Patent Application
20230352196
This invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for forming a plasma space by electromagnetic waves at a low temperature, into which CO2 gas is supplied to decay atoms of CO2 gas thereby to produce heat.
The inventor of this application has been conventionally developing a technology for producing hydrogen from carbon dioxide and water, in which a reactor made of stainless steel includes sodium hydroxide and stainless steel powders as reaction agents and is heated at a temperature above 500° C. to produce fine particles, between which and the inner wall of the reactor a nuclear reaction is generated (WO2012/011499A1).
Further, if water is supplied into the reactor having the same structure while its temperature is controlled, hydrogen gas is produced to be ionized. This fact is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2017-222550.
The Patent Literature 1 discloses that the inner surface of the reactor is opposed to a plasma atmosphere to generate a nuclear reaction on the inner surface thereof. However, it is never recognized that a plasma atmosphere is formed in its inner whole portion by the fine particles of a reaction agent (corresponding to an amplification agent in this application), and the plasma atmosphere is excited with electromagnetic waves ejected from the inner surface of the reactor and from the fine particles of the amplification agent.
In addition, the above Patent Literature discloses that hydrogen gas generated in the reactor is ionized. However, it is never recognized that a plasma reaction is mainly performed by the reaction agent itself and standing waves emitted from the inner wall of the reactor and that the fine particles and standing waves and other waves amplified by the fine particles are generated at an uncertain timing on the basis of “uncertainty principle”.
The inventor of this Application has performed various experiments to find that there is a possibility that atomic nucleuses are decayed and reunited with each other at an extremely low temperature of 200° C. to 300° C. judging from quantum mechanics. Therefore, a technical idea conventionally unknown is clarified herein.
A method of plasma reaction according to this invention comprises the steps of: forming a closed space with a wall surface which ejects standing waves of electromagnetic waves; supplying an amplification agent for amplifying energy of electromagnetic waves into the closed space; heating the amplification agent and the wall surface to emit electromagnetic waves from the amplification agent itself and the wall surface, so that the amplification agent is vaporized to form a first fine particles group; ionizing the first fine particle group by the electromagnetic waves to produce a second fine particle group comprising a mixture of atoms of the amplification agent, ions and electrons, so that the mixture forms a plasma space; generating large-energy electromagnetic waves at a timing on the basis of “uncertainty principle” by means of an amplification-function of the second fine particle group and an electromagnetic wave emitting function thereof and an electromagnetic wave-emitting-function from the wall surface thereby to decay the second fine particles themselves to transform them into protons, neutrons and electrons which are added to the second fine particles so as to form a third fine article group; and reuniting protons with electrons in the third fine particle group to generate hydrogen; and supplying gas to be treated, except for CO2 into the third fine particle group of the plasma space to separate gradually atoms as its gas ingredients into ions of those atoms, protons, neutrons and electrons, through an ionizing function and a plasma decaying function, which are added to the third fine particle group to form a fourth fine particles group so that further, at least one combination of protons and neutrons as a plasma reunion function performs an exothermic function.
In order to increase the exothermic function, the plasma reunion function is preferably actively performed by means of increasing the number of protons or neutrons in the plasma space, and number of protons is increased by supplying hydrogen.
The amplification agent comprises preferably at least one element of the first or second group in the main group element shown in the periodic table or a compound including at least element mentioned above, and the gas to be treated preferably comprises at least one kind of gases including carbon dioxide, steam, nitrogen gas, 6 plutonium hexafluoride or PCB gas.
The amplification agent includes preferably at least one kind of stainless steel, zinc, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, manganese, molybdenum, titanium and zirconium in shape of plate, powder or clump or liquefied phosphorus or mercury.
The wall surface for emitting electromagnetic waves therefrom comprises preferably at least one kind of stainless steel material, carbon material or aluminum material.
The amplification agent comprises preferably molten salt which is dripped into the plasma space from an upper portion thereof, drips of the molten salt are collected at a lower portion of the plasma space to be circulated to the upper portion of the plasma space, and a heating pipe system is disposed in the plasma space to generate the fine particles of the amplification agent by a cooperative function between the molten drips and the heating pipe system.
An apparatus for plasma reaction according to this invention comprises: a plasma reactor for treatment of CO2 gas, having a wall surface which is heated to emit electromagnetic waves; a plasma space formed in the plasma reactor and including a mixture of atoms, ions of atoms, nucleons and electrons as fine particles moving in various directions; an amplification agent supplied in the plasma space as a main ingredient of the plasma space to be changed into fine particles when it is heated, so that the energy of electromagnetic waves emitted into the plasma space is amplified at an uncertain timing; and a heating device for heating the wall surface of the plasma reactor and the amplification agent.
The wall surface of the reactor comprises preferably at least one kind of carbon material, stainless steel material, iron material, aluminum material or copper material.
The amplification agent comprises preferably molten salt which includes at least one kind of metal sodium, metal potassium, or lithium fluoride and which is supplied into the plasma space of the reactor from outside to be then fed outside so as to be circulated through a circulating device.
The amplification agent comprises preferably a combination of a compound including alkali metal with at least one kind of metal powders such as stainless steel powder, iron powder, aluminum powder, zine powder and copper powder and is disposed in the plasma reactor so as to be supplemented.
The heating device comprises preferably an electric heater which is disposed in a wall of the plasma reactor, or on an outer surface of the wall, or in the plasma reactor.
The heating device comprises preferably a heating pipe system disposed in the plasma reactor in order to feed heating gas through a gas burner thereinto.
It is preferable that a plurality of hydrogen injection cylinders is disposed in an opposed manner, and pressurized hydrogen is supplied into the hydrogen injection cylinders.
It is preferable that a heat exchanger is disposed in the plasma space to take out a part of heat in the plasma space.
