Patent Application
20130248157
The present invention relates to a method of coating an internal surface of a heat exchanger and a heat exchanger comprising a surface having a nickel plating.
Heat exchangers may be used for heat exchange between two fluids. Typically, a heat exchanger has an inlet and an outlet for each of the two fluids. Inside the heat exchanger one flow passage is provided for each fluid. The flow passages are kept apart by one or more heat transfer elements, through which heat is transferred from one fluid to the other fluid. For instance, in plate heat exchangers the heat transfer elements are formed by heat transfer plates, and in spiral heat exchangers heat transfer elements are formed by spiral sheets.
Different kinds and types of fluids may pass through a heat exchanger. Some fluids are erosive, e.g. because of particles contained in the fluid. The heat transfer elements of a heat exchanger are thus subjected to wear during use with such fluids. Also, fluids may pass through a heat exchanger for various purposes. For instance, in some heat exchangers a fluid may be caused to boil. Thus, the heat transfer elements of heat exchangers have different requirements depending on the fluids flowing through a heat exchanger and the purpose of a heat exchanger.
Heat transfer elements may thus be manufactured from various different materials, the material being suitable for a particular heat exchanger application. Also, heat transfer elements may be coated with different kinds of materials, the coating material being suitable for a particular heat exchanger application.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,513,581 discloses plate and spiral heat exchangers wherein surfaces have been coated by means of electroless chemical deposition. A metal/phosphorus and metal/polymer layer is formed by dipping a workpiece comprising the surface to be coated into a metal electrolyte solution.
WO 92/16310 discloses a method of providing heat transfer plates of a plate heat exchanger with a layer of surface protecting plastic material. In an assembled heat exchanger a gaseous medium containing the plastic material is introduced into interspaces between the heat transfer plates. The plastic material may be introduced in the form of mist or in evaporated form. The plastic material is caused to deposit onto the heat transfer plates in the interspaces.
WO 96/06705 is concerned with brazed heat exchangers which are brazed with a copper brazing material. The copper brazing material is not able to withstand a heat exchange fluid containing ammonia. A method of protecting the brazing joints of a brazed heat exchanger is thus disclosed in WO 96/06705. According to the method a protective coating is diffused into the brazing joints of an assembled heat exchanger. According to the method the coating material, either fluid tin or a water solution of silver nitrate, is poured through the four connecting ports of a plate heat exchanger into the plate heat exchanger to completely fill the plate heat exchanger. The coating material is allowed to circulate in the plate heat exchanger and is then emptied out of the heat exchanger. The tin, or the silver, diffuses into the copper brazing joints.
An object of embodiments is to provide a method of efficiently plating heat transfer elements of a heat exchanger.
According to an aspect of the invention, the object is achieved by a method of coating an internal surface of a heat exchanger. The heat exchanger comprises a first passage for a first heat exchange fluid, and a second passage for a second heat exchange fluid. The first and second passages are separated by at least one heat transfer element. The heat transfer element has a first surface facing the first passage and a second surface facing the second passage. The method comprises: pre-treating the first surface by circulating at least one pre-treatment liquid through the first passage of the heat exchanger and a pre-treatment liquid storage separate from the heat exchanger, and electroless nickel plating the first surface by circulating a solution comprising nickel ions through the first passage of the heat exchanger and a solution container separate from the heat exchanger.
Since the pre-treatment liquid and the electroless plating solution comprising nickel ions are circulated, each through a dedicated storage and container, respectively, and the first passage of the heat exchanger, the first surface is homogeneously nickel plated in a rational and easily controlled process. The circulation of the pre-treatment liquid through the dedicated storage and the first passage means that the pre-treatment liquid will be applied to relevant areas of the heat transfer element to prepare the first surface for electroless nickel plating. The circulation of the electroless plating solution through the first passage and the solution container means that the solution containing nickel ions flows along/over the first surface and solution from the solution container is constantly provided to the first surface. This achieves favourable conditions for the electroless nickel plating. Furthermore, an easily performed method in comparison with nickel plating by dipping of separate heat transfer elements into different baths is provided. Also, by performing the nickel plating on an assembled heat exchanger entails that the nickel plating may be performed as a later production step when manufacturing a heat exchanger. Thus, the nickel plating will not risk being damaged by production steps or handling of heat transfer elements between production steps. Furthermore, a used heat exchanger may be re-plated using to the present method. As a result, the above mentioned object is achieved.
