7, cyt2Ba8, cyt2Bb1.
Particular preference is given to the genes or gene sections of the subfamilies cry1, cry2, cry3, cry5 and cry9; especially preferred are cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry3A, cry3B and cry9C.
Furthermore, it is preferred to use plants which, in addition to the genes for one or more Bt toxins, express or contain, if appropriate, also genes for expressing, for example, a protease or peptidase inhibitor (such as in WO-A 95/35031), of herbicide resistances (for example to glufosinate or glyphosate by expression of the pat gene or bar gene) or for becoming resistant to nematodes, fungi or viruses (for example by expressing a gluconase, chitinase). However, they may also be genetically modified in their metabolic properties, so that they show a qualitative and/or quantitative change of ingredients (for example by modification of the energy, carbohydrate, fatty acid or nitrogen metabolism or by metabolite currents influencing these (see above).
A list of examples of principles of action which can be introduced by genetic modification into a useful plant and which are suitable for the treatment according to the invention on their own or in combination is compiled in Table 2. Under the header “AP” (active principle), this table contains the respective principle of action and associated therewith the pest to be controlled.
In a particularly preferred variant, the process according to the invention is used for treating transgenic vegetable, maize, soya bean, cotton, tobacco, rice, potato and sugar beet varieties. These are preferably Bt plants.
The vegetable plants or varieties are, for example, the following useful plants:
Bt vegetables including exemplary methods for preparing them are described in detail, for example, in Barton et al., 1987, Plant Physiol. 85: 1103-09; Vaeck et al., 1987, Nature 328: 33-37: Fischhoff et al. 1987. Bio/Technology 5: 807-813. In addition. Bt vegetable plants are already known as commercial varieties, for example the potato cultivar NewLeaf® (Monsanto). The preparation of Bt vegetables is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,105.
Likewise, Bt cotton is already known in principle, for example from U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,938. In the context of the present invention, particular preference is given to Bt cotton with the trade names NuCOTN33® and NuCOTN33B®.
The use and preparation of Bt maize has likewise already been known for a long time, for example from Ishida, Y., Saito. H., Ohta, S., Hiei, Y., Komari, T., and Kumashiro, T. (1996). High efficiency transformation of maize (Zea mayz L.) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Nature Biotechnology 4: 745-750. EP-B-0485506, too, describes the preparation of Bt maize plants. Furthermore, different varieties of Bt maize are commercially available, for example under the following names (company/companies is/are in each case given in brackets): KnockOut® (Novartis Seeds). NaturGard® (Mycogen Seeds), Yieldgard® (Novartis Seeds, Monsanto, Cargill, Golden Harvest, Pioneer, DeKalb inter alia), Bt-Xtra® (DeKalb) and StarLink® (Aventis CropScience, Garst inter alia). For the purpose of the present invention, particular preference is given especially to the following maize cultivars: KnockOut®, NaturGard®, Yieldgard®, Bt-Xtra® and StarLink®.
For soya beans, too. Roundup®Ready cultivar or cultivars resistant to the herbicide Liberty Link® are available and can be treated according to the invention. In the case of rice, a large number of “Golden Rice” lines are available which are likewise characterized in that, by virtue of a transgenic modification, they have an increased content of provitamin A. They, too, are examples of plants which can be treated by the method according to the invention, with the advantages described.
The method according to the invention is suitable for controlling a large number of harmful organisms which occur in particular in vegetables, maize and cotton, in particular insects and arachnids, very particularly preferably insects. The pests mentioned include:
The method according to the invention for the treatment of Bt vegetables, Bt maize. Bt cotton, Bt soya beans, Bt tobacco and also Bt rice, Bt sugar beets or Bt potatoes is particularly suitable for controlling aphids (Aphidina), whiteflies (Trialeurodes), thrips (Thysanoptera), spider mites (Arachnida), soft scale insects or mealy bugs (Coccoidae and Pseudococcoidae, respectively).
The active compounds which can be used according to the invention can be employed in customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, water- and oil-based suspensions, powders, dusts, pastes, soluble powders, soluble granules, granules for broadcasting, suspoemulsion concentrates, natural compounds impregnated with active compound, synthetic substances impregnated with active compound, fertilizers and also microencapsulations in polymeric substances.
These formulations are prepared in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compounds with extenders, i.e. liquid solvents and/or solid carriers, if appropriate using surfactants, i.e. emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foam-formers. The formulations are prepared either in suitable plants or else before or during application.
