Method for the treatment of narcotic withdrawal symptoms in animals using lipopolysaccharides

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to novel antiwithdrawal agents and veterinary antiwithdrawal agents.
More particularly it is concerned with novel lipopolysaccharide-producing (LPS-producing) antiwithdrawal agents and veterinary antiwithdrawal agents.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
It is generally well known that the so-called withdrawal symptoms occurs when one is suddenly kept from taking alcohol, morphinic narcotics, nicotine, etc. to which he has become addicted. Also it is well known that addicts of them are hard to return to daily life, and the clinical use of narcotics is restricted because of withdrawal symptoms.
To date, methodone, clonidine, dizocilpine, etc. are known as medicines for suppressing such withdrawal symptoms. Methadone is, however, reported to cause dependence to itself. (P. R. Dougherety, et al., "Neuropharmacology", 26, pp. 1595-1600, 1987) Clonidine is reported to suppress withdrawal body shake by intraperitoneal administration of 0.16 mg/kg. (Stuart Fielding, et al. "The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics", vol. 207, No. 7, pp. 899-905, 1978). But, we, the inventors, have found that intravenous administration of clonidine fails to suppress jumping, a severer withdrawal symptom even at a does of 0.1-0.10 mg/kg, and further causes convulsions at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Dizocilipine shows only an extremely small difference between its toxic and effective doses, and thus is not safe. (Keith A., et al., "Science", 251, pp. 85-87, 1991).
As mentioned above, the prior art antiwithdrawal agents have drawbacks, and no satisfactory one have not been provided yet.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is intended to provide novel antiwithdrawal agents and veterinary antiwithdrawal agents which are free from the drawbacks of the prior art.
An additional object of the present invention is to provide novel antiwithdrawal agents and veterinary antiwithdrawal agents which have excellent antiwithdrawal effects, show a high therapeutic range, and may be provided at a low cost and in a large amount and may be administered via any route of oral, intradernal and intraperitoneal administration and injection.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a chart showing the patterns of the LPSs of the present invention on 5DS-PAGE method.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the dose-dependent antiwithdrawal effects of the antiwithdrawal agents of the present invention in intravenous administration.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the dose-dependent antiwithdrawal effects of the antiwithdrawal agents of the present invention in subcutaneous administration.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the administration time-dependent withdrawal-preventive effects of the antiwithdrawal agents of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effects of the antiwithdrawal agents of the present invention against psychodependent drug-dependency.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Bacteria-providing sources
The bacteria from which the LPS available for use according to the present invention result were isolated from all kinds of wheat investigated by the inventors of the present invention regardless of their places of production. Thus, those bacteria are supposed to be isolated from any kind of wheat produced in any place and its processed goods. The kinds and the places of production of the wheat flour from which the three bacteria mentioned above were confirmed to be isolated by the inventors of the present invention include the following:
______________________________________Kinds of wheat flour Places of production______________________________________Dark Northern Springs U.S.A.1 Canadian Wheat CanadaHard Red Winter Semi-hard U.S.A.Australian Standard Wheat AustraliaHoroshiri Japan______________________________________
Isolation of LPSs
The LPSs which may be used according to the present invention may be isolated from the above bacteria by the hot phenol process described on page 83 of Westphal, et al., "Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry", vol. v, 1965, Academic press in New York, followed by purification on an anion-exchange resin.
That is, the cells are suspended in distilled water which is then stirred with an equivolume of hot phenol. Next, the aqueous layer is recovered by centrifugation and then subjected to dialysis to remove off the phenol. The aqueous layer is concentrated by ultrafiltration to yield crude LPS fractions which are then purified conventionally, for example, by anion-exchange chromatography using mono Q-Sepharose and Q-Sepharose in FPLC system (all manufactured by Pharmacia Inc.), followed by densalting in a conventional manner.
Products of 96% or more purity are provided by the foregoing procedures.
Physical Properties of LPSs
As explained in detail in the preparations given later, the three LPSs of those available for use according to the present invention having a purity of 96% or more showed the following physical properties ("SDS-PAGE method will be defined later in Preparation 1):
LPS1 Dominant molecular weight: 5,000.+-.1,000 as determined by SDS-PAGE method
______________________________________Phosphorus number: 2 .+-. 1/5,000 (m.w.)Hexosamine number: 9 .+-. 1/5,000 (m.w.)KDO number: 2 .+-. 1/5,000 (m.w.)______________________________________
LPS2 Dominant molecular weight 6,500.+-.2,500 as determined by SDS-PAGE method
______________________________________Phosphorus number: 1 to 2/5,000 (m.w.)Hexosamine number: 7 .+-. 1/5,000 (m.w.)KDO number: 1 to 2/5,000 (m.w.)______________________________________
LPSs Dominant molecular weight: 6,500.+-.2,500 as determined by SDS-PAGE method
______________________________________Phosphorus number: 2 .+-. 1/5,000 (m.w.)Hexosamine number: 5 .+-. 1/5,000 (m.w.)KDO number: 2 .+-. 1/5,000 (m.w.)______________________________________
Determination of antiwithdrawal effects
The antiwithdrawal effects of the LPSs according to the present invention have been confirmed by the reduction in the frequency of jumping, the severest withdrawal symptom caused by the administration of naloxone to morphine-addictive mice. Naloxone is available from Endo Labs. Inc. in U.S.A., and is known to be a morphine antagonist; "The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics", vol. 207, No. 7, p. 901, supra.