The heat exchanger may be for instance a spiral heat exchanger or a plate heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may be an assembled heat exchanger. By assembled heat exchanger it is to be understood that the heat exchanger may comprise a number of heat transfer elements, which elements are placed in relation to each other such that the first and second passages are formed and heat transfer between the two fluids may be performed. That is, parts of the heat exchanger which do not have a heat transferring function or not a function of limiting the first and second passages, such as frame parts, support arrangements, etc. may be attached after the electroless nickel plating has been performed. The heat transfer elements may be permanently assembled, e.g. by means of brazing or welding. The pre-treating and the electroless nickel plating may be seen as separate steps of the method. The pre-treating is performed before the electroless nickel plating. Pre-treating may include cleaning the first passage and/or rinsing the first passage and/or activating the first surface. Activating may be performed to further prepare the first surface for the electroless nickel plating. The pre-treatment liquid storage may comprise several containers suitably one for each pre-treatment liquid. The pre-treatment liquid storage may have the function of an intermediate storage for different pre-treatment liquids in the several containers. In case water is used as a pre-treating liquid, the water may be supplied from a water container or from a water source, such as a water tap. The electroless nickel plating will form a nickel plating on the first surface. The nickel plating may be non-diffusing into the first surface of the heat transfer element, i.e. the nickel plating being on top of the first surface. The nickel plating on the first surface may be one of for instance; a nickel/phosphorous plating, a nickel/polymer plating, a nickel/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) plating, nickel/diamond plating, a nickel/Boron plating, a nickel/silver plating, a nickel/gold plating or combinations thereof.
The features; liquid storage separate from the heat exchanger and solution container separate from the heat exchanger are to be understood as; the liquid storage and the container being physically located separate from the heat exchanger. That is, the features circulating the at least one pre-treatment liquid through the first passage of the heat exchanger and circulating the solution comprising nickel ions through the first passage of the heat exchanger do not encompass the flow of pre-treatment liquid, or solution, occurring in the first passage when the heat exchanger is submerged in the pre-treatment liquid, or solution. In other words, circulating takes place without the heat exchanger being submerged in a pre-treatment liquid or solution. At least one pump is required to achieve the circulation. A control system may control the at least one pump and valves to achieve the circulation of pre-treatment liquid and solution through the first passage of the heat exchanger and a relevant storage and container, at one or more suitable flow rates.
According to embodiments the circulating of the at least one pre-treatment liquid and the circulating of the solution may be effected by at least one pump forming part of a conduit system that is configured to convey the at least one pre-treatment liquid respectively the solution to the heat exchanger.
According to embodiments the pre-treating may comprise: Circulating one of a pre-treatment liquid in the form of water, a solvent, an acid, or a liquid comprising solid particles through the first passage. Water may be circulated through the first passage, inter alia between other liquids/solutions are circulated in the first passage. The water will thus rinse previously used liquids from the first passage. The solvent may be a solvent which dissolves fat or grease. An acid may clean or active the first surface. The solid particles in a liquid comprising solid particles will form an abrasive, which may be useful for preparing the first surface for the electroless nickel plating.
According to embodiments the pre-treating may comprise: Circulating water through the first passage and a water container, or by directing water from a water source through the first passage, and cleaning the first surface by circulating a solvent, or a liquid which comprises solid particles, through the first passage and a container for the solvent, or a container for the liquid which contains solid particles. In this manner the rinsing with water may clean the first passage and the first surface at least to some extent, and thereafter the solvent or the liquid which contains solid particles may clean the first surface to a further degree. As mentioned above, rinsing with water may be performed again after the cleaning with the solvent or with the liquid comprising solid particles. The rinsing and the cleaning may be seen as steps of the method.
According to embodiments the pre-treating may comprise: A surface activating step for activating the first surface before the electroless nickel plating by circulating an activating liquid through the first passage and a container for the activating liquid. In this manner the first surface may easily be activated before the electroless nickel plating.
According to embodiments circulating the pre-treatment liquid and circulating the solution may be performed by one or more pumps forming part of a conduit system, the conduit system further comprising a releasable connection to the heat exchanger, the pre-treatment liquid storage, the solution container, and a valve arrangement for directing either the pre-treatment liquid, or the solution, through the pump and the heat exchanger. In this manner pre-treatment liquid may first be circulated through the first passage and the pre-treatment liquid storage by means of the pump and the valve arrangement set in a first position. Thereafter, the valve arrangement may be set in a different position to circulate the electroless plating solution through the first passage and the solution container. Again, circulation is performed by the pump. When one heat exchanger has been nickel plated it is removed from the releasable connection and a further heat exchanger to be electroless nickel plated is connected to the releasable connection and the circulation of the pre-treatment liquid and the electroless nickel plating solution is repeated. Thus, an efficient and easily administered method for nickel plating surfaces of heat exchangers is achieved.
