Patent Grant
8114328
This invention relates generally to systems, methods and apparatuses for manufacturing dosage forms, and to dosage forms made using such systems, methods and apparatuses.
A variety of dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules and gelcaps are known in the pharmaceutical arts. Tablets generally refer to relatively compressed powders in various shapes. One type of elongated, capsule-shaped tablet is commonly referred to as a “caplet.” Capsules are typically manufactured using a two piece gelatin shell formed by dipping a steel rod into gelatin so that the gelatin coats the end of the rod. The gelatin is hardened into two half-shells and the rod extracted. The hardened half-shells are then filled with a powder and the two halves joined together to form the capsule. (See generally, H
Gelatin-coated tablets, commonly known as geltabs and gelcaps, are an improvement on gelatin capsules and typically comprise a tablet coated with a gelatin shell. Several well known examples of gelcaps are McNeil Consumer Healthcare's acetaminophen based products sold under the trade name Tylenol®. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,820,524; 5,538,125; 5,228,916; 5,436,026; 5,679,406; 5,415,868; 5,824,338; 5,089,270; 5,213,738; 5,464,631; 5,795,588; 5,511,361; 5,609,010; 5,200,191; 5,459,983; 5,146,730; 5,942,034 describe geltabs and gelcaps and methods and apparatuses for making them. Conventional methods for forming gelcaps are generally performed in a batchwise manner using a number of stand alone machines operating independently. Such batch processes typically include the unit operations of granulating, drying, blending, compacting (e.g., in a tablet press), gelatin dipping or enrobing, drying, and printing.
Unfortunately, these processes have certain drawbacks. For example, because these systems are batch processes, each of the various apparatuses employed is housed in a separate clean room that must meet FDA standards. This requires a relatively large amount of capital in terms of both space and machinery. A process that would increase and streamline production rates would therefore provide many economic benefits including a reduction in the size of facilities needed to mass produce pharmaceutical products. Generally, it would be desirable to create a continuous operation process, as opposed to a batch process, for formation of gelcaps and other dosage forms.
Furthermore, gel dipping and drying operations are in general relatively time consuming. Thus, a process that simplifies the gelatin coating operation in particular and reduces drying time would also be advantageous.
Current equipment for making gelcaps and geltabs is designed to produce these forms only according to precise specifications of size and shape. A more versatile method and apparatus, which could be used to produce a variety of dosage forms to deliver pharmaceuticals, nutritionals, and/or confections, would therefore also be advantageous.
Accordingly, applicants have now discovered that a wide variety of dosage forms, including compressed tablets, gelcaps, chewable tablets, liquid fill tablets, high potency dosage forms, and the like, some of which in and of themselves are novel, can be made using unique operating modules. Each operating module performs distinct functions, and therefore may be used as a stand alone unit to make certain dosage forms. Alternatively, two or more of the same or different operating modules may be linked together to form a continuous process for producing other dosage forms. In essence, a “mix and match” system for the production of dosage forms is provided by the present invention. Preferably, the operating modules may be linked together as desired to operate as a single continuous process.
In a first embodiment, the invention provides a method of making dosage forms, comprising the steps of: a) compressing a powder into a compressed dosage form in a compression module; b) transferring said compressed dosage form to a thermal cycle molding module; c) molding a flowable material around said compressed dosage form in said thermal cycle molding module; and d) hardening said flowable material so as to form a coating over said compressed dosage form; wherein steps (a) through (d) are linked together such that essentially no interruption occurs between said steps.
The invention also provides a method of making dosage forms, comprising the steps of: a) compressing a first powder into a compressed dosage form in a first compression module; b) transferring said compressed dosage form to a thermal cycle molding module; c) molding a flowable material around said compressed dosage form in said thermal cycle molding module; d) hardening said flowable material so as to form a coating over said compressed dosage form; e) transferring said coated compressed dosage form to a second compression module; and f) compressing a second powder around said coated compressed dosage form in said second compression module to form a compressed, coated, compressed dosage form; wherein steps (a) through (f) are linked together such that essentially no interruption occurs between said steps.
The invention further provides a method of making a dosage form, comprising the steps of: a) forming an insert; b) transferring said insert to a thermal cycle molding module; c) molding a flowable material around said insert in said thermal cycle molding module; and d) hardening said flowable material so as to form a coating over said insert; wherein steps (a) through (d) are linked together such that essentially no interruption occurs between said steps.
The invention further provides a method of making a dosage form, comprising the steps of: a) forming at least two inserts; b) transferring said inserts to a thermal cycle molding module; c) molding a flowable material around said inserts in said thermal cycle molding module; and d) hardening said flowable material so as to form a coating over said inserts to form a dosage form comprising at least two inserts surrounded by a coating; wherein steps (a) through (d) are linked together such that essentially no interruption occurs between said steps.
The invention also provides a method of making dosage forms, comprising the steps of: a) forming an insert; b) transferring said insert to a compression module; c) compressing a powder around said insert into a compressed dosage form in a compression module; wherein steps (a) through (c) are linked together such that essentially no interruption occurs between said steps.
The invention also provides a linked apparatus for making dosage forms containing a medicant, comprising: a) a compression module having means for forming compressed dosage forms by compressing a powder containing said medicant; b) a transfer device having means for continuously transferring said compressed dosage forms from said compression module to a thermal cycle molding module; and c) a thermal cycle molding module having means for continuously molding a coating of flowable material over said compressed dosage forms.
The invention further provides an apparatus for making dosage forms containing a medicant, comprising: a) a first rotor comprising a plurality of die cavities disposed around the circumference thereof so as to be carried around a first circular path by said rotor, each of said die cavities having an opening for receiving powder and at least one punch mounted for displacement into said die cavity, whereby displacement of said punch into said die cavity compresses powder contained in said die cavity into a compressed dosage form; b) a second rotor comprising a plurality of mold cavities disposed around the circumference thereof so as to be carried around a second circular path by said second rotor, each of said mold cavities capable of enclosing at least a portion of a compressed dosage form and capable of receiving flowable material so as to coat said portion of said compressed dosage form enclosed by said mold cavity; and c) a transfer device for transferring compressed dosage forms from said first rotor to said second rotor, said transfer device comprising a plurality of transfer units guided around a third path, a first portion of said third path being coincident with said first circular path and a second portion of said third path being coincident with said second circular path.
The invention also provides a method of forming compressed dosage forms, comprising: a) placing a supply of powder in flow communication with a die, said die comprising a die cavity therein in flow communication with a filter; b) applying suction to said die cavity so as to cause powder to flow into said die cavity, said suction being applied to said die cavity through said filter; c) isolating said filter from said powder in said die cavity; and d) compressing said powder in said die cavity so as to form a compressed dosage form while said filter is isolated therefrom.
The invention also provides an apparatus for forming compressed dosage forms, comprising: a) a suction source; b) a die cavity having (i) a first port for placing said die cavity in flow communication with said suction source, whereby said suction source applies suction to said die cavity, and (ii) a second port for placing said die cavity in flow communication with a supply of powder, whereby said suction source assists said powder in flowing into said die cavity; (c) a filter disposed between said suction source and said second port, whereby suction is applied to said die cavity through said filter; and (d) a punch for compressing said powder in said die cavity so as to form said compressed dosage forms.
The invention also provides an apparatus for forming compressed dosage forms from a powder, comprising a) a die table having a plurality of die cavities therein, said die cavities being arranged in multiple, concentric rows around the perimeter of said die table; b) punches aligned with and insertable into said die cavities for compressing said powder into compressed dosage forms in each of said die cavities; and c) rollers aligned with each of said concentric rows of die cavities for pressing said punches into said die cavities, each roller being sized such that the dwell time under compression of all of said punches is equal.
The invention also provides a rotary compression module for forming compressed dosage forms from a powder, comprising a) a single fill zone; b) a single compression zone; c) a single ejection zone; d) a circular die table having a plurality of die cavities therein; and e) punches aligned with and insertable into said die cavities for compressing said powder into compressed dosage forms in each of said die cavities; wherein the number of die cavities in said module is greater than the maximum number of die cavities that can be arranged in a single circle around the circumference of a similar die lo table having the same diameter as the circular die table, and wherein the dwell time under compression of all of said punches is equal.
The invention further provides compressed dosage forms made from a powder having a minimum orifice diameter of flowablility greater than about 10 mm as measured by the Flowdex test, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 2%, and made using a linear velocity at the die of at least about 230 cm/sec.
The invention also provides compressed dosage forms made from a powder having a minimum orifice diameter of flowablility greater than about 15 mm as measured by the Flowdex test, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 2%, and made using a linear velocity at the die of at least about 230 cm/sec.
The invention also provides compressed dosage forms made from a powder having a minimum orifice diameter of flowablility greater than about 25 mm as measured by the Flowdex test, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 2%, and made using a linear at the die velocity of at least about 230 cm/sec.
The invention also provides compressed dosage forms made from a powder having a minimum orifice diameter of flowablility greater than about 10 mm as measured by the Flowdex test, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 1%, and made using a linear velocity at the die of at least about 230 cm/sec.