Further the effects against psychodependent withdrawal symptoms were affirmed using the conditioned place preference test described in Tsutomu Suzuki et al., "5-HT.sub.3 receptor antagonists block cocaine- and methamphetamine-induced place preference" reported in Jpn. J. Psychopharmacology, 12, pp. 25-30, 1992. The test is one established in the art where experimental animals are trained to learn the relationship between a certain drug and the place at which it is given to them, and the tendency to the drug is measured by their preference to said place.
The LPSs according to the present invention may be used separately, and further may be used in admixture with each other or together with any other substance so far as the intended effects are not made less. In addition, they may be ingredients of immunity diagnosis reagents, veterinary immunity diagnostic reagents, quasi drugs defined in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. cosmetics, food, drinks and feed.
Any of the antiwithdrawal agents of the present invention may be produced conventionally. For example, in the conventional manner of preparing medicines or veterinary medicines, they may be supplied conventionally alone or with other medicines in the form of powders, granules, pills, tablets, troches, capsules, solutions, pastes, ointments, liniments, lotions, suppositories, injections, etc for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal or intraperitoneal administration. For veterinary use, also the agents may be prepared in the form of feed additives, premix preparations, drinking water additives. Here, the "premix preparations" are such preparations as contain feed components beforehand so that they are easily mixed in the feed. The feed additives are preferred to be powders or granules. Any commercially available feed may be used to prepare the above-mentioned feed additives, premix preparations, etc. The feed may contain minerals, vitamins, amino acids and any other feed additives.
If desired, these preparations may contain excipients, preservatives, buffers, etc. conventionally to improve the shelf life, homogeneity, etc. In addition, the preparations may contain correctives to improve taste, odor, appearance, etc. The excipients include, for example, lactose, starch, etc. The preservatives include, for example parahydroxybenzoic esters such as methol, ethyl or propyl paraoxybenzoate, sodium dehydroacetate, phenols, methyl, ethyl or propylparabene, etc. The buffers include, for example, citric, acetic or phosphoric acid salts, etc.
Hereunder, the present invention will be explained in detail with reference to preparations, examples and experiments. The E. coli LPS used therein is one available from Difco Co. in U.S.A. under the code number of 0128:B8.
Preparation 1
1) In a 50 .mu.l coning tube, there was charged 1.04 g of hard flour containing 1.09% of ash (1 Canadian wheat from Canada) followed by addition of 20 ml of distilled water thereto to prepare a 50 mg/ml aqueous solution of wheat flour.
2) The solution was cultured in a water bath at 37+ C. while shaking, and 0.5 ml portions of the solution were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 20, 24 and 45 hours thereafter. 100 .mu.l portions of the respective solutions diluted to 1 to 100,000 times were taken in standard agar culture media available from Nissui Seiyaku Co. in Japan and having the following composition to determine the number of living cells and to observe the colonies.
______________________________________Standard agar culture media (Nissui Seiyaku's code No.:______________________________________05618)Yeast extracts 2.5 g/lPeptone 5.0 g/lGlucose 1.0 g/1Agar 16.0 g/lpH 7.1 .+-. 0.1______________________________________
At the end of 8 and 10 hour culture, yellow to creamy opaque colony (colony 1), creamy opaque colony (colony 2) yellow translucent colony (colony 3), milk white opaque colony (colony 4), and white opaque small colony (colony 5), which were judged to be different from each other, were scattered on the respective standard agar culture having the same composition as the above, for subcultivation. The gram straining and limulus activity of the bacteria in the colonies were determined.
Here, the "limulus activity" means to be positive to limulus test which is a method invented by Levin in 1968 for quantitative determination of endotoxin using a norseshoe crab hacmocytc extract and a chromogenic substrate. The limulus test is known as a method for the detection of LPSs, and may be carried out using, for example, a reagent set commercially available from Sei-Kagaku Kogyo Co. in Japan under the trade name of Toxi Color system.
Of the above colonies, the limulus activity of the colonies 4 and 5 (both being gram stain-positive) were extremely low as compared with that of the colonies 1, 2 and 3 (all being gram stain-negative), so the former colonies were taken aside. The morphological and biochemical characteristics of only the colonies 1, 2 and 3 were observed using the media available from Nissul Seiyaku Co. and ID tests EB-20 to show the following results:
Bacteria Forming the Colony 1 (ID number: 900814-1)
(The bacteria were depositted with Fermentation Research Institute Agency of Industrial Science and Technology on Aug. 17, 1990 under the number of FERM P-11664 and transferred to the international deposit under BUDAPEST TREATY on Aug. 12, 1991 under the number of FERM BP-3509.)
The bacteria are supposed to belong to a strain of species Serratia ficaria of the family Enterobacteriaceae in view of the following morphological and biochemical characteristics.
a) Morphological characteristics
1) Small rod
2) No Motility
3) Gram stain:-
b) Growth
1) Standard agar medium: a yellow to creamy round opaque colony is formed.
2) SS agar medium: A white translucent colony is formed.
