Patent Application
20170195159
The following description relates to a wireless communication system and, more specifically, to methods and devices for transmitting a pilot sequence and identifying a received pilot sequence in a wireless LAN system.
Recently, with development of information communication technology, various wireless communication technologies have been developed. Among others, a wireless local area network (WLAN) enables wireless access to the Internet using a portable terminal such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop, a portable multimedia player (PMP) in a home, an enterprise or a specific service provision area based on radio frequency technology.
In order to overcome limitations in communication rate which have been pointed out as weakness of a WLAN, in recent technical standards, a system for increasing network speed and reliability and extending wireless network distance has been introduced. For example, in IEEE 802.11n, multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) technology using multiple antennas in a transmitter and a receiver has been introduced in order to support high throughput (HT) with a maximum data rate of 540 Mbps or more, to minimize transmission errors, and to optimize data rate.
As next-generation communication technology, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication technology has been discussed. Even in an IEEE 802.11 WLAN system, technical standards supporting M2M communication have been developed as IEEE 802.11ah. In M2M communication, a scenario in which a small amount of data is communicated at a low rate may be considered in an environment in which many apparatuses are present.
Communication in a WLAN system is performed in a medium shared between all apparatuses. As in M2M communication, if the number of apparatuses is increased, in order to reduce unnecessary power consumption and interference, a channel access mechanism needs to be more efficiently improved.
An object of the present invention devised to solve the problem lies in efficient information transmission through design of a pilot sequence.
Another object of the present invention is to transmit additional information in a pilot sequence through circular shifting of the pilot sequence.
Yet another object of the present invention is to divide a pilot sequence shifting method into a time domain based shifting method and a frequency domain based shifting method and to divide a pilot sequence identification method into a time domain based identification method and a frequency domain based identification method, to thereby realize devices in various forms suitable for communication environments.
The technical problems solved by the present invention are not limited to the above technical problems and other technical problems which are not described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description.
In an aspect of the present invention, a method of transmitting, by a transmitter, a pilot sequence to a receiver in a wireless communication system includes: performing shifting of pilot signals, distributed at a predetermined interval in a frequency domain, in a time domain; sequentially performing the shifting a maximum number of times corresponding to the predetermined interval to generate a sequence set including a plurality of pilot sequences; and transmitting a pilot sequence selected from the sequence set to the receiver, wherein the pilot sequences included in the sequence set respectively correspond to different pieces of additional information to be transmitted to the receiver.
The performing of shifting may include changing phases of vector elements indicating pilot signals in the time domain.
The changing of the phases of the vector elements may include multiplying vectors indicating the pilot signals in the time domain by a diagonal matrix, wherein the diagonal matrix shifts the phases of the vector elements indicating the pilot signals.
The performing of shifting may include performing shifting in units of a fraction.
The generating of the sequence set may include performing shifting to maximize a difference between shifting result values of the pilot sequences.
The pilot signals may include a Chu-sequence.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method of identifying, by a receiver, a pilot sequence received from a transmitter in a wireless communication system includes: receiving a pilot sequence composed of a plurality of pilot signals from the transmitter; calculating a shifting value of shifting performed by the transmitter in a time domain with respect to the received pilot sequence; and acquiring additional information indicated by the received pilot sequence on the basis of the shifting value, wherein the received pilot sequence is a pilot sequence selected from a sequence set including a plurality of pilot sequences, and the pilot sequences included in the sequence set respectively correspond to different pieces of additional information transmitted by the transmitter.
The calculating of the shifting value may include: calculating a phase difference between signals received being repeated in the same pattern in the time domain; and determining a value matched to the phase difference as the shifting value.
The calculating of the shifting value may include: dividing a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain into two or more subcarrier groups; comparing signals received in the two or more subcarrier groups to select a subcarrier group corresponding to the received pilot sequence; and determining a value corresponding to the selected subcarrier group as the shifting value.
The calculating of the shifting value may include oversampling the received pilot sequence in the frequency domain.
The oversampling may include: zero-padding the received pilot sequence; and multiplying a zero padding result by a DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) matrix.
The calculating of the shifting value may include: dividing a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain into two or more subcarrier groups; comparing the oversampling result with the two or more subcarrier groups to select a subcarrier group corresponding to the oversampling result; and determining a value corresponding to the selected subcarrier group as the shifting value of the pilot sequence.
The shifting value may be a fraction.
In another aspect of the present invention, a transmitter for transmitting a pilot sequence to a receiver in a wireless communication system may include: a transmission unit; a reception unit; and a processor connected to the transmission unit and the reception unit to operate, wherein the processor is configured to perform shifting of pilot signals, distributed at a predetermined interval in a frequency domain, in a time domain, to sequentially perform shifting a maximum number of times corresponding to the predetermined interval to generate a sequence set including a plurality of pilot sequences and to control the transmission unit to transmit a pilot sequence selected from the sequence set to the receiver, wherein the pilot sequences included in the sequence set respectively correspond to different pieces of additional information to be transmitted to the receiver.
In another aspect of the present invention, a receiver for identifying a pilot sequence received from a transmitter in a wireless communication system may include: a transmission unit; a reception unit; and a processor connected to the transmission unit and the reception unit to operate, wherein the processor is configured to control the reception unit to receive a pilot sequence composed of a plurality of pilot signals from the transmitter, to calculate a shifting value of shifting performed by the transmitter in a time domain with respect to the received pilot sequence and to acquire additional information indicated by the received pilot sequence on the basis of the shifting value, wherein the received pilot sequence is a pilot sequence selected from a sequence set including a plurality of pilot sequences, and the pilot sequences included in the sequence set respectively correspond to different pieces of additional information transmitted by the transmitter.
According to the embodiments of the present invention have the following effects.
First, efficient information transmission between a transmitter and a receiver can be achieved through preamble design change.
Second, the receiver can acquire additional information as well as a pilot sequence through pilot sequence shifting.
Third, pilot sequence generation and identification procedures are proposed in various domains such that the transmitter and the receiver can select a communication scheme suitable for a communication environment.
The effects of the present invention are not limited to the above-described effects and other effects which are not described herein may be derived by those skilled in the art from the following description of the embodiments of the present invention. That is, effects which are not intended by the present invention may be derived by those skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention.