The invention also provides compressed dosage forms made from a powder having a minimum orifice diameter of flowablility greater than about 10 mm as measured by the Flowdex test, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 2%, and made using a linear velocity at the die of at least about 115 cm/sec.
The invention also provides compressed dosage forms made from a powder having an average particle size of about 50 to about 150 microns and containing at least about 85 percent by weight of a medicant, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 1%.
The invention also provides compressed dosage forms containing at least about 85 percent by weight of a medicant and being substantially free of water soluble polymeric binders, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 2%.
The invention also provides compressed dosage forms containing at least about 85 percent by weight of a medicant and being substantially free of water soluble polymeric binders, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 1%.
The invention also provides compressed dosage forms containing at least about 85 percent by weight of a medicant selected from the group consisting of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, aspirin, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, chlorpheniramine maleate, dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, famotidine, loperamide, ranitidine, cimetidine, astemizole, terfenadine, fexofenadine, loratadine, cetirizine, antacids, mixtures thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and being substantially free of water soluble polymeric binders, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 2%.
The invention also provides compressed dosage forms containing at least about 85 percent by weight of a medicant and being substantially free of hydrated polymers, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 2%.
The invention also provides compressed dosage forms containing at least about 85 percent by weight of a medicant and being substantially free of hydrated polymers, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 1%.
The invention also provides compressed dosage forms containing at least about 85 percent by weight of a medicant selected from the group consisting of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, aspirin, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, chlorpheniramine maleate, dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, famotidine, loperamide, ranitidine, cimetidine, astemizole, terfenadine, fexofenadine, loratadine, cetirizine, antacids, mixtures thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and being substantially free of hydrated polymers, the relative standard deviation in weight of said compressed dosage forms being less than about 2%.
The invention also provides a method of making a dosage form containing a first medicant, which comprises a) injecting through a nozzle a flowable material containing said first medicant into a mold cavity; and b) hardening said flowable material into a molded dosage form having a shape substantially the same as the mold cavity.
The invention provides a method of making a molded dosage form which comprises a) heating a flowable material; b) injecting said flowable material through an orifice into a mold cavity; and c) hardening said flowable material into a molded dosage form having a shape substantially the same as the mold cavity; wherein said hardening step (c) comprises cooling said flowable material and wherein said mold cavity is heated prior to said injecting step (b) and cooled during said hardening step (c).
The invention also provides a method of coating a substrate, comprising the steps of: a) enclosing at least a portion of said substrate in a mold cavity; b) injecting a flowable material into said mold cavity so as to coat at least a portion of said substrate with said flowable material; and c) hardening said flowable material to form a coating over at least a portion of said substrate.
The invention also provides a method of applying at least one flowable material to a substrate having first and second portions comprising: masking said first portion of said substrate; exposing said second portion to a mold cavity; injecting said flowable material onto said second portion; and hardening said flowable material on said second portion of said substrate.
The invention also provides a method of applying at least one flowable material to a substrate having first and second portions comprising: exposing said first portion to a first mold cavity; injecting said flowable material onto said first portion; hardening said flowable material on said first portion of said substrate; retaining said first portion in said first mold cavity.
The invention provides a method of coating a substrate with first and second flowable materials, comprising the steps of: a) enclosing a first portion of said substrate in a first mold cavity; b) injecting a first flowable material into said first mold cavity so as to coat said first portion with said first flowable material; c) hardening said first flowable material to form a coating over said first portion; d) enclosing a second portion of said substrate in a second mold cavity; e) injecting a second flowable material into said second mold cavity so as to coat said second portion with said second flowable material; and f) hardening said second flowable material to form a coating over said second portion.
The invention provides an apparatus for molding substrates comprising a plurality of mold cavities, each mold cavity having an internal surface and comprising an orifice for delivering flowable material to said mold cavity, said orifice being matable with a valve tip that in its closed position forms part of said internal surface.
The invention also provides an apparatus for molding substrates comprising a plurality of mold cavities, a heat source, a heat sink, and a temperature control system, said temperature control system comprising a tubing system disposed proximal to said mold cavities and connected to said heat source and said heat sink for circulating heat transfer fluid through said heat source, through said heat sink, and proximal to said mold cavities, such that said mold cavities may be heated and cooled by said heat transfer fluid.
The invention also provides a nozzle system for a molding apparatus, comprising a nozzle and an ejector means, said nozzle surrounding and being concentric with said ejector means.
The invention provides an apparatus for coating compressed dosage forms, comprising: a) a mold cavity for enclosing at least a first portion of said compressed dosage form; b) means for injecting a flowable material into said mold cavity to coat at least said first portion of said compressed dosage form with said flowable material; and c) means for hardening said flowable material so as to form a coating over at least said first portion said compressed dosage form.
The invention also provides an apparatus for coating a compressed dosage form having a first portion and a second portion, comprising: a) a mold cavity for enclosing said first portion of said compressed dosage form; b) a nozzle for injecting a flowable material into said mold cavity to coat said first portion of said compressed dosage form with said flowable material; c) a temperature control system capable of heating and cooling said mold cavity; and d) an elastomeric collet for sealing said second portion of said compressed dosage form while said first portion of said compressed dosage form is being coated.
The invention also provides a molding module for molding coatings onto compressed dosage forms, comprising a rotor capable of rotating about a central axis and a plurality of mold units mounted thereon, each mold unit comprising: a) a mold cavity for enclosing at least a first portion of said compressed dosage form; b) means for injecting a flowable material into said mold cavity to coat at least said first portion of said compressed dosage form with said flowable material; and c) means for hardening said flowable material so as to form a coating over at least said first portion said compressed dosage form.
The invention also provides a molding module for coating a compressed dosage form having a first portion and a second portion, comprising a rotor capable of rotating about a central axis and a plurality of mold units mounted thereon, each mold unit comprising: a) a mold cavity for enclosing said first portion of said compressed dosage form; b) a nozzle for injecting a flowable material into said mold cavity to coat said first portion of said compressed dosage form with said flowable material; c) a temperature control system capable of heating and cooling said mold cavity; and d) an elastomeric collet for sealing said second portion of said compressed dosage form while said first portion of said compressed dosage form is being coated.
The invention also provides an apparatus for coating compressed dosage forms, comprising: a) a lower retainer comprising a plurality of collets mounted therein; b) a center mold assembly comprising first and second groups of insert assemblies mounted on opposing sides thereof, each of said insert assemblies of said first group aligned with and facing one of said collets, said lower retainer and said center mold assembly mounted for relative movement so as to bring said first group of insert assemblies into engagement with said collets; c) an upper mold assembly comprising upper insert assemblies mounted therein, each of said upper insert assemblies aligned with and facing one of said insert assemblies of said second group, said upper mold assembly and said center mold assembly mounted for relative movement so as to bring said upper insert assemblies into engagement with said second group of insert assemblies; d) a supply of flowable material; and e) a first passage placing said supply of flowable material in flow communication with said first and second group of insert assemblies, and a valve actuator assembly for controlling the flow of said flowable material to said first and second groups of insert assemblies.
The invention also provides a dosage form comprising a substrate having an injection molded coating surrounding at least a portion of the substrate.
The invention also provides a dosage form comprising a substrate having a thermal cycle molded material disposed on at least a portion of the substrate.
The invention also provides a dosage form comprising a substrate having a coating thereon, said coating having a thickness of about 100 to about 400 microns; the relative standard deviation in thickness of said coating being less than 30% ; wherein said coating is substantially free of humectants.
The invention also provides a dosage form comprising a tablet having a coating thereon, said coating having a thickness of about 100 to about 400 microns, wherein the relative standard deviation in thickness of said dosage form is not more than about 0.35% ; and wherein said coating is substantially free of humectants.
The invention also provides an apparatus for transferring substrates from a first location to a second location, comprising: a) a flexible conveying means; b) a plurality of transfer units mounted to said conveying means, said transfer units being capable of holding said substrates; c) a cam track defining a path between said first and second locations; and d) means for driving said conveying means along said cam track.
The invention also provides an apparatus for transferring substrates from a first operating module comprising a first rotor adapted to carry said substrates around a first circular path to a second operating module comprising a second rotor adapted to carry said substrates around a second circular path, said apparatus comprising a flexible conveying means traversing a third path, a first portion of said third path being coincident with a portion of said first circular path and a second portion of said third path being coincident with a portion of said second circular path.
The invention also provides a method for making an insert, comprising the steps of: a) injecting a starting material in flowable form comprising a medicant and a thermal setting material into a molding chamber having a shape; b) solidifying said starting material so as to form a solid insert having the shape of said molding chamber; and c) ejecting said solid insert from said molding chamber, wherein said steps occur during rotation of said molding chambers about a central axis.
The invention provides an apparatus for molding substrates from a starting material in flowable form, comprising a plurality of molding chambers and a plurality of nozzles aligned with said molding chambers, said molding chambers and said nozzles mounted on a rotor capable of rotation about a central axis, said nozzles being displaceable in a direction parallel to said central axis, such that as said rotor rotates, said nozzles engage and disengage said molding chambers.
The invention also provides a dosage form comprising a medicant, said dosage form prepared by molding a flowable material, said dosage form having no more than one axis symmetry and being substantially free visible defects.
