Patent Application
20090005949
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a method of controlling a vehicle while operating under a cruise control. More specifically, the present invention relate to a method that generates preliminary braking force prior to the operation of the brakes by the driver, and improves response to driver brake operation and shortens the free running distance.
2. Background Information
In recent years, many vehicles have been equipped with various automatic speed control technologies. For example, an adaptive cruise control system has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,311,120 that is capable of executing a following control function. In such an automatic speed control device, when a host vehicle (an ACC vehicle) is traveling in a following control mode in which a host vehicle (an ACC vehicle) is automatically follow a preceding vehicle, the automatic speed control device maintains the host vehicle's distance from the preceding vehicle at a desired inter-vehicle distance. In particular, the automatic speed control device controls the host vehicle's speed so that the host vehicle is automatically accelerated up to a preset vehicle speed, when the preceding vehicle itself changes its traffic lane and disappears from the host vehicle's driving lane. On the other hand, when the preceding vehicle actually exists ahead of the host vehicle but an inter-vehicle distance sensor, employed in the host vehicle, loses the track of the preceding vehicle owing to various factors, for example, curves, slopes, weather or the like, the device disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 11-192858 maintains or holds the host vehicle's speed at a vehicle speed given at the time when the preceding vehicle has been lost, until such time that the host vehicle reaches a lost point where the preceding vehicle has been lost, so as to inhibit the automatic accelerating mode from being initiated and to prevent the host vehicle's distance from the preceding vehicle from being reduced inadvertently or undesirably.
There is also known a preliminary braking force control device that generates a preliminary braking force prior to operation of the brakes by the driver, thereby improving response to brake operation by the driver and shortening the free running distance. One such preliminary braking force control device is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2000-309257.
In view of the above, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that there exists a need for an improved a method of controlling a vehicle while operating under a cruise control. This invention addresses this need in the art as well as other needs, which will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure.
So one problem that arises is that when the system of the host vehicle loses sight of a preceding vehicle during preceding vehicle following control, and then a preceding vehicle is again recognized, if the preceding vehicle is decelerating, since no the preliminary braking force is being generated, response to brake application is low, and the host vehicle ends up drawing close to the preceding vehicle.
It has been discovered that in the above-mentioned preliminary braking force control device, the preliminary braking force is generated whenever the distance between vehicles drops below a prescribed distance, or whenever a target deceleration exceeds a set value. Thus, a problem arises in that when the system of the host vehicle loses sight of a preceding vehicle during preceding vehicle following control, and then the preceding vehicle is again recognized, and the preceding vehicle is decelerating. Since no the preliminary braking force is being generated in the above-mentioned preliminary braking force control device, response to a brake operation is slow, and the host vehicle ends up drawing close to the preceding vehicle
In view of this problem, the present invention generates a preliminary braking force in a braking device when a preceding vehicle can no longer be recognized during preceding vehicle following control. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for controlling a vehicle while operating under a cruise control. Basically, the method includes: detecting a preceding vehicle and an inter-vehicle distance to the preceding vehicle from a host vehicle equipped with the vehicle driving control device; executing a preceding vehicle following control to control the inter-vehicle distance to the preceding vehicle towards a target inter-vehicle distance when the preceding vehicle has been recognized; and generating a preliminary braking force upon determination that no preceding vehicle can be recognized during the preceding vehicle following control performed in which the preceding vehicle was previously detected.
These and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which, taken in conjunction with the annexed drawings, discloses a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Referring now to the attached drawings which form a part of this original disclosure:
Selected embodiments of the present invention will now be explained with reference to the drawings. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that the following descriptions of the embodiments of the present invention are provided for illustration only and not for the purpose of limiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
Referring initially to
As explained below, the vehicle driving control device of the present invention is configured and arranged to generate a preliminary braking force in a braking device when a preceding vehicle can no longer be recognized during preceding vehicle following control. The imparting of preliminary braking force referred to in the present invention encompasses imparting a slight braking force that is nearly imperceptible to the driver, as well as not actually imparting braking force, but shortening the free running distance, from the time the driver applies the brakes, that is, from the time the driver steps on the brake pedal, until a braking force is imparted, more than usual. More specifically, to use disc brakes as an example, in the former case above, this refers to a state in which the brake pads touch the discs and squeeze with a very slight force, while in the latter case, this refers to a state in which the brake pads are stopped just at the instant before touching the discs.