According to embodiments the solution may be an aqueous solution comprising nickel ions, a chemical reducing agent, and a catalyst. The solution may comprise at least one of phosphorous ions, boron ions, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles, or diamond particles. The solution may comprise further additives, e.g. for stabilizing the solution or regulating the pH of the solution.
According to embodiments the method may comprise heating the solution in the solution container by means of a heating element. In this manner the electroless nickel plating solution may be kept at a temperature, or within a temperature interval, at which the electroless nickel plating process is suitably performed.
According to embodiments the method may comprise heating the pre-treatment liquid in the pre-treatment liquid storage by means of a heating element. In this manner the pre-treatment liquid may be kept at a temperature, or within a temperature interval, at which the pre-treating is suitably performed.
According to embodiments the method may comprise stirring the solution in the solution container by means of a stirring element. In this manner the electroless nickel plating solution may be kept at an even temperature and/or at an even concentration in the solution container.
According to embodiments the method may comprise stirring the pre-treatment liquid in the pre-treatment liquid storage by means of a stirring element. In this manner the pre-treatment liquid may be kept at an even temperature and/or at an even concentration in the pre-treatment liquid storage.
According to embodiments the method may comprise: Removing an old nickel plating layer from the first surface by circulating a removing liquid through the first passage of the heat exchanger and a container for the removing liquid, before the pre-treating is performed. In this manner the method may be used to re-plate a used heat exchanger with electroless nickel plating.
According to embodiments the heat exchanger may comprise at least two permanently joined heat transfer elements, the first and second passages being separated by at least a first heat transfer element of the at least two permanently joined heat transfer elements. The method may suitably be performed on assembled heat exchangers with permanently join heat transfer elements.
According to embodiments the heat exchanger may be a spiral heat exchanger and the at least one heat transfer element may comprise a first spiral shaped sheet metal piece extending in a spiral in a first plane, the first plane extending perpendicularly to the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece.
According to embodiments the said circulating the pre-treatment liquid may comprise the pre-treatment liquid flowing through the first passage at least partially in a main direction and the said circulating the solution may comprise the solution flowing through the first passage at least partially in the main direction, the main direction extending substantially perpendicularly to the first plane. In this manner the liquids and solution used in the method may flow across the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece instead of along the spiral formed by the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece. The flow distance for the liquids and solution through the spiral heat exchanger during coating thus, may be considerably shorter than a flow distance along the spiral formed by the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece. The flow in the main direction may permit a more even concentration of the contents of the liquids and the solution during flow through the spiral heat exchanger than if the flow is along the spiral formed by the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece. An even coating thickness along the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece thus may be ensured. The spiral heat exchanger, or portions thereof, may have to be specially adapted to permit access to the first passage allowing flow in the main direction.
According to embodiments the first passage may be closed by means of at least one closing portion at one side of the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece, in a plane substantially parallel to the first plane. The closing portion may be provided with a number of openings, which openings are flowed through by the pre-treatment liquid during circulating the pre-treatment liquid and which openings are flowed through by the solution during circulating the solution. One kind of spiral heat exchangers may comprise such closing portions. Thanks to the provision of the openings also this kind of spiral heat exchanger may be flowed through at least partially in the main direction, i.e. substantially across the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece.
According to embodiments the method may comprise sealing the openings after coating the internal surface. In this manner, in use, the performance of the spiral heat exchanger may remain unaffected.
According to embodiments the method may comprise arranging the spiral heat exchanger with the first plane extending in a substantially horizontal direction and the main direction extending in a substantially vertical direction during circulating the pre-treatment liquid and during circulating the solution. In this manner buoyancy may be utilized for letting gas produced during coating, e.g. hydrogen, easily escape from the first surface.
According to embodiments the method may comprise circulating the pre-treatment liquid and circulating the solution through the first passage having a width of between 5-40 mm. Thus, a nickel plated first passage of a spiral heat exchanger may be provided, which first passage is suitable for being flowed through by a heat exchange liquid which has abrasive properties.
According to embodiments the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece may have a thickness of between 2-4 mm. The first spiral shaped sheet metal piece may be made from carbon steel.
