Patent Application
20220145824
The present disclosure relates to control of an engine according to a flow inside a cylinder.
Increasing combustion speed is beneficial to improve the fuel efficiency of an engine. In an engine provided with spark plugs, each spark plug ignites a mixture gas inside a cylinder to generate a flame around the spark plug. Then, the flame is propagated entirely inside the cylinder while causing a reaction of unburned mixture gas, and the combustion for one cycle finishes. Therefore, in order to accelerate the reaction of the unburned mixture gas to the flame and to increase the combustion speed, it is preferable to increase a contacting area between the flame and the unburned mixture gas, and to generate a strong turbulence. Conventionally, a swirl flow and a tumble flow are generated inside the cylinder in order to accelerate the generation of the turbulence inside the cylinder.
Although it is known that the turbulence is generated when the flow inside the cylinder is crushed (broken) before a piston reaches a top dead center during a compression stroke, the state of the intake flow may vary between cycles. Therefore, conventionally, various methods are examined for estimating the in-cylinder flow.
For example, JP2014-145306A discloses a technology to cause a spark plug provided to a combustion chamber to ignite a plurality of times so as to detect a current value of an electric-discharge channel of the spark plug, and control an ignition timing according to an in-cylinder flow which is estimated based on the detected current value.
Here, the present inventors conducted a diligent study for improving the combustion according to the flow estimated based on the current value of the electric-discharge channel as described in JP2014-145306A. As a result, it became apparent that the state of the in-cylinder flow in a latter half of a compression stroke varies according to a position of the center of a vortex formed inside the cylinder by the intake flow, and this fluctuation in the flowing state may be one factor for combustion variations.
A tumble-vortex component and a swirl-vortex component are combined in the intake flow to form an oblique in-cylinder flow. When the centers of the vortexes exist around the central part of the cylinder in the side vies and the plan view, respectively, the rotating flow is maintained also in the latter half of the compression stroke. As a result, the turbulence becomes uniform or substantially uniform entirely inside the cylinder. In this case, the flame is uniformly or substantially uniformly propagated from around the center toward a peripheral part inside the cylinder.
However, the present inventors found that, when the center of the tumble vortex deviates downward of the cylinder in the side view, the vortex center contacts a top surface of the piston and a lower half of the tumble vortex is broken, which causes the in-cylinder flow to form a forward one-way flow from an intake-valve side to an exhaust-valve side. With the forward one-way flow, the turbulence in an area inside the cylinder on the exhaust-valve side is strong whereas the turbulence in an area on the intake-valve side is weak. In such a case, although the flame is easily propagated toward the exhaust-side area, the propagation toward the intake-side area is difficult.
Moreover, when the center of the tumble vortex deviates upward of the cylinder in the side view, the vortex center contacts a ceiling of the cylinder, and an upper half of the tumble vortex is broken, which causes the in-cylinder flow to form a backward one-way flow from the exhaust-valve side to the intake-valve side. With the backward one-way flow, the turbulence in the intake-side area of the cylinder is strong whereas the turbulence in the exhaust-side area is weak. In such a case, although the flame is easily propagated toward the intake-side area, the propagation toward the exhaust-side area is difficult.
On the other hand, the present inventors found that, when the center of the swirl vortex deviates outward of the cylinder in the plan view, part of the flame under the propagation from the central part toward the peripheral part inside the cylinder is disturbed by the swirl flow deviated from the center of the cylinder, and thus, the propagation of the flame toward a specific area is difficult.
The obstruction of the flame propagation toward the partial area inside the cylinder lowers the combustion speed, and causes combustion variation. Therefore, in order to reduce the combustion variation of the engine, it is necessary to accelerate the flame propagation toward the partial area according to the state of the in-cylinder flow. When the combustion variation of the engine is reduced, fuel efficiency of the engine improves.
Therefore, the present disclosure is made in view of the above situation, and one purpose thereof is to provide a method of controlling an engine, capable of reducing combustion variation by estimating a state of a flow inside a cylinder and controlling a spark plug according to the flowing state.
As a result of further diligent study to solve the problem, the present inventors found that the position of the vortex inside the cylinder can be estimated by detecting a current value of an electric-discharge channel which is generated between electrodes of a spark plug during an intake stroke or a compression stroke before starting the combustion of the mixture gas, and thus, the flowing state in a latter half of the compression stroke can be estimated.
According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method of controlling an engine by using a controller is provided. The engine includes a cylinder with a pentroof ceiling, air being introduced into the cylinder through an intake valve provided to the ceiling, an ignition device including a spark plug provided at or near the center axis of the cylinder, and a fuel injector provided at or near the center axis of the cylinder. The method includes the steps of injecting main fuel by the fuel injector during one of an intake stroke and a compression stroke, and providing a mixture gas containing fuel and air inside the cylinder, applying by the ignition device a high voltage between electrodes of the spark plug at a timing when the mixture gas is not ignited, and detecting a parameter related to a current value of an electric-discharge channel generated between the electrodes, determining by the controller whether the detected parameter is within a range between a first threshold and a second threshold to determine a flowing state of a vortex inside the cylinder, operating the spark plug to carry out a supplemental ignition when the parameter is determined to be outside the range, and igniting the mixture gas by operation of the spark plug after the supplemental ignition.
Here, for convenience, a “forward one-way flow” indicates a flow from an intake-valve side to an exhaust-valve side, and a “backward one-way flow” indicates a flow from the exhaust-valve side to the intake-valve side; however, they may be the opposite.
The engine of this configuration includes the cylinder with the pentroof ceiling, the spark plug provided at or near the center axis of the cylinder, and the fuel injector provided at or near the center axis of the cylinder. Since the ceiling is the pentroof type, the intake air introduced into the cylinder forms a tumble vortex, and the intake air introduced into the cylinder through the intake valve also forms a swirl vortex. The flow inside the cylinder becomes oblique with respect to the cylinder axis.
During the intake stroke or the compression stroke, the mixture gas is formed inside the cylinder by the injecting main fuel by the fuel injector, and the ignition device applies the high voltage between the electrodes of the spark plug at the timing when the mixture gas is not ignited, and generates the electric-discharge channel between the electrodes. In the detecting the parameter, the parameter related to the current value of the electric-discharge channel generated at the spark plug is detected. Note that the detecting the parameter may be after or before the main fuel injection.
