Method of current reference generation for a motor

Abstract

A motor control system for determining a reference d-axis current is provided, and includes a motor, a DC power source and DC input lines, and a current command controller. The DC power source generates a bridge voltage across the DC input lines. The current command controller is in communication with the motor and the DC input lines. The current command controller is configured to monitor the bridge voltage and a torque reference command. The current command controller is configured to determine a peak current based on the torque reference command. The current command controller is configured to determine a current angle based on the peak current. The current command controller is configured to determine the reference d-axis current based on the current angle.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a control system for a motor, and more particularly to a control system for a motor that determines a reference d-axis current based on a current angle.

The output torque of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) may be determined by a voltage command and a phase advance angle. A specific output torque of the IPMSM is determined by first selecting a specific quadrature axis (also referred to as the q-axis) reference current and a direct axis (also referred to as the d-axis) reference current, and then determining the voltage command and the phase advance angle based on the selected quadrature axis reference current and the direct axis reference current.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, a motor control system for determining a reference d-axis current is provided, and includes a motor, a DC power source and DC input lines, and a current command controller. The DC power source generates a bridge voltage across the DC input lines. The current command controller is in communication with the motor and the DC input lines. The current command controller is configured to monitor the bridge voltage and a torque reference command. The current command controller is configured to determine a peak current based on the torque reference command. The current command controller is configured to determine a current angle based on the peak current. The current command controller is also configured to determine the reference d-axis current based on the current angle.

In another embodiment, a method of determining a reference d-axis current for a motor is provided. The method includes monitoring a bridge voltage and a torque reference command by a current command controller. The bridge voltage is generated by a DC source across DC input lines. The method includes determining a peak current based on the torque reference command. The method includes determining a current angle based on the peak current. The method also includes determining the reference d-axis current based on the current angle.

These and other advantages and features will become more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a motor control system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 2 is a process flow diagram for determining a reference d-axis current and a reference q-axis current, in accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to the Figures, where the invention will be described with reference to specific embodiments, without limiting same, FIG. 1 is an exemplary block diagram of a motor control system 10. The motor control system 10 includes a command current controller 20, a d-axis proportional plus integral gain (PI) controller 22, a q-axis PI controller 23, a polar conversion controller 24, a pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter controller 26, an inverter 28, a DC power source 30, a motor 32, a position sensor 34, a speed sensor 36, a transform controller 38, an a-axis current amplifier 40, a b-axis current amplifier 42, an a-axis analog to digital converter (ADC) 44, and a b-axis ADC 46. In one embodiment, the motor 32 may be an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), however it is to be understood that any type of electric motor that is controlled using phase current may be used as well.

In the embodiment as shown in FIG. 1, the inverter 28 is connected to the DC power source 30, where the DC power source 30 may be, for example, a battery. The DC power source 30 may be connected to the inverter 28 by DC input lines 49. A transducer 51 may be used to monitor a bridge voltage V_ecu across the DC input lines 49. A control signal 53 representing the bridge voltage V_ecu may be sent to the command current controller 20 and the PWM inverter controller 26. In the exemplary embodiment as shown, the inverter 26 transmits three alternating current (AC) phase currents to the motor 32 (e.g., i_a, i_b, and i_c) by line 50, line 52, and line 54 for operation and control of the motor 32.

For feedback control purposes, the phase currents i_a and i_b transmitted to the motor 32 by lines 50 and 52 may be detected to determine the instantaneous current flow to the motor 32. Specifically, a transducer 56 may be used to monitor the phase current i_a on the line 50, and a transducer 58 may be used to monitor the phase current i_b on the line 52. It should be noted that although transducer 56 and transducer 58 are illustrated, only one of the lines 50 or 52 may be monitored to measure either phase current i_a or phase current i_b. A control signal 60 representing the measured phase current i_a may be sent to the a-axis current amplifier 40 from the transducer 56, and a control signal 62 representing the measured phase current i_b may be sent to the b-axis current amplifier 42 from the transducer 58. An augmented or amplified value of the phase current i_a is then sent to the a-axis ADC 44 from the a-axis current amplifier 40, and an amplified value of the phase current i_b 62 is sent to the b-axis ADC 46 from the b-axis current amplifier 42. The a-axis ADC 44 converts the amplified value of the phase current i_a into a digital value 64. The digital value 64 represent the magnitude of the phase current i_a. The b-axis ADC 46 converts the amplified value of the phase current i_b into a digital value 66. The digital value 66 represents the magnitude of the phase current i_b.

