Patent Application
20120145187
The present invention relates to a method for treatment of an iron-based metal surface exposed to superheated steam. More particularly, the invention relates to a surface treatment method for suppressing the formation and growth of steam oxide scale on an iron-based metal surface exposed to superheated steam.
The inner surfaces of steam pipes, such as superheater pipes, main steam pipes, reheater pipes, reheat steam pipes of thermal power plants and the like, are exposed to superheated steam, which is generated by superheating with superheaters or reheaters, saturated steam produced in boilers. Therefore, the inner surfaces are oxidized and coated with steam oxidation scale during a long period of operation. Since the steam pipe base materials (iron-based metals) are different in thermal expansion coefficient from steam oxide scale, thermal stress occurs between them by change in temperature at the start and the stop of the boilers, thereby exfoliating steam oxide scale from the steam pipe surfaces. Steam oxide scale is believed to be easily exfoliated when it grows more than approximately 200 μm thick.
The exfoliated steam oxide scale can be deposited at U-bent or other portions of the steam pipes to occlude them or can strike against turbine blades to damage them, thereby stopping the power plants irregularly and therefore reducing the generation efficiency or increasing the maintenance and repair costs. Thus, the formation and growth of steam oxide scale on the inner surfaces of steam or other pipes can cause problems relating to plant reliability or maintenance.
Conventionally, anticorrosion treatment of cooling water pipes' inner surfaces uses anticorrosion by a deposition coating of calcium phosphate, zinc phosphate, calcium carbonate or the like, or electric anticorrosion by using an oxidant such as sodium nitrite, sodium molybdate, sodium chromate, or others. For steam pipes supplying relatively low temperature steam at 450° C. or less, anticorrosion is performed by using a neutralizing amine such as morpholine, cyclohexylamine or a film-forming amine such as octadecylamine, either alone or a combination thereof.
Formation and growth of steam oxide scale, which could be considered a corrosion phenomenon by high temperature steam, cannot be suppressed by conventional anticorrosion using a deposition coating, a neutralizing amine such as morpholine, cyclohexylamine or a film-forming amine. Steam oxide scales need and grown on the inner surfaces of steam pipes carrying superheated steam at 450° C. or more are usually removed by chemical cleaning in Japan and other countries. Chemical cleaning uses a cleaning agent containing an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid or hydrofluoric acid, an organic acid such as citric acid or oxalic acid, and a chelating agent such as an EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) salt.
However, for performing chemical cleaning, a large-scale work can be required in which only a steam piping system to be cleaned is once cut off from the other piping systems (which are adversely susceptible to cleaning agents) and after cleaning, they are welded to restore. In the case of cleaning the inner surface of a large-scale piping system used in a power plant for example, chemical cleaning requires a large amount of chemical cleaning solution and a large amount of the resultant drained cleaning solution must be cleaned up. In addition, even after once removing it from pipe inner surface by cleaning, steam oxide scale forms and grows again on the inner surface during use and therefore the surface must be re-cleaned. Thus, chemical cleaning has problems of very high costs and heavy burdens on the environment.
Boiler steel pipes having good steam oxidation resistance (e.g., Patent Literature 1) and a method for suppressing oxidation of a steam pipe inner surface by setting the electrical potential within a certain range at the inner surface of the pipe (Patent Literature 2) are under consideration, but are not yet widely applied due to high cost.
Therefore, this invention aims to provide a surface treatment method capable of suppressing the formation and growth of steam oxide scale on an iron-based metal surface exposed to superheated steam.
The present invention provides a surface treatment method for suppressing the formation and growth of steam oxide scale on an iron-based metal surface exposed to superheated steam, comprising treating said iron-based metal surface with a surface-treatment agent, wherein said surface-treatment agent comprises a polyoxy saturated aliphatic mono- or di-carboxylic acid or a salt thereof and an aliphatic amine represented by the following formula (I):
Z(CH2CH2NH)nCH2CH2NH2 (I)
wherein Z represents H, or OH or NH2 group, and n is an integer of 0-5.
By the treatment method according to the invention, the formation and growth of steam oxide scale is suppressed on an iron-based metal surface exposed to superheated steam. As the result, it is possible to reduce the frequencies of irregular stop and chemical cleaning of a plant (a power plant, for example) due to steam oxide scale exfoliation and therefore achieve the improvement in the reliability and operation efficiency and the reduction of the maintenance costs of a plant equipped with pipes carrying superheated steam. It is also possible to reduce the burdens on the environment.
The treatment method according to the invention comprises treating an iron-based metal surface exposed to superheated steam with a surface-treatment agent comprising a polyoxy saturated aliphatic mono- or di-carboxylic acid or a salt thereof and an aliphatic amine represented by said formula (I).