______________________________________[SS agar medium: Nissui Seiyaku's code No. 05031]______________________________________Broth 5.0 g/lBile acid salts 9.0 g/lPeptone 7.5 g/lLactose 10.0 g/lSodium citrate 8.5 g/lSodium thiosulfate 5.5 g/lFerric citrate 1.0 g/lNeutral red 0.025 g/lBrilliant green 0.033 g/lAgar 13.5 g/lpH: 7.1 .+-. 0.1______________________________________
3) TSI agar medium: No change is found on the slant, but the higher layer changes to yellow. Gas if produced.
______________________________________[SS agar medium: Nissui Seiyaku's code No. 05103]______________________________________Broth 5.0 g/lNaCl 5.0 g/lPeptone 15.0 g/lLactose 10.0 g/lSucrose 10.0 g/lGlucose 1.0 g/lFerric citrate 0.2 g/lSodium thiosulfate 0.2 g/lPhenol red 0.02 g/lAgar 15.0 g/lpH: 7.6 .+-. 0.1______________________________________
c) Physiological characteristics
1) Voges-Proskauer reaction: +
2) Indole production: -
3) Hydrogen sulfide production: -
4) Utilization of citrate: +
5) Urease: -
6) Oxidase: -
7) O-F test: +
d) Utilization of carbon sources
1) Lactose: +
2) Adonitol: -
3) Rhamnose: +
4) Mannitol: +
5) Esculin: +
6) Inositol: -
7) Sorbitol: +
8) Arabinose: +
9) Raffinose: +
10) Sucrose: +
e) Others
1) Lysin decarboxylase: -
2) Utilization of malonator: -
3) Arginine dihydroxylase: -
4) Phenylalanine deaminase: -
5) Ornithine decarboxylase: -
Bacteria Forming the Colony 2 (ID number: 900814-2)
(The bacteria were depositted with Fermentation Research Institute Agency of Industrial Science and Technology on Aug. 17, 1990 under the number of FERM P-11665 and transferred to the international deposit under BUDAPEST TREATY on Aug. 12, 1991 under the number of FERM BP-3510.)
The bacteria are supposed to belong to a strain of the species Enterobacter cloacak of the family Enterobacteriaceae in view of the following morphological and biochemical characteristics.
a) Morphological characteristics
1) Small rod
2) No Mobility
2) No Motility
3) Gram strain: -
b) Growth
1) Standard agar medium: a creamy opaque colony is formed.
2) SS agar medium: A red opaque colony is formed.
3) TSI agar medium: No change is found on the slant, but the higher layer changes to yellow. Gas if produced.
c) Physiological characteristics
1) Voges-Proskauer reaction: +
2) Indole production: -
3) Hydrogen sulfide production: -
4) Utilization of citrate: +
5) Urease: -
6) Oxidase: -
7) O-F test: +
d) Utilization of carbon sources
1) Lactose: +
2) Adonitrol: -
3) Rhamnose: +
4) Mannitol: +
5) Esculin: +
6) Inositol: -
7) Sorbitol: +
8) Arabinose: +
9) Raffinose: +
10) Sucrose: +
e) Others
1) Lysin decarboxylase: -
2) Utilization of malonate: +
3) Arginine dihydroxylase: +
4) Phenylalanine deaminase: -
5) Ornithine decarboxylase: +
Bacteria Forming the Colony 3 (ID number: 900814-3)
(The bacteria were depositted with Fermentation Research Institute Agency of Industrial Science and Technology on Aug. 17, 1990 under the number of FERM P-11666 and transferred to the international deposit under BUDAPEST TREATY on Aug. 12, 1991 under the number of FERM BP-3511.)
The bacteria are supposed to belong to a strain of the species Pantoea agglomerans of the family Enterobacteriaceae in view of the following morphological and biochemical characteristics.
a) Morphological characteristics
1) Small rod
2) No Motility
3) Gram stain: -
b) Growth
1) Standard agar medium: A yellow round translucent colony is formed.
2) SS agar medium: No colony is formed.
3) TSI agar medium: No change is found on the slant, but the higher layer changes to yellow. Gas 1n not produced.
c) Physiological characteristics
1) Voges-Proskauer reaction: +
2) Indole production: -
3) Hydrogen sulfide production: -
4) Utilization of citratc: +
5) Urease:
6) Oxidase: -
8) O-F test: +
d) Utilization of carbon sources
1) Lactose: +
2) Adonitol: -
3) Rhamnose: +
4) Mannitol: +
5) Esculin: +
6) Inositol: -
7) Sorbitol: +
8) Arabinose: +
9) Raffinose: -
10) Sucrose: +
e) Others
1) Lysin decarboxylase: -
2) Utilization of malonate: +
3) Arginine dihydroxylase: -
4) Phenylalanine deaminase: -
5) Ornithine decarboxylase: -
4) The colonies 1, 2 and 3 were transferred to 1 liter L-broth medium, respectively, and the media were shaken at 37.degree. C. over night, and then subjected to centrifugation at 5,000 G, 4.degree. C. for 20 minutes to collect the cells. The L-broth was prepared by dissolving 10 g of polypeptone (Difco Co.) 5 g of yeast extracts (Difco Co.) and special grade NaCl (Wako-Jun-Yaku Co. in Japan) in distilled water, adjusting the pH of the solution to 7.5 with NaOH followed by autoclaving, and then adding a 400-fold dilent of a 40% solution of special grade glucose (Wako-Jun-Yaku Co.) to the solution.