The methods, systems, and apparatuses of this invention can be used to manufacture conventional dosage forms, having a variety of shapes and sizes, as well as novel dosage forms that could not have been manufactured heretofore using conventional systems and methods. In its most general sense, the invention provides: 1) a compression module for making compressed dosage forms from compressible powders, 2) a thermal cycle molding module for making molded dosage forms, or for applying a coating to a substrate, 3) a thermal setting molding module for making molded dosage forms, which may take the form of inserts for dosage forms, 4) a transfer device for transferring dosage forms from one module to another, and 5) a process for making dosage forms comprising at least two of the above modules linked together, preferably via the transfer device. Such process may be run on a continuous or indexing basis.
By way of overview, this preferred system 20 comprises a compression module 100, a thermal cycle molding module 200 and a transfer device 300 for transferring a compressed dosage form made in the compression module 100 to the thermal cycle molding module 200 as shown in
In other preferred embodiments, the system 20 also includes a thermal setting molding module 400 for forming a molded dosage form, which may comprise the final dosage form or be an insert for incorporation into another dosage form. In a preferred embodiment, the insert comprises a high potency additive. The invention is not limited to the type or nature of insert. Rather, the term insert is used simply to denote a pellet-type component embedded in another dosage form. Such an insert may itself contain a medicant, and retains its shape while being placed within the powder.
When used in the preferred, linked system comprising a compression module, the insert is formed in Step B of
The linked system for creating dosage forms, as well as each individual operating module, provide many processing advantages. The operating modules may be used separately or together, in different sequences, depending on the nature of the dosage form desired. Two or more of the same operating modules may be used in a single process. And although the apparatuses, methods and systems of this invention are described with respect to making dosage forms, it will be appreciated that they can be used to produce non-medicinal products as well. For example, they may be used to make confections or placebos. The molding module can be used with numerous natural and synthetic materials with or without the presence of a medicant. Similarly, the compression module can be used with various powders with or without drug. These examples are provided by way of illustration and not by limitation, and it will be appreciated that the inventions described herein have numerous other applications.
When linked in a continuous process, the operating modules can each be powered individually or jointly. In the preferred embodiment shown in
In order to accomplish these functions the compression module 100 preferably has a plurality of zones or stations, as shown schematically in
As shown generally in
Each of the rotors 112, 116 and the die table 114 include a plurality of cavities 126 which are disposed along the circumferences of the rotors and die table. Preferably, there are two circular rows of cavities 126 on each rotor, as shown in
Conventional rotary tablet presses are of a single row design and contain one powder feed zone, one compression zone and one ejection zone. This is generally referred to as a single sided press since tablets are ejected from one side thereof. Presses offering a higher output version of the single row tablet press employing two powder feed zones, two tablet compression zones and two tablet ejection zones are commercially available. These presses are typically twice the diameter of the single sided version, have more punches and dies, and eject tablets from two sides thereof. They are referred to as double sided presses.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention the compression module described herein is constructed with two concentric rows of punches and dies. This double row construction provides for an output equivalent to two single side presses, yet fits into a small, compact space roughly equal to the space occupied by one conventional single sided press. This also provides a simplified construction by using a single fill zone 102, a single compression zone 106, and a single ejection zone 108. A single ejection zone 108 is particularly advantageous in the linked process of the invention, because the complexity of multiple transfer devices 300, 700 having double sided construction is avoided. Of course, a compression module with one row or more than two rows can also be constructed.
The upper punches 118 illustrated in
Disposed within each of the cavities 126 of the die table is a die 124.
Preferably, the dies 124 are metallic, but any suitable material will suffice. Each die 124 may be retained by any of a variety of fastening techniques within the respective cavity 126 of the die table 114. For example, the dies 124 may be shaped so as to have a flange 128 that rests on a seating surface 130 formed in the die table 114 and a pair of O-rings 144 and grooves 146, as best understood with reference to
Each die 124 comprises a die cavity 132 for receiving the upper and lower punches 118, 120. The die cavities 132 and the lower punches 118 that extend a distance into the die cavities 132 define the volume of powder to be formed into the compressed dosage form and hence the dosage amount. Thus, the size of die cavity 132 and the degree of insertion of the punches into the die cavities 132 can be appropriately selected or adjusted to obtain the proper dosage.
In a preferred embodiment, the die cavities are filled using the assistance of a vacuum. Specifically, each die 124 has at least one port 134 disposed within it, as shown in
The die table 114 preferably comprises channels 138 within it that circle each pair of dies 124 and extend to the ports 134, as best shown in
Vacuum is accordingly applied through the respective ports 134 and channels 138 to pull powder into the die cavity 132. See
Conventional tablet presses rely on highly flowable powders and the effects of gravity to fill the die cavity. The performance of these machines in terms of fill accuracy and press speed are therefore entirely dependent on the quality and flowabilty of the powder. Since non-flowing and poorly flowing powders cannot be effectively run on these machines these materials must be wet granulated in a separate batch process which is costly, time consuming, and energy inefficient.
The preferred vacuum fill system described is advantageous over conventional systems in that poorly flowing and non-flowing powders can be run at high speed and high accuracy without the need for wet granulation. In particular, powders having a minimum orifice diameter of flowability greater than about 10, preferably 15, more preferably 25 mm, as measured by the Flowdex test, may be successfully compressed into dosage forms in the present compression module. The Flowdex test is performed as follows. The minimum orifice diameter is determined using a Flodex Apparatus Model 21-101-050 (Hanson Research Corp., Chatsworth, Calif.), which consists of a cylindrical cup for holding the powder sample (diameter 5.7 cm, height 7.2 cm), and a set of interchangeable disks, each with a different diameter round opening at the center. The disks are attached to the cylindrical cup to form the bottom of the “cup.” For filling, the orifice is covered with a clamp. Minimum orifice diameter measurements are performed using 100 g samples of powder. A 100 g sample is placed into the cup. After 30 seconds the clamp is removed, and the powder allowed to flow out of the cup through the orifice. This procedure is repeated with increasingly smaller orifice diameters until the powder no longer flows freely through the orifice. The minimum orifice diameter is defined as the smallest opening through which the powder flows freely.
Moreover, compression of such relatively poorly flowing powders may be done while operating the compression module at high speeds, i.e., the linear velocity of the dies is typically at least about 115 cm/sec, preferably at least about 230 cm/sec. In addition, weight variations in the final compressed dosage forms are significantly less, since vacuum filling of the die cavity causes a densifying effect on the powder in the die cavity. This minimizes the density variations powders typically exhibit due to compaction, static head pressure variation, or lack of blend homogeneity. The relative standard deviation in weight of compressed dosage forms made according to the invention is typically less than about 2%, preferably less than about 1%.
In addition, better content uniformity can also be achieved with the present vacuum fill system, since little mechanical agitation is required to cause the powder to flow into the die cavity. In conventional tablet presses, the mechanical agitation required to assure die filling has the adverse effect of segregating small from large particles.
Known powder filling equipment employ vacuum to fill uncompressed powders into capsules or other containers. See. For example, Aronson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,656,518 assigned to Perry Industries, Inc. However, these systems have filters that are always in contact with the powder and therefore unsuitable for adaptation to compression machines. Forces on the order of 100 kN can be experienced during compression of powders into dosage forms. Such high forces would damage the filters. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,292,017 and 4,392,493 to Doepel describe a high speed rotary tablet compression machine which uses vacuum die filling. However separate turntables are used for filling and compression. Dies are filled on the first turntable and thereafter transferred to a separate turntable for compression. Advantageously, according to the invention, the filters are protected during compression, since the lower punches move above the filter port prior to the die cavities entering the compression zone.
Powder is fed into the die cavities 132 in the fill zone 102. The powder may preferably consist of a medicant optionally containing various excipients, such as binders, disintegrants, lubricants, fillers and the like, as is conventional, or other particulate material of a medicinal or non-medicinal nature, such as inactive placebo blends for tableting, confectionery blends, and the like. One particularly preferred formulation comprises medicant, powdered wax (such as shellac wax, microcrystalline wax, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and optionally disintegrants and lubricants and is described in more detail in commonly assigned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/966,493 (US 2003/0068373A1), entitled “Immediate Release Tablet” which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Suitable medicants include for example pharmaceuticals, minerals, vitamins and other nutraceuticals. Suitable pharmaceuticals include analgesics, decongestants, expectorants, antitussives, antihistamines, gastrointestinal agents, diuretics, bronchodilators, sleep-inducing agents and mixtures thereof. Preferred pharmaceuticals include acetaminophen, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, aspirin, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, chlorpheniramine maleate, dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, famotidine, loperamide, ranitidine, cimetidine, astemizole, terfenadine, fexofenadine, loratadine, cetirizine, antacids, mixtures thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. More preferably, the medicant is selected from the group consisting of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, pseudoephedrine, dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, aluminum hydroxide, mixtures thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
The medicant(s) is present in the dosage form in a therapeutically effective amount, which is an amount that produces the desired therapeutic response upon oral administration and can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. In determining such amounts, the particular medicant being administered, the bioavailability characteristics of the medicant, the dose regime, the age and weight of the patient, and other factors must be considered, as known in the art. Preferably, the compressed dosage form comprises at least about 85 weight percent of medicant.