The transform controller 38 receives as input the digital value 64 from the ADC 44 and the digital value 66 from the ADC 46. In one embodiment, the transform controller 38 is a three-phase to two-phase transformation controller where measured values for the AC current (e.g., the digital value 64 representing the phase current i_a and the digital value 66 representing the phase current i_b) are converted into equivalent measured DC current components, which are a measured d-axis current I_dMEASURED and a measured q-axis current I_qMEASURED. The measured d-axis current I_dMEASURED is sent to a subtractor 70 and the measured q-axis current I_qMEASURED is sent to a subtractor 72.

The command current controller 20 receives as input a torque reference command T_e, an angular speed ω_m, and the control signal 53 representing the bridge voltage V_ecu from the transducer 51. The torque reference command T_e represents a commanded torque value, and may be derived from another controller (not shown), or may correspond to a torque value generated by an operator. The angular speed ω_m is measured by the speed sensor 36. The speed sensor 36 may include, for example, an encoder and a speed calculation circuit for calculating the angular speed of a rotor (not shown) of the motor 32 based on a signal received by the encoder. The command current controller 20 calculates a reference d-axis current I_d—REF and a reference q-axis current I_q—REF based on the torque command T_e, the bridge voltage V_ecu, and the angular speed ω_m, which is described below. The reference d-axis current I_d—REF is sent to the subtractor 70, and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF is sent to the subtractor 72.

The subtractor 70 receives the measured d-axis current I_dMEASURED and the reference d-axis current I_d—REF. The subtractor 70 determines a d-axis error signal 74 based on the measured d-axis current I_dMEASURED and the reference d-axis current I_d—REF. The d-axis error signal 74 represents the error between the measured d-axis current I_dMEASURED and the reference d-axis current I_d—REF. The subtractor 72 receives the measured q-axis current I_dMEASURED and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF. The subtractor 72 determines a q-axis error signal 76 based on the measured q-axis current I_dMEASURED and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF. The q-axis error signal 76 represents the error between the measured q-axis current I_dMEASURED and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF.

The d-axis PI controller 22 receives as input the d-axis error signal 74 from the subtractor 70. The d-axis PI controller 22 calculates a d-axis voltage signal V_D. The d-axis voltage signal V_D is based on a d-axis proportional gain K_P, and a d-axis integral gain K_i. Likewise, the q-axis PI controller 23 receives as input the q-axis error signal 76 from the subtractor 72. The q-axis PI controller 23 calculates a q-axis voltage signal V_Q. The q-axis voltage signal V_Q is based on a q-axis proportional gain K_P, and a q-axis integral gain K_i.

The polar conversion controller 24 receives as input the d-axis voltage signal V_D from the d-axis PI controller 22 and the q-axis voltage signal V_Q from the q-axis PI controller 23. Based on the inputs, the polar conversion controller 24 determines a voltage command V_cmd and a phase advance angle δ. The PWM inverter controller 26 receives as inputs the voltage command V_cmd and the phase advance angle δ from the polar conversion controller 24. The PWM inverter controller 26 also receives a rotor angle value θ_r measured by the motor position sensor 34. In one exemplary embodiment, the PWM inverter controller 26 may include an over-modulation space vector PWM unit to generate three respective duty cycle values D_a, D_b, and D_c. The duty cycle values D_a, D_b, and D_c are used to drive gate drive circuits (not shown) of the inverter 28 that energize phases of the of the motor 32.

Determining the reference d-axis current I_d—REF and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF by the command current controller 20 will now be described. The command current controller 20 determines the reference d-axis current I_d—REF and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF based on the torque reference command T_e, the bridge voltage V_ecu, and the angular speed ω_m periodically. Specifically, the current command controller 20 determines the reference d-axis current I_d—REF and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF according to either a first region of operation RI or a second region of operation RII, which is described below.

The command current controller 20 first determines a peak current I_p—REF based on the torque reference command T_e. In one embodiment, the peak current I_p—REF may be determined by Equation 1:I_p—REF=(2*T_e)/(√{square root over (3)}*Ke)  Equation 1where Ke is the motor constant.