5. The cells of the respective colonies were suspended in 50 ml of distilled water, and 50 ml of a 90% hot phenol was added to the suspension followed by stirring at 65.degree.-70.degree. C. for 20 minutes. After being cooled, the mixture was subject to centrifugation at 10,000 G, 4.degree. C. for 20 minutes to recover the aqueous layer. The phenol layer was treated additional two times in the same manner as the above. The combined three aqueous layers were subjected to dialysis overnight to removal the phenol. The inner solution was subjected to ultrafiltration using UK-20 (Advantec Toyo Co.) for concentration by cutting off molecular weight 200,000; Na pressure: 2 atms.
6) The concentrated sample was subjected to anion-exchange chromatography using Q-Sepharose Fast Flow (Pharmacia Co.). That is, the sample was applied to the column using a buffer solution containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 10 mM of NaCl, and then the limulus active fractions were eluted with 400 mM NaCl/10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5). The cluate was subjected to ultrafiltration unde the same conditions as the above for desalting and concentration to produce 96% or more pure LPS. The nucleic acid was eluted with 1M NaCl/10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5).
The results of the respective cells are shown in Tables 1-3. Here, the LPS content is in terms of E. coli LPS. The sugar content was determined according to the phenol - sulfuric acid method (M. Dubis et al., "Analytical Chemistry", vol. 28, p. 350, 1956). While the protein content was determined by the Lowry method (O. H. Lowry et al., "Journal of Biological Chemistry), vol. 193, p. 65, 1951. The nucleic acid content was determined on the basis of the measurements of OD at 260 nm (1 OD=50 .mu.g), and the purity (%) was calculated by the equation: ##EQU1##
TABLE 1______________________________________900814-1______________________________________Total dried yield (mg) 6.8LPS (mg) 19.8Sugar (mg) 3.1Protein (.mu.g) 86Nucleic acid (.mu.g) <161Purity (%) 96<______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________900814-2______________________________________Total dried yield (mg) 10.4LPS (mg) 75.6Sugar (mg) 2.5Protein (.mu.g) 64Nucleic acid (.mu.g) <108Purity (%) 98<______________________________________
TABLE 3______________________________________900814-3______________________________________Total dried yield (mg) 19.2LPS (mg) 103.6Sugar (mg) 7.6Protein (.mu.g) 73Nucleic acid (.mu.g) <137Purity (%) 99<______________________________________
6) Molecular Weight
The LPSs resulting from the respective cells were dissolved in distilled water, respectively to prepare solutions containing 2 mg/ml of LPSs. The 10 .mu.l portions of the solutions were placed in 1.5 ml plastic tubes. To the respective portions there was added 10 .mu.l of an SDS treatment solution prepared by mixing 10 .mu.l of 10% (W/V) of SDS, 45 .mu.l of 5% .beta.-mercaptoethanol, 90 .mu.l of a CBB coloring matter solution, 112.5 .mu.l of 0.5M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8) and 22.5 .mu.l of distilled water. The resulting mixture was mixed well and then immerssed in boiling water for 5 minutes, and immediately thereafter the mixture was quenched in ice water.
10 ml of 10% (w/v) SDS, 17.9 g of tricine and 3.03 g of Tris were dissolved in 1 liter of distilled water to prepare a buffer solution for electrophoresis which was then placed in Slab-gel electrophoresis tank (Marisoru Co.). 20% polyacrylamide gel was fixed in the tank, and the samples was placed in the sample groove. The voltage was kept at 50 v for 1 hour, and then at 150 v. and the electrophoresis was allowed to proceed until the coloring matter flowed out through the gel; these procedures are defined as SDS-PAGE method throughout the specification and the claims. At the end of the electrophoresis, silver staining was carried out using silver staining kit 161-U443 (Bio-rad Co.) at room temperature to confirm the behavior.
The molecular weight of the LPSs of the present invention was calculated to be 5,000.+-.1,000 (LPS1 resulting from bacteria 900814-1), and 6,500.+-.2,500 (LPS2 and LPS3 resulting from bacterial 900814-2 and 900814-3, respectively) in view of the behaviors of the markers for protein m. w. [Pharmacia's LMW kit E: phosphorirase b (94 k), albumin (67 k), ovalbumin (43 k), carbonic anhydrase (30 k), trypsin inhibitor (20 k), .alpha.-lactalbumin [14 k)], and those of the markers for peptide m. w. [Pharmacia's 1860-101 m. w. marker: myoglobin (16.9 k), myoglobin I & II (14.4 k), myoglobin I (8.2 k), myoglobin II (6.0 k) and myoglobin IV (2.25 k)]. In the same manner as the above, E. coli LPS (0127:B8BPS available from Difco Co.) was found to have dominant m. w. at 40,000.+-.10,000 and 8,000.+-.4,000.
The stained bands of LPS1, LPS2 and LPS3 in the silver staining are shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, the number 1, 2 and 3 show the stained bands of LPS1, LPS2 and LPS3, respectively. As shown in FIG. 1, LPS1 showed under stained band around m. w. 30,000. LPS2 showed another stained band bridging from 30,000 to 43,000, but it may be said that it contains only little high molecular weight substance in view of the staining strength of the bands at 14,000 or less. Also in view of the sugar content and hexosamile content mentioned later, LPS2 the lowest sugar content, and LPS1 has higher sugar content than LPS3. This order is believed to be in harmony with the patterns observed in the electrophoresis. Further, the ratio of LPS content to total dried yield decreases in the order of LPS2, LPS3 and LPS1. Considering the foregoing, it may be estimated that LPS2 comprises relatively low molecular weight LPSs, and the content of low molecular weight. LPSs decrease in the order of LPS3 and LPS1.