If the medicant has an objectionable taste, and the dosage form is intended to be chewed or disintegrated in the mouth prior to swallowing, the medicant may be coated with a taste masking coating, as known in the art. Examples of suitable taste masking coatings are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,851,226, 5,075,114, and 5,489,436. Commercially available taste masked medicants may also be employed. For example, acetaminophen particles which are encapsulated with ethylcellulose or other polymers by a coaccervation process may be used in the present invention. Coaccervation-encapsulated acetaminophen may be purchased commercially from Eurand America, Inc. Vandalia, Ohio, or from Circa Inc., Dayton, Ohio.
Suitable excipients include fillers, which include water-soluble compressible carbohydrates such as dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, lactose, and mixtures thereof, water insoluble plasticly deforming materials such as microcrystalline cellulose or other cellulosic derivatives, water-insoluble brittle fracture materials such as dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, and the like; other conventional dry binders such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and the like; sweeteners such as aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, and saccharin; lubricants, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, and waxes; and glidants, such as colloidal silicon dioxide. The mixture may also incorporate pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, including, for example, preservatives, flavors, antioxidants, surfactants, and coloring agents. Preferably however, the powder is substantially free of water soluble polymeric binders and hydrated polymers.
Included within the fill zone 102 may be a doctor blade 131 as shown in
After the punches leave the fill zone 102 they enter the insertion zone 104. In this zone the lower punches 120 may retract slightly to allow for an optional insert to be embedded into the soft uncompressed powder in the die cavity 132 via a transfer device 700. This mechanism is described in greater detail below.
After continued rotation and before entering the compression zone 106, the upper punch 118 is pushed into the die cavity 132 by the cam track 122 as shown in
Because the distances traveled by the outer and inner rows of punches along their respective circular paths differ, the sizes of the rollers 180 and 182 that activate each row differ. This enables-compression of the inner and outer rows to be simultaneous. In particular, the rollers that activate the inner row are smaller in diameter than the rollers that activate the outer row (as shown in
Following the formation of the compressed dosage form in the compression zone 106, the respective die cavity 132 rotates to ejection zone 108 as shown in
In the purge zone 110, excess powder is removed from the filters 136 after the compressed dosage form has been ejected from the die cavities 132. This cleans the filters before the next filling operation. The purge zone 110 accomplishes this by blowing air through or placing suction pressure on the filters 136 and channels 138.
In a preferred embodiment the purge zone 110 includes a stationary positive pressure source 190, such as an air pump or pressurized air bank, and a pressure manifold 192, as shown schematically in
The positive pressure cleans out the filters to remove any buildup of powder by transmitting pressurized air from the pressure manifold through the channels and through the die cavities. The pressurized air blows the powder up through the top of the die cavities to a collection manifold 193, shown in
In order to increase the efficiency of the purge zone 110, the purge zone 110 may further include a suction source 197 that applies suction to the collection manifold 193 as shown in
If desired the purge zone 110 can include a recovery system to recover the removed powder and send it back to hopper 169 or the powder bed 171. This is advantageous because it minimizes waste. One embodiment of the recovery system is depicted in
The blower 197 shown in
The delivery manifold 198 is disposed just above the die table 114 so that as the die table 114 rotates, the top of the die table 114 comes into contact with the delivery manifold 198, creating a pressure seal between the delivery manifold 198 and the die table 114. The die cavities are open to the delivery manifold 198 as shown in
In operation, the die table 114 rotates proximal to the pressure manifold 192 and beneath the collection manifold 193. As described above, pressurized air is sent through the openings 140 in the periphery of the die table and vacuum is applied to the collection manifold 193 and the two together cause powder to flow from the channels 138 and the die cavities 132 as shown in
From the collection manifold 193, the purged powder flows to the cyclone dust separator 199 where the purged powder is directed to the agitator 191 and the delivery manifold 198. The die table 114 continues to rotate so that the purged die cavities 132 pass to the shoe block 195 as shown in
An alternate embodiment of the powder recovery system is shown in
The above systems for purging the powder from the die cavities 132 and channels 138 prevents powder build-up and minimizes waste. Of course, this invention in its broadest sense can be practiced without such a purge zone 110 or a recovery system.
The thermal cycle molding module 200 may function in one of several different ways. It may for example be used to form a shell or coating over at least part of a dosage form such as a compressed dosage form such as a tablet. It may also be used as stand alone equipment to produce a molded dosage form per se. Such a coating or dosage form is made from a flowable material. Preferably, the molding module is used to apply a coating of flowable material to a dosage form. More preferably, the molding module is used to apply a coating of a flowable material to a compressed dosage form made in a compression module of the invention and transferred via a transfer device also according to the invention. The coating is formed within the molding module by injecting the flowable material, preferably comprising a natural or synthetic polymer, into a mold assembly around the dosage form. The flowable material may or may not comprise a medicant and appropriate excipients, as desired. Alternately, the molding module may be used to apply a coating of flowable material to a molded dosage form, or other substrate.
Advantageously, the thermal cycle molding module may be used to apply smooth coatings to substrates that are irregular in topography. The coating thickness achieved with the thermal cycle molding module typically ranges from about 100 to about 400 microns. However, the relative standard deviation in the thickness of the coating can be as high as about 30%. This means the outside of the coated dosage form can be made to be highly regular and smooth, even if the substrate below it is not. Once coated, the relative standard deviations in thickness and diameter of the coated dosage form are typically not greater than about 0.35%. Typical coated dosage form thicknesses (shown in
The thermal cycle molding module 200 preferably cycles between hot and cold temperatures during operation. Preferably, the actual mold cavity is held at a temperature generally above the melting point or gel point of the flowable material during injection and filling thereof. After the mold cavity is filled its is quickly decreased to below the melting point or gel point of the flowable material thus causing it to solidify or set. The mold itself is thin like an “egg shell,” and constructed of a material with a high thermal conductivity, such that the mass and geometry of the mold have a negligible effect on the speed at which this thermal cycle is accomplished.
A significant advantage, then, of the thermal cycle molding module is the dramatically reduced cycle times it affords due to the fact that it can cycle between temperatures that are relatively far apart. The temperature differential between the actual mold cavity and the flowable material is the major driving force in the solidification rate of the flowable material. By substantially increasing this rate higher equipment output can be achieved and subsequent savings in equipment, labor, and plant infrastructure can be realized.
Moreover, molding of gelatin or similar materials, for example non-polymers such as the basic elements, metals, water, and alcohol, have not previously been possible using conventional molding techniques such as injection molding. Precise control over the temperature and pressure of such materials, as well as the mold cavity temperature are required to assure these materials are sufficiently flowable to fill the mold cavity completely. On the other hand, the mold cavity must subsequently be cooled enough to assure that the material will eventually solidify. In particular, gelatin, once hydrated, has a very abrupt transition temperature between the liquid phase and the solid or gel phase. It therefore cannot be characterized as a thermoplastic material. Accordingly, in order to mold gelatin and materials like it the temperature of the mold must cycle from a first temperature above its melting or gel point (to assure that the material will flow and completely fill the mold cavity) to a second temperature below its melting or gel point (to solidify it).
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the flowable material comprises gelatin. Gelatin is a natural, thermogelling polymer. It is a tasteless and colorless mixture of derived proteins of the albuminous class which is ordinarily soluble in warm water. Two types of gelatin—Type A and Type B—are commonly used. Type A gelatin is a derivative of acid-treated raw materials. Type B gelatin is a derivative of alkali-treated raw materials. The moisture content of gelatin, as well as its Bloom strength, composition and original gelatin processing conditions, determine its transition temperature between liquid and solid. Bloom is a standard measure of the strength of a gelatin gel, and is roughly correlated with molecular weight. Bloom is defined as the weight in grams required to move a half-inch diameter plastic plunger 4 mm into a 6.67% gelatin gel that has been held at 10° C. for 17 hours.
In a preferred embodiment wherein the flowable material is an aqueous solution comprising 20% 275 Bloom pork skin gelatin, 20% 250 Bloom Bone Gelatin, and approximately 60% water, the mold cavities are cycled between about 35° C., and about is 20° C in about 2 seconds (a total of 4 seconds per cycle).
Other preferred flowable materials comprise polymeric substances such as polysaccharides, cellulosics, proteins, low and high molecular weight polyethylene glycol (including polyethylene oxide), and methacrylic acid and methacrylate ester copolymers. Alternative flowable materials include sucrose-fatty acid esters; fats such as cocoa butter, hydrogenated vegetable oil such as palm kernel oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil; mono- di- and triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes such as Carnauba wax, spermaceti wax, beeswax, candelilla wax, shellac wax, microcrystalline wax, and paraffin wax; fat-containing mixtures such as chocolate; sugar in the form on an amorphous glass such as that used to make hard candy forms, sugar in a supersaturated solution such as that used to make fondant forms; carbohydrates such as sugar-alcohols (for example, sorbitol, maltitol, mannitol, xylitol), or thermoplastic starch; and low-moisture polymer solutions such as mixtures of gelatin and other hydrocolloids at water contents up to about 30%, such as for example those used to make “gummi” confection forms.