The electric arc of the discharge channel generated between the electrodes by energy being applied to the spark plug, is extended as the intensity of the flow around the spark plug increases. The extension of the electric-discharge channel increases the resistance between the electrodes, which accelerates a decrease in the voltage applied between the electrodes. As a result, a period of time required for the consumption of the energy applied to the spark plug (i.e., a discharge duration) becomes shorter. The present inventors found that the ignition device can measure the intensity of the flow around the spark plug by detecting the discharge duration of the current as the parameter related to the current value, and can estimate, based on the measured intensity, the center of the vortex inside the cylinder.
In more detail, when the center of the tumble vortex positions around the center of the combustion chamber in a side view, since the center of the tumble vortex separates from the spark plug to a certain extent, the intensity of the flow around the spark plug becomes moderate. In this case, the parameter falls within the range between the first threshold and the second threshold. When the center of the tumble vortex deviates upward in the cylinder, since the center of the tumble vortex is near the spark plug, the intensity of the flow around the spark plug becomes weak (i.e., the flow is slow). In this case, the parameter exceeds the second threshold. When the center of the tumble vortex deviates downward in the cylinder, since the center of the tumble vortex is far from the spark plug, the intensity of the flow around the spark plug becomes strong (i.e., the flow is fast). In this case, the parameter falls below the first threshold. The controller determines whether the detected parameter is below the first threshold or above the second threshold. Accordingly, the controller can estimate, before igniting the mixture gas inside the cylinder, whether the flow is the forward one-way flow or the backward one-way flow and whether an area where the turbulence is weak exists.
Moreover, when the center of the swirl vortex positions around the center of the cylinder in a plan view, the intensity of the flow around the spark plug becomes moderate, and the parameter falls within the range between the first threshold and the second threshold. When the center of the swirl vortex deviates from the center of the cylinder, the intensity of the flow around the spark plug becomes weak and the parameter exceeds the second threshold, and alternatively, the intensity of the flow around the spark plug becomes strong and the parameter falls below the first threshold. The controller determines whether the detected parameter is below the first threshold or above the second threshold so that it can estimate whether an area where the flame is difficult to propagate exists before igniting the mixture gas inside the cylinder.
Moreover, when the parameter is determined to be below the first threshold or above the second threshold, the spark plug operates in the operating the spark plug. The hot plasma generated inside the cylinder due to the electric discharge is carried by the flow to the area where the turbulence is weak or the area where the flame is difficult to propagate (hereinafter, referred to as a “specific area”). Therefore, the temperature of the mixture gas in the specific area can be increased. In the igniting the mixture gas after the supplemental ignition, the spark plug ignites the mixture gas to accelerate the flame propagation toward the specific area, and the flame is uniformly or substantially uniformly propagated entirely inside the cylinder. As a result, the combustion speed increases.
As described above, by the spark plug carrying out the supplemental ignition as needed according to the flowing state inside the cylinder of each cycle, the combustion speed is made to be constant or substantially constant between the cycles, and thus, combustion variation is reduced. The fuel efficiency of this engine improves.
The operating the spark plug may include, when the parameter is determined to be below the first threshold in the determining whether the parameter is within the range, operating the spark plug at a first operation timing, and when the parameter is determined to be above the second threshold, operating the spark plug at a second operation timing retarded from the first operation timing.
When the parameter is determined to be below the first threshold, the tumble vortex flows as the forward one-way flow from the intake-valve side to the exhaust-valve side in the latter half of the compression stroke, and thus, the turbulence on the intake-valve side is not likely be generated. When the parameter is determined to be below the first threshold, by the spark plug carrying out the supplemental ignition at the relatively advanced timing, the hot plasma does not receive high compression pressure inside the cylinder, and rides on the flow of the tumble vortex to be carried from the exhaust-valve side to the intake-valve side area. Thus, the mixture gas on the intake-valve side can be increased in the temperature at the ignition timing.
On the other hand, when the parameter is determined to be above the second threshold, the tumble vortex becomes the backward one-way flow from the exhaust-valve side to the intake-valve side in the latter half of the compression stroke, and thus, the turbulence on the exhaust-valve side is not likely be generated. When the parameter is determined to be above the second threshold, by the spark plug carrying out the supplemental ignition at the relatively retarded timing, the hot plasma receives high compression pressure inside the cylinder, and stays in the central part inside the cylinder when seen in a side view, and then flows toward the exhaust valve where the flow is weak. Thus, the mixture gas on the exhaust-valve side can be increased in the temperature at the ignition timing.
Moreover, when the parameter is determined to be below the first threshold, the center of the swirl vortex deviates toward the intake valve. This is because the maximum flow velocity of the intake flow introduced into the cylinder is comparatively low in the velocity distribution in the radial direction, and a kurtosis of the flow velocity distribution is low. In this case, the flame is difficult to propagate toward the intake-valve side area. When the parameter is determined to be below the first threshold, the spark plug carries out the supplemental ignition at the relatively advanced timing. Accordingly, the hot plasma rides on the flow of the swirl vortex to be carried to the intake-valve side area taking a long time. Thus, the mixture gas near the intake valve can be increased in the temperature at the ignition timing.
On the other hand, when the parameter is determined to be above the second threshold, the center of the swirl vortex deviates toward the exhaust valve. This is because the flow velocity of the intake flow introduced into the cylinder is extremely high near a liner. Also in this case, the flame is difficult to propagate toward the intake-valve side area. When the parameter is determined to be above the second threshold, the spark plug carries out the supplemental ignition at the relatively retarded timing. Accordingly, the hot plasma rides on the fast flow near the liner to be carried to the intake-valve side area quickly. Thus, the mixture gas near the intake valve can be increased in the temperature at the ignition timing.
The applying the high voltage may include detecting the parameter by the ignition device at a timing between an opening of the intake valve and a closing of the intake valve. The determining whether the detected parameter is within the range may include determining by the controller a flowing state of a swirl vortex inside the cylinder based on the parameter.
The oblique flow generated by the tumble flow and the swirl flow can be divided into the tumble vortex and the swirl vortex. The center of the swirl vortex mainly caused by the swirl flow stabilizes in a period during the intake stroke between the opening and the closing of the intake valve. Thus, by the ignition device detecting the parameter in the period between the opening and the closing of the intake valve, the controller can accurately estimate the flowing state including the center of the swirl vortex.
The applying the high voltage may include detecting the parameter by the ignition device after a given time constant passes from the opening of the intake valve.
The intake air easily varies for a certain period from the moment when the intake valve opens. Thus, by not allowing the ignition device to detect the parameter for the certain period, the controller can further accurately estimate the center of the swirl vortex.