The command current controller 20 may then determine a current angle β. The current angle β represents an angle measured between the peak current I_p—REF and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF. The command current controller 20 first determines a solution domain and a local current angle β_local. The solution domain and a local current angle β_local are both used to determine the current angle β. A value for the current angle β is found within the bounds of the solution domain. The solution domain may be defined by a starting point A and an ending point B, where the solution domain is expressed by [A, B]. In one exemplary embodiment, the starting point A is the local current angle multiplied by a constant (e.g., C*β_local) and the ending point B is β_local, and the solution domain is expressed as [C*β_local, β_local], where the constant C ranges from 0 to 1. In one embodiment, the local current angle β_local may be determined using Equation 2:

$\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial T_{\mathrm{avr}}}{\partial \beta }=\frac{\partial }{\partial \beta }\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}{K}_e{I}_{p{-}^{\mathrm{REF}}}\cos \left({\beta }_{\mathrm{local}}\right)+\\ \frac{3}{2}\frac{P}{2}\left(L_q-L_d\right)I_{\mathrm{p\_REF}}^2\frac{\sin \left(2{\beta }_{\mathrm{local}}\right)}{2}\end{array}\right)\\ =0\end{array}& \mathrm{Equation}2\end{array}$ where the peak current I_p—REF is determined by Equation 1 above, L_q is the q-axis inductance, L_d is the d-axis inductance, and P is the number of poles of the motor 32.

Once the solution domain and the local current angle β_local are defined, the command current controller 20 may then determine the current angle β. The current angle β may be determined by an iterative approach that uses the values for the solution domain and the local current angle β_local as determined above. In the exemplary embodiment as described below, the current angle β is determined by a bisection method. However it is to be understood that other iterative approaches may be used as well such as, for example, Newton's iteration method, or Newton's fixed point method.

If the bisection method is used, a bisection search is performed to find a value for the current angle β. The bisection search is limited between the starting point A and the ending point B of the solution domain, and determines a value for the current angle β using Equations 3-4:f(β)=k_Torq_—K₂·sin(2β)(1+cos(2β))−2T_avr·(cos(2β))²  Equation 3where k_Torq_K₂ is determined by Equation 4 as:

$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{k\_Torq}{\mathrm{\_K}}_2=\frac{\frac{3}{r}{K}_e^2}{\frac{3}{2}\frac{P}{2}\left(L_q-L_d\right)}& \mathrm{Equation}4\end{array}$

In one embodiment, the bisection search may be performed for two iterations. In the first iteration, the local current angle β_local as determined in Equation 2 is substituted for β in Equation 3. In the second iteration, the current angle β as determined in the first iteration is substituted for β in Equation 3. The bisection search is generally limited to two iterations in order to reduce computational time. It is understood more than two iterations may be used, however, increasing the number of iterations also increases computational time. Once the current angle β has been calculated using the bisection search, the command current controller 20 may then re-calculate the peak current I_p—REF based on the current angle β as determined using the bisection search. In one embodiment, the peak current I_p—REF is determined by Equation 5:

$\begin{array}{cc}{I}_{p^{\mathrm{\_REF}}}=\frac{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}{K}_e\sin \left(\beta \right)}{\frac{3}{2}\frac{P}{2}\left(L_q-L_d\right)\cos \left(2\beta \right)}& \mathrm{Equation}5\end{array}$

The reference d-axis current I_d—REF may then be determined based on the re-calculated peak current I_p—REF determined in Equation 5. In one embodiment, the reference d-axis current I_d—REF may be determined using Equation 6:I_d—REF=I_p—REF*sin β  Equation 6

The current command controller 20 may then determine the reference q-axis current I_q—REF using the reference d-axis current I_d—REF as calculated in Equation 6, and the torque reference command T_e. In one embodiment, the reference q-axis current I_q—REF is determined using Equation 7:I_q—REF=T_e/(√{square root over (3)}/2*Ke+(3/2(P/2)(L_q−L_d)*I_d—REF  Equation 7

The command current controller 20 determines the voltage command V_cmd based on the reference d-axis current I_d—REF as calculated in Equation 6, and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF as determined Equation 7. In one embodiment, the voltage command V_cmd is determined by Equations 8-12:V_QFF=R*I_q—REF*√{square root over (3)}*Ke*ω_m−2*X_d*I_d—REF  Equation 8V_DFF=R*I_d—REF+2*X_q*I_q—REF  Equation 9X_q=(k_—P/2)*ω_m*L_q  Equation 10X_d=(k_—P/2)*ω_m*L_d  Equation 11V_cmd=√{square root over (V_QFF²+V_DFF²)}  Equation 12where V_QFF is the feed forward q-axis voltage, ω_m is the angular speed of the motor 32, V_DFF is the feed forward d-axis voltage, R is resistance per phase of the motor 32, X_d is a d-axis reactance, and X_q is a q-axis reactance.