Wettable powders are preparations which can be dispersed homogeneously in water and which, in addition to the active compound and beside a diluent or inert substance, also comprise wetting agents, for example polyethoxylated alkylphenols, polyethoxylated fatty alcohols, alkylsulphonates or alkylphenylsulphonates and dispersants, for example sodium lignosulphonate, sodium 2,2′-dinaphthylmethane-6,6′-disulphonate.
Dusts are obtained by grinding the active compound with finely distributed solid substances, for example talc, natural clays, such as kaolin, bentonite, pyrophillite or diatomaceous earth. Granules can be prepared either by spraying the active compound onto granular inert material capable of adsorption or by applying active compound concentrates to the surface of carrier substances, such as sand, kaolinites or granular inert material, by means of adhesives, for example polyvinyl alcohol, sodium polyacrylate or mineral oils. Suitable active compounds can also be granulated in the manner customary for the preparation of fertilizer granules—if desired as a mixture with fertilizers.
Suitable for use as auxiliaries are substances which are suitable for imparting to the composition itself and/or to preparations derived therefrom (for example spray liquors, seed dressings) particular properties such as certain technical properties and/or also particular biological properties. Typical suitable auxiliaries are: extenders, solvents and carriers.
Suitable extenders are, for example, water, polar and nonpolar organic chemical liquids, for example from the classes of the aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes), the alcohols and polyols (which, if appropriate, may also be substituted, etherified and/or esterified), the ketones (such as acetone, cyclohexanone), esters (including fats and oils) and (poly)ethers, the unsubstituted and substituted amines, amides, lactams (such as N-alkylpyrrolidones) and lactones, the sulphones and sulphoxides (such as dimethyl sulphoxide).
If the extender used is water, it is also possible to employ, for example, organic solvents as auxiliary solvents. Essentially, suitable liquid solvents are: aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents such as dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
Suitable solid carriers are:
for example, ammonium salts and ground natural minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and silicates; suitable solid carriers for granules are: for example, crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite and dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organic material such as paper sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks; suitable emulsifiers and/or foam-formers are: for example, nonionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates and also protein hydrolysates; suitable dispersants are nonionic and/or ionic substances, for example from the classes of the alcohol-POE and/or -POP ethers, acid and/or POP POE esters, alkylaryl and/or POP POE ethers, fat and/or POP POE adducts, POE- and/or POP-polyol derivatives, POE- and/or POP-sorbitan or -sugar adducts, alkyl or aryl sulphates, alkyl- or arylsulphonates and alkyl or aryl phosphates or the corresponding PO-ether adducts. Furthermore, suitable oligo- or polymers, for example those derived from vinylic monomers, from acrylic acid, from EO and/or PO alone or in combination with, for example, (poly)alcohols or (poly)amines. It is also possible to employ lignin and its sulphonic acid derivatives, unmodified and modified celluloses, aromatic and/or aliphatic sulphonic acids and their adducts with formaldehyde.
Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, as well as natural phospholipids such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids, can be used in the formulations.
It is possible to use colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyestuffs, such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs and metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
Other possible additives are perfumes, mineral or vegetable, optionally modified oils, waxes and nutrients (including trace nutrients), such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
Stabilizers, such as low-temperature stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers or other agents which improve chemical and/or physical stability may also be present.
These individual types of formulation are known in principle and are described, for example, in: “Pesticides Formulations”, 2nd Ed., Marcel Dekker N.Y.; Martens, 1979. “Spray Drying Handbook”, 3rd Ed., G. Goodwin Ltd. London.
Based on his general expert knowledge, the person skilled in the art is able to choose suitable formulation auxiliaries (in this context, see, for example, Watkins, “Handbook of Insecticide Dust Diluents and Carriers”, 2nd Ed., Darland Books, Caldwell N.J.).
In a preferred embodiment, the plants or plant parts are treated according to the invention with an oil-based suspension concentrate. An advantageous suspension concentrate is known from WO 2005/084435 (EP 1 725 104 A2). It consists of at least one room-temperature-solid active agrochemical substance, at least one “closed” penetrant, at least one vegetable oil or mineral oil, at least one nonionic surfactant and/or at least one anionic surfactant, and optionally one or more additives from the groups of the emulsifiers, foam inhibitors, preservatives, antioxidants, colorants and/or inert filler materials. Preferred embodiments of the suspension concentrate are described in the above-mentioned WO 2005/084435. For the purpose of the disclosure, both documents are incorporated herein in their entirety by way of reference.