In addition to hydraulic braking devices, the braking device in the present invention also includes link-type braking devices that make use of wires or the like, and electric braking devices. Particularly in the case of a hydraulic braking device, preliminary braking force is also called “brake preload,” because the preliminary braking force is applied by adjusting the hydraulic pressure.
This host vehicle VH includes, among other things, an engine 1, an automatic transmission 2, a propeller shaft 3, a final drive 4, a pair of rear drive wheels 5a and 5b, a pair of front driven wheels 6a and 6b, and a plurality of disc brakes 7a to 7d. The engine 1 is a conventional internal combustion engine that acts as a main drive source, which transmits a drive force to the drive wheels 5a and 5b through the automatic transmission 2, the propeller shaft 3, and the final drive 4 in a conventional manner. The wheels 6a, 6b, 5a and 5b are fitted with the disc brakes 7a to 7d, respectively.
The host vehicle VH further includes, among other things, an engine controller 8, a driving controller 9, a transmission controller 10, a brake controller 11, an inter-vehicle distance sensor 12, a camera 13, an image processor 14, a vehicle speed sensor 15, an accelerator pedal sensor 16 and a plurality of adaptive cruise control inputs 17-22. The vehicle driving control device in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention preferably includes the components 8-22.
The engine controller 8, the driving controller 9, the transmission controller 10 and the brake controller 11 are preferably part of one or more microcomputers that are configured with control programs that control the host vehicle VH as discussed below. These controllers 8, 9, 10 and 11 also include other conventional components such as an input interface circuit, an output interface circuit, and storage devices such as a ROM (Read Only Memory) device and a RAM (Random Access Memory) device. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that the precise structure and algorithms for these controllers 8, 9, 10 and 11 can be any combination of hardware and software that will carry out the functions of the present invention. In other words, “means plus function” clauses as utilized in the specification and claims should include any structure or hardware and/or algorithm or software that can be utilized to carry out the function of the “means plus function” clause.
The engine 1 is operatively coupled to the engine controller 8. The engine controller 8 controls the torque and speed of the engine 1 by controlling the throttle valve opening, fuel injection, ignition timing, and so forth of the engine 1 according to a throttle valve opening command value θ* from the driving controller 9.
The transmission controller 10 controls the gear ratio of an automatic transmission 2 according to a shift command value Ts from the driving controller 9.
The disc brakes 7a to 7d are operatively coupled to the brake controller 11. The brake controller 11 is configured to conduct automatic braking control when the driving controller 9 is conducting the preceding vehicle following control of the adaptive cruise control. The brake controller 11 generates brake hydraulic pressure according to a brake pressure command value P* from the driving controller 9, and supplies this pressure to the disc brakes 7a to 7d. The brake controller 11 also generates brake hydraulic pressure according to a depression amount of a brake pedal detected by the brake pedal sensor (not shown), and supplies this pressure to the disc brakes 7a to 7d.
The inter-vehicle distance sensor 12 is configured and arranged to detect the inter-vehicle distance L between the host vehicle VH and a preceding vehicle. The inter-vehicle distance sensor 12 is preferably provided on the lower part of the vehicle body at the front of the host vehicle VH. This inter-vehicle distance sensor 12 emits a laser beam, for example, receives the light reflected back from a preceding vehicle, and measures the inter-vehicle distance L between the host vehicle VH and the preceding vehicle. The inter-vehicle distance sensor 11 also is configured and arranged to detect the position of a preceding vehicle so as to recognize the presence of a preceding vehicle in the host vehicle lane or an adjacent vehicle lane. A scanning or multi-beam type of a laser radar device, a milliwave device, or the like can be used for the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12.
The camera 13 is configured and arranged to obtain images of an area ahead of the host vehicle VH. The camera 13 is provided at a lateral center portion of the host vehicle VH such as at the top of the windshield inside the passenger compartment. This camera 12 can be a CCD camera, a CMOS camera, or the like.