The flowable material may optionally comprise adjuvants or excipients, in which may comprise up to about 20% by weight of the flowable material. Examples of suitable adjuvants or excipients include plasticizers, detackifiers, humectants, surfactants, anti-foaming agents, colorants, flavorants, sweeteners, opacifiers, and the like. In one preferred embodiment, the flowable material comprises less than 5% humectants, or alternately is substantially free of humectants, such as glycerin, sorbitol, maltitol, xylitol, or propylene glycol. Humectants have traditionally been included in pre-formed films employed in enrobing processes, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,146,730 and 5,459,983, assigned to Banner Gelatin Products Corp., in order to ensure adequate flexibility or plasticity and bondability of the film during processing. Humectants function by binding water and retaining it in the film. Pre-formed films used in enrobing processes can typically comprise up to 45% water. Disadvantageously, the presence of humectant prolongs the drying process, and can adversely affect the stability of the finished dosage form.
Advantageously, drying of the dosage form after it has left the thermal cycle molding module not is required when the moisture content of the flowable material is less than about 5%.
Whether coating a dosage form or preparing a dosage form per se, use of the thermal cycling molding module advantageously avoids visible defects in the surface of the product produced. Known injection molding processes utilize sprues and runners to feed moldable material into the mold cavity. This results in product defects such as injector marks, sprue defects, gate defects, and the like. In conventional molds, sprues and runners must be broken off after solidification, leaving a defect at the edge of the part, and generating scrap. In conventional hot runner molds, sprues are eliminated, however a defect is produced at the injection point since the hot runner nozzle must momentarily contact the chilled mold cavity during injection. As the tip of the nozzle retracts it pulls a “tail” with it, which must be broken off. This defect is particularly objectionable with stringy or sticky materials. Unwanted defects of this nature would be particularly disadvantageous for swallowable dosage forms, not only from a cosmetic standpoint but functionally as well. The sharp and jagged edges would irritate or scratch the mouth, tongue and throat.
The thermal cycle molding module avoids these problems. It employs nozzle systems (referred to herein as valve assemblies) each comprising a valve body, valve stem and valve body tip. After injection of flowable material into the mold cavity, the valve body tip closes the mold cavity while comforming seemlessly to the shape of the mold cavity. This technique eliminates visible defects in the molded product and also allows a wide range of heretofore unmoldable or difficult to mold materials to be used. Moreover, use of the thermal cycle molding module according to the invention avoids the production of scrap flowable material, in that substantially all of the flowable material becomes part of the finished product.
For convenience, the thermal cycle molding module is described generally herein as it is used to apply a coating to a compressed dosage form. However,
The thermal cycle molding module 200 generally includes a rotor 202, as shown in
A preferred embodiment of a mold unit 204 is shown in
At the beginning of the molding cycle (rotor at the 0 degree position) the mold assemblies are in the open position. Center mold assembly 212 has received a compressed dosage form, for example from a compression module according to the invention transferred via a transfer device also according to the invention. As the rotor continues to revolve, the upper mold assembly 214 closes against center mold assembly 212. Next, flowable material is injected into the mold cavity created by union of the mold assemblies to apply a shell to the first half of the compressed dosage form. The flowable material is cooled in the mold cavity. The mold assemblies open with the half coated compressed dosage forms remaining in the upper mold assembly 214. Upon further revolution of the rotor, the center mold assembly rotates 180 degrees. As the rotor moves past 180 degrees the mold assemblies again close and the uncoated half of the compressed dosage form is covered with flowable material. A thermal cycle is completed with setting or hardening of the coating on the second half of the compressed dosage form. The mold assemblies again open and the coated compressed dosage form is ejected from the thermal cycle molding module.
Flowable material is injected into the mold cavity created between the lower retainer 210 and the center mold assembly 212 over the uncoated compressed dosage form to cover a part thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the flowable material coats about half of the uncoated compressed dosage form, the top half as shown in
Following this, the lower retainer and the mold assemblies separate. The fully coated compressed dosage form is retained in the upper mold assembly 214. The partially coated compressed dosage form is retained in the center mold assembly 214, as shown in
In the preferred embodiment shown, each mold unit can coat eight compressed dosage forms. Of course, the mold units can be constructed to coat any number of compressed dosage forms. Additionally and preferably, the compressed dosage forms are coated with two different colored flowable materials. Any colors can be used. Alternatively, only a portion of the compressed dosage form may be coated while the remainder is uncoated.
The molds may also be constructed to impart regular or irregular, continuous or discontinuous, coatings, i.e., of various portions and patterns, to the dosage forms. For example, dimple patterned coatings, similar to the surface of a golf ball, can be formed using a molding module comprising mold insert having dimple patterns on their surfaces. Alternatively, a circumferential portion of a dosage form can be coated with one flowable material and the remaining portions of the dosage form with another flowable material. Still another example of an irregular coating is a discontinuous coating comprising holes of uncoated portions around the dosage form. For example, the mold insert may have elements covering portions of the dosage form so that such covered portions are not coated with the flowable material. Letters or other symbols can be molded onto the dosage form. Finally, the present molding module allows for precise control of coating thickness on a dosage form.
When used to form a coating on a dosage form, the molding module of this invention advantageously dispenses with the need for a subcoating on the dosage form. When conventional compressed dosage forms are coated by processes such as dipping, this generally requires placing a subcoating on the compressed dosage form prior to the dipping step.
Preferred embodiments of the lower retainer, center mold assembly and upper mold assembly are described below. These embodiments of the lower retainer, center mold assembly and upper mold assembly are part of a thermal cycle molding module for applying a coating to a compressed dosage form.
1. The Lower Retainer
The lower retainer 210 is mounted to the rotor 202 as shown in
The configuration of the lower retainer is best understood with reference to
As shown in
In the preferred embodiment shown, the flexible fingers 223 are metal and spring radially outward when pushed out as shown in
An actuator assembly 225 that includes in a preferred embodiment a spring 228, a plate 227, a linear bearing 237 and a small cam follower 229 as best shown in
Because the flowable material is injected from above the dosage form, as viewed in
When two halves of a dosage form are coated with different flowable materials, the two flowable materials may be made to overlap, or if desired, not to overlap. With the present invention, very precise control of the interface between the two flowable materials on the dosage form is possible. Accordingly, the two flowable materials may be made flush with each other with substantially no overlap. Or the two flowable materials may be made with a variety of edges, for example to allow the edges of the flowable materials to interlock.
Any suitable controls including without limitation mechanical, electronic, hydraulic or pneumatic can be used to move the lower retainer. In a preferred embodiment the controls are mechanical and include a large cam follower 231, large cam track 211 and actuator arm 235. The large cam follower 231 rides in large cam track 211 and moves up and down within the large cam track. The actuator arm connects the large cam follower to the lower retainer so that movement of the large cam follower up and down causes the lower retainer to move up and down. Thus, as rotor 202 rotates the lower retainer 210 rotates with the rotor 202 and the large cam follower 231 moves along the large cam track 211, which is stationary. When at a position to receive dosage forms, the lower retainer 210 is in a down position as shown in
Following this, the large cam follower 231 causes the lower retainer 210 to move up and mate with the center mold assembly as shown in
2. The Center Mold Assembly
The center mold assembly 212 is rotatably mounted to the rotor 202 on an axis that is radial to the rotor. That is, the axis of rotation of the center mold assembly is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotor. The arrangement allows the center mold assembly to rotate 180 degrees (end for end) at a prescribed time while the thermal cycle molding module 200 is simultaneously revolving about its vertical axis. Preferably, the center mold assembly 212 is mounted so that it is capable of rotating 180 degrees in either direction. Alternatively, the center mold assembly can be mounted so that it rotates 180 degrees in a first direction and then rotates a further 180 degrees.
The center mold assembly comprises a series of back-to-back, identical insert assemblies 230. See
Rotation of the center mold assembly may be accomplished, for example, using the system shown in
The groove pattern shown moves the linkage 279 up and down during rotation of the rotor to control the rotation of the shaft 213 and therefore the center mold assembly 212. Thus, as the cam follower carriage 215 moves down, the linkage 279 moves down and the shaft 213 and center mold assembly 212 rotate counter clockwise as shown in
The cam follower carriage 215 has a pivot point 215D upon which it is mounted to the linkage 279. Attached to the cam follower carriage 215 are three cam followers 215A, 215B, 215C which ride in the groove of the cam track ring 285. The use of three cam followers (215A, 215B, 215C,) assures that the cam follower carriage 215 follows the correct path across the “X” crossing point of the cam track ring 285, because the gap at the crossing point is shorter than the distance between any two cam followers. Upon crossing of the gap two of the three cam followers remain engaged in the cam track, while the third follower crosses the unsupported region at the crossing point. The path takes the form of a flattened or folded figure eight. The lower groove 281 is the bottom loop of the figure eight and the upper groove 283 forms the top loop.