According to embodiments the heat exchanger may comprise a second heat transfer element compring a second spiral shaped sheet metal piece extending in a spiral in the first plane substantially concentrically with the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece, and wherein studs extend in the first passage between the first and second spiral shaped sheet metal pieces the studs being arranged at a density of 280-780 studs per square metre.
According to embodiments the method may provide a Nickel/Boron coating or a Nickel/Diamond coating. In this manner a spiral heat exchanger with a first passage suitable to be flowed through by a heat exchange liquid with abrasive properties may be provided.
An object of the embodiments is to provide a heat exchanger comprising a first passage for a first heat exchange fluid, and a second passage for a second heat exchange fluid, the first and second passages being separated by at least one heat transfer element, the heat transfer element having a first surface facing the first passage, the first surface having a nickel plating applied in accordance with above mentioned method aspects and embodiments.
According to embodiments the heat transfer element of the heat exchanger is welded to a further heat transfer element having a first surface facing the first passage, at least part of the first passage being formed between the heat transfer element and the further heat transfer element.
According to example embodiments the heat transfer element of the heat exchanger is brazed to a further heat transfer element having a first surface facing the first passage, at least part of the first passage being formed between the heat transfer element and the further heat transfer element.
According to embodiments the heat exchanger may be a spiral heat exchanger and the at least one heat transfer element comprises a first spiral shaped sheet metal piece extending in a spiral in a first plane, the first plane extending perpendicularly to the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece. The first passage may be closed by means of at least one closing portion at one side of the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece, in a plane substantially parallel to the first plane. The closing portion may be provided with a number of openings, which openings are sealed.
Further features of, and advantages of, embodiments will become apparent when studying the appended claims and the following detailed description. Those skilled in the art will realize that different features of the present invention may be combined to create embodiments other than those described in the following, without departing from the scope of the present invention, as defined by the appended claims.
The various aspects of embodiments, including its particular features and advantages, will be readily understood from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, in which:
The present invention will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which example embodiments are shown. However, this invention should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Disclosed features of example embodiments may be combined as readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
Well-known functions or constructions will not necessarily be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity.
The heat exchanger 20 is provided with inlet and outlet pipe sections 26 (two out of four pipe sections are illustrated). In use two heat exchange fluids are conducted to and from the first and second passages through the pipe sections 26.
The pipe sections 26 are provided on a housing 25 of the spiral heat exchanger 20. The housing 25 comprises a tubular centre section 27 and two lids 28 (one of which is shown in
Each spiral shaped sheet metal piece 22, 24 has a first surface 12 facing the first passage 8 and a second surface 14 facing the second passage. The first surface 12 of each heat transfer element is provided with a nickel plating, which has been applied to the first surface 12 after the spiral shaped sheet metal pieces 22, 24 have been assembled. The nickel plating may be e.g. a Nickel/Boron coating or a Nickel/Diamond coating. In this manner the first surfaces 12 of the spiral heat exchanger may withstand abrasive heat exchange fluids such as slurry originating from mining applications.
The first passage 8 is open in the main direction 102 at both sides of the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece 22 parallel with the first plane. The second passage 10 is closed at both sides of the first spiral shaped sheet metal piece 22 parallel with the first plane.
A distance between the first and second spiral shaped sheet metal pieces 22, 24 may be between 5-40 mm, i.e. a width of the first passage 8 may be 5-40 mm. The first and/or second spiral shaped sheet metal pieces 22, 24 may have a thickness of between 2-6 mm. Studs 103 may extend in the first passage 8 between the at least one heat transfer element and the second heat transfer element, i.e. between the between the first and second spiral shaped sheet metal pieces 22, 24. The studs 103 may be arranged at a density of 280-780 studs per square metre. Studs 103 may also extend in the second passage 10 between the first and second spiral shaped sheet metal pieces 22, 24. In
The portion 21 is provided with a releasable first flow distribution connector 104 and a releasable second flow distribution connector 106, the use of which will be discussed below in connection with aspects of methods of coating an internal surface of a spiral heat exchanger. In use of the spiral heat exchanger, the portion 21 may be arranged in a housing 25 as illustrated in connection with
The closing portion 108 is provided with a number of openings 110. The openings are arranged to be sealed, e.g. by bolts 112.
Four port channels 16, two of which are shown, extend through the stack 6 and communicate with the first and second passages 8, 10. Inlet and outlet pipe sections 18 provide means for directing the first and second heat transfer fluids into the plate heat exchanger 2. Each of the first and second passages 8, 10 communicates with two port channels. Of the two port channels communicating with one passage 8, 10, in use, one conducts a heat exchange fluid to the passage and the other conducts it from the passage.