The image processor 14 is configured and arranged to process the images taken by the camera 13. The image processor 14 is further configured and arranged to detect information about what is ahead of the vehicle, such as road information (e.g., white lines on the road, road slope, road curvature, etc.), and/or preceding vehicle information (e.g., preceding vehicle velocity, preceding vehicle acceleration, preceding vehicle displacement, etc.).
The vehicle speed sensor 15 is configured and arranged to detect the vehicle speed V that based on the rotational output provided on the output side of the automatic transmission 2. The driving controller 9 detects the acceleration a of the host vehicle VH by differentiating the vehicle speed V detected by the vehicle speed sensor 15.
The adaptive cruise control inputs 17-22 are various conventional switches or controls for performing the preceding vehicle following control. The adaptive cruise control inputs 17-22 are operatively connected to the driving controller 9. The main switch 17 is used for turning the preceding vehicle following control system on and off. The set switch 18 is used for setting the desired vehicle speed. The accelerate switch 19 is used for increasing the set vehicle speed in units of 5 km/h, for instance. The coast switch 20 is used for reducing the set vehicle speed in units of 5 km/h, for instance. The cancel switch 21 is used for canceling preceding vehicle following control. The selector switch 22 is used for changing the set inter-vehicle distance.
and the presence or absence of a preceding vehicle detected by the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12,
When a preceding vehicle is present, the driving controller 9 performs inter-vehicle distance control to set the inter-vehicle distance L between the host vehicle VH and the preceding vehicle to the target value L* based on the host vehicle speed V detected by the vehicle speed sensor 15, the inter-vehicle distance L and the presence or absence of a preceding vehicle detected by the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12 (a preceding vehicle detection section) the various forward road information and/or preceding vehicle information detected by the image processor 14, the set vehicle speed Vset set by the set switch 18, and so forth so. Thus, the inter-vehicle distance L between the host vehicle VH and the preceding vehicle will be set to the target value L* when the vehicle is traveling at or below the set vehicle speed Vset. When no preceding vehicle is present, the driving controller 9 performs vehicle speed control so that the vehicle speed V will be to the set vehicle speed Vset, such that the driving controller 14 outputs the accelerator pedal opening command value θ* (the result of a control computation) to the engine controller 8 and outputs the brake pressure command value P* (the result of a control computation) to the brake controller 11 to regulate the vehicle speed V.
The target inter-vehicle distance setting component 31 is configured to set the target inter-vehicle distance L* according to the host vehicle speed V by the following Equation (1).
L*=V*T
0
+L
0 (1)
In Equation (1), the term “T0” is the inter-vehicle time, while the term “L0” is the inter-vehicle distance when the vehicles are stopped. The target inter-vehicle distance L* can also be set according to the vehicle speed Vt of the preceding vehicle, rather than the host vehicle speed V.
The inter-vehicle distance command value computation component 32 is configured to compute the inter-vehicle distance command value Lt which is expresses as the change over time in the inter-vehicle distance until the inter-vehicle distance L reaches the target value L*. More specifically, the target inter-vehicle distance L* is subjected to a low-pass filter Ft(s) given by the following Equation (2), and the inter-vehicle distance command value Lt is computed.
Ft(s)=ω2/(s2+2ζωs+ω) (2)
In Equation (2), the terms “ω” and “ζ” are a characteristic frequency and an attenuation coefficient, respectively, for converting the response characteristics in the inter-vehicle distance control system into the targeted response characteristics. The term “s” is a differentiation operator.
The relative speed computation component 33 is configured to compute the relative speed ΔV versus the preceding vehicle based on the inter-vehicle distance L from the preceding vehicle detected by the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12. More specifically, the inter-vehicle distance L is subjected to a bandpass filter Fd(s) given by the following Equation (3), and the relative speed ΔV is computed.
Fd(s)=ωc2s/(s2+2ζcωcs+ωc2) (3)
In Equation (3), term “ωc” is a characteristic frequency, term “ζc” is an attenuation coefficient, and these terms are determined by the magnitude of the noise component included in the inter-vehicle distance L, and by the permissible fluctuation in short-period body longitudinal acceleration. The term “s” is a differentiation operator. The relative speed ΔV can also be computed by subjecting the inter-vehicle distance L to a high-pass filter instead of a bandpass filter.