6) Phorphorus content
The captioned content was determined as follows according to the Chen-Toribara method (Chen et al., "Analytical Chemistry", vol. 28, pp. 1756-1758, 1958).
LPS1, LPS2 and LPS3 were dissolved in distilled water separately to prepare 20 .mu.l solutions containing 31.6, 57.6, or 103.6 .mu.g of LPS which were then placed in a small test tube. To the mixture there was added 20 .mu.l of 50 v/v sulfuric acid followed by heating at 180.degree. for 2 hours. Then 20 .mu.l of 50 v/v % perchloric acid was added to the mixture which was then heated on a gas burner for 1 minute to ash. Thereafter, 0.5 ml of distilled water and then 0.5 ml of a reaction reagent (a portion of the preparation made by mixing 1 ml of 6N sulfuric acid, 2 ml of distilled water, 2 ml of 2.5 v/w % ammonium molybdate and 1 ml of 10 v/w % of ascorbic acid) were added to the heated mixture which was then allowed to stand for 30 minutes at room temperature. Thereafter the absorption at 820 nm (OD.sub.ozone) was determined. Here, as the standard sample for the preparation of the calibration curve, potassium didrogen phosphate (manufactured by Wako Jun-yaku Co. in Japan) was diluted with water to prepare 0.5 ml of solutions containing 2.5 .mu.g, 1 .mu.g, 0.25 .mu.g or 0 .mu.g of phosphorus. In this connection, 1 g of phosphorus corresponds to 4.39 g of potassium didrogen phosphate. The effects observed are shown in Table 4 given below. In the table, the data of absorption are modified by subtracting the values of the control not subjected to the heating from the observed values in order to avoid occurrence of errors due to mixing-in of inorganic phosphorus from, for example, phosphate buffer solution. The P content (.mu.g) is calculated on the basis of the data of absorption. The P content (w/w %) was calculated according to the folloing equation. In the equation, "0.67" is the OD value of 1 .mu.g of the standard phosphorus, and the sample concentration is the proportion of the respective LPSs dissolved in distilled water (mg/ml). ##EQU2## P number is the number of phosphorus per m. w. 5,000 calculated according to the following equation: ##EQU3##
TABLE 4______________________________________ P P PLPS Absorption content (.mu.g) content (w/w %) number______________________________________1 0.36 0.54 1.7 2 .+-. 12 0.31 0.46 0.8 1 .about. 23 0.87 1.30 1.3 2 .+-. 1______________________________________
8) Hexosamine content
The captioned content was determined as follows according to the Elson-Morgan method (Library of biochemical experiments, No. 4, pp. 377-379, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin Shuppan Co. in Japan).
LPS was dissolved in distilled water to prepare a solution containing 1.58 mg/ml of LPS1, 2.88 mg/ml of LPS2 or 5.18 mg/ml of LPS3, and the respective 100 .mu.l portions were placed in a test tube with a screwcap (manufactured by Iwaki Glass Co. in Japan) followed by addition of 100 .mu.l of 8N HCl thereto, and the mixture was heated at 110.degree. C. for 16 hours, and then about 200 .mu.l of 4N NaOH was added to the mixture to bring the pH to 7. A 100 .mu.l portion of the mixture was separated off and placed in another test tube with a screwcap followed by addition of 200 .mu.l of Reagent A explained thereto. The mixture was then heated at 105.degree. C. for 1.5 hours, and then cooled with a running water. Next, a 100 .mu.l portion of the mixture was separated off followed by addition of 670 .mu.l of a 96% ethanol and then 67 .mu.l of Reagent B explained below, and was then followed by determination of adsorption at 595 nm. As the standard sample to prepare the calibration curve, 0.20-200 .mu.g/ml of N-acetyl glucosamine (Wako Jun-yaku Co. in Japan) was used.
Reagent A: prepared by mixing 75 .mu.l of acetyl acetone and 2.5 ml of 1.25N sodium carbonate
Reagent B: prepared by mixing 1.6 g of p-dimethyl benzaldehyde, 30 ml of conc. hydrochloric acid and 30 ml of 96% ethanol
As a result, the number of hexosamine in LPS1, LPS2 or LPS3 was 9.+-.1, 7.+-.1 or 5.+-.1 per m. w. 5,000.
9) KDO Content
The KDO (2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate) content was determined as follows on the basis of the diphenylamine method (Shapy R. et al., "Analytical Biochem."58(1), pp. 123-129, 1974).