In this invention, a closed space is formed with a wall surface for emitting standing waves as electromagnetic waves, and a plasma space is formed in such a manner that the closed space is maintained at a predetermined temperature to make fine particles of the amplification agent fly out at a highspeed. Therefore, the amplification agent itself is decayed in plasma to generate hydrogen. When CO2 gas is fed into the plasma space, the gas is separated into each of atoms included in the gas, and then a part of atoms is separated into irons and electrons to produce a mixture of atoms not ionized, ions and electrons in the gas to be treated to form a new plasma space in which the mixture is added to the fine particles of the amplification agent. In this manner, both fine particles derived from the amplification agent and the gas is decayed in plasma by large-energy electromagnetic waves generated at an uncertain period on the basis of the “uncertainty principle”. Thus, in the case of carbon dioxide, it can be extinguished or changed into hydrogen, and in the case of nitrogen or steam, it can be changed into hydrogen. In addition, after the plasma-decay, some reunions such as proton-proton, neutron-neutron, proton-neutron or proton-electron occur to generate an exothermic reaction through which heat is obtained. Further, if a kind of the amplification agents for the plasma space is properly selected, the plasma space can be formed at a temperature of 200° C. to 300° C. to produce a simple and small apparatus at a low cost.
The embodiments of this invention will now be explained with reference to the drawings.
1. General Structure of Plasma Reactor
In
An amplification agent 6 is accommodated at the bottom of the reactor 1 to amplify energy of electromagnetic waves in the plasma space 5, and an electric heater 9 is provided at the lower half portion of the reactor 1 and the bottom portion thereof to heat the plasma space 5 and the reactor 1 at the same time. The electric heater 9 is also connected to the controller C. In addition, insulation material 10 covers the circumferential surface of the reactor 1, and the reactor 1 has a fin assembly 4 in
2. Generation of Electromagnetic Waves
The basic technical idea of this invention is to generate electromagnetic waves which are amplified to be changed into high-strength electromagnetic waves. Accordingly, it is important to obtain electromagnetic waves with high number frequency.
Further, if standing waves, both ends of which are fastened are generated, its energy increases in proportion to the square of those frequencies. Therefore, the following electromagnetic wave generation system is preferable. In order to obtain the standing waves, as shown in
The reactor 1 necessitates a good sealing property for prevention of the inflow of air from outside, and, therefore, it is preferable that the carbon layer 2 is formed on the inner stainless wall with a high-strength. When metal is heated, some electromagnetic waves are emitted. In the case of stainless steel, micro waves with frequencies of 10<9-10> are emitted at a temperature of 200 to 400° C., far-infrared rays or infrared rays with frequencies of 10<13-14> are emitted at a temperature of 400 to 600° C., and visible light rays with frequencies of 10<13-14> are emitted at a temperature above 700° C.
With respect to electromagnetic waves with a large energy (a high frequency), ion material, carbon material, steel material or aluminum material is more preferable than stainless steel material. However, stainless steel material is preferably used with respect to a heat-resistance, an oxidation resistance and a strength. Electromagnetic waves are emitted from not only the inner surface wall but also the amplification agent. As an amplification agent, sodium (Na) or potassium (K) as alkali metal is selected, and aluminum or titanium, both of which belong to the transition metal group and are active to electromagnetic waves is selected. These elements emit electromagnetic waves by means of the excitation by lattice vibration and are excited by electromagnetic waves from the inner wall surface 1a and the carbon layer 2 to emit newly electromagnetic waves at a time of transition (quantum jump). The newly emitted electromagnetic waves excite surrounding atoms to generate other new electromagnetic waves from the atoms. The other new electromagnetic waves include various frequencies from a large number of frequencies to a small number of frequencies in proportion to temperature. That is, the higher a temperature becomes, the larger the energy of electromagnetic waves becomes.
In the case that, as shown in
3. Material of Reactor
The reactor 1 necessitates a characteristic feature which is resistant to a high temperature and which can prevent its wall from forming an oxide layer thereon. Stainless steel material is desirable from the viewpoint of heat-resistance and corrosion-resistance. From the viewpoint of electromagnetic waves emittance at a heating temperature of 300° C. to 600° C., iron (Fe) or ceramic can be used. In addition, from the viewpoints of a heat-resistance, a corrosion-resistance and an electromagnetic wave emittance, the reactor 1 may be made of a carbon cylinder which is formed by molding. Furthermore, in the case that carbon is sprayed on a stainless wall to form a carbon layer, formation of oxide film can be effectively prevented, and electromagnetic waves from both of the stainless wall and the carbon layer are emitted to excite atoms of the carbon layer from which infrared rays with a large number of frequencies are emitted. Furthermore, in the case that a molybdenum layer (MO) is formed on the stainless wall through a spraying operation, electrons in the plasma space 5 collide with the molybdenum layer at a high speed to emit X-rays, so that an energy in the plasma space 5 is increased. Accordingly, from the viewpoint of electromagnetic wave with a large energy, it is preferable that iron material, carbon material, steel material, aluminum material or stainless steel material is used.
The result shows that iron can emit electromagnetic waves with the highest-strength.
4. Kind of Amplification Agent
The amplification agent 6 is material for amplifying energy of the electromagnetic waves, and there are two types of amplifications, that is, one is to increase number of electromagnetic waves (photon) and the other is to increase number of frequencies of electromagnetic waves.
The inventor has been repeating experiments for more than ten years. As a result, it is ascertained that hydrogen can be taken out of various gases, e.g., steam (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar) or helium (He). The following amplification agents are preferably put into a stainless reactor or an iron reactor.
In this manner, according to the results of various experiments with respect to amplification agents, a single element with the following conditions or a combination of more than one single element seems suitable for the amplification agent.
Next, elements satisfying these conditions will now be considered. The elements that have surely the condition (1) are, as shown in
Elements Na, K, Cr, Al, etc., are enumerated, at present, as those to be in conformity with the condition (2). In addition, it seems that element Cu or Mg belonging to the typical element group on the long periodic table is also in conformity with the condition (2). Especially, Al has a large energy amplification function, and element Cu has also such a function in view of a characteristic feature of duralumin.
With respect to the condition (3), as elements which have a large number of electrons jumping over its orbits (quantum jump) and which belong to from the fourth cycle group to seven cycle group, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Pd, Ag, Sn, Pt, Au, Hg, Pb, Th, U, etc., are enumerated. Especially, Hg is vaporized at a low temperature, and Fe Ni, Cu, Zn and S are generally used. In the case that T, U and Pu are combined with fluorine (F), ThF4, UF6 and PuF6 are generated, respectively, to be in form of gas at a room temperature. Those compounds emit electromagnetic waves by themselves to maintain the plasma space at a low temperature.