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principle of the invention. The technical features of the present invention are not limited to specific drawings and the features shown in the drawings are combined to construct a new embodiment. Reference numerals of the drawings mean structural elements.
Although the terms used in the present invention are selected from generally known and used terms, terms used herein may be varied depending on operator's intention or customs in the art, appearance of new technology, or the like. In addition, some of the terms mentioned in the description of the present invention have been selected by the applicant at his or her discretion, the detailed meanings of which are described in relevant parts of the description herein. Furthermore, it is required that the present invention is understood, not simply by the actual terms used but by the meanings of each term lying within.
The following embodiments are proposed by combining constituent components and characteristics of the present invention according to a predetermined format. The individual constituent components or characteristics should be considered optional factors on the condition that there is no additional remark. If required, the individual constituent components or characteristics may not be combined with other components or characteristics. In addition, some constituent components and/or characteristics may be combined to implement the embodiments of the present invention. The order of operations to be disclosed in the embodiments of the present invention may be changed. Some components or characteristics of any embodiment may also be included in other embodiments, or may be replaced with those of the other embodiments as necessary.
In describing the present invention, if it is determined that the detailed description of a related known function or construction renders the scope of the present invention unnecessarily ambiguous, the detailed description thereof will be omitted.
In the entire specification, when a certain portion “comprises or includes” a certain component, this indicates that the other components are not excluded and may be further included unless specially described otherwise. The terms “unit”, “-or/er” and “module” described in the specification indicate a unit for processing at least one function or operation, which may be implemented by hardware, software or a combination thereof. The words “a or an”, “one”, “the” and words related thereto may be used to include both a singular expression and a plural expression unless the context describing the present invention (particularly, the context of the following claims) clearly indicates otherwise.
In this document, the embodiments of the present invention have been described centering on a data transmission and reception relationship between a mobile station and a base station. The base station may mean a terminal node of a network which directly performs communication with a mobile station. In this document, a specific operation described as performed by the base station may be performed by an upper node of the base station.
Namely, it is apparent that, in a network comprised of a plurality of network nodes including a base station, various operations performed for communication with a mobile station may be performed by the base station, or network nodes other than the base station. The term base station may be replaced with the terms fixed station, Node B, eNode B (eNB), advanced base station (ABS), access point, etc.
The term mobile station (MS) may be replaced with user equipment (UE), subscriber station (SS), mobile subscriber station (MSS), mobile terminal, advanced mobile station (AMS), terminal, etc.
A transmitter refers to a fixed and/or mobile node for transmitting a data or voice service and a receiver refers to a fixed and/or mobile node for receiving a data or voice service. Accordingly, in uplink, a mobile station becomes a transmitter and a base station becomes a receiver. Similarly, in downlink transmission, a mobile station becomes a receiver and a base station becomes a transmitter.
Communication of a device with a “cell” may mean that the device transmit and receive a signal to and from a base station of the cell. That is, although a device substantially transmits and receives a signal to a specific base station, for convenience of description, an expression “transmission and reception of a signal to and from a cell formed by the specific base station” may be used. Similarly, the term “macro cell” and/or “small cell” may mean not only specific coverage but also a “macro base station supporting the macro cell” and/or a “small cell base station supporting the small cell”.
The embodiments of the present invention can be supported by the standard documents disclosed in any one of wireless access systems, such as an IEEE 802.xx system, a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) system, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, and a 3GPP2 system. That is, the steps or portions, which are not described in order to make the technical spirit of the present invention clear, may be supported by the above documents.
In addition, all the terms disclosed in the present document may be described by the above standard documents. In particular, the embodiments of the present invention may be supported by at least one of P802.16-2004, P802.16e-2005, P802.16.1, P802.16p and P802.16.1b documents, which are the standard documents of the IEEE 802.16 system.
Hereinafter, the preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood that the detailed description which will be disclosed along with the accompanying drawings is intended to describe the exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to describe a unique embodiment which the present invention can be carried out.
It should be noted that specific terms disclosed in the present invention are proposed for convenience of description and better understanding of the present invention, and the use of these specific terms may be changed to another format within the technical scope or spirit of the present invention.
1. IEEE 802.11 System Overview
1.1 Structure of WLAN System
An IEEE 802.11 structure may be composed of a plurality of components and a wireless local area network (WLAN) supporting station (STA) mobility transparent to a higher layer may be provided by interaction among the components. A basic service set (BSS) may correspond to a basic component block in an IEEE 802.11 LAN. In
In an IEEE 802.11 LAN, a BSS is basically an independent BSS (IBSS). For example, the IBSS may have only two STAs. In addition, the simplest BSS (BSS1 or BSS2) of
If an STA is turned on or off or if an STA enters or moves out of a BSS, the membership of the STA in the BSS may be dynamically changed. An STA may join a BSS using a synchronization process in order to become a member of the BSS. In order to access all services of a BSS based structure, an STA should be associated with the BSS. Such association may be dynamically set and may include use of a distribution system service (DSS).
In a LAN, a direct station-to-station distance may be restricted by PHY performance Although such distance restriction may be possible, communication between stations located at a longer distance may be necessary. In order to support extended coverage, a DS may be configured.
The DS means a structure in which BSSs are mutually connected. More specifically, the BSSs are not independently present as shown in
The DS is a logical concept and may be specified by characteristics of the DSM. In IEEE 802.11 standards, a wireless medium (WM) and a DSM are logically distinguished. Logical media are used for different purposes and are used by different components. In IEEE 802.11 standards, such media are not restricted to the same or different media. Since plural media are logically different, an IEEE 802.11 LAN structure (a DS structure or another network structure) may be flexible. That is, the IEEE 802.11 LAN structure may be variously implemented and a LAN structure may be independently specified by physical properties of each implementation.
The DS provides seamless integration of a plurality of BSSs and provides logical services necessary to treat an address to a destination so as to support a mobile apparatus.
