1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and associated apparatus employed in wireless two-way communication of data by means of current pulses traveling through living biological tissues and, more specifically, it contemplates the use of an implantable device which may be implanted, for example, in a patient's brain, torso or abdomen in cooperation with an external computerized device for diagnostic, monitoring or therapeutic purposes.
2. Description o the Prior Art
The value of using invasive procedures and devices in diagnosing, monitoring or treating patients has long been known in the medical environment. It has been known, for example, to employ a pacemaker for regulating heart functions. Also, deep brain electrical stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's Disease has been known.
It has also been known to suggest the use of implantable devices which are in communication with an external computerized device, such as by radio frequency (RF) signals or light or wired connection, for example.
It has also been known for various purposes to suggest two-way communication with wireless base and remote stations wherein data may be communicated. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,289,237.
Among the problems with the prior art utilizing wired systems are the risk of infection and reduced mobility of the patient.
Among the problems with prior art RF systems have been the requirement for substantial size, difficulty in recharging batteries and signal-to-noise ratio. Also the energy required to convert between the signal and the RF waves can be substantial.
There remains, therefore, a substantial need for an implantable device which will efficiently and accurately receive signals from an external device and deliver signals to the external device for medical diagnosis, monitoring and therapeutic purposes.
The present invention has met the above-described need. In the method of the present invention, an implanted device has a first antenna having a pair of electrodes and associated first circuit components. An external device has a second antenna having a pair of electrodes and an associated microprocessor. The invention involves transmitting current pulses containing data through living biological tissue, thereby taking advantage of the electrical conductivity of the ionic fluid of such biological tissue. The data transmission may be effected in both directions, i.e., from the external device to the internal device and from the internal device to the external device. The transmissions are preferably synchronously effected. Corresponding apparatus is provided.
A unique construction of first or volume conduction antenna facilitates directional delivery of the information with high efficiency in the far field.
The efficiency of data communication is such as to enhance battery life. The system also facilitates miniaturization, including the use of microchip technology.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and associated apparatus for providing efficient communication between an implanted device and an external device for purposes of data transmission employing volume conduction.
It is another object of the present invention to provide such a system which can be miniaturized and make efficient use of energy employed to power the system.
It is a further object of such an invention which facilitates implantation of the implantable device in a human patient in regions such as the brain, torso or abdomen.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a system which does not require the use of wires for purposes of power delivery or data transmission or the use of light, magnetic field, ultrasound or RF energy.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system which takes advantage of the electrical current carrying capabilities of the body's ionic fluid in order to employ the same as an information carrier.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a system which facilitates efficient synchronous communication of current pulses through living biological tissues.
These and other objects of the invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the invention on reference to the illustrations appended hereto.
FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b) illustrate schematically the external and internal device functioning in the context of FIG. 9.
As used herein, the term “volume conduction” means data communication by wireless passage of data by current pulses passing through living biological tissues between an implanted device and an external device.
As used herein, the term “patient” means a member of the animal kingdom, including human beings.
As employed herein, the term “current pulse(s)” means electrical current waveforms which have been modified to carry information such as by, for example, phase shift keying, amplitude modulation or frequency modulation.
The present invention makes advantageous use of an implanted device having a first antenna having a pair of electrodes for receiving and transmitting current pulses from and to an external device having a second antenna having a pair of electrodes and employing the external second antenna to deliver and receive current pulses to and from the implanted first antenna. Each antenna is associated with a microprocessor and related circuit components.
The use of suitably processed current to deliver pulsed current information eliminates a number of the aforementioned problems. In the present context, passage of the current pulses which may be made to contain the desired information as by modulation through living biological tissues takes advantage of the fact that ionic fluid in biological tissues conducts electric current efficiently. This, therefore, prolongs the life of and reduces the size of any battery that would be employed in the implantable device. It also eliminates the need for conversion of light, sound, or RF signals to digital signals for purposes of data communication.
This further permits miniaturization which facilitates the use of microelectronic chips, as in implantable brain devices of the present invention.
Referring to
In general, the system, in a manner to be described hereinafter in detail, contemplates two-way communication employing current pulses traveling between the external second antenna 20 and the implanted first antenna 8 in either direction in synchronized fashion. The circuit components 10 may include sensors to obtain information for delivery to the external device and, where appropriate, actuators and other elements desired for the particular use. The present invention eliminates the need to rely on hard wired systems, transmitted energy as by light, sound, or RF and employs the biological tissue electric conductivity characteristics to carry current pulses which contain the desired information.
As shown in
Referring to
Referring to
As shown in
Referring to the prior art dipole construction shown in
While the individual shells 44, 46 may be symmetrical, in the preferred form of the invention, the shells 44, 46 are asymmetrical and have the upper portion which may be considered to be above the horizontal bisector between the lowermost portion and uppermost of the shell elongated with respect to the lower. This serves to provide the desired directional transmission.