The applying the high voltage may include detecting the parameter by the ignition device after the closing of the intake valve. The determining whether the detected parameter is within the range may include determining by the controller a flowing state of a tumble vortex inside the cylinder based on the parameter.
The center of the tumble vortex mainly caused by the tumble flow stabilizes in a period during the compression stroke after the closing of the intake valve. Thus, by the ignition device detecting the parameter after the closing of the intake valve, the controller can accurately estimate the flowing state including the center of the tumble vortex.
The applying the high voltage may include detecting the parameter by the ignition device during the intake stroke and during the compression stroke.
That is, by the ignition device detecting the parameter during both of the intake stroke and the compression stroke, as described above, the controller can estimate the positions of the center of the vortex comprised of the swirl vortex component and the center of the vortex comprised of the tumble vortex component, and thus, the state of the oblique flow inside the cylinder can be estimated accurately.
According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an engine system is provided, which includes an engine and a controller. The engine includes a cylinder with a pentroof ceiling, air being introduced into the cylinder through an intake valve provided to the ceiling, an ignition device including a spark plug provided at or near the center axis of the cylinder, and a fuel injector provided at or near the center axis of the cylinder, and the controller is electrically connected to the ignition device and the fuel injector. The controller includes a processor configured to execute a main fuel injection module to control the fuel injector to inject main fuel during one of an intake stroke and a compression stroke, and provide a mixture gas containing fuel and air inside the cylinder, a determination module to control the ignition device to apply a high voltage between electrodes of the spark plug at a timing when the mixture gas is not ignited, and detect a parameter related to a current value of an electric-discharge channel generated between the electrodes, and to determine whether the parameter detected by the ignition device is within a range between a first threshold and a second threshold to determine a flowing state of a vortex inside the cylinder, a supplemental ignition control module to control the ignition device to operate the spark plug when the determination module determines that the parameter is outside the range, and a main ignition control module to control the ignition device to ignite the mixture gas by the spark plug after the supplemental ignition control module operates the spark plug.
Such an engine system is based on the knowledge of the present inventors that the center of the vortex inside the cylinder can be estimated when the ignition device detects the parameter related to the current value of the electric-discharge channel generated between the electrodes of the spark plug, as described above.
The controller causes the spark plug to carry out the supplemental ignition as needed according to the estimated center of the vortex, before the main ignition. Thus, the mixture gas in the specific area can be increased in the temperature in the latter half of the compression stroke.
The controller then controls the ignition device so that the spark plug ignites the mixture gas, which increases the combustion speed in the area where the temperature of the mixture gas is high.
As described above, by carrying out the supplemental ignition as needed in each cycle, the combustion speed is made to be constant or substantially constant between the cycles, and thus, combustion variation is reduced.
When the determination module determines that the parameter is below the first threshold, the spark plug may operate at a first operation timing, and when the determination module determines that the parameter is above the second threshold, the spark plug may operate at a second operation timing retarded from the first operation timing.
By changing the timing of the supplemental ignition based on the magnitude relationship between the parameter, and the first threshold and the second threshold, the mixture gas at the high temperature can be positioned in the specific area.
The ignition device may detect the parameter at a timing between an opening of the intake valve and a closing of the intake valve. The controller may determine a flowing state of a swirl vortex inside the cylinder based on the parameter.
As described above, by the ignition device detecting the parameter during the intake stroke between the opening and the closing of the intake valve, the controller can accurately estimate the center of the swirl vortex.
The ignition device may detect the parameter after a given time constant passes from the opening of the intake valve.
As described above, the intake air easily varies for a certain period from the moment when the intake valve opens. Thus, by not allowing the ignition device to detect the parameter for the certain period, the controller can further accurately estimate the center of the vortex of the swirl vortex.
The ignition device may detect the parameter after the closing of the intake valve. The controller may determine a flowing state of a tumble vortex inside the cylinder based on the parameter.
As described above, by the ignition device detecting the parameter during the compression stroke after the closing of the intake valve, the controller can accurately estimate the center of the tumble vortex.
The ignition device may detect the parameter during the intake stroke and during the compression stroke.
As described above, by the ignition device detecting the parameter during both of the intake stroke and the compression stroke, the controller can estimate the positions of the center of the vortex comprised of the swirl vortex component and the center of the vortex comprised of the tumble vortex component, and thus, the state of the oblique flow inside the cylinder can be estimated accurately.
According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, an engine system is provided, which includes an engine and a controller. The engine is mounted on an automobile and includes a cylinder with a pentroof ceiling, air being introduced into the cylinder through an intake valve provided to the ceiling, an ignition device including a spark plug provided at or near the center axis of the cylinder, and a fuel injector provided at or near the center axis of the cylinder. The controller is electrically connected to the ignition device and the fuel injector. The controller includes a processor configured to execute a main fuel injection module to control the fuel injector to inject main fuel during one of an intake stroke and a compression stroke, and provide a mixture gas containing fuel and air inside the cylinder, a determination module to control the ignition device to apply a high voltage between electrodes of the spark plug at a timing when the mixture gas is not ignited, and detect a parameter related to a current value of an electric-discharge channel generated between the electrodes, and to determine whether the parameter detected by the ignition device is within a range between a first threshold and a second threshold so as to determine a flowing state of a vortex inside the cylinder, a supplemental ignition control module to control the ignition device to operate the spark plug when the determination module determines that the parameter is outside the range, and a main ignition control module to control the ignition device to ignite the mixture gas by the spark plug after the supplemental ignition control module operates the spark plug.
The fuel of the engine may be gasoline.
Hereinafter, one embodiment of a method of controlling an engine, and an engine system is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The engine, the engine system, and the engine control method described herein are merely illustration.
The engine system includes an engine 1. The engine 1 includes cylinders 11, and is a four-stroke engine in which an intake stroke, a compression stroke, an expansion stroke, and an exhaust stroke are repeated in each cylinder 11. The engine 1 is mounted on a four-wheeled automobile, and the automobile travels according to the operation of the engine 1. Fuel of the engine 1 is gasoline in this example.
The engine 1 is provided with a cylinder block 12 and a cylinder head 13. The cylinder head 13 is placed on the cylinder block 12. A plurality of cylinders 11 are formed inside the cylinder block 12. The engine 1 is a multi-cylinder engine. In
A piston 3 is inserted into each cylinder 11. The piston 3 is coupled to a crankshaft 15 through a connecting rod 14. The piston 3 reciprocates inside the cylinder 11. The piston 3, the cylinder 11, and the cylinder head 13 define a combustion chamber 17.