The AP means an entity which enables associated STAs to access the DS via the WM and has STA functionality. Data transfer between the BSS and the DS may be performed via the AP. For example, STA2 and STA3 shown in
Data transmitted from one of STAs associated with the AP to the STA address of the AP may always be received by an uncontrolled port and processed by an IEEE 802.1X port access entity. In addition, if a controlled port is authenticated, transmission data (or frames) may be transmitted to the DS.
A wireless network having an arbitrary size and complexity may be composed of a DS and BSSs. In an IEEE 802.11 system, such a network is referred to as an ESS network. The ESS may correspond to a set of BSSs connected to one DS. However, the ESS does not include the DS. The ESS network appears as an IBSS network at a logical link control (LLC) layer. STAs included in the ESS may communicate with each other and mobile STAs may move from one BSS to another BSS (within the same ESS) transparently to the LLC layer.
In IEEE 802.11, relative physical locations of the BSSs in
In the example of
In the following description, the non-AP STA may be referred to as a terminal, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), a user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a mobile terminal or a mobile subscriber station (MSS). In addition, the AP may correspond to a base station (BS), a Node-B, an evolved Node-B (eNB), a base transceiver system (BTS) or a femto BS.
1.2 Link Setup Process
In order to establish a link with respect to a network and perform data transmission and reception, an STA discovers the network, performs authentication, establishes association and performs an authentication process for security. The link setup process may be referred to as a session initiation process or a session setup process. In addition, discovery, authentication, association and security setup of the link setup process may be collectively referred to as an association process.
An exemplary link setup process will be described with reference to
In step S510, the STA may perform a network discovery operation. The network discovery operation may include a scanning operation of the STA. That is, the STA discovers the network in order to access the network. The STA should identify a compatible network before participating in a wireless network and a process of identifying a network present in a specific area is referred to as scanning The scanning method includes an active scanning method and a passive scanning method.
In
Although not shown in
Active scanning has delay and power consumption less than those of passive scanning
After the STA has discovered the network, an authentication process may be performed in step S520. Such an authentication process may be referred to as a first authentication process to be distinguished from a security setup operation of step S540.
The authentication process includes a process of, at the STA, transmitting an authentication request frame to the AP and, at the AP, transmitting an authentication response frame to the STA in response thereto. The authentication frame used for authentication request/response corresponds to a management frame.
The authentication frame may include information about an authentication algorithm number, an authentication transaction sequence number, a status code, a challenge text, a robust security network (RSN), a finite cyclic group, etc. The information may be examples of information included in the authentication request/response frame and may be replaced with other information. The information may further include additional information.
The STA may transmit the authentication request frame to the AP. The AP may determine whether authentication of the STA is allowed, based on the information included in the received authentication request frame. The AP may provide the STA with the authentication result via the authentication response frame.
After the STA is successfully authenticated, an association process may be performed in step S530. The association process includes a process of, at the STA, transmitting an association request frame to the AP and, at the AP, transmitting an association response frame to the STA in response thereto.
For example, the association request frame may include information about various capabilities, beacon listen interval, service set identifier (SSID), supported rates, RSN, mobility domain, supported operating classes, traffic indication map (TIM) broadcast request, interworking service capability, etc.
For example, the association response frame may include information about various capabilities, status code, association ID (AID), supported rates, enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) parameter set, received channel power indicator (RCPI), received signal to noise indicator (RSNI), mobility domain, timeout interval (association comeback time), overlapping BSS scan parameter, TIM broadcast response, QoS map, etc.
This information is purely exemplary information included in the association request/response frame and may be replaced with other information. This information may further include additional information.
After the STA is successfully authenticated, a security setup process may be performed in step S540. The security setup process of step S540 may be referred to as an authentication process through a robust security network association (RSNA) request/response. The authentication process of step S520 may be referred to as the first authentication process and the security setup process of step S540 may be simply referred to as an authentication process.
The security setup process of step S540 may include a private key setup process through 4-way handshaking of an extensible authentication protocol over LAN (EAPOL) frame. In addition, the security setup process may be performed according to a security method which is not defined in the IEEE 802.11 standard.
2.1 Evolution of WLAN
As a technical standard recently established in order to overcome limitations in communication speed in a WLAN, IEEE 802.11n has been devised. IEEE 802.11n aims at increasing network speed and reliability and extending wireless network distance. More specifically, IEEE 802.11n is based on multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) technology using multiple antennas in a transmitter and a receiver in order to support high throughput (HT) with a maximum data rate of 540 Mbps or more, to minimize transmission errors, and to optimize data rate.
As WLANs have come into widespread use and applications using the same have been diversified, recently, there is a need for a new WLAN system supporting throughput higher than a data rate supported by IEEE 802.11n. A next-generation WLAN system supporting very high throughput (VHT) is a next version (e.g., IEEE 802.11ac) of the IEEE 802.11n WLAN system and is an IEEE 802.11 WLAN system newly proposed in order to support a data rate of 1 Gbps or more at a MAC service access point (SAP).
The next-generation WLAN system supports a multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) transmission scheme by which a plurality of STAs simultaneously accesses a channel in order to efficiently use a radio channel According to the MU-MIMO transmission scheme, the AP may simultaneously transmit packets to one or more MIMO-paired STAs.
In addition, support of a WLAN system operation in a whitespace is being discussed. For example, introduction of a WLAN system in a TV whitespace (WS) such as a frequency band (e.g., 54 to 698 MHz) in an idle state due to digitalization of analog TVs is being discussed as the IEEE 802.11af standard. However, this is only exemplary and the whitespace may be incumbently used by a licensed user. The licensed user means a user who is allowed to use a licensed band and may be referred to as a licensed device, a primary user or an incumbent user.
For example, the AP and/or the STA which operate in the WS should provide a protection function to the licensed user. For example, if a licensed user such as a microphone already uses a specific WS channel which is a frequency band divided on regulation such that a WS band has a specific bandwidth, the AP and/or the STA cannot use the frequency band corresponding to the WS channel in order to protect the licensed user. In addition, the AP and/or the STA must stop use of the frequency band if the licensed user uses the frequency band used for transmission and/or reception of a current frame.