A KDO detection reagent was prepared by combining 500 mg of dipenyhlamine, 5 ml of ethanol, 45 ml of glacial acetic acid and 50 ml of conc. hydrochloric acid (all commercially available from Wako-junyaku Co. in Japan). A 500 .mu.l portion of the prepared reagent was combined with 250 .mu.l of distilled water containing any of 0.505 mg/ml of LPS1, 0.576 mg/ml of LPS2 and 0.518 mg/ml of LPS3. The resulting mixture was heated in a boiling water bath at 100.degree. C. for 33 minutes and then cooled in cooling water at 24.5.degree. C. for 30 minutes. The UV absorption of the mixture was determined at 420, 470, 630 and 650 nm to provide data A.sub.420, A.sub.470, A.sub.630 and A.sub.650, respectively. As the standard sample, there was used 250 .mu.l of distilled water containing 0.5 .mu. mole/ml of ammonium salt of KDO (Sigma Co. in U.S.A.). The value S for the test and standard samples was calculated according to the following equation:
S=A.sub.420 -A.sub.470 +A.sub.630 -A.sub.650
The value of the test sample (S.sub.t) was 0.109 for LPS1, 0.078 for LPS2 and 0.099 for LPS 3, whereas that of the standard sample (S.sub.m) was 0.246. The value of distilled water was 0.005. The comparison of these values suggests that LPS1, LPS2 and LPS3 contain 2.+-.1, 1.about.2 and 2.+-.1 of KOD per m. w. 5,000.
As an example, in the case of LPS1, the KOD content of the solution x (.mu. mole/ml) may be determined by the equation: ##EQU4## According to the above equation, x is determined to be 0.221. Thus the molar number of KOD contained in 1 mole of LPS1 is determined to be 2.19 according to the following equation on the assumption that 1 mole of LPS1 is m. w. 5,000. ##EQU5##
Preparation 2 (Preparation of B. pertussis LPS)
An experimental B. pertussis solution obtained from Serum Laboratory, a public institute of Chiba prefecture in Japan (2.0.times.10.sup.10 cells/ml) was used.
The solution was suspended in sterile water to prepare a suspension containing 25 mg (dry basis)/ml of dead cells. To the suspension, there was added an equivalent of a 90% hot phenol solution (68.degree.-70.degree. C.) was added, and the mixture was shaked at 68.degree. C. for 10 hr. The mixture was subjected to centrifugation at 8,000 G, 4.degree. C. for 20 min. to collect the aqueous layer. Sterile water in the same quantity as of the aqueous layer was added to the remaining phenol, and the mixture was shaked in the same manner as the above. The resulting aqueous layer was combined with the first aqueous layer followed by dialysis in running water overnight, and then the mixture was concentrated to a tenth using a rotary evaporator. The concentrate was subjected to centrifugation at 8,000 G. 4.degree. C. for 20 min. The supernatant was separated off, and a small amount of sodium acetate was added thereto. Cold ethanol at 0.degree.-4.degree. C. was added to the mixture in an amount of six times as much as the latter, and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand at -20.degree. C. overnight. Then the mixture was subjected to centrifugation at 4,000 G. 4.degree. C. for 30 min. to collect the sediment which was subjected to centrifugal washing with ethanol (twice) and acetone (once) followed by drying with an aspirator. The residue was suspended in distilled water to prepare a 20 mg/ml of solution which was then subjected to ultrasonic treatment with a Sonifia 185 (Branson Co. in U.S.A.) (outlet control 5, 15 min., room temperature). The solution was subjected to centrifugation at 2,500 G, 4.degree. C. for 10 min. to separate off the supernatant.
The supernatant was treated at 4.degree. C. with nucleases, DNase I and Rnase A (both manufactrured by Sigma Co. in U.S.A.) for 15-16 hrs; totally 10 .mu.g/ml of Dnase I and 20 .mu.g/ml of Rnase A were used. The same amount of the nucleases as the above were added to the mixture followed by warming at 37.degree. C. for 2 hrs and centrifugation at 2,500 G. 4.degree. C. for 10 min. to separate off the supernatant.
The supernatant was filtered through a pore size of 0.2 .mu.m using Acrodisc manufactured by Gelman Co. in U.S.A. The filtrate was subjected to molecular sieve (resin: Sepharose 6B manufactured by Pharmacia Co. in U.S.A; Column size: 5 cm (i.d.).times.100 cm (length); buffer: 10 mM of Tris-HCl/10 mM of NaCl (pH 7.5); flow rate: about 3 ml/cm.sup.2 /hr.). The fractions confirmed to be positive to limulus test with LS-1 kit commercially available from Sei-Kagaku Kogyo Co. in Japan were collected and filtered through a pore size of 0.2 .mu.m using Acrodisc mentioned above. The filtrate was subjected to ion exchange (apparatus: FPLC manufactured by Pharmacia in U.S.A.; resin: mono Q HR 10/10 manufactured by Pharmacia in U.S.A.; buffer: 10 mM of Tris-IICl/10 mM of NaCl (pH 7.5); flow rate: 2 ml/min.) wherein the filtrate was washed with the buffer for 15 min., then, after the NaCl content of the buffer was increased to 165 Mm, for 30 min., then, for 20 min. while increasing the NaCl content to provide a NaCl content gradient from 165 mM to 1 M, and then, for 30 min. at the NaCl content of 1 M. The fractions confirmed to be positive to limulus test with LS-1 kit commercially available from Sei-Kagaku Kogyo Co. in Japan were collected.
The collected fractions were combined and desalted on a column (resin: Sephadex G-25 fine manufactured by Pharmacia in U.S.A.; column size: 2 cm (i. d.).times.25 cm (length): eluting agent: distilled water), and then lyophilized.
Nucleic acid is of the greatest possibility of being mixed in the lyophilized sample (4.50 mg). Therefore, the UV absorbtion curve (200-400 nm) was prepared, and the absorbance at 60 nm was determined. The nucleic acid content was calculated to be 1% or less on the basis of the above absorbance in view of the fact that the nucleic acid content was 50 .mu.g/ml in the case where the absorbance was 1. In addition, no apparent evidence showing the presence of a protein was observed in SDS electrophoresis. Thus, considering the detection sensibility, the highest content of proteins which may be mixed in the above lyophilized sample was estimated to be 0-3%. Accordingly, the purity of the above lyophilized sample was estimated to be 96% or more.