Once the voltage command V_cmd is determined, the command current controller 20 compares the magnitude of the voltage command V_cmd with the bridge voltage V_ecu. If the voltage command V_cmd is less than the bridge voltage V_ecu, then the current command controller 20 determines the reference d-axis current I_d—REF and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF based on the first region of operation RI. In the first region of operation RI, the reference d-axis current I_d—REF is determined using Equation 6 above, and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF is determined using Equation 7 above.

If the voltage command V_cmd is greater than or equal to the bridge voltage V_ecu, then the current command controller 20 determines the reference d-axis current I_d—REF and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF based on the second region of operation RII. In the second region of operation RII, the reference d-axis current I_d—REF is determined based on a target voltage circle approach by first determining Equations 13-17:Z_q—sqr=R²+X_q²  Equation 13Z_d—sqr=R²+X_d²  Equation 14B_Dax=I_q—REF*R*(X_q−X_d)−2*Ke/√{square root over (3)}*ω_m*X_d  Equation 15C_Dax=I_q—REF²*Z_q—sqr+Ke/√{square root over (3)}*ω_m*R*I_qref+(Ke/√{square root over (3)}*ω_m)²−V_ecu²/3  Equation 16S_Dax=B_Dax²−4*Z_d—sqr*C_Dax  Equation 17where Z_q—sqr is a q-axis impedance of the motor 32 squared, Z_d—sqr is a d-axis impedance squared, B_Dax, C_Dax and S_Dax are variables based on the target voltage circle, and I_q—REF is determined using Equation 7 above. The reference d-axis current I_d—REF may then be determined by the following d-axis target voltage circle algorithm:If S_Dax>=0, then I_d—REF=(−B_Dax−√{square root over (S_Dax)})/(2*Z_d—sqr)ElseI_d—REF=(−B_Dax)/(2*Z_d—sqr)where the reference d-axis current I_d—REF is calculated based on the variable S_Dax.

The current command controller 20 may re-calculate the reference q-axis current I_q—REF based on the target voltage circle approach using Equations 18-20, where:B_Qax=I_d—REF*R*(X_q−X_d)+2*Ke/√{square root over (3)}ω_m*R  Equation 18C_Qax=I_d—REF²*Z_d—sqr−Ke/√{square root over (3)}ω_m*X_d*I_dref+(Ke/√{square root over (3)}ω_m)²−V_ecu²/3  Equation 19S_Qax=B_Qax²−4*Z_q—sqr*C_Qax  Equation 20where I_d—REF is determined using Equations 13-17 above. The reference q-axis current I_q—REF may then be determined using the following q-axis target voltage circle algorithm:If S_Qax>=0, then I_q—REF=(−B_Qax−sqrt(S_Qax))/(2*Z_q—sqr)ElseI_q—REF=(=B_Qax)/(2*Z_q—sqr)

Once the reference d-axis current I_d—REF and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF are both determined using either the first region of operation R1 or the second region of operation RII, the command current controller 20 may then re-calculate the feed forward q-axis voltage V_QFF and the feed forward d-axis voltage V_DFF according to Equations 8-9 above, and save the feed forward q-axis voltage V_QFF and the feed forward d-axis voltage V_DFF in memory.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary process flow diagram illustrating a method 200 for determining the reference d-axis current I_d—REF and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF. Referring now to both FIGS. 1-2, the method 200 may begin at block 202, where the current command controller 20 receives as input the torque reference command T_e, the angular speed ω_m, and the bridge voltage V_ecu. Method 200 may then proceed to block 204.

In block 204, the command current controller 20 determines the peak current I_p—REF. In one embodiment, the peak current I_p—REF may be determined using Equation 1 above. Method 200 may then proceed to block 206.

In block 206, the command current controller 20 determines the solution domain and the local current angle β_local. The solution domain may be defined by the starting point A and the ending point B, and expressed as [A, B]. In one exemplary embodiment, the starting point A is C*β_local and the ending point B is β_local, and the solution domain is expressed as [C*β_local, β_local]. In one embodiment, the local current angle β_local may be determined using Equation 2 as described above. Method 200 may then proceed to block 208.

In block 208, the command current controller 20 determines the current angle β. The current angle β may be determined by an iterative approach that uses the values for the solution domain and the local current angle β_local as determined in block 206. In one embodiment, the iterative approach is the bisection method, however it is to be understood that other iterative approaches such as, for example, Newton's iteration method, or Newton's fixed point method may also be used. Method 200 may then proceed to block 210.