The present treatment method is considered to suppress the formation and growth of steam oxide scale by high temperature superheated steam on an iron-based metal surface, though the mechanism described below. However, it is not intended to limit the invention by the following theory.
Steam oxide scale foams and grows on an iron-based metal surface by contacting and oxidizing it with high temperature superheated steam, as shown in formula (1). The thickness T of steam oxide scale follows the parabola equation is represented as the one-half power of the product of oxidation rate constant Kp and time t, as shown in formula (2). The oxidation rate constant Kp varies depending on materials.
3Fe+4H2O (steam)->Fe3O4 (steam oxide scale)+4H2 (1)
T=(Kp·t)0.5 (2)
It is believed that by applying the present treatment method to an iron-based metal surface, a dense coating film is formed on the surface and prevents the inward diffusion of oxygen derived from high temperature superheated steam and the outward diffusion of iron from the surface (it makes oxidation rate constant Kp small), thereby suppressing the formation and growth of steam oxide scale on the iron-based metal surface.
In the present invention, “iron-based metal” refers to iron and alloys comprising iron as a main (50% or more) component such as carbon steels (e.g., STB410 and the like), stainless steels (e.g., SUS321THB and the like), alloy steels (for example, alloy steels with chromium, nickel, molybdenum and/or manganese; e.g., STBA24, STPA24 and the like). The iron-based metal surface, to which the present method is applied, is an inner surface of a pipe exposed to superheated steam (for example at 450° C., preferably at 450 to 700° C.), and more preferably an inner surface of a main or reheat steam pipe of a power plant (especially a thermal power plant).
The surface-treatment agent used in the present treatment method comprises a polyoxy saturated aliphatic mono- or di-carboxylic acid or a salt thereof and an aliphatic amine represented by the following formula (I):
Z(CH2CH2NH)nCH2CH2NH2 (I)
wherein Z represents H, or OH or NH2 group, and n is an integer of 0-5, preferably 0-3.
The polyoxy saturated aliphatic mono- or di-carboxylic acid or the salt thereof is preferably selected from the group consisting of C4-C6 polyoxy saturated aliphatic mono- or di-carboxylic acids and salts thereof and more preferably selected from the group consisting of gluconic acid, tartaric acid and salts of aforesaid acids. The polyoxy saturated aliphatic mono- or di-carboxylic acid can be any of the d-, l- and dl-form optical isomers.
The salts of polyoxy saturated aliphatic mono- or di-carboxylic acids are preferably alkaline metal salts and more preferably sodium salts.
One or more polyoxy saturated aliphatic mono- or di-carboxylic acids or salts thereof may be used, alone or in combination.
The concentration of the polyoxy saturated aliphatic mono- or di-carboxylic acid(s) or salt(s) thereof in the surface-treatment agent can range for example from 20 to 6000 mg/L, preferably from 40 to 3000 mg/L, and more preferably from 200 to 600 mg/L.
The aliphatic amine represented by the formula (I) includes ethylamine, ethylenediamine, monoethanolamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) and the like. Among them, more preferable are mono ethanolamine and TEPA, and still more preferable is TEPA.
A single amine may be used alone, or two or more amines may be used in combination.
The concentration of the aliphatic amine represented by the formula (I) in the surface-treatment agent may range for example from 3 to 15000 mg/L, preferably from 6 to 7500 mg/L, and more preferably from 30 to 1500 mg/L.
The ratio by weight of said carboxylic acid(s) or salt(s) thereof to said aliphatic amine in the surface-treatment agent may range for example from 1:800 to 2000:1, preferably from 1:200 to 500:1, and more preferably from 1:8 to 20:1.
The surface-treatment agent may comprise an additional component such as an alkaline metal hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, and an aliphatic cyclic amine (or non-aromatic cyclic amine), such as morpholine and cyclohexyl amine. The additional component may be present in the surface-treatment agent at for example 5 to 5000 mg/L, preferably 10 to 2500 mg/L, and more preferably 50 to 500 mg/L.
The surface-treatment agent can be an aqueous solution. Water as a solvent may be demineralized water, soft water, tap water, industrial water, groundwater or the like. Demineralized water is preferable, in which less causal components of corrosion and scale remain.
The present method is more effective if it applies to an iron-based metal surface when it is clean (e.g., before initial use or after removal of steam oxide scale (at the time of performing regular maintenance, for example)).
The treatment of an iron-based metal surface with the surface-treatment agent can be carried out at a temperature of 120° C. to 380° C. for example. In view of costs, efficiency and easiness, it is preferably carried out at a temperature of 120° C. to 250° C. For the treatment at a temperature mentioned above, the surface-treatment agent can be heated directly by e.g. an electric heater, or indirectly via heating of the iron-based metal to be treated by e.g. an electric heater or steam.