In a further preferred embodiment, the plants or plant parts are treated according to the invention with compositions comprising ammonium or phosphonium salts and, if appropriate, penetrants. Advantageous compositions are known from WO2007/068355 and from the not prior-published EP 07109732.3. They consist of at least one compound of the formula (I) and at least one ammonium or phosphonium salt and, if appropriate, penetrants. Preferred embodiments are described in WO2007/068355 and the not prior-published EP 07109732.3. For the purpose of the disclosure, these documents are incorporated herein in their entirety by way of reference.
In general, the formulations comprise from 0.01 to 98% by weight of active compound, preferably from 0.5 to 90%. In wettable powders, the active compound concentration is, for example, from about 10 to 90% by weight, the remainder to 100% by weight consisting of customary formulation components. In the case of emulsifiable concentrates, the active compound concentration can be from about 5 to 80% by weight. In most cases, formulations in the form of dusts comprise from 5 to 20% by weight of active compound, sprayable solutions comprise about 2 to 20% by weight. In the case of granules, the active compound content depends partially on whether the active compound is present in liquid or solid form and on which granulation auxiliaries, fillers, etc. are used.
The required application rate may also vary with external conditions such as, inter alia, temperature and humidity. It may vary within wide limits, for example between 0.1 g/h and 5.0 kg/ha or more of active substance. However, they are preferably between 0.1 g/ha and 1.0 kg/ha. Owing to the synergistic effects between Bt vegetables and the insecticide, particular preference is Oven to application rates of from 0.1 to 500 g/ha.
For compounds of the formula (I), preference is given to application rates of from 10 to 500 g/ha; particularly preferred are from 10 to 200 g/ha.
In a particular embodiment of the method according to the invention, the compound of the formula (I) is employed in an application rate of from 0.1 g/ha to 5.0 kg/ha, preferably from 0.1 to 500 g/ha and particularly preferably from 50 to 500 g/ha and especially preferably from 50 to 200 g/ha.
In their commercial formulations and in the use forms prepared from these formulations, the active compounds according to the invention may be present as mixtures with other active compounds, such as insecticides, attractants, sterilants, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth-regulating substances or herbicides.
Particularly favourable mixing components are, for example, the following compounds:
Fungicides:
inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis
benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, bupirimate, chiralaxyl, clozylacon, dimethirimol, ethirimol, furalaxyl, hymexazole, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, ofurace, oxadixyl, oxolinic acid
inhibitors of mitosis and cell division
benomyl, carbendazim, diethofencarb, fuberidazole, pencycuron, thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl, zoxamide
inhibitors of respiratory chain complex I/II
diflumetorim
bixafen, boscalid, carboxin, fenfuram, fluopyram, flutolanil, furametpyr, mepronil oxycarboxin, penthiopyrad, thifluzamide, N-[2-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide
inhibitors of respiratory chain complex III
amisulbrom azoxystrobin, cyazofamid, dimoxystrobin, enestrobin, famoxadone, fenamidone, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl metominostrobin, orysastrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyribencarb, picoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin
decouplers
dinocap, fluazinam
inhibitors of ATP production
fentin acetate, fentin chloride, fentin hydroxide, silthiofam
inhibitors of amino acid biosynthesis and protein biosynthesis
andoprim, blasticidin-S, cyprodinil, kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil
inhibitors of signal transduction
fenpiclonil, fludioxonil, quinoxyfen
inhibitors of lipid and membrane synthesis
chlozolinate, iprodione, procymidone, vinclozolin
ampropylfos, potassium-ampropylfos, edifenphos, iprobenfos (IBP), isoprothiolane, pyrazophos
tolclofos-methyl, biphenyl
iodocarb, propamocarb, propamocarb hydrochloride
inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis
fenhexamid,
azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, diclobutrazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, epoxiconazole, etaconazole, fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole, fusilazole, flutriafol, furconazole, furconazole-cis, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, paclobutrazole, penconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, simeconazole, spiroxamine, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole, voriconazole, imazalil, imazalil sulphate, oxpoconazole, fenarimol, flurprimidole, nuarimol, pyrifenox, triforine, pefurazoate, prochloraz, triflumizole, viniconazole,