In block 210, the command current controller 20 re-calculates the peak current I_p—REF based on the current angle β determined in block 208 using Equation 5 as described above. Method 200 may then proceed to block 212.

In block 212, the command current controller 20 determines the reference d-axis current I_d—REF based on the re-calculated peak current I_p—REF determined in block 210 using Equation 6 as described above. Method 200 may then proceed to block 214.

In block 214, the current command controller 20 determines the reference q-axis current I_q—REF based on the reference d-axis current I_d—REF as calculated block 212, and the torque reference command T_e using Equation 7 as described above. Method 200 may then proceed to block 216.

In block 216, the command current controller 20 determines the voltage command V_cmd based on the reference d-axis current I_d—REF as determined in block 212, and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF as determined in block 214. In one embodiment, the voltage command V_cmd is determined by Equations 8-12 as described above. Method 200 may then proceed to block 218.

In block 218, the command current controller 20 determines if the voltage command V_cmd is less than the bridge voltage V_ecu. If the answer is yes, then method 200 proceeds to block 220. In block 220, the current command controller 20 determines the reference d-axis current I_d—REF and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF based on the first region of operation RI. In the first region of operation RI, the reference d-axis current I_d—REF is determined in block 212, and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF is determined in block 214.

However, if the answer is no in block 218 (i.e., the voltage command V_cmd is greater than or equal to the bridge voltage V_ecu), then method 200 proceeds to block 222. In block 222, the current command controller 20 determines the reference d-axis current I_d—REF and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF based on the second region of operation RII. In the second region of operation RE, the reference d-axis current I_d—REF and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF are determined based on the target voltage circle using equations 13-20.

Method 200 may proceed from either block 220 or block 222 to block 224. In block 224, the current command controller 20 may re-calculate the feed forward q-axis voltage V_QFF and the feed forward d-axis voltage V_DFF according to Equations 8-9 above, and save the feed forward q-axis voltage V_QFF and the feed forward d-axis voltage V_DFF in memory. Method 200 may then repeat, or terminate.

The current command controller 20 as described above determines the reference d-axis current I_d—REF based on the current angle β, and the reference q-axis current I_q—REF based on the reference d-axis current I_d—REF and the torque command T_e. The current angle β is determined using an iterative approach (e.g., the bisection method) with a reduced or limited number of iterations, which in turn results in reduced computational time needed to determine the current angle β. The computational time is also reduced by selecting the solution domain that contains the current angle β.

While the invention has been described in detail in connection with only a limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood that the invention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the invention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, while various embodiments of the invention have been described, it is to be understood that aspects of the invention may include only some of the described embodiments. Accordingly, the invention is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description.

Claims

1. A motor control system for determining a reference d-axis current, comprising: a motor;a DC power source and DC input lines, the DC power source generating a bridge voltage across the DC input lines;a current command controller in communication with the motor and the DC input lines, the current command controller configured to: monitor the bridge voltage and a torque reference command;determine a peak current based on the torque reference command;determine a current angle based on the peak current; anddetermine the reference d-axis current based on the current angle.

2. The motor control system of claim 1, wherein a value for the current angle is found within a solution domain.

3. The motor control system of claim 2, wherein the solution domain is defined by a starting point and an ending point.

4. The motor control system of claim 1, wherein the current angle is determined based on an iterative approach.

5. The motor control system of claim 4, wherein the iterative approach is a bisection method, and wherein a bisection search is performed to find a value for the current angle.

6. The motor control system of claim 1, wherein the current command controller determines a reference q-axis current based on the reference d-axis current and the torque reference command.

7. The motor control system of claim 6, wherein the current command controller determines a voltage command based on the reference d-axis current Id—REF and the reference q-axis current.

8. A motor control system for determining a reference d-axis current, comprising: a motor;a DC power source and DC input lines, the DC power source generating a bridge voltage across the DC input lines; anda current command controller in communication with the motor and the DC input lines, the current command controller configured to: monitor the bridge voltage and a torque reference command;determine a peak current based on the torque reference command;determine a current angle based on the peak current; anddetermine the reference d-axis current based on the current angle,wherein a value for the current angle is found within a solution domain,wherein the solution domain is defined by a starting point and an ending point,wherein the starting point is defined as a local current angle multiplied by a constant and the ending point is the local current angle.