Flowable material is preferably heated and cooled in the center mold assembly as follows. Each center mold assembly 212 further includes a valve actuator assembly 232, a dosage form transfer actuator assembly 241, and a plurality of manifold plates 234, 236. See
Defined within the first manifold plate 234 is a continuous channel 238 that defines a coolant/heating flow path, as shown in
Preferably, hot fluid flows through the channels 238 to heat the center mold assemblies 212 just prior to and during the injection of the flowable material. Heating can begin prior to or after enclosing the dosage forms within the mold assemblies. Then, simultaneously with or after injection of the flowable material into the mold assemblies, the heat transfer fluid is preferably switched from hot to cold to solidify the flowable material.
The second manifold plate 236 comprises a plurality of holes 248 that are aligned with holes 240 in the respective first manifold plate 234, so that an insert assembly 230 can be fixed within the holes 240, 242. The second manifold plate 236 also comprises channels 250 as shown in
As shown in
Each insert assembly 230 preferably comprises a stationary part, which includes a center insert 254, and a moveable part, which is in essence a nozzle and comprises a valve body 260, a valve stem 280 and valve body tip 282, as shown best in FIGS. 41 and 48-50. Although
The center insert 254 may be mounted to the first manifold plate 234 by any suitable means, and is preferably sealed with O-rings 262 and grooves 264 to prevent leakage of flowable material, as shown in
Each center insert 254 comprises a center cavity 266 within it, the surface of which defines the final shape of the dosage form. In a preferred embodiment, center cavity 266 covers about half of a dosage form and is designed such that when mated with the lower retainer 210 or upper mold assembly 214 the dosage form will be covered and sealed. Center cavities 266 can be appropriately shaped and sized based on the parameters of the dosage form. Moreover, the surface of the center cavities may be designed to form coatings having a variety of features, i.e., dimple patterns (similar to a golf ball), holes, symbols including letters and numbers, or other shapes and figures. Use of the center cavities described herein also permits precise control over the thickness of the molded coating. In particular, with the present thermal cycle molding module 200 coatings having thicknesses of about 0.003 to about 0.030 inches may be consistently obtained.
In a preferred embodiment, an air passage 239 is also disposed through the first manifold plate 234. See
The movable portion of the insert assembly 230 includes the valve body 260, the valve stem 280, and the valve body tip 282. See
Although the center mold assembly 212 is constructed with identical insert assemblies 230 on both sides of its rotary axis, each insert assembly 230 performs a different function depending on whether it is oriented in the up or in the down position. When facing down, the insert assemblies 230 are actuated to inject flowable material to coat a first portion of a dosage form. The insert assemblies 230 that are facing up are presenting partially coated dosage forms to the upper mold assembly 214. During this time, the upward facing insert assemblies are in a neutral position. Prior to the molds opening however, the upward facing insert assemblies are actuated to allow compressed air to enter the center cavity 266. This ejects the now completely coated dosage forms from the upward facing insert assemblies. Thus the completed dosage forms remain seated or held in the upper mold assembly 230.
Advantageously, the center mold assembly is designed to be actuated with just one valve actuator assembly 232 and just one air actuator assembly 241 (
Downward facing valve stem 280 is spring loaded to the closed position of
Actuator plate 292 moves upward and opens the downward facing insert assemblies as viewed in
When actuator plate 292 moves up as viewed in
After the flowable material has been ported and the downward facing insert assemblies 230 return to the position of
Air actuator plate 277 shown in
After the dosage forms have been transferred from the center mold assembly, the air actuator plate 277 returns up to release the upward facing valve body 260, valve body tip 282 and valve stem 280 to the closed position of
3. The Upper Mold Assembly
The upper mold assembly 214, which is shown in
Although the upper mold assembly is similar to the center mold assembly, the upper mold assembly does not rotate. Rather, the upper mold assembly 214 moves vertically up and down to mate with the center mold assembly via suitable controls as best understood by comparing
The upper mold assembly 214 moves during rotation of the rotor 202 via cam follower 299 to mate with the center mold assembly 212 as shown in
The upper mold assembly 214 comprises an upper second manifold plate 251 that ports flowable material to upper insert assemblies 296 and is similar in construction to the second manifold plate 236 of the center mold assembly 212. An upper first manifold plate 253 provides cooling/heating to the upper insert assemblies 296 and is similar in construction to the first manifold plate 234 of the center mold assembly 212.
A seal around each dosage form is preferably created by contact between the upward facing insert assembly 230 of the center mold assembly 212 and the upper insert assembly 296 of the upper mold assembly 214, as best understood with reference to
Each upper cavity 272 is appropriately sized so that the flowable material can flow over the dosage form and provide a coating of the desired thickness. Similar to the center cavity 266 of the center insert 254, the upper cavity 272 of the upper insert 265 can be of any desired shape and size or be provided with a surface pattern (such as dimples, letters, numbers, etc.).
One difference between the upper insert assembly 296 and the insert assembly 230 is that the upper valve body tip 295 forms part of the seal around the dosage form as shown in
An upper valve actuator 275 that includes an upper actuator plate 291, linkage 291B and cam follower 289 as shown in
As the rotor 202 rotates, cam follower 289, riding in cam track 298, moves up, causing the upper actuator plate 291 to rise and pull upper valve stem 297 against the bias of spring 269 and hence move it from the closed position of
Next, cam follower 289 moves down and causes upper actuator plate 291 to move further down. When upper actuator plate 291 moves down, it depresses upper valve stem 297, which pushes upper valve body 273 and upper valve body tip 295 against the bias of spring 271. Upper valve body tip 295 thus assumes the position of
After the coated dosage form is ejected, it may be sent to a transfer device, dryer, or other mechanism. Following this, cam follower 289 and upper actuator plate 291 move back up. This in turn moves upper valve stem 297 and upper valve body tip 295 back to the position of
Similar to the center mold assembly, heated heat transfer fluid is directed through the upper first manifold plate 253 and upper insert assembly 296 to heat them during injection of the flowable material. Chilled heat transfer fluid is directed through the upper first manifold plate 253 and upper insert assembly 296 after the flowable material has been injected to harden it. In addition, warm heat transfer fluid can be sent through the upper second manifold plate 251 constantly to heat the flowable material above its melting point.
4. Temperature Control and Energy Recovery System
Preferably, the center and upper mold assemblies 212, 214 of the thermal cycle molding module are hot, i.e., above the melting point of the flowable material, when the flowable material is injected into them. This assists the flowable material in flowing. The mold assemblies are then preferably cooled, i.e., to below the melting or setting temperature of the flowable material, rather quickly to harden the flowable material.
In light of this cycle, a heat sink, a heat source and a temperature control system are preferably provided to change the temperature of the molds. Examples of heat sinks include but are not limited to chilled air, Ranque Effect cooling, and Peltier effect devices. Examples of heat sources include electric heaters, steam, forced hot air, Joule Thomson effect, ranque effect, ultrasonic, and microwave heating. In a preferred embodiment, a heat transfer fluid such as water or oil is used to transfer heat, while electric immersion heaters provide the heat source for the heat transfer fluid. Preferably, electrically powered freon chillers provide the heat sink for the heat transfer fluid.
Valves 620 to 623 are initially in the position of
The cold and hot heat transfer fluid thus flows in the common flow passageway between “T” fittings 603 and 605. When the valves switch from the heating mode to the cooling mode, the volume of hot heat transfer fluid enclosed within the common flow passageway is transferred to the cold side of the system. Conversely, hot heat transfer fluid trapped in the common flow passageway is transferred into the cold loop when the valves switch to the heating mode.
Although the volume of fluid in the common flow passageway is relatively small, and the cost of energy to heat and chill this volume of fluid is not unreasonable for a commercial process, a more preferred, energy efficient, and cost effective temperature control system is depicted in
When the system switches to heating mode the solenoid valves, which are controlled by an electronic signal or by mechanical (cam) actuation, close or open as shown in
Operation of the automatic valve system 650 is best understood by comparing
In
As described above, valves 620 through 623 of the temperature control system can be of various designs known in art, such as spool, plug, ball, or pinch valves. These valves can be actuated by suitable means such as air, electrical solenoids, or by mechanical means such as cam tracks and cam followers. In a preferred embodiment, the valves are pinch valves and are actuated by mechanical cam tracks and cam followers as the thermal cycle molding module rotates. Known pinch valves are relatively simple devices comprising a flexible section of tubing and a mechanism that produces a pinching or squeezing action on the tubing. This tubing is compressed or “pinched” to block fluid flow therethrough. Release of the tubing allows fluid to flow. Accordingly, the pinch valve functions as a two-way valve.
The pinch valves of the present temperature control system utilize a rotary design to “pinch” and “unpinch” flexible tubing. As described above, the center mold assembly rotates clockwise and then counterclockwise over an arc of 180 degrees. Feeding the center mold assembly are eight tubes 606 that supply heat transfer fluid (two supply and two return lines for each mold assembly).