aldimorph, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, fenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin, spiroxamine,
naftifine, pyributicarb, terbinafine
inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
benthiavalicarb, bialaphos, dimethomorph, flumorph, iprovalicarb, polyoxins, polyoxorim, validamycin A
inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis
capropamid, diclocymet, fenoxanil, phthalid, pyroquilon, tricyclazole
resistance inductors
acibenzolar-S-methyl, probenazole, tiadinil
multisite
captafol, captan, chlorothalonil, copper salts such as: copper hydroxide, copper naphthenate, copper oxychloride, copper sulphate, copper oxide, oxine-copper and Bordeaux mixture, dichlofluanid, dithianon, dodine, dodine free base, ferbam, folpet, fluorofolpet, guazatine, guazatine acetate, iminoctadine, iminoctadine albesilate, iminoctadine triacetate, mancopper, mancozeb, maneb, metiram, metiram zinc, propineb, sulphur and sulphur preparations containing calcium polysulphide, thiram, tolylfluanid, zineb, ziram
unknown mechanism
amibromdol, benthiazole, bethoxazin, capsimycin, carvone, chinomethionat, chloropicrin, cufraneb, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, dazomet, debacarb, diclomezine, dichlorophen, dicloran, difenzoquat, difenzoquat methyl sulphate, diphenylamine, ethaboxam, ferimzone, flumetover, flusulfamide, fluopicolid, fluoroimid, fosetyl-A1, hexachlorobenzene, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate, iprodione, irumamycin, isotianil, methasulfocarb, metrafenone, methyl isothiocyanate, mildiomycin, natamycin, nickel dimethyl dithiocarbamate, nitrothal-isopropyl octhilinone, oxamocarb, oxyfenthiin, pentachlorophenol and salts, 2-phenylphenol and salts, piperalin, propanosine-sodium, proquinazid, pyrrolnitrin, quintozene, tecloftalam, tecnazene, triazoxide, trichlamide, zarilamid and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulphonyl)pyridine, N-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)-N-ethyl-4-methylbenzenesulphonamide, 2-amino-4-methyl-N-phenyl-5-thiazolecarboxamide, 2-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-1H-inden-4-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dimethylisoxazolidin-3-yl]pyridine, cis-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cycloheptanol, 2,4-dihydro-5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-[[[[1-[3(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene]amino]-oxy]methyl]phenyl]-3H-1,2,3-triazol-3-one (185336-79-2), methyl 1-(2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1H-inden-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate, 3,4,5-trichloro-2,6-pyridinedicarbonitrile, methyl [[[cyclopropyl[(4-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl]thio]methyl]-.alpha.-(methoxymethylene)benzacetate, 4-chloro-alpha-propynyloxy-N-[2-[3-methoxy-4-(2-propynyloxy]phenyl]ethyl]benzacetamide, (2S)—N-[2-[4-[[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-propynyl]oxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]ethyl]-3-methyl-2-[(methylsulphonyl)amino]butanamide, 5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, 5-chloro-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-N-[(1R)-1,2,2-trimethylpropyl][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine, 5-chloro-N-[(1R)-1,2-dimethylpropyl]-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine, N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2,4-dichloronicotinamide, N-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl-2,4-dichloronicotinamide, 2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propylbenzopyranon-4-one, N-{(Z)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl]methyl}-2-benzacetamide, N-(3-ethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-formylamino-2-hydroxybenzamide, 2-[[[[1-[3(1-fluoro-2-phenylethyl)oxy]phenyl]ethylidene]amino]oxy]methyl]-alpha-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-alphaE-benzacetamide, N-(2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, N-(3′,4′-dichloro-5-fluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, N-(6-methoxy-3-pyridinyl)cyclopropanecarboxamide, 1-[(4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropyl-1H-imidazole-1-carboxylic acid, O-[1-[(4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl]-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-1H-imidazole-1-carbothioic acid, 2-(2-{[6-(3-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}phenyl)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylacetamide
Bactericides:
bronopol, dichlorophen, nitrapyrin, nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate, kasugamycin, octhilinone, furancarboxylic acid, oxytetracycline, probenazole, streptomycin, tecloftalam, copper sulphate and other copper preparations.