The target vehicle speed computation component 34 is configured to compute the target vehicle speed V* for matching the inter-vehicle distance L to the inter-vehicle distance command value Lt by using a feedback compensator. More specifically, the target vehicle speed V* is computed based on the relative speed ΔV and the inter-vehicle distance L versus the preceding vehicle by the following Equation (4).
V*=Vt−{fd(Lt−L)+fv*ΔV} (4)
In Equation (4), term “fd” is the distance control gain, term “fv” is the vehicle speed control gain, and term “Vt” is the preceding vehicle speed (Vt=V+ΔV).
The vehicle speed control component 35 is configured to compute a target braking force F0r for matching the vehicle speed V to the target vehicle speed V* or the set vehicle speed Vset. The vehicle speed control component 35 is also configured to determine the throttle valve opening command value θ* the gear ratio command value Ts, and the braking pressure command value P* based on the target braking force F0r, and then output the result to the engine controller 8, the transmission controller 10, and the brake controller 11.
In step S1, the various data needed for driving control is read by the driving controller 9. This data includes, among other things the operation status of the adaptive cruise control inputs or switches 17-22, whether a preceding vehicle is present in the host vehicle lane and the inter-vehicle distance L as detected by the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12, preceding road information and/or preceding vehicle information detected by the camera 12 and the image processor 13, the vehicle speed V detected by the vehicle speed sensor 15, the amount of accelerator pedal operation detected by an accelerator pedal sensor 16, and so forth.
In step S2, the driving controller 9 determines whether or not preceding vehicle following control is in progress. If the main switch 17 is on and a preceding vehicle has been recognized, then inter-vehicle distance control is performed so that the inter-vehicle distance L to the preceding vehicle will be the target value L*. When preceding vehicle following control is in progress, the program proceeds to step S3, but if preceding vehicle following control is not in progress, processing is concluded.
In step S3, the driving controller 9 determines whether the system has lost sight of the preceding vehicle. In this embodiment, even though a preceding vehicle in the host vehicle lane is recognized by the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12, and the inter-vehicle distance L to that preceding vehicle has been detected, if the preceding vehicle in the host vehicle lane can suddenly no longer be recognized, and the inter-vehicle distance L cannot be detected, the driving controller 9 determines that the system has lost sight of the preceding vehicle. If the preceding vehicle has disappeared from sight, the program proceeds to step S4, and if a preceding vehicle can still be recognized, processing is concluded.
In step S4, the driving controller 9 determines whether or not the preceding vehicle is no longer visible. A preceding vehicle may become invisible when blocked by a building while crossing an intersection or going around a curve, or may become invisible upon cresting the top of a hill. Alternatively, a preceding vehicle may become invisible because it has passed a parked vehicle ahead.
Even if the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12 has lost sight of the preceding vehicle, if the preceding vehicle can be detected by the camera 13 and the image processor 14, then processing is concluded without generating a preliminary braking force. The camera 13 and the image processor 14 assume the role of the driver's eyes, and there is little need to generate a preliminary braking force when a preceding vehicle is present without the camera image, that is, the driver's field of vision, even if the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12 has lost sight of the preceding vehicle. A situation such as this can occur, for example, when the host vehicle or the preceding vehicle makes a sudden lane change.
Meanwhile, when the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12 loses sight of the preceding vehicle, and the camera 13 and the image processor 14 also lose sight of the preceding vehicle, the program proceeds to step S5 in order to generate a preliminary braking force. In step S5, the preliminary braking force Pp is computed.
Then in step S6, an actuator is driven by the brake controller 11 to generate the preliminary braking force Pp. As a result, when a preceding vehicle that has disappeared from sight during preceding vehicle following control is discovered again, a braking force can be generated without delay with respect to the brake operation by the driver since the preliminary braking force has already been generated. Thus, the brakes 7a to 7d respond more quickly to braking operation so that braking is improved and the free running distance is shortened even if the discovered preceding vehicle is decelerating.