The counter clockwise rotation of valve pinch arms 663A and 663B about shaft 661 causes tubes 606B to be squeezed closed and tubes 606A to remain open. Conversely, clockwise rotation of valve pinch arms 663A and 663B about shaft 661 causes tubes 606A to be squeezed closed and tubes 606B to remain open. The position of the valves (open or closed) depends on whether the orientation of center mold assembly 212 is up or down. It is also a requirement that the position of the valves remain unchanged (or controlled) as the center mold assembly makes its 180 degree rotation. As shown in
1. Structure of the Transfer Device
Known tablet presses use a simple stationary “take-off” bar to remove and eject tablets from the machine. Since the turrets of these machines rotate at fairly high speeds (up to 120 rpm), the impact forces on the tablets as they hit the stationary take-off bar are very significant. Dosage forms produced on these machines must therefore be formulated to posses very high mechanical strength and have very low friability just to survive the manufacturing process.
In contrast with prior art devices, the present transfer device is capable of handling dosage forms having a higher degree of friability, preferably containing little or no conventional binders. Thus, a preferred formulation for use with present invention comprises one or more medicants, disintegrants, and fillers, but is substantially free of binders. Dosage forms having a very high degree of softness and fragility may be transferred from any one of the operating modules of the invention as a finished product using the transfer device, or transferred from one operating module to another for further processing.
The present transfer device is a rotating device, as shown in
Transfer devices 300 and 700 are substantially identical in construction. For convenience, transfer device 300 will be described in detail below. Each of the transfer units 304 are coupled to a flexible conveying means, shown here as a belt 312 (
The transfer device can take any of a variety of suitable shapes. However, when used to transfer dosage forms or inserts between operating modules of the present invention, transfer device is preferably generally dog bone shaped so that it can accurately conform to the pitch radii of two circular modules, enabling a precision transfer.
The transfer device can be driven to rotate by any suitable power source such as an electric motor. In a preferred embodiment, the transfer device is linked to operating modules of the invention and is driven by mechanical means through a gearbox which is connected to the main drive motor 50. In this configuration the velocity and positions of the individual transfer units of the transfer device can be synchronized with the operating modules. In a preferred embodiment the drive train includes a drive pulley 309 and an idler pulley 311 which are in the preferred embodiment disposed inside of the transfer device 300. The drive shaft 307 connects the main drive train of the overall linked system to the drive pulley 309 of the transfer device. The drive shaft 307 drives the drive pulley 309 to rotate as shown in
As shown in
In a preferred embodiment of this invention, both the drive pulley 309 and the idler pulley 311 are driven.
A preferred transfer unit 304 is depicted in
Retainers 330 are preferably flexible and constructed from an elastomeric material so that when no dosage form is inserted into the retainer 330, the retainer 330 generally points radially inward as shown in
Cam follower 322 is disposed towards the top of the transfer unit 304. It is mounted so that it can move up and down as shown in
Each plunger shaft 320 is mounted within the transfer unit 304 by a plurality of bearings 324 that permit vertical movement of the plunger shafts 320. The plunger shafts 320 are mounted so that one end of each plunger shaft 320 can move into the respective space in which a dosage form is retained to eject it from the retainer 330, as shown in
2. Operation of the Transfer Device
Operation of the transfer device is best understood with reference to FIGS. 3 and 70-75. A description of the operation of one transfer unit 304 is provided, but it will be understood that the other transfer units 304 operate in a similar fashion. Moreover, operation is described with respect to transfer of a dosage form from a compression module to a thermal cycle molding module, however, as stated above, transfer may be accomplished between any two operating modules or other devices. For example,
The transfer device operates as follows. The transfer unit 304 passes by the die table 114 of the compression module 100 and the two retainers 330 of the transfer unit 304 become aligned with die cavities 132 that are on a radial line, as shown on the left of
Further rotation of the transfer device 300 by the drive pulley causes the belt 312 and its attached transfer units 304 to rotate. Eventually, the transfer units 304 containing the dosage forms reach the lower retainer 210 of the thermal cycle molding module 200, as shown in
3. Rotational Transfer Device
In a preferred alternate embodiment of this invention, a rotational transfer device is employed. Such a device is useful for handling dosage forms that must be both transferred from one piece of equipment and reoriented, for instance from a horizontal position to a vertical position, or vice versa. For example, two color gelcaps, elongated dosage forms in which the boundary between colors lies along the short axis of the dosage form (see
Each transfer unit 602 consists of a dosage form holder 608 rotatably mounted in a housing. Connected to the housing is a shaft 616 (
One sequence of operations of the rotational transfer device 600 is depicted in
Dosage forms that have been coated with flowable material in the thermal cycle molding module are relatively hard compared with dosage forms that have coated using conventional dipping processes. Thus, the amount of drying needed after molding a coating onto a dosage form using the thermal cycle molding module is substantially less than that required with known dipping processes. Nevertheless, they may still require hardening, depending upon the nature of the flowable material.
Preferably, dosage forms coated in the thermal cycle molding module are relatively hard so that they can be tumble hardened relatively quickly. Alternatively, an air dryer may be used. Any suitable dryers may be used. A variety are generally understood in the art.
The thermal setting molding module may be used to make dosage forms per se, coatings, inserts for dosage forms, and the like from a starting material in flowable form. The thermal setting molding module may be used as part of the overall system 20 of the invention (i.e., linked to other modules) or as a stand alone unit.
The thermal setting molding module 400 is a rotary apparatus comprising multiple hot injection nozzles and cold molding chambers. Each molding chamber has its own nozzle. Advantageously, the volume of the molding chambers is adjustable.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the thermal setting molding module is used to make inserts for dosage forms. The inserts can be made in any shape or size. For instance, irregularly shaped inserts (or dosage forms per se) can be made, that is shapes having no more than one axis of symmetry. Generally however, cylindrically shaped inserts are desired.
The inserts are formed by injecting a starting material in flowable form into the molding chamber. The starting material preferably comprises an medicant and a thermal setting material at a temperature above the melting point of the thermal setting material but below the decomposition temperature of the medicant. The starting material is cooled and solidifies in the molding chamber into a shaped pellet (i.e., having the shape of the mold). Injection and molding of the inserts preferably occurs as the thermal setting molding module 400 rotates. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, a transfer device 700 (as described above) transfers shaped pellets from the thermal setting molding module to a compression module 100 (also described above) as generally shown in
The starting material must be in flowable form. For example, it may comprise solid particles suspended in a molten matrix, for example a polymer matrix. The starting material may be completely molten or in the form of a paste. The starting material may comprise a medicant dissolved in a molten material. Alternatively, the starting material may be made by dissolving a solid in a solvent, which solvent is then evaporated from the starting material after it has been molded.
The starting material may comprise any edible material which is desirable to incorporate into a shaped form, including medicants, nutritionals, vitamins, minerals, flavors, sweeteners, and the like. Preferably, the starting material comprises a medicant and a thermal setting material. The thermal setting material may be any edible material that is flowable at a temperature between about 37 and about 120° C., and that is a solid at a temperature between about 0 and about 35° C. Preferred thermal setting materials include water-soluble polymers such as polyalkylene glycols, polyethylene oxides and derivatives, and sucrose esters; fats such as cocoa butter, hydrogenated vegetable oil such as palm kernel oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil; mono- di- and triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes such as Carnauba wax, spermaceti wax, beeswax, candelilla wax, shellac wax, microcrystalline wax, and paraffin wax; fat-containing mixtures such as chocolate; sugar in the form on an amorphous glass such as that used to make hard candy forms, sugar in a supersaturated solution such as that used to make fondant forms; low-moisture polymer solutions such as mixtures of gelatin and other hydrocolloids at water contents up to about 30% such as those used to make “gummi” confection forms. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the thermal setting material is a water-soluble polymer such as polyethylene glycol.
A control valve 412, as shown in
Mounted below the nozzles is a plate 428 as shown in FIGS. 82 and 85A-D. The plate 428 moves with nozzles 410 as shown in
As shown in
As shown in
Referring to
When housing 406 moves down as shown in
As shown in
A preferred embodiment of a thermal setting mold assembly 420 is shown in
Each thermal setting mold assembly 420 preferably comprises a plurality of molding chambers 422, which are empty volumetric spaces within the thermal setting mold inserts 423. Preferably, one thermal setting mold insert 423 corresponds with each nozzle 410. In a preferred embodiment, there are four thermal setting mold inserts 423 aligned with each of four nozzles 410, as best understood with reference to
Disposed within each thermal setting mold insert 423 is a piston 434. It will be appreciated from
Preferably, the pistons 434 are adjustably controlled by the position of cam follower 470 and associated cam track 468. Pistons 434 are attached to piston attachment block 436 by suitable mechanical means so that pistons 434 move with piston attachment block 436. Piston attachment block 436 slides along the shafts 464 up and down. Preferably, there are two shafts 464 as shown in
Accordingly, during operation of the thermal setting molding module 400, nozzles 410 move up during rotation of the thermal setting molding module 400 and inject a starting material into molding chambers 422. Next, starting material is hardened within the molding chambers 422 into shaped pellets. Nozzles 410 are then retracted from the molding chambers. All of this occurs as the molding chambers 422 and nozzles 410 are rotating. After the starting material has hardened into shaped pellets, it is ejected from the molding chambers. See
When used with a transfer device 700 according to the invention, the transfer device 700 rotates between the molding chambers 422 and plate 428. The retainers 330 of the transfer device 700 receive the shaped pellets and transfers them to the another operating module, for example a compression module 100. In the case of coupling a thermal setting molding module 400 with a compression module 100 via a transfer device 700, transfer device 700 inserts a shaped pellet into each die cavity 132 after the fill zone 102 but before the compression zone 106 of the compression module. It will be appreciated that a linked thermal setting molding module 400, transfer device 700 and compression module 100 are synchronized so that a shaped pellet is placed into each die cavity 132. The process is a continuous one of forming shaped pellets, transferring the shaped pellets, and inserting the shaped pellets.