Insecticides/Acaricides/Nematicides:
acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitors
carbamates,
for example alanycarb, aldicarb, aldoxycarb, allyxycarb, aminocarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, bufencarb, butacarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, cloethocarb, dimetilan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, fenothiocarb, fenoxycarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, metam-sodium, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, promecarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, trimethacarb, XMC, xylylcarb, triazamate
organophosphates,
for example acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos (-methyl, -ethyl), bromophos-ethyl, bromfenvinfos (-methyl), butathiofos, cadusafos, carbophenothion, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos (-methyl/-ethyl), coumaphos, cyanofenphos, cyanophos, chlorfenvinphos, demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methylsulphone, dialifos, diazinon, dichlofenthion, dichlorvos/DDVP, dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, dioxabenzofos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, etrimfos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fensulfothion, fenthion, flupyrazofos, fonofos, formothion, fosmethilan, fosthiazate, heptenophos, iodofenphos, iprobenfos, isazofos, isofenphos, isopropyl O-salicylate, isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methacrifos, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion (-methyl/-ethyl), phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phosphocarb, phoxim, pirimiphos (-methyl/-ethyl), profenofos, propaphos, propetamphos, prothiofos, prothoate, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, pyridathion, quinalphos, sebufos, sulfotep, sulprofos, tebupirimfos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, triclorfon, vamidothion
sodium channel modulators/voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers
pyrethroids,
for example acrinathrin, allethrin (d-cis-trans, d-trans), beta-cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin-S-cyclopentyl isomer, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin, bioresmethrin, chlovaporthrin, cis-cypermethrin, cis-resmethrin, cis-permethrin, clocythrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin (alpha-, beta-, theta-, zeta-), cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, efusilanate, empenthrin (1R isomer), esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenfluthrin, fenpropathrin, fenpyrithrin, fenvalerate, flubrocythrinate, flucythrinate, flufenprox, flumethrin, fluvalinate, fubfenprox, gamma-cyhalothrin, imiprothrin, kadethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, metofluthrin, permethrin (cis-, trans-), phenothrin (1R-trans isomer), prallethrin, profluthrin, protrifenbute, pyresmethrin, pyrethrin, resmethrin, RU 15525, silafluofen, tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, terallethrin, tetramethrin (1R isomer), tralomethrin, transfluthrin, ZXI 8901, pyrethrins (pyrethrum)
DDT
oxadiazine,
for example indoxacarb
semicarbazones,
for example metaflumizone (BAS3201)
acetylcholine receptor agonists/antagonists
chloronicotinyls,
for example acetamiprid, AKD 1022, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, niten-pyram, nithiazine, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam
nicotine, bensultap, cartap
acetylcholine receptor modulators
spinosyns,
for example spinosad, spinetoram
GABA-controlled chloride channel antagonists
organochlorines,
for example camphechlor, chlordane, endosulfan, gamma-HCH, HCH, heptachlor, lindane, methoxychlor
fiproles,
for example acetoprole, ethiprole, fipronil, pyrafluprole, pyriprole, vaniliprole
chloride channel activators
mectine,
for example abamectin, emamectin, emamectin-benzoate, ivermectin, lepimectin, milbemycin
A mixture with other known compounds, such as herbicides, fertilizers, growth regulators, safeners, semiochemicals, or else with agents for improving plant properties is also possible.
The active compound content of the use forms prepared from the commercial formulations can be from 0.00000001 to 95% by weight, preferably between 0.00001 and 1% by weight, of active compound.
Helminthosporium turcicum,
Rhopalosiphum maydis, Diplodia
maydis, Ostrinia nubilalis, Lepidoptera sp.
Sclerotina
Alternaria, Sclerotina, Rhizoctonia,
Chaetomium, Phycomycen
Cochliobulus
Bacillus cereus toxin, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Heliothis zea, armyworms e.g.
Spodoptera frugiperda, Western corn
ipsilon,
ipsilon, Asian corn borer, weevils
Heliothis zea, armyworms e.g. Spodoptera
frugiperda, Western corn rootworm, Sesamia
ipsilon, Asian corn borer, weevils
ipsilon, Asian corn borer, weevils
ipsilon, Asian corn borer, weevils
ipsilon, Asian corn borer, weevils
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Heliothis zea, armyworms e.g. Spodoptera
frugiperda, Western corn rootworm, Sesamia
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
oryzophilus, Diptera, rice planthoppers, e.g.
oryzophilus, Diptera, rice planthoppers, e.g.
oryzophilus, Diptera, rice planthoppers, e.g.
oryzophilus, Diptera, rice planthoppers e.g.