Accordingly, the AP and/or the STA should perform a procedure of determining whether a specific frequency band in a WS band is available, that is, whether a licensed user uses the frequency band. Determining whether a licensed user uses a specific frequency band is referred to as spectrum sensing. As a spectrum sensing mechanism, an energy detection method, a signature detection method, etc. may be used. It may be determined that the licensed user uses the frequency band if received signal strength is equal to or greater than a predetermined value or if a DTV preamble is detected.
In addition, as next-generation communication technology, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication technology is being discussed. Even in an IEEE 802.11 WLAN system, a technical standard supporting M2M communication has been developed as IEEE 802.11ah. M2M communication means a communication scheme including one or more machines and may be referred to as machine type communication (MTC). Here, a machine means an entity which does not require direct operation or intervention of a person. For example, a device including a mobile communication module, such as a meter or a vending machine, may include a user equipment such as a smart phone which is capable of automatically accessing a network without operation/intervention of a user to perform communication. M2M communication includes communication between devices (e.g., device-to-device (D2D) communication) and communication between a device and an application server. Examples of communication between a device and a server include communication between a vending machine and a server, communication between a point of sale (POS) device and a server and communication between an electric meter, a gas meter or a water meter and a server. An M2M communication based application may include security, transportation, health care, etc. If the characteristics of such examples are considered, in general, M2M communication should support transmission and reception of a small amount of data at a low rate in an environment in which very many apparatuses are present.
More specifically, M2M communication should support a larger number of STAs. In a currently defined WLAN system, it is assumed that a maximum of 2007 STAs is associated with one AP. However, in M2M communication, methods supporting the case in which a larger number of STAs (about 6000) are associated with one AP are being discussed. In addition, in M2M communication, it is estimated that there are many applications supporting/requiring a low transfer rate. In order to appropriately support the low transfer rate, for example, in a WLAN system, the STA may recognize presence of data to be transmitted thereto based on a traffic indication map (TIM) element and methods of reducing a bitmap size of the TIM are being discussed. In addition, in M2M communication, it is estimated that there is traffic having a very long transmission/reception interval. For example, in electricity/gas/water consumption, a very small amount of data is required to be exchanged at a long period (e.g., one month). In a WLAN system, although the number of STAs associated with one AP is increased, methods of efficiently supporting the case in which the number of STAs, in which a data frame to be received from the AP is present during one beacon period, is very small are being discussed.
WLAN technology has rapidly evolved. In addition to the above-described examples, technology for direct link setup, improvement of media streaming performance, support of fast and/or large-scale initial session setup, support of extended bandwidth and operating frequency, etc. is being developed.
2.2 Medium Access Mechanism
In a WLAN system according to IEEE 802.11, the basic access mechanism of medium access control (MAC) is a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism. The CSMA/CA mechanism is also referred to as a distributed coordination function (DCF) of IEEE 802.11 MAC and employs a “listen before talk” access mechanism. According to such an access mechanism, the AP and/or the STA may perform clear channel assessment (CCA) for sensing a radio channel or medium during a predetermined time interval (for example, a DCF inter-frame space (DIFS)) before starting transmission. If it is determined that the medium is in an idle state as the sensed result, frame transmission starts via the medium. If it is determined that the medium is in an occupied state, the AP and/or the STA may set and wait for a delay period (e.g., a random backoff period) for medium access without starting transmission and then attempt to perform frame transmission. Since several STAs attempt to perform frame transmission after waiting for different times by applying the random backoff period, it is possible to minimize collision.
In addition, the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol provides a hybrid coordination function (HCF). The HCF is based on the DCF and a point coordination function (PCF). The PCF refers to a periodic polling method for enabling all reception AP and/or STAs to receive data frames using a polling based synchronous access method. In addition, the HCF has enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) and HCF controlled channel access (HCCA). The EDCA uses a contention access method for providing data frames to a plurality of users by a provider and the HCCA uses a contention-free channel access method using a polling mechanism. In addition, the HCF includes a medium access mechanism for improving quality of service (QoS) of a WLAN and may transmit QoS data both in a contention period (CP) and a contention free period (CFP).
Operation based on a random backoff period will be described with reference to
If the random backoff process starts, the STA continuously monitors the medium while the backoff slots are counted down according to the set backoff count value. If the medium is in the occupied state, countdown is stopped and, if the medium is in the idle state, countdown is resumed.
In the example of
In the example of
If STA2 occupies the medium, data to be transmitted may be generated in the STA4. At this time, STA4 may wait for the DIFS if the medium enters the idle state, perform countdown according to a random backoff count value selected thereby, and start frame transmission. In the example of
2.3 Sensing Operation of STA
As described above, the CSMA/CA mechanism includes not only physical carrier sensing for directly sensing a medium by an AP and/or an STA but also virtual carrier sensing. Virtual carrier sensing solves a problem which may occur in medium access, such as a hidden node problem. For virtual carrier sensing, MAC of a WLAN may use a network allocation vector (NAV). The NAV refers to a value of a time until a medium becomes available, which is indicated to another AP and/or STA by an AP and/or an STA, which is currently utilizing the medium or has rights to utilize the medium. Accordingly, the NAV value corresponds to a period of time when the medium will be used by the AP and/or the STA for transmitting the frame, and medium access of the STA which receives the NAV value is prohibited during that period of time. The NAV may be set according to the value of the “duration” field of a MAC header of a frame.
A robust collision detection mechanism for reducing collision has been introduced, which will be described with reference to
In the example of
2.4 Power Management
As described above, in a WLAN system, channel sensing should be performed before an STA performs transmission and reception. When the channel is always sensed, continuous power consumption of the STA is caused. Power consumption in a reception state is not substantially different from power consumption in a transmission state and continuously maintaining the reception state imposes a burden on an STA with limited power (that is, operated by a battery). Accordingly, if a reception standby state is maintained such that the STA continuously senses the channel, power is inefficiently consumed without any special advantage in terms of WLAN throughput. In order to solve such a problem, in a WLAN system, a power management (PM) mode of the STA is supported.