As illustrated in the lower part of
The cylinder head 13 is formed with intake ports 18 for the cylinders 11 such that each intake port 18 communicates with the inside of the corresponding cylinder 11. Although detailed illustration is omitted, the intake port 18 is a so-called tumble port. That is, the intake port 18 has a shape which generates a tumble flow inside the cylinder 11. The pentroof ceiling of the cylinder 11 and the tumble port generate the tumble flow inside the cylinder 11.
Each intake port 18 is provided with the intake valve 21. The intake valve 21 opens and closes the intake port 18. A valve operating mechanism opens and closes the intake valve 21 at a given timing. The valve operating mechanism may be a variable valve operating mechanism which varies a valve timing and/or a valve lift. As illustrated in
The cylinder head 13 is formed with exhaust ports 19 for the cylinders 11 such that each exhaust port 19 communicates with the inside of the corresponding cylinder 11.
Each exhaust port 19 is provided with the exhaust valve 22. The exhaust valve 22 opens and closes the exhaust port 19. A valve operating mechanism opens and closes the exhaust valve 22 at a given timing. The valve operating mechanism may be a variable valve operating mechanism which varies a valve timing and/or a valve lift. As illustrated in
Injectors 6 are attached to the cylinder head 13 for the respective cylinders 11. As illustrated in
The injector 6 directly injects fuel into the cylinder 11. The injector 6 is one example of a fuel injector, and is of a multiple nozzle hole type having a plurality of nozzle holes (not illustrated in detail). As illustrated by two-dot chain lines in
The injector 6 is connected to a fuel supply system 61. The fuel supply system 61 is comprised of a fuel tank 63 which stores fuel, and a fuel supply passage 62 which couples the fuel tank 63 to the injector 6. A fuel pump 65 and a common rail 64 are interposed in the fuel supply passage 62. The fuel pump 65 pumps fuel to the common rail 64. The fuel pump 65 is a plunger-type pump driven by the crankshaft 15 in this example. The common rail 64 stores at a high fuel pressure the fuel pumped from the fuel pump 65. When the injector 6 is valve-opened, the fuel stored in the common rail 64 is injected into the cylinder 11 from the nozzle holes of the injector 6. The pressure of the fuel supplied to the injector 6 may be changed according to the operating state of the engine 1. Note that the configuration of the fuel supply system 61 is not limited to the configuration described above.
Spark plugs 25 are attached to the cylinder head 13 for the respective cylinders 11. Each spark plug 25 forcibly ignites a mixture gas inside the cylinder 11. Although detailed illustration is omitted, a center electrode and a ground electrode of the spark plug 25 are positioned at the central part of the cylinder 11 in the plan view, near the ceiling.
As illustrated in
The engine 1 is connected at one side to an intake passage 40. The intake passage 40 communicates with the intake ports 18 of the cylinders 11. Air to be introduced into the cylinders 11 flows through the intake passage 40. The intake passage 40 is provided at its upstream-end part with an air cleaner 41. The air cleaner 41 filters the air. The intake passage 40 is provided, near its downstream end, with a surge tank 42. A part of the intake passage 40 downstream of the surge tank 42 constitutes independent passages branching for the respective cylinders 11. Downstream ends of the independent passages are connected to the intake ports 18 of the cylinders 11, respectively.
The intake passage 40 is provided, between the air cleaner 41 and the surge tank 42, with a throttle valve 43. The throttle valve 43 adjusts the opening of the valve to control an amount of air to be introduced into the cylinder 11.
The engine 1 is provided with a swirl generator which generates a swirl flow inside the cylinders 11. Although detailed illustration is omitted, the swirl generator has a swirl control valve 56 attached to the intake passage 40. The intake passage 40 includes a first intake passage 18a and a second intake passage 18b (see
Note that instead of generating the swirl flow by the swirl control valve 56, the intake port 18 of the engine 1 may be configured to be a helical port capable of generating the swirl flow.
The engine 1 is connected at the other side to an exhaust passage 50. The exhaust passage 50 communicates with the exhaust ports 19 of the cylinders 11. The exhaust passage 50 is a passage through which exhaust gas discharged from the cylinders 11 flows. Although detailed illustration is omitted, an upstream part of the exhaust passage 50 constitutes independent passages branching for the respective cylinders 11. Upstream ends of the independent passages are connected to the exhaust ports 19 of the cylinders 11, respectively.
The exhaust passage 50 is provided with an exhaust gas purification system having a plurality of catalytic converters. An upstream catalytic converter includes a three-way catalyst 511 and a GPF (Gasoline Particulate Filter) 512. A downstream catalytic converter includes a three-way catalyst 513. Note that the exhaust gas purification system is not limited to the illustrated configuration. For example, the GPF may be omitted. Moreover, the catalytic converter is not limited to the one including the three-way catalyst. Further, the disposed order of the three-way catalyst and the GPF may be changed suitably.
An exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) passage 52 is connected between the intake passage 40 and the exhaust passage 50. The EGR passage 52 is a passage through which a part of exhaust gas recirculates to the intake passage 40. An upstream end of the EGR passage 52 is connected to a part of the exhaust passage 50 between the upstream and downstream catalytic converters. A downstream end of the EGR passage 52 is connected to a part of the intake passage 40 between the throttle valve 43 and the surge tank 42.
The EGR passage 52 is provided with an EGR cooler 53 of a water-cooled type. The EGR cooler 53 cools exhaust gas. The EGR passage 52 is also provided with an EGR valve 54. The EGR valve 54 controls a flow rate of exhaust gas flowing through the EGR passage 52. The EGR valve 54 changes its opening to control a recirculating amount of the cooled exhaust gas.
As illustrated in
As illustrated in
The ECU 10 determines the operating state of the engine 1 based on the signals of the sensors SW1-SW9, and also calculates a control amount of each device based on a given control logic stored in the memory 102. The control logic includes calculating a target amount and/or the control amount by using a map stored in the memory 102.
The ECU 10 outputs electric signals related to the calculated control amounts to the injectors 6, the spark plugs 25, the intake S-VT 23, the exhaust S-VT 24, the fuel supply system 61, the throttle valve 43, the EGR valve 54, and the swirl control valve 56.