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Phytophtora, Verticillium, Rhizoctonia
bacterium sepedonicum, Erwinia carotovora
Coleoptera, e.g. Colorado beetle, aphids
Bacillus cereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Coleoptera, e.g. Colorado beetle, aphids
Coleoptera, e.g. Colorado beetle, aphids
Coleoptera, e.g. Colorado beetle, aphids
Coleoptera, e.g. Colorado beetle, aphids
Coleoptera, e.g. Colorado beetle, aphids
Coleoptera, e.g. Colorado beetle, aphids
Coleoptera, e.g. Colorado beetle, aphids
Coleoptera, e.g. Colorado beetle, aphids
Phytophtora, Verticillium, Rhizoctonia
Fusarium
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Botrytis and powdery mildew
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Cylindrosporium, Phoma, Sclerotinia
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Phytophtora
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Sclerotinia
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Sclerotinia
Bacilluscereus toxins, Photorabdus and
Xenorhabdus toxins
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiliaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Heliula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididea spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipaipus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp
Agrotis spp
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Ciysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotaiis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutelia xyiostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Ciysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossypielia.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xyiostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica baiteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinelia spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocoliethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psyila spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiiiaceae
Anticarsia gemmataiis
Chilo spp.
Ciysia ambiguelia
Crocodolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiilaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotaiis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera sectelia
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriornyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiilaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotaiis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitelia
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidielia spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia
lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Piutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Niiaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotaiis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyliocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylia spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyliocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meioidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undaiis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips auranii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiliaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Helluia undaiis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiliaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia
binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Heliuia undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrelia
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylia spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothnps aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama
argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia
binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis
castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia
lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora
gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutiia xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips auranti
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argiliaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Ciysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidielia spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia
gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus
grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynohus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossyp.
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichopiusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidielia spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Aculus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Adoxophyes spp.
Agrotis spp.
Alabama argillaceae
Anticarsia gemmatalis
Chilo spp.
Clysia ambiguella
Crocidolomia binotalis
Cydia spp.
Diparopsis castanea
Earias spp.
Ephestia spp.
Heliothis spp.
Hellula undalis
Keiferia lycopersicella
Leucoptera scitella
Lithocollethis spp.
Lobesia botrana
Ostrinia nubilalis
Pandemis spp.
Pectinophora gossypiella
Phyllocnistis citrella
Pieris spp.
Plutella xylostella
Scirpophaga spp.
Sesamia spp.
Sparganothis spp.
Spodoptera spp.
Tortrix spp.
Trichoplusia ni
Agriotes spp.
Anthonomus grandis
Curculio spp.
Diabrotica balteata
Leptinotarsa spp.
Lissorhoptrus spp.
Otiorhynchus spp.
Aleurothrixus spp.
Aleyrodes spp.
Aonidiella spp.
Aphididae spp.
Aphis spp.
Bemisia tabaci
Empoasca spp.
Mycus spp.
Nephotettix spp.
Nilaparvata spp.
Pseudococcus spp.
Psylla spp.
Quadraspidiotus spp.
Schizaphis spp.
Trialeurodes spp.
Lyriomyza spp.
Oscinella spp.
Phorbia spp.
Frankliniella spp.
Thrips spp.
Scirtothrips aurantii
Aceria spp.
Acutus spp.
Brevipalpus spp.
Panonychus spp.
Phyllocoptruta spp.
Tetranychus spp.
Heterodera spp.
Meloidogyne spp.
Photorhabdus luminescens: PL
Xenorhabdus nematophilus: XN
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Brassica
Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation)
Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation)
Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation)
Brassica napus (Argentine oilseed rape)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Zea mays L. (maize)
Cucumis melo (melon)
Carica papaya (papaya)
Solanum tuberosum L. (potato)
Solanum tuberosum L. (potato)
Glycine max L. (soya bean)
Glycine max L. (soya bean)
Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin)
Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin)
Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco)
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)
Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)
The invention is illustrated in more detail by the non-limiting examples below.
Individually potted transgenic cotton plants with Lepidoptera resistance and herbicide resistance (cultivar DP444 BG/RR) are treated in 2 replications against larvae of the cotton bollworm (Heliotizis armigera). Application is carried out by dip application with the respective active compound at the desired application rate.