Next, the condition (4) will now be considered. In the case that CO2 is treated in the plasma space, both ions of plus C<4+> ions (cation) and minus O<2−> ions (anion) are added to the plasma space, and, however, the minus O<2−> ions weaken a plasma reaction because they absorb electrons. In addition, also in the case that hydrogen is taken out of water, the minus O<2−> ions weaken the plasma reaction because of the same reason. Therefore, it is desirable that elements of Al, Zn, etc., are, as amplification agents, added to the plasma space.
From the viewpoint of practical use, it is desirable that such elements are found much on the earth to be obtained easily at a proper cost and do not cause environmental pollution. Therefore, Na, K and Al seem to be optional. The single alkali metal Na or K must be carefully used, and, instead, these hydroxides (NaOH, KOH) or chloride (Nacl) can be used. However, in the case of Nacl and KOH, a countermeasure is necessary against minus O<2−> ion, and in the case of Nacl, a countermeasure is necessary against minus C1<1−> ions. In order to remove their respective adverse effects, Al and Zn are preferably added to produce compounds Al2O3, ZnO, Al2Cl3 and ZnCl2.
In order to increase energy of the plasma space, radioactive elements such as uranium (U), plutonium (Pu) and thorium (Th) can be used as the amplification agent. Fluorescences (UF6, ThF4, and PuF6) of these elements are in form of gas, and can be flown in the reactor instead of solid amplification agents. In addition, in order to remove minus F ion, Hg and/or P may be added therein in form of gas because these elements are easily vaporized (Hg: evaporation point 356° C., P: evaporation point 280° C.).
The inventor of this Application has tried various experiments for comparison many times in which a reactor 200 (made of SUS304) (diameter: 10 cm, height: 30 cm) is heated by a mantle heater 201 at its lower half portion while gases such as CO2, nitrogen, argon, etc., are supplied into the reactor 200 from a supplying pipe 203 with various amplification agents being put at the bottom surface of the reactor 200 to measure the ingredients of gases discharged from a discharging pipe 204. The lowest temperature for generating hydrogen gas by the reactor 200 was approximately 200° C. That is, when sodium clumps of 80 g and aluminum powder of 50 g were put into the reactor 200 as amplification agent, and CO2 was flown thereinto with a mantle heater 201 being preset at the temperature of 200° C. and with the temperature of the plasma space 205 being approximately 1000° C., the generation of hydrogen gas was observed by means of a mass analysis apparatus. This means that the plasma space seems to need a temperature above 100° C. in order to give a momentum above predetermined value to each of the fine particles of the amplification agent 202.
5. Formation of Plasma Space
The plasma space 5 is formed in the following manner. Various materials can be used as the amplification agent 6 as mentioned above and, however, a case wherein single metal sodium is used as the optimal agent will now be explained.
1) First Step (Evaporation)
The plasma space 5 is, as shown in
Namely, generally speaking, when a metal structure and carbon material, etc., are heated, those crystal lattices are oscillated by heat thereby to oscillate electrons in each element located in each crystal lattice. On the contrary, each element of the crystal lattices frees an electron (e<−>) to be changed into an oscillating plus ion. The ions and both of free electrons and the remaining electrons in each element oscillate, and these oscillations are so-called charge oscillations thereby to emit electromagnetic waves.
Generally speaking, in the case that the inner surface wall 1a and the carbon layer 2 are simply heated at 300° C., microwaves with frequency of 10<10> are emitted, and, on the contrary, in the case that they are heated at a temperature of 400° C. to 500° C., far-infrared rays with frequency of 10<11-12> are emitted. These electromagnetic waves are once absorbed in atoms in metal sodium to be amplified through an amplifying function of the metal sodium then to be emitted again from the atoms. In addition, when the metal sodium is directly heated, it itself emits electromagnetic waves which are amplified by other atoms in the neighborhood of them. The amplification agent in the reactor is heated partially at a high temperature to be evaporated in a short time, so that the evaporated fine particles (the first fine particles group) fly out in the reactor.
The fine particles fly out at a high speed in the reactor, and its flying speed is in proportion to the temperature of a flying space. Supposing that the mass of a sodium atom is “m”, and the sodium atom is in form of gas.
[mathematical formula][mathematical formula]
On the basis of the expression 1, the velocity of sodium atom can be calculated. The average kinetic energy
[mathematical formula]
of the sodium atom at a certain temperature is in proportion to the product of Boltzmann constant by its absolute temperature (T).
The correct mass of one sodium atom is as follows.
[mathematical formula]
On the basis of the above two expressions (1) and (2), the velocity (v) of the sodium atom is as follows.
[mathematical formula]
In the cases of 473 K (200° C.), 573 K (300° C.) and 673 K (400° C.), velocities (v) are approximately 720 m/s, 800 m/s and 860 m/s, respectively. In the plasma space, the fine particles collide with each other to excite the plasma atmosphere. Therefore, in order to excite the plasma atmosphere, the plasma space must be maintained at a certain temperature. As mentioned above, the inventor could change CO2 into hydrogen in the plasma space at 100° C. At that time, it seems that the sodium atoms moved at the speed of 630 m/s.
2) Second Step (Ionization and Amplification)
Next, in
As shown in
Supposing that the diameter of the reactor is 10 cm (in
Further, ionization and amplification will now be explained in detail. The ionization is, as shown in
As shown in
In this manner, the plasma space 5 has a great number of electrons because, as shown in
At that time, an electron is knocked out first from the surface of the carbon layer 2 because it is light and is easy to move to leave ions behind thereby to generate a charge imbalance layer 11 (sheath) because of imbalance in the numbers of plus and minus charges. As a result, the layer 11 has a potential gradient, and some heavy sodium ions Na<+> collide with the inner wall of the carbon layer to strike out secondary electrons e<−> therefrom thereby to increase the number of electrons in the plasma space 5.