The PM mode of the STA is divided into an active mode and a power save (PS) mode. The STA fundamentally operates in an active mode. The STA which operates in the active mode is maintained in an awake state. The awake state refers to a state in which normal operation such as frame transmission and reception or channel scanning is possible. The STA which operates in the PS mode operates while switching between a sleep state or an awake state. The STA which operates in the sleep state operates with minimum power and does not perform frame transmission and reception or channel scanning
Since power consumption is reduced as the sleep state of the STA is increased, the operation period of the STA is increased. However, since frame transmission and reception is impossible in the sleep state, the STA may not unconditionally operate in the sleep state. If a frame to be transmitted from the STA, which operates in the sleep state, to the AP is present, the STA may be switched to the awake state to transmit the frame. If a frame to be transmitted from the AP to the STA is present, the STA in the sleep state may not receive the frame and may not confirm that the frame to be received is present. Accordingly, the STA needs to perform an operation for switching to the awake state according to a specific period in order to confirm presence of the frame to be transmitted thereto (to receive the frame if the frame to be transmitted is present).
Referring to
The AP 210 may transmit the DTIM once whenever the beacon frame is transmitted three times. An STA1220 and an STA2222 operate in the PS mode. The STA1220 and the STA2222 may be switched from the sleep state to the awake state at a predetermined wakeup interval to receive a TIM element transmitted by the AP 210. Each STA may compute a time to switch to the awake state based on a local clock thereof. In the example of
For example, the predetermined awake interval may be set such that the STA1220 is switched to the awake state every beacon interval to receive a TIM element. Accordingly, the STA1220 may be switched to the awake state (S211) when the AP 210 first transmits the beacon frame (S211). The STA1220 may receive the beacon frame and acquire the TIM element. If the acquired TIM element indicates that a frame to be transmitted to the STA1220 is present, the STA1220 may transmit, to the AP 210, a power save-Poll (PS-Poll) frame for requesting frame transmission from the AP 210 (S221a). The AP 210 may transmit the frame to the STA1220 in correspondence with the PS-Poll frame (S231). The STA1220 which completes frame reception is switched to the sleep state.
When the AP 210 secondly transmits the beacon frame, since another device access the medium and thus the medium is busy, the AP 210 may not transmit the beacon frame at an accurate beacon interval and may transmit the beacon frame at a delayed time (S212). In this case, the operation mode of the STA1220 is switched to the awake state according to the beacon interval but the delayed beacon frame is not received. Therefore, the operation mode of the STA1220 is switched to the sleep state again (S222).
When the AP 210 thirdly transmits the beacon frame, the beacon frame may include a TIM element set to a DTIM. Since the medium is busy, the AP 210 transmits the beacon frame at a delayed time (S213). The STA1220 is switched to the awake state according to the beacon interval and may acquire the DTIM via the beacon frame transmitted by the AP 210. Assume that the DTIM acquired by the STA1220 indicates that a frame to be transmitted to the STA1220 is not present and a frame for another STA is present. In this case, the STA1220 may confirm that a frame transmitted thereby is not present and may be switched to the sleep state again. The AP 210 transmits the beacon frame and then transmits the frame to the STA (S232).
The AP 210 fourthly transmits the beacon frame (S214). Since the STA1220 cannot acquire information indicating that buffered traffic therefor is present via reception of the TIM element twice, the wakeup interval for receiving the TIM element may be controlled. Alternatively, if signaling information for controlling the wakeup interval of the STA1220 is included in the beacon frame transmitted by the AP 210, the wakeup interval value of the STA1220 may be controlled. In the present example, the STA1220 may change switching of the operation state for receiving the TIM element every beacon interval to switching of the operation state every three beacon intervals. Accordingly, since the STA1220 is maintained in the sleep state when the AP 210 transmits the fourth beacon frame (S214) and transmits the fifth beacon frame (S215), the TIM element cannot be acquired.
When the AP 210 sixthly transmits the beacon frame (S216), the STA1220 may be switched to the awake state to acquire the TIM element included in the beacon frame (S224). Since the TIM element is a DTIM indicating that a broadcast frame is present, the STA1220 may not transmit the PS-Poll frame to the AP 210 but may receive a broadcast frame transmitted by the AP 210 (S234). The wakeup interval set in the STA2230 may be set to be greater than that of the STA1220. Accordingly, the STA2230 may be switched to the awake state to receive the TIM element (S241), when the AP 210 fifthly transmits the beacon frame (S215). The STA2230 may confirm that a frame to be transmitted thereto is present via the TIM element and transmits the PS-Poll frame to the AP 210 (S241a) in order to request frame transmission. The AP 210 may transmit the frame to the STA2230 in correspondence with the PS-Poll frame (S233).
For PM management shown in
Referring to
As shown in
In the example of
2.5 TIM Structure
In the PM mode management method based on the TIM (or DTIM) protocol described with reference to
The AID is used as a unique identifier for each STA within one BSS. For example, in a current WLAN system, the AID may be one of values of 1 to 2007. In a currently defined WLAN system, 14 bits are assigned to the AID in a frame transmitted by the AP and/or the STA. Although up to 16383 may be assigned as the AID value, 2008 to 16383 may be reserved.
The TIM element according to an existing definition is not appropriately applied to an M2M application in which a large number (e.g., more than 2007) of STAs is associated with one AP. If the existing TIM structure extends without change, the size of the TIM bitmap is too large to be supported in an existing frame format and to be suitable for M2M communication considering an application with a low transfer rate. In addition, in M2M communication, it is predicted that the number of STAs, in which a reception data frame is present during one beacon period, is very small Accordingly, in M2M communication, since the size of the TIM bitmap is increased but most bits have a value of 0, there is a need for technology for efficiently compressing the bitmap.
As an existing bitmap compression technology, a method of omitting 0 which continuously appears at a front part of a bitmap and defining an offset (or a start point) is provided. However, if the number of STAs in which a buffered frame is present is small but a difference between the AID values of the STAs is large, compression efficiency is bad. For example, if only frames to be transmitted to only two STAs respectively having AID values of 10 and 2000 are buffered, the length of the compressed bitmap is 1990 but all bits other than both ends have a value of 0. If the number of STAs which may be associated with one AP is small, bitmap compression inefficiency is not problematic but, if the number of STAs is increased, bitmap compression inefficiency deteriorates overall system performance
As a method of solving this problem, AIDs may be divided into several groups to more efficiently perform data transmission. A specific group ID (GID) is assigned to each group. AIDs assigned based on the group will be described with reference to
If the AIDs assigned based on the group are introduced, channel access is allowed at a time interval which is changed according to the GID to solve lack of TIM elements for a large number of STAs and to efficiently perform data transmission and reception. For example, only channel access of STA(s) corresponding to a specific group may be granted during a specific time interval and channel access of the remaining STA(s) may be restricted. A predetermined time interval at which only access of specific STA(s) is granted may also be referred to as a restricted access window (RAW).