The spiral heat exchanger 20 comprises first and second spiral shaped sheet metal pieces extending about a centre axis of a tubular centre section 27 of a housing 25 of the spiral heat exchanger 20. The spiral heat exchanger 20 illustrated in
The pump 34 circulates pre-treatment liquid A, SV, W from the pre-treatment liquid storage 38 through a first passage of the heat exchanger 20 and back to the pre-treatment liquid storage 38. Also, the pump 34 circulates the solution S from solution container 40 through the first passage of the heat exchanger 20 and back the solution container 40. The valve arrangement 42 is used for connecting either the pre-treatment liquid storage 38 or the solution container 40 to the pump 34, and the heat exchanger 20. Accordingly, pre-treating 410 a first surface of a heat exchange element of the heat exchanger 20 is performed by circulating the pre-treatment liquid A, SV, W through a first passage of the heat exchanger 20 and the pre-treatment liquid storage 38, and electroless nickel plating 420 the first surface in the heat exchanger 20 is performed by circulating the solution S through the first passage and the solution container 40. Known solutions S containing Ni ions may be used for the electroless nickel plating, such as e.g. disclosed in US2006/0024514, U.S. Pat. No. 6,066,406, US2009/123777, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,163. Pre-treatment liquids as such are known, such as e.g. discussed in US 2009/123777 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,163.
The pre-treatment liquid storage 38 according to embodiments comprises three containers 44, 46, 48. A water container 44 is connected to the conduits 32 by means of two valves 50, 52. Pre-treatment liquid in the form of water W may thus be circulated in the system 30 by means of the pump 34 when the valves 50, 52 are open, as represented by the circulating water step 510 in
The solution container 40 is connected to the conduits 32 by means of two valves 62, 64. The solution S comprising nickel ions may thus be circulated in the system 30 by means of the pump 34 when the valves 62, 64 are open, as represented by the electroless nickel plating step 540 in
The step 510 may be repeated after one or more of the steps circulating solvent step 520, circulating activating liquid step 530, and circulating solution comprising nickel ions of the electroless nickel plating step 540. In this manner the heat exchanger 20 may be rinsed with water to remove a previously used liquid or solution.
Alternatively, the circulating water step 510 may be replaced or complement with a directing water step 550, in which water from a water source, such a water tap, is directed through the first passage of the heat exchanger 20.
The surface activating step 530 and the nickel plating step 540 may be repeated one or more times. Accordingly, after a nickel plating step 540 the first surface may be activated again by circulating activating liquid A in the system 30 and through the first passage of the heat exchanger. Thereafter electroless nickel plating of the first surface is performed again by circulating the solution S comprising nickel ions in the system 30 and the first passage. Between any surface activating step 530 and any subsequent nickel plating step 540, a circulating water step 510 and/or a directing water step 550 may be performed.
The method may include a preceding step of connecting 560 a heat exchanger 20 to the releasable connection 36 such that the liquids and solution may be directed through the first passage of the heat exchanger 20. In case the heat exchanger 20 comprises a nickel plating on the first surface, for instance if the heat exchanger 20 is a used heat exchanger which is to be re-plated with a nickel plating, the method may include a removing step 570, in which the nickel plating is removed by means of a removing liquid being circulated through the first passage and a container for removing liquid by means of the pump 34. Removing liquids as such are known, such as e.g. discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,049. A removing liquid may also be known as a stripping solution/liquid. The removing step 570 may not be required in some embodiments, wherein the heat exchanger instead is subjected only to one or more of the pre-treatment steps 510-530 before the electroless nickel plating step 540.
The system 30 illustrated in
When the first and second spiral shaped sheet metal pieces 22, 24 are arranged with the first plane 100 in substantially a horizontal direction, buoyancy may be utilized for letting gas produced during coating, e.g. hydrogen, easily escape from the first surface 12. In this manner gas will not impede the treatment and coating of the first surface 12. Accordingly, the method may comprise a step of arranging 600 the spiral heat exchanger 20 with the first plane 100 extending in a substantially horizontal direction and the main direction 102 extending in a substantially vertical direction during circulating 510, 520, 530 the pre-treatment liquid and during circulating the solution S.