3) Third Step (Plasma-Decay and Plasma-Reunion)
When electromagnetic waves with a large energy are emitted, each nuclear force of sodium ions (Na<x+>) and sodium atoms (Na) in the second fine particles group is broken to cause a plasma-decay, so that protons (P), neutrons (n) and electrons (e<−>) are newly generated separately to form a third fine particles group in which new protons (P), neutrons (n) and electrons (e<−>) are mixed with fine particles in the second fine particles group. At this time, if a proton is reunited with an electron, hydrogen gas is produced, and there may be a reunion of one proton and one neutron. However, a reunion of two protons does not happen easily due to a repulsive force between two protons.
The phenomenon in which the nuclear force is broken to cause nucleons to be separated dispersedly from each other is called “plasma-decay” herein, while the phenomenon in which two nucleons in addition to reunion of one proton and one electron are reunited is called “plasma-reunion”. Conventionally, the concept of fission means that a neutron collides with a nucleus to separate it into two or three new atoms, while fusion means that two protons or a proton and a neutron are united with each other. In the plasma-decay, the whole nucleus is separated into each nucleon, and in the plasma-reunion, two protons, two neutrons, a proton and a neutron or a proton and an electron are reunited with each other. This is a new concept which does not exist conventionally.
In the first, second and third steps, Ni powders, stainless steel powders, Zn powders or aluminum powders are used as an amplification agent, each atom (Ni, Cr, Fe, Zn or Al) and their ions (Ni<x+>, Cr<x+>, Fe<x+>, Zn<x+> or Al<x+>) as a new fine particles group are added to each original fine particles group. It is certified by various experiments that the fine particles of the new and original fine particles groups are evaporated even at the lowest temperature of 500° C. because an extremely high exothermic reaction occurs partially on the fine particles.
In the case that NaOH or KOH is used as an amplification agent, the first fine particles group includes Na or K atom and O and H atoms, the second fine particles group includes O<x+> and H<+> (proton) ions in addition to the first fine particles group, and the third fine particles group includes protons (p), neutrons (n) and electrons (e<−>) which are derived mainly from the plasma-decay of O<x+> ions.
The flying speeds of protons and neutrons after the plasma-decay can be calculated by the expression 1 mentioned before. In the case that influence of high-energy electromagnetic waves, is ignored, the flying speed of a proton or a neutron is 3300 m/s, 3800 m/s and 4100 m/s at 200° C., 300° C. and 400° C., respectively. Electrons fly at much more high speed (more than 40 times that of protons or neutrons). In order to activate a plasma reaction, the plasma space must be maintained at a certain temperature.
4) Fourth Step (Treatment of Gas)
In the first, second and third steps, the behavior of the amplification agent is explained, and the plasma atmosphere is used for treating various gases such as poisonous gases. In the case of carbon dioxide (CO2), it is gradually divided into C atoms and O atoms, and the ions (C<x+> and O<x+>), protons (p), neutrons (n) and electrons (e<31>) in addition to neutral atoms C and O which have not been divided yet are added to the third fine particles (e<−>) group to form the fourth fine particles group. In the case of steam (H2O), H atoms, H<+> ions (protons), O atoms, O<x+> ions, protons (p), neutrons (n) and electrons (e<−>) are added thereto, and, in the case of nitrogen gas, N atoms, N<x+> ions, protons (p), neutrons (n) and electrons (e<−>) are added.
6. Standing Wave
As mentioned above, a cylindrical shape of reactor 1 has an inner space with a potential energy in the shape of well in quantum mechanics and an electromagnetic wave emitted in the space forms a standing wave. In
When the wall surface 1a is heated at 600° C., for example, standing waves in range (e.g., frequency 10<14>) of infrared ray are emitted, the energy strength (number of photons) at that time is larger than those at 400° C. and 500° C., and there are differences of integer multiple among them. Accordingly, the higher the heating temperature becomes, the larger strength of standing waves emitted becomes. In view of obtaining standing waves with a high-strength of energy, it is desirable that the heating temperature is high in a range without losing heat-resistance.
As mentioned before, in order to form a plasma space with a great number of electrons, in which generated standing waves go back and forth between two opposite wall surfaces, a state wherein electrons oscillate in the inner wall surfaces of the reactor must be maintained by preventing the formation of insulation oxide layers on the inner walls. In view of this, the carbon layer 2 (
7. Action of Plasma Space
1) Function of Standing Waves
When the amplification agent 6 is put into the main body of the reactor 1 which is then heated at e.g., 400° C., standing waves with frequency of around 10<13> in the range of far-infrared ray are emitted. With respect to the energy of normal standing waves, a Schrödinger's wave equation can be adapted in the following manner. Supposing that En means an energy of a quantum number (order) n (
[mathematical formula]
in the case of n=1
[mathematical formula]
En=n<2>E1 calculation (2)
That is, the energy En of standing waves is in proportion to square value of the quantum number n. Generally, a wave motion energy E is shown as follows.
E=hv calculation (3)
In the energy E of standing waves, E is in proportion to the square value of its quantum number (n) as mentioned above, and, accordingly, E is also in proportion to the square value of its frequency. Therefore, the following equation is brought into existence.
E=hv<2> calculation (4)
Accordingly, a standing wave with frequency of 10<13> has the same energy as a normal electromagnetic wave with frequency of 10<13/2> which belongs to the range of γ-rays, and has an energy equivalent to a γ-ray to plasma-decay various ions flying around. Therefore, when such a standing wave equivalent to a γ-ray collides with the nucleus of each ion or passes in its neighborhood, it cuts the nuclear force of the nucleus to decay in plasma the nucleus thereby to separate protons from neutrons. However, the generation of a powerful standing wave and its collision with each ion happen at a certain rate to decay each ion gradually while protons as plus ions (H<+>) fly around so as to reunite with electrons (e<−>) thereby to form hydrogen gas (H2). In addition, a neutron is changed into a proton through β-decay after 10 minutes or so from the time when it is separated from the proton, so that it can be taken out of the reactor in shape of hydrogen.
In this manner, in the case that Na is used as the amplification agent, a plasma-decay of the agent occurs in the plasma space at a temperature above 300° C. to begin to generate hydrogen first, and, thereafter, when a heating temperature is increased to a temperature around 600° C., one kind of gases such as N2, H2O, CO2, Ar and He is supplied into the reactor to generate hydrogen little by little from the gas to be treated.