Channel access according to GID will be described with reference to
Although the order of GIDs allowed according to the beacon interval is cyclic or periodic in
The above-described group based AID assignment method may also be referred to as a hierarchical structure of a TIM. That is, an entire AID space may be divided into a plurality of blocks and only channel access of STA(s) corresponding to a specific block having a non-zero value (that is, STAs of a specific group) may be granted. A TIM having a large size is divided into small blocks/groups such that the STA easily maintains TIM information and easily manages blocks/groups according to class, QoS or usage of the STA. Although a 2-level layer is shown in the example of
In the following examples of the present invention, various methods of dividing and managing STAs (or AIDs assigned to the STAs) on a predetermined hierarchical group basis are applied and the group based AID assignment method is not limited to the above examples.
2.6 Improved Channel Access Method
If AIDs are assigned/managed based on a group, STAs belonging to a specific group may use a channel only at a “group channel access interval (or RAW)” assigned to the group. If an STA supports an M2M application, traffic for the STA may have a property which may be generated at a long period (e.g., several tens of minutes or several hours). Since such an STA does not need to be in the awake state frequently, the STA may be in the sleep mode for g a long period of time and be occasionally switched to the awake state (that is, the awake interval of the STA may be set to be long). An STA having a long wakeup interval may be referred to as an STA which operates in a “long-sleeper” or “long-sleep” mode. The case in which the wakeup interval is set to be long is not limited to M2M communication and the wakeup interval may be set to be long according to the state of the STA or surroundings of the STA even in normal WLAN operation.
If the wakeup interval is set, the STA may determine whether a local clock thereof exceeds the wakeup interval. However, since the local clock of the STA generally uses a cheap oscillator, an error probability is high. In addition, if the STA operates in long-sleep mode, the error may be increased with time. Accordingly, time synchronization of the STA which occasionally wakes up may not match time synchronization of the AP. For example, although the STA computes when the STA may receive the beacon frame to be switched to the awake state, the STA may not actually receive the beacon frame from the AP at that timing. That is, due to clock drift, the STA may miss the beacon frame and such a problem may frequently occur if the STA operates in the long sleep mode.
In the example of
Since a time when STA3 transmits PS-Poll belongs to the channel access interval for group 1, even if data to be transmitted to STA3 is present, the AP does not immediately transmit data after transmitting the ACK frame but transmits data to STA3 at a channel access interval (GID 3 channel access of
Since STA3 receives the ACK frame set to MD=1 from the AP, STA3 continuously waits for transmission of data from the AP. That is, in the example of
In particular, if STA3 operates in the long-sleep mode, the beacon frame may frequently not be received, CCA may be performed even at the channel access interval, to which STA2 does not belong, thereby causing unnecessary power consumption.
Next, in the example of
In the example of
3. Proposed Pilot Sequence Transmission and Reception Methods
As interest in future Wi-Fi and demand for improvement of yield and QoE (quality of experience) after 802.11ac increase, it is necessary to define a new frame format for future WLAN systems. The most important part in a new frame format is a preamble part because design of a preamble used for synchronization, channel tracking, channel estimation, adaptive gain control (AGC) and the like may directly affect system performance
In the future Wi-Fi system in which a large number of APs and STAs simultaneously access and attempt data transmission and reception, system performance may be limited when legacy preamble design is employed. That is, if each preamble block (e.g., a short training field (STF) in charge of AGC, CFO estimation/compensation, timing control and the like or a long training field (LTF) in charge of channel estimation/compensation, residual CFO compensation and the like) executes only the function thereof defined in the legacy preamble structure, frame length increases, causing overhead. Accordingly, if a specific preamble block can support various functions in addition to the function designated therefor, an efficient frame structure can be designed.
Furthermore, since the future Wi-Fi system considers data transmission in outdoor environments as well as indoor environments, the preamble structure may need to be designed differently depending on environments. Although design of a unified preamble format independent of environment variation can aid in system implementation and operation, of course, it is desirable that preamble design be adapted to system environment.
Preamble design for efficiently supporting various functions is described hereinafter. For convenience, a new WLAN system is referred to as an HE (High Efficiency) system and a frame and a PPDU (PLCP (Physical Layer Convergence Procedure) Protocol Data Unit) of the HE system are respectively referred to as an HE frame and an HE PPDU. However, it is obvious to those skilled in the art that the proposed preamble is applicable to other WLAN systems and cellular systems in addition to the HE system.
The following table 1 shows OFDM numerology which is a premise of a pilot sequence transmission method described below. Table 1 shows an example of new OFDM numerology proposed in the HE system and numerals and items shown in Table 1 are merely examples and other values may be applied. Table 1 is based on the assumption that FFT having a size four times the legacy one is applied to a given BW and 3 DCs are used per BW.
The pilot sequence in the frequency domain is defined by a guard interval, a pilot distance and a pilot signal magnitude. In the example shown in
If the pilot distance of the pilot signals in the frequency domain is 4 and the guard interval is a multiple of 4, the pilot signals in the time domain are defined as 4 repeated patterns and first/second/third/fourth signals have the same pattern. Such definition of signals in a repeated pattern in the time domain is meaningful because it enables accurate symbol timing and CFO estimation without channel information.
A description will be given of a method of changing (shifting) the position of a pilot sequence and transmitting the pilot sequence to a receiver and a method of identifying a received pilot sequence by the receiver on the basis of the frame structure, described with reference to
3.1 Shifting Pilot Sequence Generation Method 1
When pilot sequences in the frequency domain are arranged at a regular interval, all pilot signals included in a pilot sequence are circularly shifted within the range of the interval to generate a sequence set. A plurality of pilot sequences generated through circular shifting of a specific pilot sequence is called a sequence set, and a transmitter can select any pilot sequence from among the sequence set and transmit the selected pilot sequence.
