Patent Grant
7228658
The present invention relates generally to manufactured seeds and, more particularly, to a method for attaching an end seal to a manufactured seed.
Asexual propagation for plants has been shown for some species to yield large numbers of genetically identical embryos, each having the capacity to develop into a normal plant. Such embryos must usually be further cultured under laboratory conditions until they reach an autotrophic “seedling” state characterized by an ability to produce their own food via photosynthesis, resist desiccation, produce roots able to penetrate soil and fend off soil microorganisms. Some researchers have experimented with the production of artificial seeds, known as manufactured seeds, in which individual plant somatic or zygotic embryos are encapsulated in a seed coat. Examples of such manufactured seeds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,701,699, issued to Carlson et al., the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
Typical manufactured seeds include a seed coat, synthetic gametophyte and a plant embryo. The seed coat typically is a cylindrical capsule having a closed end and an open end. The synthetic gametophyte is placed within the seed coat, such that the gametophyte substantially fills the interior of the seed coat. A longitudinally extending hard porous insert, commonly known as a cotyledon restraint, may be centrally located within the synthetic gametophyte and includes a centrally located cavity extending partially through the length of the cotyledon restraint. The cavity is sized to receive the plant embryo therein. The well known plant embryo includes a radicle end and a cotyledon end. The plant embryo is deposited within the cavity of the cotyledon restraint cotyledon end first. The plant embryo is then sealed within the seed coat by at least one end seal. There is a weakened spot in the end seal to allow the radicle end of the embryo to penetrate the end seal.
Typically, the end seal is formed from a sheet of polymer material. In the past, a mechanical rod is used to stretch and, therefore, thin or weaken a small spot in the center of the seal. The weakened spot in the end seal is desirable because as the embryo begins to grow, the weakened spot permits tangential distribution of load to assist in the breakthrough of the embryo through the end seal.
A disk of predetermined diameter is then cut from the polymer sheet with the weakened spot in the center of the disk forming the end seal. After the end seals are cut from the polymer sheet, they are pushed out of a punch cavity with a rod and then fall by gravity on top of the seed coat. The seed coat with the end seal is then transferred to a separate station to heat fuse the end seals to the seed coats. Although such a process is effective at forming and sealing end seals to the seed coat of a manufactured seed, it is not without its problems.
First, it is difficult to maintain the exact location of the opening into the cavities of the cotyledon restraint as the manufactured seed passes through the production line. Second, the placement of the end seal over the seed coat is not reliable. Additionally, the end seals tend to stick to the punch or punch cavity. Further, fusing of the end seals to the seed coats is difficult and time consuming because the end seals must be heated to a point where the end seal is fused to the seed coat without damaging the dome or weakened area itself. Sometimes the fusing process melts holes in the weakened spot. The fusing process may cause damage to the plant embryo itself. Also, because of how the material was stretched, the resulting thinned or weakened area is not uniform in thickness. As a result, mass production of manufactured seeds is not only time consuming but also expensive.
Thus, there exists a need for a method of manufacturing and attaching an end seal to a seed coat of a manufactured seed that can produce and attach a large number of end seals to a manufactured seed at a relatively low cost, with a high degree of reliability, and without damaging the plant embryo located within the seed coat.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a method of attaching an end seal to a manufactured seed is provided. The method includes providing a manufactured seed having an open end, and inflating a sealing material to form an enclosure having an interior surface. The method includes placing the enclosure into contact with the open end of the manufactured seed. The method also includes attaching the enclosure to the manufactured seed to seal the open end of the manufactured seed.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the method generally includes providing a manufactured seed having an open end, and pressurizing a sealing material having a structural strength to form an enclosure having an interior surface. In accordance with the present embodiment, the method also includes placing the enclosure into contact with the open end of the manufactured seed, and attaching the enclosure to the open end of the manufactured seed by applying a heat source to the enclosure.
In still yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method of attaching an end seal to a manufactured seed includes providing a manufactured seed having an open end, and forming an enclosure having an interior surface by injecting a predetermined first volume of a fluid into a sealing material. The method also includes maintaining the first volume of a fluid within the enclosure for a predetermined period of time, and exhausting a portion of the first volume of fluid within the enclosure to define a predetermined second volume of a fluid within the enclosure. The method of the present embodiment also includes attaching the enclosure to the open end of the manufactured seed by applying a heat source.