2) Energy of Plasma
As mentioned above, in the plasma space, a large energy is produced by the following functions in which a plurality of standing waves are emitted from the wall surface of the reactor, the energy of each standing wave is amplified by means of the characteristic feature of the fine particles to produce a laser ray (the number of photons is increased), and some electromagnetic waves with a great number of frequencies are emitted through a function (cooperation between electromagnetic waves and electrons) of high-speed electrons. Therefore, ions and fine atoms in the plasma space are decayed in plasma, and fine atoms in steam, nitrogen, CO2, etc., to be treated are also decayed in plasma. Such a plasma-decay necessitates a certain energy larger than a bonding energy of each atom as shown in
3) Uncertainty of Energy Generation
An energy is generated in a plasma atmosphere at a certain rate on the basis of “Uncertainty principle of Heidelberg”, and is not generated continuously. That is, the relation between the uncertainty (ΔE) of energy generation and the uncertainty (ΔT) of its generation period is as follows.
[mathematical formula]
For example, in the case of an electromagnetic wave having frequency of 10<15>, its uncertainty (ΔT) is as follows.
[mathematical formula][mathematical formula]
That is, in time period of 8×10<−17> second, there is a possibility that an energy corresponding to frequency of 10<15> can be generated. If an electromagnetic wave generated at that time is a standing wave, its energy increases in proportion to square its frequency. Accordingly, the energy of the standing wave is as follows.
[mathematical formula]
The above energy of 6.626×10<−4>J per one photon can be generated in an extremely short time.
As shown in
In this manner, as the generation of a high energy (exothermic reaction) and generation of the absorption of the high energy (endothermic reaction) by the plasma-decay occur alternately, the reactor is not broken. When a certain gas e.g., nitrogen is fed into the reactor, the nitrogen gas is decayed in plasma at an uncertainty timing to be gradually transformed into hydrogen. At this time, the generated high-energy electromagnetic wave disappears after a time (ΔT), and, accordingly, it is not emitted outside of the reactor irrespective of its speed of light. Nitrogen has a bonding energy per one nucleon of approximately 7.5 MeV (
1.2×14×10<−12>J→1.68×10<−11>J
Next, the frequency of one photon of an electromagnetic wave which can decay in plasma one nucleon of nitrogen will be calculated in the following manner.
[mathematical formula]
Namely, one photon with frequency of 1.8×10<21> is necessary for plasma-decay of one nucleon of nitrogen, and, accordingly, the plasma-decay of one nucleus necessitates 14 photons. In the case of a standing wave, its frequency corresponding to that of a normal electromagnetic wave is calculated in the following manner.
γ=√{square root over(1.8×10<21>)}=10<10>√{square root over(18)}→10<10>×3√{square root over(2)} [expression 8]
An electromagnetic wave having frequency of 10<10>×3√{square root over (2)} (in the range of microwaves) can decay in plasma one nucleon of nitrogen and more than 14 photons of the wave can decay in plasma one atom of nitrogen.
A large strength of electromagnetic wave is generated at a period less than ΔT, and a plasma-reunion is generated in addition to a plasma-decay.
In
Supposing that a plurality of other electromagnetic waves 166, 166 . . . 166, each having a large energy collide with protons 162 and neutrons 163, there may be a possibility that two nucleons are reunited with each other to make one unit thereby to generate 7 plasma-reunions. At this time, three kinds of unites, that is, the unit of two protons, the unit of two neutrons may be generated. However, the possibility of the unit of two protons is extremely low because a nuclear force acts on two protons within the distance of 5×10<−15>m. In order to make two protons come close to the position of 5×10<−15>m, each proton must have a momentum more than a repulsive force between them. Each proton seldom has such a momentum. However, the unit of one neutron and one proton and the unit of two neutrons have a higher possibility than that of the unit of two protons because of no repulsive forces. Plasma-reunion is not necessarily generated from a plasma-decay of one atom. However, in the third and fourth fine particles groups, there are a countless number of nucleuses. Therefore, there may be a probability that a small number of plasma-reunions are generated to cause an exothermic reaction. If the number of plasma-reunions is increased, heat can be taken out of the plasma space 5. In order to increase the number of plasma-reunions, for example, some neutrons from a neutron source or hydrogen (H) from outside are supplied into the reactor 1 to increase the probability of plasma-reunion. When hydrogen is used as a substance for increasing the number of plasma-reunions, hydrogen atoms are ionized to separate an electron from a nucleus (proton). At that time, an endothermic reaction is generated to decrease the power of the plasma space 5. However, the exothermic reactions by the plasma-reunion of protons and neutrons can compensate sufficiently the endothermic reaction by the ionization of hydrogen. As a whole, the power of the plasma atmosphere is not decreased.
In the above case, when nitrogen gas is supplied into the reactor 1, and oxidation is not a problem. In the case that steam (H2O) is supplied into the reactor 5, as soon as it is supplied thereinto, it is separated into the atoms O and H. However, a plasma-decay does not instantly occur with respect to all atoms, and a part of oxygens which are not decayed in plasma oxidize with the fine particles of the amplification agent to generate some solid oxides (Na2O, NaO) which are adhered to the wall surface 1a to obstruct the generation of electromagnetic waves. However, the oxides are gradually decayed in the plasma space 5 to emit protons, neutrons and electrons separately. With respect to the plasma-decay of oxides, the following experiment was performed. Only potassium titanate was put in the experimental reactor shown in
) Energy and Action of Plasma Space
On the basis of the results of various experiments, the largeness of an energy generated in the plasma space 5 and the action thereof will now be calculated, and the results of the experiments will now be analyzed.
a) Experiment A
First, metal sodium of 50 g in shape of lump was supplied into a stainless steel reactor of SUS304 (diameter 10 cm, height 20 cm and plasma space 1570 cc), the half lower part of the reactor was covered with an electric heater (
As there were no hydrogen atoms in the reactor at the beginning, and, thereafter, hydrogen was detected, it is obliged to think that the hydrogen was derived from a plasma-decay of the metal sodium. The bonding energy of metal sodium per one nucleon is approximately 8 MeV (
8×10<6>(eV)×1.6×10<−19>(C)→1.28×10<−12>(J)
One sodium atom has 23 nucleons, and, accordingly, the nuclear force of sodium atom is as follows.