In step S7 after the preliminary braking force Pp has been applied, the driving controller 9 determines if an accelerate operation has been performed by using the accelerator pedal sensor 16 to detect if the accelerator pedal has been depressed, or by detecting if the set vehicle speed Vset has been increased with the accelerate switch 19. If an accelerate operation has been performed, the program proceeds to step S8, and an actuator is driven by the brake controller 11 to cancel the preliminary braking force Pp. This allows vehicle behavior to be obtained in accordance with the intentions of the driver. If in step S7, the driver has not performed an accelerator operation, the driving controller 9 proceeds to step S9.
In step S9, the driving controller 9 determines if a preceding vehicle has been re-recognized by the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12 or by the camera 13 and the image processor 14, and if a preceding vehicle still cannot be re-recognized, the program proceeds to step S5, and the generation of the preliminary braking force Pp is continued as discussed above.
On the other hand, if in step S9, a preceding vehicle has been re-recognized, the program proceeds to step S10, where the driving controller 9 determines whether or not preload can be canceled. In this embodiment, whether or not preload is canceled is determined on the basis of the inter-vehicle distance L and the relative speed Δv versus the re-recognized preceding vehicle.
If cancellation of the preliminary braking force was permitted in step S10, the program proceeds to step S8, where an actuator is driven by the brake controller 11 to cancel the preliminary braking force Pp. On the other hand, if the cancellation of the preliminary braking force was prohibited, the program proceeds to step S5 and the generation of the preliminary braking force Pp is continued.
Methods for calculating the preliminary braking force Pp by the driving controller 9 will now be described. The first calculation method is one in which the preliminary braking force Pp is raised in inverse proportion to the target acceleration of the host vehicle. When a preceding vehicle is lost sight of, the host vehicle accelerates to the set vehicle speed Vset if the host vehicle speed V is lower than the set vehicle speed Vset. The target acceleration α* here is assumed to be decided according to the vehicle speed when the preceding vehicle has disappeared from sight, for example, and is mapped out ahead of time. As shown in
The second calculation method involves raising the preliminary braking force Pp in inverse proportion to the radius of curvature of a curved road. The smaller is the radius of curvature of a curved road, the closer the host vehicle has to be to a preceding vehicle to re-recognize a preceding vehicle that has gone out of sight. In a case such as this, if the preceding vehicle brakes and decelerates suddenly, the host vehicle may get too close to the preceding vehicle and have to brake suddenly as well. In view of this, as shown in
The third calculation method involves raising the preliminary braking force Pp in proportion to the downhill grade. When a preceding vehicle disappears from sight, the host vehicle accelerates to the set vehicle speed Vset if the host vehicle speed V is lower than the set vehicle speed Vset. Since speed response improves in proportion to the steepness of the downhill grade, if a preceding vehicle that has disappeared from sight suddenly brakes and decelerates, the host vehicle may get too close to the preceding vehicle and have to brake suddenly as well. In view of this, as shown in
The fourth calculation method involves raising the preliminary braking force Pp in inverse proportion the attention being paid by the driver to the preceding vehicle. The fixation point of the driver is detected, and the fixation distance, fixation range, fixation frequency, etc., of the driver is detected as shown in
The fixation point of the driver can be detected, for example, by projecting infrared light onto the face of the driver, capturing an image of the driver's face with an infrared camera, subjecting the captured image to image processing such as digitization or characteristic feature extraction, and detecting the driver's nostrils, the inner and outer corners of the eye, the position of the pupil, and the position of the reflection points generated at the cornea of the eyeball by projection of infrared light. Then, the direction in which the drivers' face is oriented is directed on the basis of these detection results, and the direction of the driver's line of sight is detected on the basis of the corneal reflection points and the direction in which the driver's face is oriented. The fixation point in the direction of the driver's line of sight is then detected on the basis of the positional relationship between the space inside and outside the vehicle and the driver's face (prestored in memory). The method for detecting the fixation point of the driver is not limited to the method discussed above.