Also shown in
The preferred antenna, as shown in
The first column shows the received signal strength in mV (peak value) for each three levels. The first column under each antenna heading indicates the required transmission current in μA (peak value), followed by the transmission voltage in mV (peak value) and power consumption in μW. It will be seen that for the same output, the new antenna required only about 30-35% of the transmission current, 3-6% of the transmission voltage and 1-2% of the power, as compared with the known prior design as shown in FIG. 7. These results confirm the fact that the present invention facilitates miniaturization, lower power consumption and longer battery life or the use of a smaller battery or other power source while preserving the desired communication efficiency.
Among the enhanced difficulties between the use of an internal device within a living patient and an external device effecting bi-directional communication therebetween are the fact that in a live biological body, there is a noisy environment due to the ongoing activity of heartbeat, arterial pulses and muscle activity, for example. Also, the internal and external devices must coordinate their data communication paths so as to provide for synchronized bidimensional communication while taking advantage of volume conduction characteristics of current pulse flow through live biological tissue. All of this must be accomplished employing an internal device which preferably is of small size, light weight and watertight.
A preferred way of accomplishing the foregoing in the present invention is to employ the electrocardiographic (ECG) signal as a clock for synchronization.
Referring to
Referring to
The flow diagrams of FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b) illustrate schematically flow diagrams of ways in which the concepts of
Referring now to FIG. 10(b) and the implanted device, the implanted antenna shown as 8 in
If desired, the system may be operated ignoring the peaks of the ECG for a specified number of R-waves. A further alternative would be to build a buffer and transmit each packet of data at a faster or slower rate than real-time, as desired for specific applications.
It will be appreciated that a central benefit of the present invention is the ability to transmit current pulses efficiently and synchronously through live biological tissues between implanted and external devices. The reduced size of the unit permits an encapsulated implantable device employing the benefits of microelectronic chips, for example, in the brain, torso, or abdomen or other portions of the body.
Referring to
In this embodiment, the implanted device or electronic capsule 270 includes an electrically insulative material 274 interposed between the electrodes 276, 281 of the first antenna. The implanted device is positioned on a flexible sheet 272, which may be plastic with an underlying plurality of subdural electrode contacts shown generally at 277, 280, 282, for example.
In this form of the implanted first antenna, a pair of outwardly concave electrodes 276, 281 are separated by the large electrically insulating element 274 which may contain or have secured thereto first circuit components. Unlike the embodiment shown in
The first antenna assembly may advantageously form part of an electronic chip which is encapsulated and implanted in the brain region between the skull and the brain. The flexible, transparent, thin plastic sheet 272 may be provided in a variety of sizes and shapes. Similar sheets are commercially available for subdural EEG recording during diagnosis of epilepsy. The connection lead and connector are removed so as to convert this system from wire transmission to wireless transmission. The first antenna electrode 276, 281, in the form illustrated, are altered in shape and size, but retain the beneficial properties of the type disclosed herein in
The implantable device 270 with the integrated first antenna electrodes 276, 281 preferably has a width of less than about 12 mm, a length of less than about 12 mm and a thickness of less than about 4 mm.
As shown in
Among the advantages of the embodiment of
While, for purposes of illustration herein, focus has been placed upon use of the present invention in respect of brain, torso, and abdominal introduction of the implanted device, it will be appreciated that a wide number of applications wherein an implantable device can communicate information and receive information through the advantageous use of volume conduction may be employed.
It will be appreciated that the present invention may be used for diagnostic and monitoring functions, as well as for therapeutic activity. For example, obtaining information regarding brain functioning, such as EEG and therapeutic use through energizing the electrodes in deep-brain stimulation such as described in respect of
It will be appreciated, therefore, that the present invention provides a unique method and associated apparatus for efficiently having synchronized, two-way communication between an internal device and an external device through current pulse conduction through living biological tissues has been provided. The ionic fluid of biological tissue, such as cerebrospinal fluid, for example, is highly electrically conductive. Certain preferred features such as a highly efficient antenna which facilitates enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and directional delivery and receipt of signals are provided. In addition, certain noise reducing embodiments such as avoidance of the heart noise disturbances have also been provided.
Whereas particular embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations may be made without departing from the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
The United States Government has rights under this invention pursuant to Grant 1-R01-NS43791 from the National Institutes of Health.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
6076016 | Feierbach | Jun 2000 | A |
6167310 | Grevious | Dec 2000 | A |
6289237 | Mickle et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6754472 | Williams et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
Number | Date | Country | |
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20030229382 A1 | Dec 2003 | US |