The ECU 10 electrically connected to the various sensors and devices constitutes a plurality of functional blocks to operate the engine 1, which will be described later.
The center electrode 251 is connected to the secondary coil 70c of the ignition coil 70, and the ground electrode 252 is connected to the ground. When a secondary voltage applied between the electrodes by the secondary coil 70c reaches a voltage required for electrical breakdown, the electric discharge occurs at a gap between the center electrode 251 and the ground electrode 252.
One end of the primary coil 70a is connected to the capacitor 72. The capacitor 72 stores electrical energy to supply a primary current to the primary coil 70a. The energy generator 74 includes a power source, and charges the capacitor 72.
The other end of the primary coil 70a is connected to a collector of the transistor 73. The transistor 73 switches between supplying or not supplying the primary current to the ignition coil 70.
As described above, one end of the secondary coil 70c is connected to the center electrode 251, and the other end is connected to the ignition controller 75.
The ignition controller 75 controls the energy generator 74 and the transistor 73 so that the spark plug 25 ignites the mixture gas inside the cylinder 11 at a given timing.
Moreover, the ignition controller 75 can measure the secondary voltage applied between the electrodes of the spark plug 25 by the secondary coil 70c, and a secondary current flown from the secondary coil 70c to the spark plug 25. As described above, the ignition device 7 causes the spark plug 25 to discharge the electricity when the mixture gas is not ignited, and detects the parameter related to the current value at the time of the electric discharge.
Next, operation control for the engine 1 by the ECU 10 is described. The engine 1 is a spark-ignition engine. The injector 6 injects fuel into the cylinder 11 during an intake stroke or a compression stroke by an amount corresponding to the operating state of the engine 1 to form mixture gas inside the cylinder 11, and the spark plug 25 ignites the mixture gas at a given timing near a compression top dead center (TDC) to combust the mixture gas.
The engine 1 generates a turbulence inside the cylinder 11 to improve fuel efficiency. When the turbulence is generated inside the cylinder 11, combustion speed increases. In detail, the engine 1 is provided with the cylinder 11 with the pentroof ceiling, and the intake port 18 of the tumble-port type. The intake air introduced into the cylinder 11 generates a tumble flow. The engine 1 also includes the swirl control valve 56. When the swirl control valve 56 is closed, the intake air introduced into the cylinder 11 generates a swirl flow. By the tumble flow and the swirl flow being combined together, an oblique flow in which a tumble vortex and a swirl vortex are combined, is generated inside the cylinder 11.
Here, the state of the intake flow inside the cylinder 11 is not the same in every cycle, but may vary depending on various factors. The change in the state of the intake flow may lead to the change in the combustion speed. When the combustion speed varies between cycles, combustion variation of the engine 1 may be caused. The engine system and the method of controlling the engine 1 disclosed herein reduce the combustion variation of the engine 1 by reducing the variations in the combustion speed between the cycles.
In more detail, in this engine system, the state of the flow inside the cylinder 11 is estimated every cycle, as well as the spark plug 25 operating inside the cylinder 11 (performing a supplemental ignition) as needed based on the estimated flowing state.
The ECU 10 also includes a determination module 83 and a supplemental ignition control module 84. As will be described later, the determination module 83 determines the flowing state inside the cylinder 11 based on the parameters detected by using the ignition device 7 and the spark plug 25. The supplemental ignition control module 84 causes the spark plug 25 to carry out electric discharge inside the cylinder as needed before the main ignition of the mixture gas, based on the flowing state inside the cylinder 11 determined by the determination module 83, and generates a hot plasma.
Below, the estimation of the flowing state inside the cylinder 11, which is executed by the engine control device illustrated in
Similarly, chart 602 illustrates the flowing state inside the cylinder 11 in the early half of the compression stroke, where the center of the tumble vortex is at the middle between the piston 3 and the ceiling inside the cylinder 11. Chart 605 illustrates the flowing state inside the cylinder 11 in the latter half of the compression stroke, in which the crank angle progressed from the state of chart 602.
Moreover, chart 603 illustrates the flowing state inside the cylinder 11 in the early half of the compression stroke, where the center of the tumble vortex is near the ceiling inside the cylinder 11. Chart 606 illustrates the flowing state inside the cylinder 11 in the latter half of the compression stroke, in which the crank angle progressed from the state of chart 603.
Note that the early half and the latter half of the compression stroke correspond to the early half and the latter half when the compression stroke is equally divided, respectively.
First, as illustrated in chart 602, when the center of the tumble vortex inside the cylinder 11 is located around the center of the combustion chamber 17 in the side view, the rotating flow is maintained also in the latter half of the compression stroke as indicated by a solid arrow in chart 605. As a result, the turbulence is uniform or substantially uniform entirely inside the cylinder. In this case, the flame is uniformly or substantially uniformly propagated from around the center toward the peripheral part inside the cylinder 11. Since the propagation of the flame is accelerated by the turbulence inside the cylinder 11, the combustion speed is comparatively high.
As illustrated in chart 601, when the center of the tumble vortex deviates downward inside the cylinder 11 in the side view, the vortex center contacts the top surface of the piston 3 and a lower half of the tumble vortex is broken in the latter half of the compression stroke as illustrated in chart 604. Accordingly, as indicated by an arrow in chart 604, the flow inside the cylinder 11 becomes a one-way flow from the intake valve 21 toward the exhaust valve 22. Hereinafter, this one-way flow is referred to as a “forward one-way flow.” When the flow inside the cylinder 11 is the forward one-way flow, the turbulence inside the cylinder 11 is uneven. In detail, while the turbulence in an area on the exhaust-valve side is strong, the turbulence in an area on the intake-valve side (the area surrounded by a one-dot chain line in chart 604) is weak. In such a case, although the flame generated by the ignition of the mixture gas at the central part of the cylinder 11 is easily propagated to the exhaust-side area, the propagation toward the intake-side area is difficult. The combustion speed in the case of chart 604 is lower than the case of chart 605.
As illustrated in chart 603, when the center of the tumble vortex deviates upward inside the cylinder 11 in the side view, the vortex center contacts the ceiling of the cylinder 11 and an upper half of the tumble vortex is broken in the latter half of the compression stroke as illustrated in chart 606. Accordingly, as indicated by arrows in chart 606, the flow inside the cylinder 11 becomes a one-way flow from the exhaust valve 22 toward the intake valve 21. Hereinafter, this one-way flow is referred to as a “backward one-way flow.” When the flow inside the cylinder 11 is the backward one-way flow, the turbulence inside the cylinder 11 is uneven. In detail, while the turbulence in the area on the intake-valve side is strong, the turbulence in the area on the exhaust-valve side (the area surrounded by a one-dot chain line in chart 606) is weak. In such a case, although the flame is easily propagated toward the intake-side area, the propagation toward the exhaust-side area is difficult. The combustion speed in the case of chart 606 is lower than the case of chart 605.