The physical properties of the thus prepared B. pertussis LPS (sometimes referred to only as B. P. LPS) were determined in the same manner as described in preparation 1. The results were as follows:
Physical Properties of B. pertussis LPS
Molecular weight: 6,000.+-.1,000 (by SDS-PAGE method)
Phosphorus content: 4 per molecular weight of 6,000
Hexosamine content: 12 per molecular weight of 6,000
Fatty acid content: 4 per molecular weight of 6,000
KDO content: 2.+-.1 per molecular weight of 6,000
The physical properties of E. coli LPS (0.128: B8 manufactured by Difco Co. in U.S.A.) determined in the same manner as described in preparation 1 were as follows:
Physical Properties of E. coli LPS
Molecular weight:
40,000.+-.10,000
8,000.+-.4,000 (by SDS-PAGE) method)
Phosphorus content: 12 per molecular weight of 30,000
Hexosamine content: 45.+-.6 Pcr molecular weight of 30,000
Fatty acid content: 18 per molecular weight of 30,000
KDO content: 5.+-.1 per molecular weight of 30,000
Illustrative embodiments of preparations containing LPS according to the present invention will be given in the following examples wherein the LPS content is in terms of E. coli LPS calculated according to the limulus test.
Example 1 (tablets)
______________________________________Wheat LPS 0.04 g6% HPC lactose 178 gTalc stearate 8 gPotato starch 14 g______________________________________
The above ingredients were mixed and formed into 400 tablets each weighing 0.5 g and containing 0.1 mg of LPS1.
Example 2 (solution for internal use)
______________________________________LPS2 l mgPurified water 100 ml______________________________________
Example 3 (Ointment)
______________________________________LPS3 0.1 gPurified lanolin 80 gYellow petrolatum ad 1,000 g______________________________________
Example 4 (Injection)
______________________________________LPSS 0.5 mgDistilled water for injection ad l,000 ml______________________________________
Experiment 1 (Antiwithdrawal effect--1)
Molecular sieves were impregnated with morphine HCl available from Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd. in Japan to prepare 12.7 mg of morphine pellet which was then implanted in the back, a little below the neck, of 4 to 5 week old ddY mice (body weight: 20-g). Two days later, there was given 50 .mu.g/kg of E. coli LPS (6 mice), LPS3 (7 mice) or B.P. LPS prepared in Preparation 1 (6 mice) as a solution in physiological saline. The control group received only physiological saline. One hour later, 10 mg/kg of naloxone was given intraperitoneally, and immediately thereafter the jumping frequency of the mice was counted over a period of 40 minutes to determine the jumping control effects. The results are shown in Table 5. In the table, the figures show the number of the mice concerned. The jumping control effects were evaluated as follows:
The average jumping frequency of the control group (12 mice) per mouse was 6.27.+-.25.5. So, in view of the difference 37 (=62.5-25.5), the case where the jumping frequency was 37 or more was estimated to have "no effect", whereas the case where the frequency was less than 37 was estimated to be "effective".
TABLE 5______________________________________ Jumping inhibition effect Effective No effect______________________________________Physiological saline 1 11LPS3 7 0E. coli LPS 3 3B.P. LPS 4 2______________________________________
As is apparent in Table 5, the antiwithdrawal inhibition ratio was only about 8% in the control group, whereas the value was 50%, about 67% or 100% in the group to which E. coli LPS, B.P. LPS or LPS3 was given.
Experiment 2 (Antiwithdrawal effect--2)
In order to determine whether the antiwithdrawal effects of the LPSs of the present invention in intravenous administration are dose-dependent, 12.7 mg of morphine pellet prepared as in Experiment 1 was implanted in the back, a little below the neck, of 4 to 5 week old ddY mice (average body weight: 20 g). Two days later, there was given 0.5 (to 0 mice), 5 (to 6 mice), 15 (to 9 mice), 50 (to 12 mice) or 500 .mu.g/kg (to 6 mice) of LPS3 was given to the mice intravenously as a solution in physiological saline. The control group (10 mice) received only physiological saline. One hour later, 10 mg/kg of naloxone was given intraperitoneally, and immediately thereafter the jumping frequency of the mice was counted over a period of 40 minutes. The results are shown in Table 6 as an average per mouse in the respective groups.
TABLE 6______________________________________Dose of LPS3 (.mu.g/kg) 0 0.5 5 15 50 500______________________________________Jumping frequency 60.5 36.8 42.0 16.1 20.5 11.5______________________________________
FIG. 2 is a graph corresponding to the results given in Table 6.
Experiment 3 (Antiwithdrawal effect--3)
In order to determine whether the antiwithdrawal effects of the LPSs of the present invention in intradermal administration are dose-dependent, the procedures of Experiment 2 were followed except that the dose of LPS3 was 50 (to 7 mice) or 500 .mu.g/kg (to 5 mice), and the cotrol group consisted of 8 mice. The results are shown in Table 9 as an average per mouse in the respective groups.