After the desired period of time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all caterpillars have been killed; 0% means that none of the caterpillars have been killed.
Here, a markedly improved control of the pests compared to the control plants not treated according to the invention can be seen.
Pots with in each case 5 transgenic maize plants having Lepidoptera resistance and herbicide resistance (cultivar SGI1890 H×X SGI1847) are treated in 2 replications against the armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Application is carried out by dip application with the respective active compound at the desired application rate.
After the desired period of time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all caterpillars have been killed; 0% means that none of the caterpillars have been killed.
Here, a markedly improved control of the pests compared to the control plants not treated according to the invention can be seen.
Pots with in each case 5 transgenic maize plants having herbicide resistance (cultivar FR1064LL X FR2108) are treated in 2 replications against the armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Application is carried out by dip application with the respective active compound at the desired application rate.
After the desired period of time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all caterpillars have been killed; 0% means that none of the caterpillars have been killed.
Here, a markedly improved control of the pests compared to the control plants not treated according to the invention can be seen.
Individually potted transgenic cotton plants with Lepidoptera resistance and herbicide resistance (cultivar DP444 BG/RR), which are populated by a mixed population of the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) are treated by dip application with the respective active compound.
After the desired period of time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all aphids have been killed; 0% means that none of the aphids have been killed.
Here, a markedly improved control of the pests compared to the control plants not treated according to the invention can be seen.
Individually potted transgenic cotton plants with Lepidoptera resistance and herbicide resistance (cultivar DP444 BG/RR) are treated in 2 replications against larvae of the cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera). Application is carried out by dip application with the respective active compound at the desired application rate.
After the desired period of time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all caterpillars have been killed; 0% means that none of the caterpillars have been killed.
Here, a markedly improved control of the pests compared to the control plants not treated according to the invention can be seen.
Individually potted transgenic cotton plants with Lepidoptera resistance and herbicide resistance (cultivar DP444 BG/RR) are treated in 2 replications against the armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Application is by dip application with the respective active compound at the desired application rate.
After the desired period of time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all caterpillars have been killed; 0% means that none of the caterpillars have been killed.
Here, a markedly improved control of the pests compared to the control plants not treated according to the invention can be seen.
Pots with in each case 5 transgenic maize plants having Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and/or herbicide resistance (cultivars LH244RR×LH324 and HCL 201CRW2RR2×LH 324) are treated in 2 replications against larvae of the banded cucumber beetle (Diabrotica balteata). Application is carried out by drench application with the respective active compound at the desired application rate.
After the desired period of time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all beetle larvae have been killed; 0% means that none of the beetle larvae have been killed.
Here, a markedly improved control of the pests compared to the control plants not treated according to the invention can be seen.
Pots with in each case 5 transgenic maize plants having Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and/or herbicide resistance (cultivars LH332RR×LH324BT, LH244RR×LH324, HC33CRW×LH287BTCRW and TR47×TR 7322 BT) are treated in 2 replications against larvae of the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). Application is carried out by dip application with the respective active compound at the desired application rate.
After the desired period of time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all caterpillars have been killed; 0% means that none of the caterpillars have been killed.
Here, a markedly improved control of the pests compared to the control plants not treated according to the invention can be seen.
Pots with in each case 5 transgenic maize plants having Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and/or herbicide resistance (cultivars HC33CRW×LH287BTCRW, TR47×TR 7322 BT) are treated in 2 replications against the armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Application is carried out by dip application with the respective active compound at the desired application rate.
After the desired period of time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all caterpillars have been killed; 0% means that none of the caterpillars have been killed.
Here, a markedly improved control of the pests compared to the control plants not treated according to the invention can be seen.
Pots with in each case 5 transgenic maize plants having Coleoptera. Lepidoptera and/or herbicide resistance (cultivars HC33CRW×LH287BTCRW, LH332RR×LH324BT, LH24-4RR×LH324 and FR 1064LL×FR 2108) are treated in 2 replications against the armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Application is carried out by drench application with the respective active compound at the desired application rate.
After the desired period of time, the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all caterpillars have been killed; 0% means that none of the caterpillars have been killed.
Here, a markedly improved control of the pests compared to the control plants not treated according to the invention can be seen.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2007 045 921 | Sep 2007 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2008/007605 | 9/13/2008 | WO | 00 | 3/24/2010 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009/043438 | 4/9/2009 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20100204048 A1 | Aug 2010 | US |