In the engine system, the ignition device 7 detects the flowing state inside the cylinder 11. In detail, the ignition device 7 causes the electric discharge inside the cylinder 11 at a timing when the mixture gas is not ignited, and detects a period of time for which the electric discharge continues (discharge duration). The determination module 83 estimates the intensity of the flow around the spark plug 25 based on the detected discharge duration, and determines the center of the tumble vortex based on the estimated flow intensity.
In more detail, as indicated by solid lines in
As illustrated in chart 802 of
On the other hand, as illustrated in chart 801, when the center of the tumble vortex is near the piston 3 in the early half of the compression stroke, the center of the vortex is largely separated from the spark plug 25. Therefore, the flow velocity Vp around the spark plug 25 is higher than V1.
Moreover, as illustrated in chart 803, when the center of the tumble vortex is near the ceiling in the early half of the compression stroke, the center of the vortex is near the spark plug 25. Therefore, the flow velocity Vp around the spark plug 25 is lower than V2.
The tumble vortex which is formed inside the cylinder 11 mainly by a tumble flow, becomes stable and the center of the tumble vortex is defined during the compression stroke after the intake valve 21 is closed. Therefore, the center of the tumble vortex can be estimated by the spark plug 25 carrying out the electrical discharge (a second electric discharge described later) and the ignition device 7 detecting the discharge duration (a second discharge duration described later) in the early half of the compression stroke. If the discharge duration is shorter than a first threshold corresponding to the velocity V1, the center of the tumble vortex can be estimated to be near the piston 3. If the discharge duration is longer than a second threshold corresponding to the velocity V2, the center of the tumble vortex can be estimated to be near the ceiling. If the discharge duration is between the first threshold and the second threshold, the center of the tumble vortex can be estimated to be at the middle of the combustion chamber 17 in the side view.
Similarly, chart 902 illustrates the flowing state inside the cylinder 11 when the center of the swirl vortex is almost on the axis of the cylinder 11 at the central part of the cylinder 11 during the intake stroke. Chart 905 illustrates the propagation state of the flame after the latter half of the compression stroke, in which the crank angle progressed from the state of chart 902.
Moreover, chart 903 illustrates the flowing state inside the cylinder 11 when the center of the swirl vortex deviates to the intake-valve side inside the cylinder 11 during the intake stroke. Chart 906 illustrates the flowing state inside the cylinder in the latter half of the compression stroke, in which the crank angle progressed from the state of chart 903.
First, as illustrated in chart 902, when the center of the swirl vortex inside the cylinder 11 is located on the axis at the central part of the cylinder 11 in the plan view, the center of the swirl vortex is located near the axis also in the latter half of the compression stroke. The turbulence inside the cylinder 11 is uniform or substantially uniform entirely inside the cylinder 11. When the spark plug 25 ignites the mixture gas at the central part of the cylinder 11, the flame is propagated from the central part toward the peripheral part inside the cylinder 11 while being curved in the circumferential direction by the swirl vortex as indicated by broken arrows in chart 905. The flame is uniformly or substantially uniformly propagated from around the center toward the peripheral part inside the cylinder 11. Since the propagation of the flame is accelerated by the turbulence inside the cylinder 11, the combustion speed is comparatively high.
As illustrated in chart 901, when the center of the swirl vortex deviates to the exhaust-valve side in the plan view, the center of the swirl vortex deviates from the center of the cylinder 11. The turbulence inside the cylinder 11 becomes uneven entirely inside the cylinder 11. Moreover, when the spark plug 25 ignites the mixture gas at the central part of the cylinder 11 near the compression TDC in the latter half of the compression stroke, the flame is propagated from the central part toward the peripheral part inside the cylinder 11 while being curved (turned) in the circumferential direction by the swirl vortex as indicated by broken arrows in Chart 904. Here, the flow velocity of the swirl vortex is higher as being separated from the center of the swirl vortex (see concentric circles in chart 904). That is, the flow velocity of the swirl vortex is relatively high on the intake-valve side which is far from the center of the swirl vortex. Although the flame propagating from the central part of the cylinder 11 to the exhaust-valve side propagates radially outwardly while being curved in the circumferential direction, the flame propagating from the central part of the cylinder 11 to the intake-valve side is intensely curved by the swirl vortex at the high flow velocity, thus the radially outward propagation being difficult. As a result, the flame propagation in the intake-side area is difficult as indicated by the one-dot chain line in chart 904. In this case, the combustion speed is lower than the case of chart 905.
As illustrated in chart 903, also when the center of the swirl vortex deviates to the intake-valve side in the plan view, the center of the swirl vortex deviates from the center of the cylinder 11. The turbulence inside the cylinder 11 becomes uneven entirely inside the cylinder 11. Moreover, when the spark plug 25 ignites the mixture gas at the central part of the cylinder 11 near the compression TDC in the latter half of the compression stroke, the flame is propagated from the central part toward the peripheral part inside the cylinder 11 while being curved in the circumferential direction by the swirl vortex as indicated by broken arrows in chart 906. Here, the direction from the central part to the intake-valve side of the cylinder 11 is the direction opposite from the flow of the swirl vortex in the counterclockwise direction indicated by solid lines in chart 906. As a result, although the flame propagating from the central part of the cylinder 11 to the exhaust-valve side propagates radially outwardly while being curved in the circumferential direction, the flame propagating from the central part of the cylinder 11 to the intake-valve side is pushed back by the flow of the swirl vortex, thus the radially outward propagation being difficult. As a result, the flame propagation in the intake-side area is difficult as indicated by the one-dot chain line in chart 906. In this case, the combustion speed is lower than the case of chart 905.
The intake air is flown into the cylinder 11 mainly from the first intake passage 18a to generate the swirl flow. As illustrated in chart 1002 of
On the other hand, as illustrated in chart 1001, in a case of the flow-velocity distribution in which the flow velocity near the liner is extremely high during the intake stroke, the center of the swirl vortex deviates to the exhaust-valve side. In this case, the flow velocity around the spark plug 25 is lower than V4.