The treatment time is not limited specifically, but the lower limit may be for example 10 hours or more, preferably 24 hours or more and the upper limit may be for example 100 hours in view of costs and efficiency.
The treatment of the iron-based metal surface with the surface-treatment agent can be carried out by contacting the agent with the surface. If the iron-based metal surface to be treated is an inner surface of a pipe, it is preferable to circulate the surface-treatment agent into a pipe so as to make the reaction conditions constant.
In view of another aspect, the present invention provides a surface treatment method for suppressing the formation and growth of steam oxide scale on an inner surface of a main or reheat steam pipe of a power plant, comprising treating said inner surface with a surface-treatment agent at a temperature of 120° C. to 250° C. for 10 to 100 hours, wherein said surface-treatment agent comprises gluconic acid, tartaric acid or a salt of aforesaid acids and tetraethylenepentamine and said inner surface is an iron-based metal surface exposed to superheated steam.
The invention will be specifically described with reference to the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
In the following working and comparative examples, a pipe alloy steel STPA24 (chromium-molybdenum steel) was cut into pieces of 7×100×1 mm, which were used as (iron-based metal) test specimens after polishing with a coated abrasives up to number 400 and defatting with acetone.
The surface-treatment agents and the treatment conditions used in the examples are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
The test specimens were treated under the above-listed conditions 1-4 as Examples 1-4 respectively.
The surface treatments were carried out in the autoclave illustrated in
An untreated test specimen was used as a Comparative Example.
Next, the formation and growth of steam oxide scale was evaluated on the surfaces of the test specimens of Examples 1-4 and Comparative Example in the evaluation system illustrated in
Briefly, boiler water actually used in a thermal power plant was introduced into a steam generator 11 (which was actually the autoclave illustrated in
After passing through the specimen-holder tube 15, the superheated steam was cooled by an air-cooling device 16 to form into condensed water, which was then returned to the steam generator 11. The evaluation system is a closed circulatory system, wherein a cycle of water->saturated steam->superheated steam->water was repeated.
The test specimen 17 was brought into contact with the superheated steam for a predetermined period of time (830, 3,830, 7,680 or 10,000 hours) and the mass was then measured. The oxidation rate constant Kp was calculated from the mass gain. In calculating the oxidation rate constant, it was assumed that the thickness of steam oxide scale follows the parabola equation represented by the above-described formula (2), and the thickness [in μm] of steam oxidation scale is 0.75 times of the mass gain [in g/m2] of the test specimen based on the relationship of the oxidation mass gain with the scale thickness described in “A study on steam oxidation behavior of Cr—Mo steel pipe for boilers” (Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd., Catalogue No. JB04806).
After 10,000 hours, the appearance of the test specimen was also inspected.
The changes in mass of the test specimens over time were shown in
The calculated oxidation rate constant Kp based on mass gain and the number of exfoliations determined by the appearance inspection after 10,000 hours are given in Table 3.
As shown in
In addition, the oxidation rate constants, Kp values, which are calculated from the mass gains, of the test specimens of Examples 1-4 are found to be half or less of that of the test specimen of Comparative Example. Therefore, one can understand that the growth rate of steam oxide scale in an iron-based metal surface treated by the present method is half or less of that in an untreated surface and therefore after the treatment by the present method, the interval of chemical cleanings to remove steam oxide scales is around two times longer than the interval after the conventional surface treatment.
By the appearance inspection of the test specimens, 7 exfoliations were detected in Comparative Example 1 whereas no exfoliations were found in the test specimen of Example 4, minor exfoliations, in which the base materials were not exposed, in the test specimens of Examples 1 and 2, and only one exfoliation in the test specimen of Example 3. Thus, it is understood that the treatment of an iron-based metal surface by the present method can reduce the frequency of steam oxide scale exfoliation from the surface. Hence, the application of the present method to an inner surface of a superheated steam piping system of a power plant for example can prevent occlusion of the piping system and damages of a steam turbine by exfoliated steam oxide scale.
As described above, it was confirmed that the treatment method according to the present invention can suppress the formation and growth of steam oxide scale on an iron-based metal surface by superheated steam.
Thus, the present treatment method is especially suitable for the application to a piping system, such as a superheated steam piping system of a power plant, which cannot frequently be cleaned (in particular, by chemical cleaning) and in which an anti-corrosion agent or the like cannot be constantly circulated, and therefore can contribute to the improvement in reliability and operating efficiency and the reduction in administrative and maintenance costs of a plant equipped with such a piping system.
This application is related to Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-159887 filed on Jul. 6, 2009.
All of the patents, patent applications and other publications cited in the present specification are incorporated herein in its entirety by reference, as if specifically set forth herein, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009-159887 | Jul 2009 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2010/061264 | 7/1/2010 | WO | 00 | 3/2/2012 |