9. A motor control system for determining a reference d-axis current, comprising: a motor;a DC power source and DC input lines, the DC power source generating a bridge voltage across the DC input lines; anda current command controller in communication with the motor and the DC input lines, the current command controller configured to: monitor the bridge voltage and a torque reference command;determine a peak current based on the torque reference command;determine a current angle based on the peak current; anddetermine the reference d-axis current based on the current angle,wherein the current command controller determines a reference q-axis current based on the reference d-axis current and the torque reference command,wherein the reference q-axis command is determined by: Iq—REF=Te/(√{square root over (3)}/2*Ke+(3/2(P/2)(Lq−Ld)*Id—REF wherein Iq—REF is the reference q-axis command, Te is the torque reference command, Ke is a motor constant, P is a number of poles of the motor, Lq is a q-axis inductance, Ld is a d-axis inductance, and Id—REF is the reference d-axis current.

10. A motor control system for determining a reference d-axis current, comprising: a motor;a DC power source and DC input lines, the DC power source generating a bridge voltage across the DC input lines; anda current command controller in communication with the motor and the DC input lines, the current command controller configured to: monitor the bridge voltage and a torque reference command;determine a peak current based on the torque reference command;determine a current angle based on the peak current; anddetermine the reference d-axis current based on the current angle,wherein the current command controller determines a reference q-axis current based on the reference d-axis current and the torque reference command,wherein the current command controller determines a voltage command based on the reference d-axis current Id—REF and the reference q-axis current,wherein current command controller determines the reference d-axis current Id—REF and the reference q-axis current based on a first region of operation if the voltage command is less than the bridge voltage.

11. A motor control system for determining a reference d-axis current, comprising: a motor;a DC power source and DC input lines, the DC power source generating a bridge voltage across the DC input lines; anda current command controller in communication with the motor and the DC input lines, the current command controller configured to: monitor the bridge voltage and a torque reference command;determine a peak current based on the torque reference command;determine a current angle based on the peak current; anddetermine the reference d-axis current based on the current angle,wherein the current command controller determines a reference q-axis current based on the reference d-axis current and the torque reference command,wherein the current command controller determines a voltage command based on the reference d-axis current Id—REF and the reference q-axis current,wherein current command controller determines the reference d-axis current Id—REF and the reference q-axis current based on a second region of operation if the voltage command is greater than or equal to the bridge voltage.

12. A method of determining a reference d-axis current for a motor, comprising: monitoring a bridge voltage and a torque reference command by a current command controller, the bridge voltage generated by a DC source across DC input lines;determining a reference peak current based on the torque reference command and a motor constant;determining a current angle based on the reference peak current; anddetermining the reference d-axis current based on the current angle.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein a value for the current angle is found within a solution domain.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising defining the solution domain by a starting point and an ending point.

15. The method of claim 12, further comprising determining the current angle based on an iterative approach.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the iterative approach is a bisection method, and wherein a bisection search is performed to find a value for the current angle.

17. The method of claim 12, further comprising determining a reference q-axis current based on the reference d-axis current and the torque reference command.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising determining a voltage command based on the reference d-axis current Id—REF and the reference q-axis current.

19. A method of determining a reference d-axis current for a motor, comprising: monitoring a bridge voltage and a torque reference command by a current command controller, the bridge voltage generated by a DC source across DC input lines;determining a peak current based on the torque reference command;determining a current angle based on the peak current, wherein a value for the current angle is found within a solution domain;determining the reference d-axis current based on the current angle;defining the solution domain by a starting point and an ending point; anddefining the starting point as a local current angle multiplied by a constant and the ending point is the local current angle.

20. A method of determining a reference d-axis current for a motor, comprising: monitoring a bridge voltage and a torque reference command by a current command controller the bridge voltage generated by a DC source across DC input lines;determining a peak current based on the torque reference command;determining a current angle based on the peak current, wherein a value for the current angle is found within a solution domain;determining the reference d-axis current based on the current angle; anddetermining a reference q-axis current based on the reference d-axis current and the torque reference command,wherein the reference q-axis command is determined by: Iq—REF=Te/(√{square root over (3)}/2*Ke+(3/2(P/2)(Lq−Ld)*Id—REF wherein Iq—REF is the reference q-axis command, Te is the torque reference command, Ke is a motor constant, P is a number of poles of the motor, Lq is a q-axis inductance, Ld is a d-axis inductance, and Id—REF is the reference d-axis current.