Referring to
The receiver can identify the received pilot sequence to discriminate the two different pilot sequences (shifting=0, shifting=1) from each other. As the receiver can discriminate the two pilot sequences, the transmitter can transmit additional information corresponding to 1 bit to the receiver. That is, when it is determined that a case of transmitting a pilot sequence of shifting=0 and a case of transmitting a pilot sequence of shifting=1 indicate different pieces of information between the transmitter and the receiver, the receiver can acquire the additional information corresponding to 1 bit depending on which pilot sequence in the sequence set is received. This additional information is called a “signature”.
Referring to
In an embodiment illustrated in
However, if the pilot signal indicated by a dotted line is a zero-power pilot, the pilot distance in the embodiment of
3.1.1 Shifting Pilot Sequence Identification Method
The method through which the transmitter shifts pilot signals to generate a sequence set and transmits information using the sequence set has been described. A description will be given of a method of identifying a received pilot sequence by the receiver with reference to
The receiver can identify a shifting pilot sequence generated through the method described above using one of a frequency domain based identification method and a time domain based identification method.
First, the frequency domain based identification method is described. In
û=arg max{y1, y2} [Expression 1]
The receiver can be aware of a subcarrier through which a pilot signal is received by comparing y1 with y2 and thus can recognize which pilot signal in a sequence set has been transmitted by the transmitter.
In the case of
û=arg max{y1, y2, y3, y4} [Expression 2]
If the receiver recognizes a selected pilot sequence, the receiver can check additional information corresponding to the pilot sequence, as described above.
A description will be given of the time domain based identification method with reference to
In Expression 3, s is a shifting value, d denotes an index difference between compared signals and G denotes a pilot distance. For example, when a first signal is compared with a second signal, d=2−1=1. Accordingly, when shifting=1 in
Through this procedure, the receiver can estimate a circular shifting value in the time domain according to the following mathematical expression 4.
In Expression 4, r1 and r2 are vectors respectively representing a first signal and a second signal, angle (x) is a function of extracting the angle of a variable x and fQ is a function of matching an estimated value
to an available circular shifting value. For example, when
the function fQ matches the result value to 1.
Expression 4 is normalized to represent an algorithm for estimating a circular shifting value when the pilot distance is G by the following mathematical expression 5.
In Expression 5, denotes the vector of an i-th received signal. A description will be given of an example using Expression 5. The lower part of
According to another embodiment of the present invention, in definition of a sequence set between the transmitter and the receiver, the sequence set can be defined such that a shifting difference between pilot sequences is maximized
Referring to
(Sequence 1, Sequence 2)={(0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,2), (1,3), (2,3)} [Expression 8]
In Expression 8, (a, b) denotes a sequence set composed of a pair of a pilot signal having shifting=a and a pilot signal having shifting=b. Sequence set (0, 3) improves the performance of the identification algorithm of the receiver, compared to other sequence sets {(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)} because the sequence set (0, 3) can reduce the influence of CFO more than other sequence sets. For example, when CFO is 1/−1, all pilot signals are circularly shifted by 1 to the right/left in the frequency domain. In this case, ambiguity is generated in sequence sets {(0, 2), (1, 3)} when CFO exceeds 1. Similarly, ambiguity may be generated in sequence sets {(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)} when CFO exceeds 0.5.
When the transmitter uses the sequence set (0, 3), the receiver can consider that a signal with shifting=0 is received even if a signal with shifting=1 is received and consider that a signal with shifting=3 is received even if a signal with shifting=2 is received. That is, ambiguity is not generated even when CFO is 1/−1. Accordingly, when a circular shifting value of pilot sequences forming a sequence set is maximized, performance deterioration due to CFO can be minimized In this case, the number of pieces of information that can be additionally transmitted (i.e., the number of bits) is reduced.
According to another embodiment, pilot signals of the aforementioned shifting pilot sequences can be generated using a Chu-sequence. When pilot signals are generated using the Chu-sequence, a PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) of pilot signals in the time domain is reduced.
The Chu-sequence is defined by the following mathematical expression 9.
In Expression 9, k is a subcarrier index in the frequency domain, Xk is a value in subcarrier k or a k-th element in the Chu-sequence and Ns is the length of the Chu-sequence. As can be known from Expression 9, all elements of the Chu-sequence have a fixed magnitude of 1 and only phases change.
The upper part of
An embodiment of using the Chu-sequence as OFDM pilot signals is illustrated in
When the distance between neighboring pilot signals in the frequency domain is G, signals in the time domain are defined as up to a G-order signal. That is, the order of pilot signals repeated in the time domain corresponds to the distance between neighboring pilot signals.
When No=cNs (C being a positive integer) is satisfied, all pilot signals in the time domain have a magnitude of 1 like the Chu-sequence. In this case, PAPR of pilot signals in the time domain becomes 1. The PAPR is defined by the following mathematical expression 10 and has a minimum value of 1.
In Expression 10, the numerator means peak power from among powers of time domain elements and the denominator means average power of the time domain signals. When a base station amplifies and transmits OFDM symbols, a maximum number of OFDM symbols that can be amplified is determined by an element having a maximum magnitude from among the time domain elements. This is because a result of amplification of all elements of the time domain should not exceed peak power of an amplifier. Accordingly, when all pilot signals in the time domain have a magnitude of 1, transmitted signals can be amplified to peak power of the amplifier.
If a specific pilot signal has a magnitude of 2 in the time domain, a transmitted signal can be amplified up to 1/2 of the aforementioned case. That is, a loss of 3 dB is generated compared to the case in which all pilot signals have a magnitude of 1. When No≠cN, all elements in the time domain have different magnitudes unlike the Chu-sequence. Accordingly, the PAPR exceeds 1.
The above-described characteristics of the Chu-sequence are shown in
3.2 Shifting Pilot Sequence Generation Method 2
x(s)=D(s)x(0), 0≦s≦G−1 [Expression 11]
where D(s)=diag{1 ej2πs/N
According to Expression 11, the transmitter obtains effects of generating circular shifting in the frequency domain by changing phases of time domain pilot signals. In Expression 11, x(0) denotes a pilot signal vector corresponding to shifting=0 in the time domain and x(s) denotes a pilot signal vector corresponding to shifting=s in the time domain. D(s) represents a diagonal matrix and the diagonal matrix shifts the phase of x(0) element by element. According to Expression 11, it is possible to obtain effects of circularly shifting all pilot signals by s in the frequency domain.