TABLE 7______________________________________Dose Physiological saline 50 .mu.g/kg 500 .mu.g/kg______________________________________Frequency 84.7 44 19.8______________________________________
FIG. 3 is a graph corresponding to the results given in Table 7.
FIGS. 2 and 3 clearly show that the antiwithdrawal effects of the LPSs of the present invention are dose-dependent.
Experiment 4 (Antiwithdrawal effect--4)
In order to determine whether the antiwithdrawal effects of the LPSs of the present invention are dose-dependent, 12.7 mg of morphine pellet as in Experiment 1 was implanted in the back, a little below the neck, of 4 to 5 week old ddY mice (body weight: 20-24 g). Two days later, there was given 10 mg/kg of naloxone intraperitoneally. 50 .mu.g/kg of LPS3 was administered to the mice 1 hour (7 mice), 3 hours (8 mice), 8 hours (6 mice) or 18 hours (5 mice) before the administration of naloxone. Immediately after the administration of naloxone, the jumping frequency of the mice was counted over a period of 40 minutes. The control group receiving no LPS3 consisted of 9 mice. The results are shown in Table 10 as an average per mouse in the respective groups.
TABLE 8______________________________________Administration No Hrs. prior to naloxone administrationtime of LPS3 dose 1 3 8 18______________________________________Jumping frequency 65.1 2.7 25.1 33.7 54.6______________________________________
FIG. 4 is a graph corresponding to the results given in Table 8. FIG. 4 teaches that the LPSs of the present invention have withdrawal-preventive effects, and the maximal preventive effects will be shown when the LPSs are administered immediately before the occurrence of withdrawal symptoms.
Experiment 5 (Antiwithdrawal effect--5)
One cc/kg of body weight of a solution of LPS3 (5 to 15 .mu.g/kg of body weight) in physiological saline or physiological saline only (1 cc/kg of body weight) was administered to groups each consisting of four 8 week old Sprague-Dawly male rats (average body weight: 165 g) intraperitoneally. One hour later, 4 mg/kg of body weight of cocaine HCl (commercially available from Sankyo Co., Ltd.) was also administered intraperitoneally to each rat which was then placed in either a white or black compartment of a box with a partition panel between the two compartment (KN-80 type CPP unit manufactured by Natume Seisakusho) for 50 minutes. The next day only 1 cc/kg of body weight of physiological saline was given to each rat which was then placed in a compartment of the opposite color as the day before for 50 minutes. The foregoing procedures were carried out twice for 4 days.
The next day the partition panel was removed off, and the rats were allowed to stand on a platform positioned between the two colored rooms. The residence time of the rates in each of the rooms was measured over period of 15 minutes. The facilities attached to the unit automatically calculated the balance (second)=(the residence time in the same room as that in which the rat was first placed)-(that in the oppositely colored room). This value approaches "0" as LPS3 or the like has a greater effects to suppress the dependency to cocaine, and conversely the value increases more if LPS3 or the like promote the cocaine-dependency. The results are shown in Table 9 given below.
TABLE 9______________________________________Rat No. physiological saline LPS3 (5 .mu.g) LPS (15 .mu.g)______________________________________1 240 78 1202 280 142 273 230 104 44 227 196 137Average 244 130 72______________________________________
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the average of the results given in Table 9. In FIG. 1, A stands for a physiological saline-received group, while B and C, LPS3 (5 .mu.g or 15 .mu.g)-received groups respectively.
The above experiment was followed, but using 4 mg/kg of body weight of morphine HCl (commercially available from Sankyo Co., Ltd.) or 2 mg/kg of body weight of methamphetamine HCl (commercially available from Dai-Nippon Phazrmaceutical Co., Ltd) instead of cocaine HCl, and the results were 150 or 130 seconds, respectively. These values show that LPS3 has a significantly higher antiwithdrawal effect than physiological saline.
Dose, interval and toxicity
In view of the nature of antiwithdrawal agents and veterinary antiwithdrawal agents, the dose and the interval of the agents. of the present invention are of course determined by the doctor or veterinarian in charge individually in view of the age, conditions, etc of the patient and effects of administration. However, it may be said that 1 .mu.g-100 mg (oral administration), 10 ng-10 mg (intravenous administration) and 100 ng-1 mg (percutanous administration) are standard single dose per day to adults (body weight 60 kg). For veterinary use, about one sixteenth of the above quantities may be given per 1 kg of body weight of large-sized animals such as cattle, horses or the like. About twice as much as the dose to large-sized animals may be given per 1 kg of body weight of medium- or small-sized animals such as pigs, dogs, cats or the like. Fowls or the like may receive twice as much as the dose to medium- or small sized animals. The LD.sub.50 of LPS1, LPS2, and LPS3 in 7 week old C3H/IIe male mice having an average body weight of 22 g were 150, 180 and 180 mg/mouse according to the Behrens Karber; these values are less than 60% of 300 .mu.g/mouse found for E. coli LPS. Further, E. coli LPS and R. P. LPS had the following LD.sub.50 (an average of the data on two male BALB/C mice weighing 45 kg on average).
______________________________________ LD.sub.50 /kg (mg)LPS i.v. i.c.______________________________________E. coli LPS 3.4 16B.P. LPS 11 32______________________________________

Number	Name	Date	Kind
4755381	Cryz	Jul 1988
4877611	Cantrell	Oct 1989

Method for the treatment of narcotic withdrawal symptoms in animals using lipopolysaccharides

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