1.28×10<−12>×23-2.9×10<−11>J [expression 8a]
In order to decay the nucleus of sodium atom to obtain hydrogen therefrom, an energy more than such a nuclear force is necessary. When a nucleus is decayed, electrons around the nucleus are dispersed because it loses its tensile force while some protons separated from the nucleus are reunited with the electrons in their neighborhood to generate some hydrogen atoms, and it is supposed that the remaining protons fly out freely.
At this time, neutrons are retaining in the reactor and are β-decayed to be transformed into protons approximately 10 minutes after the decay.
An energy for decaying a nucleus of sodium is more than 2.9×10<−11>J according to the expression 8a, and a frequency of electromagnetic wave corresponding to the energy is calculated as follows.
γ=E/h
γ=2.9×10<−11>J/6.6×10<−34>J·S
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4.4×10<22>Hz [expression 8b]
Namely, an electromagnetic wave having a frequency in the range of γ-rays can decay in plasma a sodium nucleus. Such a ray corresponding to a γ-ray is generated at a timing calculated on the basis of “Principe of Heisenberg”. That is, a relationship between uncertainty (ΔE) of energy strength and uncertainty (Δt) of generating period of time is as follows.
[mathematical formula][mathematical formula]
Δt≥1.81×10<−24>second [expression 9]
This means that the generation of ΔE occurs at the time period of Δt, and the larger ΔE becomes, the shorter Δt becomes.
In the experiment A, new hydrogen was generated from the state of vacuum, and, then, the pressure of the plasma space was increased to 0.075 Mpa at 500° C. That is, the pressure of 0.175 Mpa was increased from the state of vacuum and the volume of the plasma space was 1750 cc. Therefore, the amount of hydrogen generation was:
1750(cc)×1.75(atmospheric pressure)≤3000 cc(3I) [expression 10]
The number of hydrogen molecules (H2) was:
[mathematical formula]
The number of atoms is twice of that of molecules (1.6×10<23>), and one sodium nucleus has 11 protons.
Therefore, the following number of sodium atoms were decayed in plasma.
[mathematical formula]
Sodium of 50 g was put into the reactor, and, therefore, if total amount of sodium is decayed in plasma, hydrogen of 5351 can be theoretically obtained. However, hydrogen of 31 was actually obtained, that is, sodium of 0.3 g was consumed.
A high-strength electromagnetic wave is generated not only in the case that its standing wave collides with a sodium atom but also in the case that a normal wave collides with a sodium atom having an amplification function. In the case of standing wave, even a far-infrared ray (frequency of 10<13>Hz) generated from the inner wall, as referred to the expression 4, can decay in plasma a sodium atom through its collision.
A high-strength electromagnetic wave for the plasma-decay of sodium atom is generated in a short time as mentioned above to be absorbed by the plasma-decay of sodium atom. Further, an electromagnetic wave moves at a speed of light, and its time period of generation is extremely short (1.81×10<−24> second as referred to the expression 9. The travel distance of the electromagnetic wave is 3×10<−16>m (less than nanometer) and, accordingly, the wave does not go out of the reactor. Further, the surroundings of the high-strength wave become a high temperature. However, some sodium atoms are instantly decayed in plasma to cause an endothermic reaction due to the plasma-decay of sodium atoms to prevent the reactor from being broken. At this time, each of the neutrons can move freely after the nuclear force of sodium nucleus is cut. At this time, the neutron does not obtain a large kinetic energy because there is no cooperative action with a proton. Each neutron is stagnant and is then S-decayed to be changed into a proton.
Further, a normal electromagnetic wave (not a standing wave) obtains a high-strength due to the amplification function of sodium atoms. When a far-infrared ray (frequency of 10<13>) emitted from the wall surface collides with a sodium atom before reaching the opposite wall surface and also in the case that an electromagnetic wave coming out of a sodium atom collides with one of other sodium atoms, the sodium atom amplifies the energy of the ray through an induction radiation. In the case of the induction radiation, in order to decay in plasma a sodium atom, the far-infrared ray must collide with a plurality of sodium atoms many times to get a high-strength energy. The number of times of collisions for plasma-decay is calculated in the following manner. Here, one collision makes twice energy, the frequency of far-infrared ray is approximately 10<13>Hz, and its nucleus decay of frequency is 4.4×10<22> referring to the expression 8b. Accordingly, the necessary number (X) of collisions is:
2<x>×10<13>=4.4×10<22>
X=32 [expression 13]
In conclusion, 32 collisions of a far-infrared ray and a sodium atom can make an energy for plasma-decay for a sodium atom.
When the reactor is heated at 5000° C., as shown in
Next, with respect to phenomena concerning the experiment A, functions of the plasma space 5 are concluded in the following manner. The plasma space 5 comprises sodium ions (Na<+>, Na<2+> . . . Na<x>), neutral sodium atoms (Na) not ionized and electrons (e<−>) coming out of the ions and the inner wall surface of the reactor to form a mixture. Electromagnetic waves with various frequencies are emitted from the inner wall, sodium ions and neutral sodium atoms. Among these waves, standing waves emitted from the inner wall with frequencies more than those of far-infrared rays and high-energy electromagnetic waves amplified by sodium ions and neutral sodium atoms are emitted in the reactor at random to decay in plasma fine particles surrounding the electromagnetic waves to cause an endothermic reaction. Thus, those high-energy waves disappear, and these actions are repeated. This state is shown in
(C) Experiment B
When CO2 of 1570 cc was newly fed into the reactor so that as shown in
Analysis of Experiment B
When CO2 is fed into the plasma space, a chemical bonding of C atom (solid) and O atom (gas) is separated into C and O which are gradually decayed in plasma to be transformed into protons, neutrons and electrons, each of which has hardly volume, so that the pressure of the plasma space went down to be the state of negative pressure in a short time. At this time, there might be a case that a proton and an electron were reunited with each other. However, new hydrogen was ionized instantly so that a vacuum was made in the plasma space (
Before CO2 was fed into the reactor, hydrogen of 1570 cc existed in the reactor, and, thereafter, CO2 of 1570 cc was further fed thereinto, so that a mixed gas of O and H (C in solid), having a total volume of 3140 cc went up by 30° C. The energy corresponding to the rise of 300° C. is as follows. Constant volume molar specific heat is approximately 20.7 with respect to each of 0 and H.