The thermal setting molding module has several unique features. One is the ability to mass produce shaped pellets relatively rapidly, in particular molded dosage forms comprising polymers that are typically solids or solid-like between about 0 and about 35° C. The thermal setting molding module accomplishes this is by heating the starting material prior to injecting it into the molding chambers and then cooling the starting material after injection.
Another unique feature of the thermal setting molding module is the adjustable volume of the molding chambers. Adjustability and tuning of volume and therefore weight is especially advantageous for the production of shaped pellets comprising high potency or highly concentrated drugs, which are dosed in small amounts. Another advantage of the thermal setting molding module is that it can employ liquids. Unlike a particulate solid, such as powders typically used to make dosage forms, the volume of a liquid is relatively invariable at constant temperature. Density variations, which are troublesome in powder compression, are therefore avoided with liquids. Very accurate weights, especially at very low weights (i.e. with starting materials comprising high potency medicants) are achievable. Moreover, blend uniformity is also less assured with solid powders. Powder beds tend to segregate based on differences in particle size, shape, and density.
Another advantage of the thermal setting molding module is that it molds starting material while continuously rotating. This permits its integration with other continuously operating rotary devices, resulting in a continuous process. Conventional molding operations are typically stationary and have one nozzle feeding multiple mold cavities. Runners are often formed using in conventional equipment. By providing a nozzle for each molding chamber, runners are eliminated. Preferably, one control valve controls multiple nozzles. This simplifies the design of the thermal setting molding module, reducing cost. The thermal setting molding module may, of course be designed to operate without rotation of the rotor, for example on an indexing basis whereby a stationary group of nozzles engages molding chambers on a indexing rotary turn table or a linear recalculating indexing belt or platen system. However, by using a rotary system higher output rates can be achieved since products are continuously produced.
Specific embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of the following examples. This invention is not confined to the specific limitations set forth in these examples, but rather to the scope of the appended claims. Unless otherwise stated, the percentages and ratios given below are by weight.
In the examples, measurements were made as follows.
Coating thickness is measured using an environmental scanning electron microscope, model XL 30 ESEM LaB6, Philips Electronic Instruments Company, Mahwah, Wis. Six tablets from each sample are measured at 6 different locations on each tablet, as shown in
Location 1: center of first major face, tc1
Locations 2 and 3: edges (near punch land) of intersection between first major face and side, tc2 and tc3
Location 4: center of second major face, tc4
Locations 5 and 6: edges (near punch land) of intersection between second major face and side, tc5 and tc6
Overall dosage form thickness and diameter are measured for 20 dosage forms using a calibrated electronic digital caliper. For thickness, the caliper is positioned across t as shown in
A series of tablets having a molded gelatin coating thereon were made according to the invention as follows.
Part A: Compressed Tablets
The following ingredients were mixed well in a plastic bag: 89.4 parts acetaminophen USP (590 mg/tablet) and 8.0 parts of synthetic wax X-2068 T20 (53 mg/tablet). Next, 2.1 parts of sodium starch glycolate (EXPLOTAB) (13.9 mg/tablet) and 0.09 parts of silicon dioxide (0.6 mg/tablet) were added to the bag, and mixed well. Then 0.36 parts of magnesium stearate NF (2.4 mg/tablet) were added to the bag, and the ingredients were again mixed. The resulting dry blend was compressed into tablets on a compression module according to the invention using 7/16 inch extra deep concave tablet tooling.
The resulting tablets had an average weight of 660 mg, thickness of 0.306 inches, and hardness of 3.2 kp.
The tablets from Part A were conveyed to a thermal cycle molding module according to the invention via a transfer device also according to the present invention. The tablets were coated with red gelatin on one half thereof, and yellow gelatin on the other half thereof.
The red gelatin coating was made as follows. Purified water (450 g), Opatint Red DD-1761 (4.4 g), and Opatint Yellow DD-2125 (1.8 g) were mixed at room temperature till uniform. 275 Bloom Pork Skin Gelatin (150 g) and 250 Bloom Bone Gelatin (150 g) were added together in a separate container. The dry gelatin granules were manually stirred to mix. The purified water/Opatint solution was added to the gelatin granules, and mixed for about 1 minute to completely wet the gelatin granules. The gelatin slurry was placed in a water bath and heated to 55C to melt and dissolve the gelatin. The gelatin solution was held at 55C for approximately 3 hours (holding times at this temperature can generally range between about 2 and about 16 hours). The solution was then mixed until uniform (about 5 to 15 minutes), and transferred to a jacketed feed tank equipped with a propeller-type electric mixer. The gelatin solution was maintained at 55C with continuous mixing during its use in the thermal cycling molding module.
The yellow gelatin coating was made as follows. Purified water (450 g), and Opatint Yellow DD-2125 (6.2 g) were mixed at room temperature till uniform. 275 Bloom Pork Skin Gelatin (150 g) and 250 Bloom Bone Gelatin (150 g) were added together in a separate container. The dry gelatin granules were stirred manually to mix. The purified water/Opatint solution was added to the gelatin granules, and mixed for about 1 minute to completely wet the gelatin granules. The gelatin slurry was placed in a water bath and heated to 55C to melt and dissolve the gelatin. The gelatin solution was held at 55C for approximately 3 hours (holding times at this temperature can generally range between about 2 and about 16 hours). The solution was then mixed until uniform (about 5 to 15 minutes), and transferred to a jacketed feed tank equipped with a propeller-type electric mixer. The gelatin solution was maintained at 55C with continuous mixing during its use in the thermal cycling molding module.
Coating thickness was measured for samples of the following tablets:
A. Extra Strength Tylenol GelTabs
B. Excedrine Migrane Geltabs
C. Tablets of produced according to Example 1.
The results are shown in Table 1 below.
Thicknesses and diameters of 20 coated tablets from each of the three samples were also measured. The results are summarized in Table 2 below:
Compressed tablets were prepared according the method described in Example 1. Press settings were held constant for a period of 7 hours, 47 minutes. Tablets were sampled every 15 minutes. The resulting tablets had the following properties:
A flowable material suitable for coating a compressed dosage form was made as follows. The flowable material may be applied using a thermal cycle molding module according to the invention.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1450 (part 1) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) 300,000 were shaken in a plastic bag until powders were mixed evenly. The (5 qt) bowl of a planetary mixer (Hobart Corp., Dayton, Ohio) was heated to 80C by circulating hot water. PEG 1450 (part 2) was poured into the bowl and melted to form a liquid. The color solution, and optionally, the glycerin were added while mixing at low speed. The PEG/PEO powder mixture was added and the mixture mixed for 15 minutes. The resulting mixture was allowed to stand in the Hobart bowl for 2 hours while maintaining the temperature at 80C. Cast films (approximately 0.8 mm thick) were prepared using a stainless steel mold (2″×5″×0.8 mm). The solution was transferred to a jacketed beaker (80C) and de-aerated by vacuum for 6 hours. A second film was prepared using the same mold.
Increasing PEO from 15 to 25% (with corresponding decrease in PEG from 85 to 75%) increased yield stress (maximum force per unit area which can be applied before the film will deform permanently), and increased strain (% film elongation at break point).
Decreasing glycerin from 10% to 2% increased Tensile Strength (force per unit area required to break the film). Deaerating the glycerin-containing films prior to casting generally decreased tensile strength.
Another flowable material suitable for coating a compressed dosage form was made as follows. The flowable material may be applied using a thermal cycle molding module according to the invention.
The (5 qt) bowl of a planetary mixer (Hobart Corp., Dayton, Ohio) was heated to 80C by circulating hot water. PEG 3350 granular was poured into the bowl and melted to form a liquid. The white beeswax, color solution, and polyethylene oxide were added while mixing at low speed. The resulting mixture was mixed for a total of 12 minutes, then allowed to stand in the Hobart bowl for 2 hours while maintaining the temperature at 80C. Cast films were prepared using a glass slide. The solution was transferred to a jacketed beaker (80C) and de-aerated by vacuum for 6 hours. A second film was prepared using the same mold.
The white beeswax formula had increased tensile strength compared to the glycerin formulas.
Examples 4 and 5 illustrate suitable formulations for the flowable material. Advantageously, these formulations are solvent (including water) free. This eliminates the need to evaporate solvent from coatings made from such formulations, shortening and simplifying drying. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the invention, the flowable material is substantially solvent-free, that is contains less than about 1 weight percent, preferably no, solvent.
This application is a continuation application of application Ser. No. 09/966,497, filed on Sep. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,122,143.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 09966497 | Sep 2001 | US |
| Child | 10911263 | US |