Whether or not the driver was looking at the preceding vehicle before the driver lost sight of the preceding vehicle, and how long the driver has been looking away from the vicinity of the preceding vehicle, are detected on the basis of the driver's fixation point information and information such as a preceding vehicle and white lines ahead of the vehicle detected by the camera 13 and the image processor 14. If the driver was not looking at the preceding vehicle just before the preceding vehicle disappeared from sight, the preliminary braking force Pp is raised by multiplying the preliminary braking force Pp by a coefficient K (such as 1.2). The preliminary braking force Pp can also be raised in proportion to how long the driver was not looking at the preceding vehicle before the preceding vehicle disappeared from sight, as shown in
When the attention of the driver with regard to the preceding vehicle has decreased, it is more likely that a decision to apply the brakes will be late, so the attention of the driver with regard to the preceding vehicle is estimated from the driver's fixation point information and the information about what is ahead of the vehicle provided by the camera image, the preliminary braking force Pp is raised in proportion to how much the driver's attention to the preceding vehicle is judged to have decreased because of looking to the side, etc., and a preliminary braking force that is suited to the delayed decision to apply the brakes can be achieved.
In the embodiment discussed above, the preceding vehicle was considered to have disappeared from sight when the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12 lost sight of the preceding vehicle and no preceding vehicle could be detected in the host vehicle lane by the camera 13 and the image processor 14. This makes it possible to accurately determine that the preceding vehicle has disappeared from sight, and the unnecessary generation of the preliminary braking force can be avoided. However, just the inter-vehicle distance sensor 12 can be used to detect that the preceding vehicle has disappeared from sight, without installing the expensive camera 13 and image processor 14, and this allows the device to be less expensive.
Also, a hydraulic braking device was used in the above embodiment, but the present invention is not limited to a hydraulic braking device, and an electric braking device or a link-type braking device can be used instead. With an electric braking device, preliminary braking force can be imparted by adjusting the current flowing to the electric motor. Electric braking devices have been disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Applications H11-093991 and 2000-110860, for example, and the braking devices disclosed in these patent documents can be applied to the present invention. Also, with a link-type braking device in which the brake pedal and the brakes are linked with wires, for example, an actuator that drives the wires can be provided at some point along the link, and the preliminary braking force imparted by controlling the drive of this actuator. Furthermore, the braking device in the present invention may be either a disc brake or drum brake system.
In the illustrated embodiments, the constituent elements of the claims and the constituent elements of the embodiments are in the following corresponding relationships. The inter-vehicle distance sensor 12 constitutes the inter-vehicle distance detection section. The driving controller 9 constitutes the preceding vehicle following control section. The driving controller 9 also constitutes the preliminary braking force control section. The driving controller 9 also constitutes at least one of the radius of curvature estimation section, the downhill grade detection section and the visual fixation point detection section. The driving controller 9 further constitutes the preceding vehicle fixation point determination section. The camera 13 and the image processor 14 constitute the preceding vehicle detection section. The accelerator pedal sensor 16 and the accelerate switch 19 constitute the acceleration operation detection section. The various constituent elements are not limited to the above constitution, as long as the characteristic function of the present invention is not lost.
As used herein, the following directional terms “forward, rearward, above, downward, vertical, horizontal, below and transverse” as well as any other similar directional terms refer to those directions of a vehicle equipped with the present invention. Accordingly, these terms, as utilized to describe the present invention should be interpreted relative to a vehicle equipped with the present invention. The term “detect” as used herein to describe an operation or function carried out by a component, a section, a device or the like includes a component, a section, a device or the like that does not require physical detection, but rather includes determining or computing or the like to carry out the operation or function. The term “configured” as used herein to describe a component, section or part of a device includes hardware and/or software that is constructed and/or programmed to carry out the desired function. The terms of degree such as “substantially”, “about” and “approximately” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. For example, these terms can be construed as including a deviation of at least ±5% of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies.
While only selected embodiments have been chosen to illustrate the present invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. Furthermore, the foregoing descriptions of the embodiments according to the present invention are provided for illustration only, and not for the purpose of limiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. Thus, the scope of the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004-039284 | Feb 2004 | JP | national |
This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/033,837 filed on Jan. 13, 2005. The entire disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/033,837 is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Also this application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-039284. The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-039284 is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11033837 | Jan 2005 | US |
| Child | 12135746 | US |