When a shifting pilot sequence is generated in the time domain according to Expression 11, a difference from generation of a shifting pilot sequence in the frequency domain is generated as follows. When a shifting pilot sequence is generated in the frequency domain, s is limited to integers. Here, s is not limited to positive integers because circular shifting to the left (right) can be performed when s is a negative (positive) integer. On the other hand, when a shifting pilot sequence is generated in the time domain, s is not limited to integers and even fractions can be permitted therefor.
For example, when the minimum unit of s is assumed to be 1/2, s can be defined as
In this example, log2 G bits can be additionally transmitted when s is limited to integers, whereas information about log2 G+1 bits can be additionally transmitted when s is not limited to integers. That is, 1-bit information is additionally transmitted compared to a case in which s is limited to integers. If the minimum unit of s is limited to 1/Q, a maximum quantity of information that can be transmitted through the pilot sequence increases to (log2 G+log2 Q) bits.
Consequently, when a shifting pilot sequence is generated in the time domain, fractions can be permitted for s and thus a maximum quantity of information that can be transmitted increases. To use a fraction as s, Expression 11 is used.
3.2.1 Shifting Pilot Sequence Identification Method
A description will be given of a method of identifying a shifting pilot sequence by the receiver when the aforementioned method of generating a shifting pilot sequence in the time domain is applied. A method of identifying a shifting pilot sequence in the time domain and a method of identifying a shifting pilot sequence in the frequency domain are proposed, similarly to the aforementioned method of identifying a shifting pilot sequence in the frequency domain.
As a method of identifying a shifting pilot sequence in the time domain, the time domain based identification method described in 3.1.1 can be applied. That is, the receiver can correctly estimate s by calculating a phase difference between an i-th signal and an (i+1)-th signal in the time domain according to Expression 5 even if s is a fraction. Here, fQ matches the estimation result to a value closest to
When the identification method described in 3.1.1 is used as the method of identifying a shifting pilot sequence in the frequency domain, s corresponding to a fraction cannot be estimated. To solve this problem, the receiver performs DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) based interpolation. DFT based interpolation is defined as represented by the following mathematical expression 12.
In Expression 12, r denotes a received time domain pilot signal vector and oN
As to Expression 12, when a DFT matrix with Q=2 and F=256 is assumed, F(2) is a 512 DFT matrix. A vector {tilde over (g)} calculated through DFT interpolation is 512×1. Here, circular shifting in the time domain according to
is seen as s ∈ {0,1,2,3,4, . . . , 2G−1,2G−2} to the receiver. That is, DFT interpolation produces oversampling effect that changes denominator based circular shifting by the transmitter in the frequency domain into integer based circular shifting from the viewpoint of the receiver. For integer based circular shifting, the frequency domain based identification method described with reference to Expressions 1 and 2 can be applied and thus the receiver can identify a transmitted sequence.
Referring to
The receiver can identify a pilot sequence depending on a result of circular shifting by an integer in the frequency domain through the frequency domain based pilot signal identification method described above.
The method of transmitting, by a transmitter, additional information to a receiver by generating a pilot sequence composed of pilot signals distributed at specific intervals and the method of identifying the pilot sequence by the receiver have been described. The transmission method and the identification method are based on the fact that the receiver can identify pilot signals even if the pilot signals have been circularly shifted by an integer and transmitted.
Fraction based circular shifting can be achieved through phase change in the time domain. In this case, a larger quantity of information can be transmitted.
4. Apparatus Configuration
The RF units 110 and 160 may include transmitters 112 and 162 and receivers 114 and 164, respectively. The transmitter 112 and the receiver 114 of the reception module 100 are configured to transmit and receive signals to and from the transmission module 150 and other reception modules and the processor 120 is functionally connected to the transmitter 112 and the receiver 114 to control a process of, at the transmitter 112 and the receiver 114, transmitting and receiving signals to and from other apparatuses. The processor 120 processes a signal to be transmitted, sends the processed signal to the transmitter 112 and processes a signal received by the receiver 114.
If necessary, the processor 120 may store information included in an exchanged message in the memory 130. By this structure, the reception module 100 may perform the methods of the various embodiments of the present invention.
The transmitter 162 and the receiver 164 of the transmission module 150 are configured to transmit and receive signals to and from another transmission module and reception modules and the processor 170 are functionally connected to the transmitter 162 and the receiver 164 to control a process of, at the transmitter 162 and the receiver 164, transmitting and receiving signals to and from other apparatuses. The processor 170 processes a signal to be transmitted, sends the processed signal to the transmitter 162 and processes a signal received by the receiver 164. If necessary, the processor 170 may store information included in an exchanged message in the memory 180. By this structure, the transmission module 150 may perform the methods of the various embodiments of the present invention.
The processors 120 and 170 of the reception module 100 and the transmission module 150 instruct (for example, control, adjust, or manage) the operations of the reception module 100 and the transmission module 150, respectively. The processors 120 and 170 may be connected to the memories 130 and 180 for storing program code and data, respectively. The memories 130 and 180 are respectively connected to the processors 120 and 170 so as to store operating systems, applications and general files.
The processors 120 and 170 of the present invention may be called controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, microcomputers, etc. The processors 120 and 170 may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. If the embodiments of the present invention are implemented by hardware, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs), Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), etc. may be included in the processors 120 and 170.
The present invention can also be embodied as computer-readable code on a computer-readable recording medium. The computer-readable recording medium includes all data storage devices that can store data which can be thereafter read by a computer system. Examples of the computer-readable recording medium include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), CD-ROMs, magnetic tapes, floppy disks, optical data storage devices, and carrier waves (such as data transmission through the Internet). The computer-readable recording medium can also be distributed over network coupled computer systems so that the computer readable code is stored and executed in a distributed fashion.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the inventions. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2015/006692 | 6/30/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62031870 | Aug 2014 | US |