Moreover, as illustrated in chart 1003, when the maximum flow velocity is comparatively low, and a kurtosis of the flow velocity is small in the flow-velocity distribution during the intake stroke, the center of the swirl vortex deviates to the intake-valve side. In this case, the flow velocity around the spark plug 25 is higher than V3.
The swirl vortex formed mainly by a swirl flow inside the cylinder 11 becomes stable during the intake stroke between the opening and closing of the intake valve 21. The ignition device 7 causes the spark plug 25 to carry out the electrical discharge (a first electric discharge described later) and detects the discharge duration (a first discharge duration described later) during the intake stroke. In detail, the flow of the intake air easily changes for a certain period from the opened timing of the intake valve 21. The swirl vortex stabilizes after the certain period from the opening of the intake valve 21, before the closing of the intake valve 21. The ignition device 7 causes the spark plug 25 to carry out the electric discharge after a given period (a time constant At described later) from the opening of the intake valve 21, and detects the discharge duration.
The determination module 83 can determine that the center of the swirl vortex deviates to the intake-valve side when the discharge duration is shorter than the first threshold corresponding to the velocity V3. The determination module 83 can determine that the center of the swirl vortex deviates to the exhaust-valve side when the discharge duration is longer than the second threshold corresponding to the velocity V4. The determination module 83 can determine that the center of the swirl vortex is on the axis at the central part of the cylinder 11 when the discharge duration is between the first threshold and the second threshold. Note that the velocity V3 corresponding to the first threshold and the velocity V1 described above are not necessarily the same. Similarly, the velocity V4 corresponding to the second threshold and the velocity V2 described above are not necessarily the same.
As described above, when the center of the tumble vortex and/or the swirl vortex deviate due to the variation in the intake flow, the area with a small turbulence and/or the area with difficulty in the flame propagation are generated inside the cylinder 11. The supplemental ignition makes the mixture gas increased in the temperature by the hot plasma be positioned in the area with the small turbulence and/or the area with the difficulty in the flame propagation so as to accelerate the flame propagation toward such specific areas.
First, the main fuel injection module 81 causes the injector 6 to inject the main fuel inside the cylinder 11 in a period during the intake stroke between the opening and closing of the intake valve 21 (see a main fuel injection 1104). The main fuel is spread inside the cylinder 11 by the flow, and the mixture gas is generated inside the cylinder 11.
As illustrated in chart 1102, the determination module 83 causes the ignition device 7 and the spark plug 25 to carry out a first electric discharge 1105 at a timing during the intake stroke after the given time constant At passes from the opening of the intake valve 21. The first electric discharge 1105 is the electric discharge which is performed when the mixture gas is not ignited. The ignition device 7 detects the first discharge duration of the first electric discharge. The determination module 83 estimates the center of the swirl vortex based on the first discharge duration detected in the first electric discharge 1105.
The determination module 83 also causes the ignition device 7 and the spark plug 25 to carry out a second electric discharge 1106, for example, in the early half of the compression stroke after the closing of the intake valve 21. Also the second electric discharge 1106 is the electric discharge which is performed when the mixture gas is not ignited. The ignition device 7 detects the second discharge duration of the second electric discharge. The determination module 83 estimates the center of the tumble vortex based on the second discharge duration detected in the second electric discharge 1106.
When both of the first discharge duration and the second discharge duration detected by the ignition device 7 are between the first threshold and the second threshold, the center of the tumble vortex is located at the middle between the piston 3 and the ceiling inside the cylinder 11, and the center of the swirl vortex is located on the axis at the central part of the cylinder 11. In this case, the injection of the supplemental ignition is unnecessary. As illustrated in chart 1102 of
Next, the case where the second discharge duration detected by the ignition device 7 is below (shorter than) the first threshold is described. In this case, the center of the tumble vortex is near the piston 3 inside the cylinder 11, and the forward one-way flow is generated inside the cylinder 11 in the latter half of the compression stroke. As illustrated in chart 1101 of
As illustrated in
The spark plug 25 carries out the first supplemental ignition at a relatively early timing (P1303) during the compression stroke, and since the pressure inside the cylinder 11 is not relatively high at that early timing, the hot plasma generated inside the cylinder 11 rides on the tumble vortex to be carried from the exhaust-valve side to the intake-valve side (see hatched areas in P1303, P1304, and P1305) before the vortex is broken. As a result, the mixture gas around the intake valve can be high in the temperature.
After the first supplemental ignition 1108, the main ignition control module 82 causes the spark plug 25 to ignite the mixture gas at the given timing near the compression TDC in the latter half of the compression stroke (see the main ignition 1107 in chart 1101). Although the flame is difficult to be propagated toward the intake-valve side due to the forward one-way flow, since the temperature of the mixture gas is high on the intake-valve side, the flame propagation toward the intake-valve side is accelerated. Accordingly, the combustion speed is increased to the extent similar to the case where the discharge duration is between the first threshold and the second threshold. Therefore, combustion variation of the engine 1 is reduced.
Next, the case where the second discharge duration detected by the ignition device 7 is above (longer than) the second threshold is described. In this case, the center of the tumble vortex is near the ceiling inside the cylinder 11, and the backward one-way flow is generated inside the cylinder 11 in the latter half of the compression stroke. As illustrated in chart 1103 in
The spark plug 25 carries out the second supplemental ignition in the latter half of the compression stroke (see P1404). Since the pressure inside the cylinder 11 is high in the latter half of the compression stroke, the hot plasma generated inside the cylinder 11 stays at the central part inside the cylinder 11 by receiving the high compression pressure, as well as flowing to the exhaust-valve side where the flow is relatively weak (see hatched areas in P1404 and P1405). As a result, the mixture gas at the high temperature can be positioned around the exhaust valve.
After the second supplemental ignition 1109, the main ignition control module 82 causes the spark plug 25 to ignite the mixture gas at the given timing near the compression TDC in the latter half of the compression stroke (see the main ignition 1107 in chart 1103). Although the flame is difficult to be propagated toward the exhaust-valve side due to the backward one-way flow, since the temperature of the mixture gas is high on the exhaust-valve side, the flame propagation toward the exhaust-valve side is accelerated. Accordingly, the combustion speed is increased to the extent similar to the case where the discharge duration is between the first threshold and the second threshold. Therefore, combustion variation of the engine 1 is reduced.