The method of attaching an end seal to a manufactured seed, as well as the resulting manufactured seed, formed in accordance with the various embodiments of the present invention has several advantages over currently available methods. The method of the present disclosure is more accurate because it defines a predetermined burst strength over a wider area of the enclosure. Also, the problem of misaligning end seals with the openings of manufactured seeds is minimized because a larger area of the enclosure is sized to the predetermined burst strength.
Thus, a method of attaching end seals to a manufactured seed in accordance with the various embodiments of the present invention has a high degree of reliability, is able to precisely locate and mass produce end seals, and reliably attaches the end seals to a seed coat.
The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The end seal 40 seals the cotyledon restraint opening 12. The end seal 40 is formed from a sheet of polymeric sealing material, such as Parafilm®. Parafilm® is a well-known moisture-proof, self-sealing flat wrapper sold by American National Can Company Corporation of Chicago, Ill. The end seal 40 has a substantially uniform thickness when viewed in cross section. While it is preferred that the end cap 40 has a substantially uniform thickness, other embodiments, such as end seals having a nonuniform thickness, are also within the scope of the present invention.
An end seal assembly 100 used in the formation and attachment of an end seal 40 to a manufactured seed 22 is best seen by referring to
The sealing assembly advancement assembly 110 includes a frame 140, a pneumatic cylinder 142, advancement rollers 144, and a source of sealing material 146. The pneumatic cylinder 142 is operatively connected to the advancement rollers 144. The advancement rollers 144 include first and second roller bars 150 and 152. The first roller bar 150 is attached to a first pivot link 90 and is pivotably connected to the frame 140 at a first pivot point 92. The second roller bar 152 is connected to one end of a second pivot link 94 and pivots about a second pivot point 96 for selective advancement of the sealing material 146.
In the illustrated embodiment, the sealing material 146 is pinned between opposing surfaces of the first and second rollers 150 and 152. After formation of the end seal 140, as is described in greater detail below, the pneumatic cylinder 142 is actuated to selectively advance the sealing material 146 relative to the end seal formation and attachment assembly 130 by pivoting the first and second pivot links 90 and 94 about their respective pivot points 92 and 96.
The sealing assembly 120 is a well-known heat generator, such as a laser, and includes an emitter 122. The sealing assembly 120 is disposed above the end seal formation and attachment assembly 130 and is positioned to seal and cut the end seal 40 to a manufactured seed 20, as is described in greater detail below.
Still referring to
As may be best seen by referring to
The lens plate 182 includes, in one embodiment, a laser lens 200 seated within a cavity extending partially through the lens plate 182. A suitable O-ring 202 seals the laser lens 200 within the cavity of the lens plate 182. The lens plate 182 also includes a bore 204 extending between the lower surface of the cavity and the lower surface of the laser plate 182. The bore 204 is also in fluid communication with a second air passageway 206 extending between the bore 204 and a side of the lens plate 182. The second air passageway 206 is in fluid communication with the first air passageway 172 of the blower assembly 160.
The clamp plate 184 is connected to a piston 210 of the clamp cylinder 186. The clamp plate 184 is suitably a rectangular member and also includes a bore 212 extending through the clamp plate 184. The sealing material 146 is suitably located on the clamp plate 184 and is located above the bore 212.
As may be best seen by referring to
The enclosure 220 is bubble-like in configuration and is created by the in-flow of air into the chamber 222. As air is dispensed into the chamber 222, the pressurization causes the sealing material 146 to stretch and thin in the area of the sealing material 146 forming the enclosure 220. Specifically, as the enclosure 220 expands or inflates, the thickness of the sealing material 146 thins to a predetermined burst strength. At this predetermined burst strength, and after the enclosure 220 is attached to the manufactured seed 22 to form the end seal 40, an embryo 30 germinating within the cavity 12 of the manufactured seed 22 will break through the end seal 40 at the desired burst strength. Verification of the burst strength is obtained by well-known penetrometers.