[mathematical formula]
What such energy is derived from is not clear, and, however, it is possibly derived from a union of proton and electron after the plasma-decay or from the plasma-reunions of two protons, two neutrons or a proton and a neutron. Judging from largeness of its energy, the possibility of some plasma-reunions is high.
The possibility of plasma-reunion is calculated in the following manner. CO2 of 1570 cc was decayed in plasma and hydrogen of 1099 cc (1570 cc×0.7) was ionized to be transformed into protons.
Here:
[mathematical formula] [mathematical formula][mathematical formula][mathematical formula][mathematical formula]
Accordingly, number of nucleons of CO2 decayed in plasma was 18.48×10<23>. In addition, number of protons of hydrogen of 1099 cc is:
[mathematical formula]
and total number of nucleons of CO2 and H2 becomes 18.77×10<23>. In these nucleons, most of combinations are that of a proton and a neutron. Ignoring other combinations, one combination of a proton and a neutron has the bonding energy of 1.11 MeV, as shown in
1.11×10<6>×1.6×10<−19>=1.78×10<−13>J [expression 15]
How many combinations make the value of 87 J as referred to the expression 14 can be calculated in the following manner.
87÷(1.78×10<−13>)=48.9×10<13>=4.89×10<14> (combinations)
The number of these combinations has the following ratio to total number of nucleuses of CO2 and H2.
4.89×10<14>:18.77×10<23>=1:3.84×109 [expression 16]
The ratio is very low.
(e) Experiment C
Carbon of 100 g and sodium of 50 g in shape of stick were supplied into the experimental reactor 1 as shown in FIG. 2, and, further, the bottom of the reactor 1 was heated at 600° C. At this time, the indication of a negative pressure gauge hardly rotated. Generation of gas was not observed. Then, CO2 was fed thereinto from −0.1 Mpa (the negative pressure gauge) until +0.1 Mpa (the positive pressure gauge) to rotate the indicator reversely (left rotation), so that the indicator reaches at −0.1 Mpa in the negative pressure gauge in 1 to 2 minutes. At this time, a thermometer of the controller went up to 6500° C. That is, volume of CO2 corresponding to twice volumes (1570 cc×2=3140 cc) of the reactor 1 disappeared, and temperature at the bottom of the reactor 1 went up by 50° C.
(f) Analysis of Experiment C
It was proved that heat was generated by a plasma-reunion after a plasma-decay. However, there is a small difference between the experiments B and C. In the experiment C, carbon (c) was added to sodium (Na), and this addition of carbon increased a function for obstructing reunion of protons, neutrons or electrons after the plasma-decay or a function for separating them instantly after the reunion, so that protons, neutrons and electrons were separately remained in a state wherein they had hardly a volume as if they disappeared.
8. Application of Plasma Space
1) Application as Heat Source
As mentioned above, when the reactor was heated at a temperature of 400° C. to 600° C., the plasma space had a temperature of 200° C. to 300° C. If a plasma-reunion is generated so as to raise temperature of the plasma space to a temperature of 600° C. to 700° C. while calorie corresponding to temperature difference of 400° C. is taken out, the plasma space is maintained at a temperature of 200° C. to 300° C. while the plasma reaction is also maintained. In the case of the experiment B, 87 J (joule) were necessary for raising temperature of the plasma space by 30° C. Therefore, in order to raise it by 400° C., the following energy is necessary.
[mathematical formula]
one combination (deuterium) of a proton and a neutron has the energy of 1.78×10<−13>J as referred to the expression 15, and therefore, a necessary number of plasma-reunions for the rise of 400° C. is as follows.
1160 J/1.78×10<−13>J=6.6×10<15>(combinations) [expression 18]
The ratio of plasma-reunion is 1/3.84×10<9>, and, therefore, necessary number of combinations is
6.6×10<15>×3.84×10<9>=25.3×10<24>(combinations) [expression 19]
This number corresponds to hydrogen gas of 9411 which is not practically supplied into such a small reactor.
Therefore, as shown in
In the plasma space 21 of the reactor 200, hydrogen gas for the plasma-reunion is ejected through a plurality of ejecting pipes 29a and 29a which are vertically disposed, in an opposed manner, at a predetermined interval of distance. Each of the ejecting pipes 29 has a plurality of ejecting nozzles 29a, 29a . . . 29a opposed to each other. Pressurized hydrogen (10 atmospheric pressures) from opposed ejecting nozzles 29a and 29a collide with each other. As shown in
On the upper wall of the reactor 20 is provided a laser guide cylinder 30 for guiding laser rays which has a transparent plate 31 through which a laser ray transmitted from a laser transmitter 32 passes and goes down between the opposed hydrogen ejecting pipes 29 to promote reunions of neutrons existing between the two pipes 29 and protons ejected from the pipes 29. Such a system can increase remarkably a rate of plasma-reunion. The ratio of the plasma-reunion is adjusted by controlling the pressure and amount of gas fed to the pipes 29. In the case that the temperature of the plasma space is adjusted so as to be maintained at a temperature of 600° C. to 700° C., even if calorie corresponding to the difference of temperatures of 400° C. is taken out, the plasma space is maintained at a temperature of 200° C. to 300° C.
2) Treatment of CO2
In
3) Treatment of H2O
If water is supplied into the plasma space, much hydrogen can be obtained. At this time, H is instantly separated from 0 at a time when water in supplied into the reactor to produce hydrogen gas. However, O is gradually decayed in plasma to produce hydrogen while 0, having not been decayed yet, produce NaO and Na2O by uniting with Na and CO2 by uniting with C. NaO and Na2O drop down on the bottom of the reactor to be gradually transformed into hydrogen. When H2O has been treated for a long time, NaO and Na2O are piled up on the bottom of the reactor to cause a lack of sodium ions. Therefore, it is desirable that vaporized sodium is supplied into the reactor from another vaporizing reactor. By the way, O has herein a function as a supplementary amplification agent.