Therefore, by performing the supplemental ignition according to the flowing state inside the cylinder 11, even when the center of the tumble vortex varies due to the variation in the state of the intake flow between the cycles, the ECU 10 can make the combustion speed to be the same or substantially the same. Thus, combustion variation can be reduced.
Next, the case where the first discharge duration detected by the ignition device 7 is below (shorter than) the first threshold is described. In this case, the center of the swirl vortex is deviated to the intake-valve side inside the cylinder 11. As illustrated in chart 1101 of
P1501 and P1502 in
The hot plasma generated by the spark plug 25 at the central part inside the cylinder 11 in the early or latter half of the compression stroke after the second electric discharge, rides on the flow indicated by solid arrows in
After the first supplemental ignition, the main ignition control module 82 causes the spark plug 25 to ignite the mixture gas at the given timing near the compression TDC in the latter half of the compression stroke (see the main ignition 1107 of chart 1101). As described above, since the flame is prevented from propagating radially outwardly by the swirl vortex with the deviated center, the propagation toward the intake-valve side is difficult. However, since the temperature of the mixture gas on the intake-valve side is high, the flame propagation toward the intake-valve side is accelerated. Accordingly, the combustion speed is increased to the extent similar to the case where the discharge duration is between the first threshold and the second threshold. Therefore, combustion variation of the engine 1 is reduced.
Next, the case where the first discharge duration detected by the ignition device 7 is above (longer than) the second threshold is described. In this case, the center of the swirl vortex is deviated to the exhaust-valve side inside the cylinder 11. As illustrated in chart 1103 of
P1503 and P1504 in
The hot plasma generated by the spark plug 25 at the central part inside the cylinder 11 at the late timing in the latter half of the compression stroke, is carried radially outwardly, and rides on the fast flow in the circumferential direction to be promptly carried to the intake-valve side in the circumferential direction along the liner. As a result, the temperature of the mixture gas on the intake-valve side is increased at the ignition timing (P1504).
After the second supplemental ignition 1109, the main ignition control module 82 causes the spark plug 25 to ignite the mixture gas at the given timing near the compression TDC in the latter half of the compression stroke (see the main ignition 1107 of chart 1103). As described above, the flame is difficult to be propagated toward the intake-valve side since the propagating direction is curved by the swirl vortex with the deviated center. However, since the temperature of the mixture gas is high on the intake-valve side, the flame propagation toward the intake-valve side is accelerated. Accordingly, the combustion speed is increased to the extent similar to the case where the discharge duration is between the first threshold and the second threshold. Therefore, combustion variation of the engine 1 is reduced.
Therefore, by performing the supplemental ignition according to the flowing state inside the cylinder 11, even when the center of the swirl vortex varies due to the variation in the state of the intake flow between the cycles, the ECU 10 can make the combustion speed to be constant or substantially constant. Thus, combustion variation of the engine 1 can be reduced.
Note that the energies applied to the spark plug 25 in the first electric discharge, the second electric discharge, the first supplemental ignition, the second supplemental ignition, and the main ignition may be the same as, or different from each other. Moreover, in the first supplemental ignition and the second supplemental ignition, the spark plug 25 may generate a cold plasma by being repetitively applied with short voltage pulses. The cold plasma also accelerates the flame propagation, and thus contributes to the improvement in the combustion speed.
Next, a controlling process of the control device of the engine 1 described above is described with reference to the flowchart of
At step S4, the ECU 10 determines the timings of the first electric discharge and the second electric discharge. At this step, the ECU 10 also determines the time constant At for the execution of the first electric discharge. For example, the ECU 10 may adjust the time constant At according to the operating state of the engine 1 (i.e., the load and/or the speed of the engine 1)
Next, at step S5, the ECU 10 causes the injector 6 to carry out the main injection 1104 based on the injection amount and injection timing determined at Step S3. As illustrated in
At step S6, the ECU 10 causes the ignition device 7 to carry out the first electric discharge 1105. The ignition device 7 performs the first electric discharge 1105 during the intake stroke, and detects the first discharge duration. Moreover, at step S7, the ECU 10 causes the ignition device 7 to carry out the second electric discharge 1106. The ignition device 7 performs the second electric discharge 1106 in the early half of the compression stroke, and detects the second discharge duration.
At step S8, the ECU 10 determines whether the first discharge duration is below the first threshold, and whether the second discharge duration is below the first threshold. When the ECU 10 determines as YES at step S8 (when the first discharge duration or the second discharge duration is below the first threshold), the process proceeds to Step s10. When the ECU 10 determines as NO at step S8, the process proceeds to step S9.
At step S9, the ECU 10 determines whether the first discharge duration is above the second threshold, and whether the second discharge duration is above the second threshold. When the ECU 10 determines as YES at step S9 (when the first discharge duration or the second discharge duration is above the second threshold), the process proceeds to step S11. When the ECU 10 determines as NO at step S9, the supplemental fuel is not injected.
At step S10, the ECU 10 determines the duration and the timing of the first supplemental ignition 1108. As described above, the timing of the first supplemental ignition 1108 is advanced from the timing of the second supplemental ignition 1109. At step S11, the ECU 10 determines the duration and the timing of the second supplemental ignition 1109. As described above, the timing of the second supplemental ignition 1109 is retarded from the timing of the first supplemental ignition 1108. The duration and the timing of the first supplemental ignition 1108, and the duration and the timing of the second supplemental ignition 1109 may be determined, for example, according to the operating state of the engine 1.
After the ECU 10 determines the duration and the timing of the supplemental ignition, at step S12, the ECU 10 executes the supplemental ignition in the early or latter half of the compression stroke (in the case of the first supplemental ignition 1108), or in the latter half of the compression stroke (in the case of the second supplemental ignition 1109). Then, at step S13, the ECU causes the spark plug 25 to perform the main ignition to the mixture gas, which starts the combustion of the mixture gas.
Note that the injector 6 is not limited to injecting the main fuel during the intake stroke, but may inject the main fuel during the compression stroke. The spark plug 25 may perform the first electric discharge before or after the injection of the main fuel. Similarly, the spark plug 25 may perform the second electric discharge before or after the injection of the main fuel.
Moreover, the technology disclosed herein is applicable not only to the engine 1 with the configuration described above, but to engines with various configurations.
It should be understood that the embodiments herein are illustrative and not restrictive, since the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than by the description preceding them, and all changes that fall within metes and bounds of the claims, or equivalence of such metes and bounds thereof, are therefore intended to be embraced by the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-187351 | Nov 2020 | JP | national |