Although it is preferred that air is the preferred medium to create the enclosure 220, it should be apparent that other fluid or gaseous media are also within the scope of the present invention. As a nonlimiting example, the medium used to create the enclosure 220 also includes liquids, such as water. Further, as used within the context of the present invention, the term “enclosure” includes not only bubble-like structures, but also any equivalent structure, such as a preformed cap made from the sealing material 146 or similar material. Accordingly, such enclosures are also within the scope of the present invention.
As may be best seen by referring to
In one embodiment of the present invention, the heat source 224 is suitably a laser beam from a well-known laser. As previously noted, it should be apparent that other heat sources, such as devices that fuse the enclosure 220 to the manufactured seed 22, are also within the scope of the present invention. Further still, it should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the main cylinder 164 may either selectively displace the enclosure 220 into contact with the manufactured seed 22, or move the manufactured seed 22 into contact with the enclosure 220. Accordingly, such embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention.
A summary of the method of the present embodiment is best understood by referring to
After the formation of the enclosure 220, it is selectively displaced into contact with a manufactured seed 22. Thereafter, a heat source 224 is applied to an interior surface of the enclosure 220 to seal and cut away a portion of the enclosure 220, thereby forming an end seal 40. It should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the predetermined volume of fluid used to form the enclosure 220 to achieve the preferred burst strength is a function of the type of sealing material 146 selected to form the enclosure 220. As a nonlimiting example, for Parafilm®, a preferred volume of fluid is between 1.96 mm3 and 6,642 mm3. In another nonlimiting example, the predetermined volume is suitably 25.25 mm3.
Referring now to
Thus, the present embodiment includes dispensing a predetermined first volume of fluid into the enclosure 220. The first volume of fluid is between the range of 1600 mm3 to 8200 mm3. Then, wait a predetermined period of time. This predetermined period of time is suitably between a range of one second to 20 seconds. As a specific, nonlimiting example, the predetermined period of time is three seconds. Thereafter, a predetermined portion of fluid is extracted from within the enclosure 220 to define a second volume of air, suitably between the range of 0 mm3 to 6600 mm3.
As a specific example of the present embodiment, the enclosure 220 is inflated with a first volume of air equal to approximately 3300 mm3. After three seconds, approximately 820 mm3 of air is removed, thereby leaving a second volume of fluid of approximately 2480 mm3 within the enclosure 220. Then, the enclosure 220 is displaced into contact with and sealed to the manufactured seed as described above for the previous embodiments.
From the foregoing description, it can be seen that the manufacture and attachment of an end seal to a manufactured seed formed in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention incorporate many novel features and offer significant advantages over currently available systems. While the presently preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. As a nonlimiting example, an increase in the ambient temperature during the formation of the enclosure reduces the amount of time required between the steps of creating the enclosure and attaching the enclosure to the manufactured seed.
As a further nonlimiting example, the method of the present application may be applied to structures other than manufactured seeds. In that regard, the method may be used to apply a layer of sealing material to one or both sides of a precut, corrugated box container blank. In such a method, a layer of sealing material may be inflated to form an enclosure having a diameter large enough to envelope one side of the container blank. After the enclosure is displaced into contact with one side of the container blank, a laser may seal the portion of the sealing material in contact with the container blank by either selectively applying a laser beam to predetermined areas of the sealing material, or applying a laser across the entire surface area of the sealing material in contact with the container blank. It should be apparent that, like the previously described embodiments, other methods of attaching the sealing material, such as heat treatment, are also within the scope of the present invention.
After the sealing material is attached to the container blank, the laser cuts and trims the sealing material around the perimeter of the container blank. If desired, the container blank may be turned upside down and the method of attaching the sealing material to the unsealed side of the container blank may be applied.
As still yet another nonlimiting example, the method of the present invention may also be applied to test tubes, food containers, paper substrates, application of optical coatings to lenses, and other types of clinical and medical instruments to seal such instruments. For such objects, the method is identical for that described above for the preferred embodiments, with the exception that the manufactured seed is replaced by the object. Accordingly, such embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention.
The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/560,710, filed Aug. 27, 2003.
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