In
During circulation of the pre-treatment liquids A, SV, W and the solution S, the pre-treatment liquids A, SV, W and the solution S have to be directed to and from the first passage 8. The system illustrated in
In embodiments of
In embodiments comprising openings 110, the method may comprise a step of sealing 602 the openings 110 after coating the internal surface 12. For example, sealing may be done by screwing bolts 112 into the openings 110, or by pressing resilient plugs into the openings 112.
The valves 50-64 of the valve system 42 and the pump 34 may be manually operated or automatically controlled by a schematically disclosed control system 66. As schematically illustrated, the control system 66 may be connected to the pump 34 and all of the valves 50-64. To perform a method of electroless nickel plating of a first surface of a heat exchanger according to embodiments illustrated in
Some or all of the containers 40, 44-48 may be provided with heating elements 80-86 for heating a respective liquid or solution contained therein. Also one or more of the containers 40, 44-48 may be provided with stirring elements 90-94 for stirring a respective liquid or solution contained therein. The heating elements 80-86 and the stirring elements 90-94 may be controlled by the control system 66. The temperature of a liquid or solution may for instance be kept at a temperature of 1-50 degrees Celsius below a boiling temperature of the relevant liquid or solution by means of a relevant heating element controlled by the control system 66. Further suitable temperatures for the solution S comprising nickel ions are known, e.g. from previously mentioned prior art documents. A temperature sensor (not shown) is suitably arranged in each of the containers 40, 44-48. Each temperature sensor is connected to the control system 66 to permit controlling of the respective heating elements 80-86. Each stirring element 90-94 may be controlled to stir a relevant liquid or solution at least while the liquid or solution is circulated through the first passage and the relevant container 40, 44-48.
Heating the solution S in the solution container 40 is performed by the heating element 86 in the solution container 40, as represented by the solution heating step 580 in
Heating the pre-treatment liquid A, SV, W in the pre-treatment liquid storage 38 is performed by a heating element 80-84 in the pre-treatment liquid storage 38, as represented by the pre-treatment liquid heating step 450 in
Stirring the solution S in the solution container 40 is performed by the stirring element 94 in the solution container 40, as represented by the solution stirring step 590 in
Stirring the pre-treatment liquid in the pre-treatment liquid storage 38 is performed by a stirring element 90, 92 in the pre-treatment liquid storage 38, as represented by the pre-treatment stirring step 470 in
It may be noted that: increasing the circulation time for the solution comprising nickel ions will yield a thicker coating (up to a certain thickness); a higher temperature may promote reaction—resulting in an increased coating speed; different substrate material, i.e. material of the heat transfer elements, will result in different coating speeds; different solutions for electroless electroless nickel plating, e.g. for Ni—B plating, Ni-diamond plating, etc will result in different coating speeds. These relationships are well known to a person skilled in the art.
Circulation of the pre-treatment liquids A, SV, W and the solution S may be performed at different flow rates. Moreover, circulation of at least one of the pre-treatment liquids A, SV, W and the solution S may be performed at varying flow rates. A slow flow rate may be utilized in a treating or coating step and a faster flow rate may be utilized for exchanging liquid or solution in the first passage. Circulation may thus take place at various different flow rates. A flow rate of 0 cubic metres for periods of time is encompassed in some embodiments. In such embodiments circulation still takes place in the sense that liquid or solution is circulated from the storage or container to the heat exchanger and back to the storage or container at time periods when the flow rate is >0 cubic metres. Suitable flow rates may be empirically determined.
Example embodiments described above may be combined as understood by a person skilled in the art. It is also understood by those skilled in the art that nickel plating may be performed simultaneously in several heat exchangers connected in parallel or series to the system 30 illustrated in
During performing the method of coating an internal surface of a spiral heat exchanger, a second passage of a spiral heat exchanger may be temporarily closed. The second passage may be masked during performing at least parts of the method to prevent pre-treatment liquids and solution from flowing into the second passage. After coating and before the spiral heat exchanger is put to use, the masking is removed.
A connection to a drain may be provided in the embodiment system 30 of
The second surface of a heat transfer element may also be nickel plated in accordance with the method. This may be performed at the same time as the first surface is nickel plated. Alternatively, it may be performed in a separate process. The nickel platings on the first and second surfaces may be of the same kind or of different kinds, e.g. nickel/boron plating on one surface and nickel/polymer plating on the other surface.
Therefore, it is to be understood that the foregoing is illustrative of various example embodiments and the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications to the disclosed embodiments, combinations of features of disclosed embodiments as well as other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10193194.7 | Nov 2010 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2011/071393 | 11/30/2011 | WO | 00 | 5/29/2013 |