4) Treatment of Nitrogen Gas
Bonding energy per one nucleon of nitrogen is 7.8 MeV, and its nuclear force is 109.2 MeV (7.8×14) which correspond to six tenth that of Na. Therefore, N is decayed in plasma surely in the plasma space. When nitrogen gas (N2 gas) is supplied into the plasma space, ammonia (NH3) is produced by combination of N in the plasma space with H generated from nitrogen, and nitrogen (N) has a function as plus ion while hydrogen (H) has a function as minus ion to absorb electrons. Accordingly, the plasma space lacks electrons and its power decreases. In addition, when sodium is used as an amplification agent, Na<+> combines with H<−> ions to produce a crystal of sodium hydride (NaH) on the inner wall surface of the reactor. To avoid this phenomenon, the plasma space must be heated at a temperature more than the decomposition temperature (400° C.) of NaH crystal. Normally, the plasma space is heated at a temperature of 200° C. to 300° C., and, in the case of treatment of N, it is desirable that the plasma space is heated at a temperature more than 400° C. in order that energy of electromagnetic waves is increased to make up the lack of electrons and that the generation of NaH crystals is suppressed.
Production of hydrogen from nitrogen can contribute to desert greening. There is no water on desert, and, in that place, nitrogen separated from air is fed into the reactor to produce hydrogen which is taken out to be burned to obtain heat energy and steam. This steam is cooled to obtain water. In this manner, a large amount of water can be used on desert to grow up plants.
5) Utilization of 6 Fluorinated Uranium or 6 Fluorinated Plutonium
In the field of nuclear power generation at present, 6 fluorinated uranium (UF6) is first produced, and, then, uranium 235 is produced, that is, the density of uranium 235 (U<235>) is increased by centrifugation of 6 fluorinated uranium. This 6 fluorinated uranium is gas which is supplied into the plasma space. Bonding energy of U<235> per one nucleon is 7.7 MeV and its nuclear force is 1832.6 MeV (7.7×238) which correspond to 2.9×10<−10>J (joule). What frequency corresponds to the energy is calculated as follows.
[mathematical formula]
Accordingly, a standing wave in range of far-infrared rays (frequency of 10<13>) can decay in plasma its fine particles because of E=hv<2>. Even if the standing wave does not collide with those fine particles, there is a case that normal electromagnetic waves collide with those fine particles to generate high-energy electromagnetic waves through an amplification function of each fine particle, so that the high-energy electromagnetic waves decay in plasma various fine particles. In addition, the number of hydrogen atoms (proton) at a time of plasma-decay is much more than the number of other atoms (Na, O and C atoms) because a plasma-decay of U<235> produces 92 protons and a lot of neutrons. A ratio of plasma-reunion is increased to obtain a large amount of heat. At this time, an ionized fluorine (F<−>) is a negative element to absorb electrons, and Zn, Al, Ti, etc., as supplementary amplification agents are desirably added to the main amplification agents. 6 fluorinated plutonium (Pu F6) can be used in the same manner.
9. Practical Apparatus
In order to utilize a heat energy obtained by a plasma reaction and a hydrogen energy obtained at the same time as the heat energy, the following apparatuses are conceivable.
In
This discharged gas is cooled by a cooler 97 to be transformed into water which is utilized to grow up plants on deserts.
Hydrogen is supplied to the hydrogen burner 85 from a hydrogen tank 86 for staring the hydrogen gas produced in the plasma space 84, a part of which is fed into the plasma space 84 through a supplying pipe 98 as a supplementary amplification agent in order to promote a plasma-reunion. As the supplementary amplification agent, nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2) or water (H2O) is properly supplied, and those amplification agents themselves are decayed in plasma to produce hydrogen which is stored in the hydrogen tank 86 through a recovery pipe 87. A insulation vacuum room 99 is formed around the main body 81, and a circulation system 89 is provided outside of the room 99 to circulate liquid sodium or fluorinated lithium as a molten salt. In the circulation system 89, liquid sodium once stored at the bottom of the plasma space 84 is circulated, and the liquid sodium coming out of a discharging pipe 91 is filtered by a filter 92 to be fed into the system through a pump 93. If necessary, liquid sodium in a tank 94 is supplied into the system 89 to flow into the plasma space 84 through an inflow pipe 95. A heat exchanger 96 is disposed in the plasma space 84 which is maintained at a desired temperature of 200° C. to 300° C. in such a manner that the heat exchanger 96 takes out an energy generated from a balance between endothermic reaction of the plasma-decay and exothermic reaction of the plasma-reunion.
Liquid sodium is fed to the bottom of the main body 201 through a circulation system 208 which has an emission pipe 210, a filter 211, a pump 212, a sodium tank 213 and an inflow pipe 214.
The upper end of the carbon cylinder 203 is closed with a Fresnel lens 215 which condenses solar light 216 to feed it into the plasma space 205, the solar light 216 reflects off a reflection cone 217 disposed on the bottom surface of the carbon cylinder 203 to be absorbed on the inner surface from which new electromagnetic waves are emitted. In the inside of the plasma space, the solar light 216 is amplified to contribute a plasma reaction. The feeding of both of the main and supplementary amplification agents in addition to the solar light produce an amount of heat which is taken out through a heat exchanger 218.
Next, in
Utilization Possibility in the Field of Industry
This invention can be used in the field of hydrogen-related business and power generation business.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-191621 | Oct 2019 | JP | national |
| 2019-238351 | Dec 2019 | JP | national |
| 2020-055287 | Mar 2020 | JP | national |
| 2020-068121 | Apr 2020 | JP | national |
| 2020-105259 | Jun 2020 | JP | national |
| 2020-159247 | Sep 2020 | JP | national |
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/770,152, filed on Apr. 19, 2022, which is a 371 of International Application No. PCT/JP2020/039235, filed on Oct. 19, 2020, which is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-238351, filed on Dec. 27, 2021, Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-191621, filed on Oct. 21, 2019, Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-159247, filed on Sep. 24, 2020, Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-105259, filed on Jun. 18, 2020, Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-068121, filed on Apr. 6, 2020, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-055287, filed on Mar. 26, 2020, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17770152 | Apr 2022 | US |
| Child | 18339540 | US |
