Patent Application
20160150745
The present invention belongs to the field of crop cultivation, specifically relates to a method for rice cultivation via technology of drip irrigation under plastic film.
Rice is an important food crop in China. Traditionally, the paddy soils cultivating with steeping field (field water layer: 3-10 cm) is given priority. China is one of the 13 poor-in-water countries in the world, and also is an agricultural country. Agricultural water takes up 70-80% of the total water consumption, especially in the arid and semi-arid region, being up to above 90%, and the total water content of paddy field is 65% above. Due to the change of global climate in recent years, spring drought/summer drought and other phenomenon occurs frequently, resulting in the large-area reduction of output in North Rice planting region, striking a serious blow at the planting enthusiasm of farmers. At present, plastic film mulching is used to plant rice in dry farmland (abbr. dry farming), so as to achieve the purpose of warming, water conservation and volume increase, and such technique has been popularized and applied in rice-growing area throughout the country.
In the “rice direct seeding and dry-farming planting method via drip irrigation under plastic film” disclosed by Chinese Patent No. 200710169613.8, the laying of drip irrigation zone, of plastic film mulch, and seeding are completed for one time via special seeding machinery. The drip irrigation zone is located below the plastic mulch, and connected with water conveyance system, based on the needs of crop growth, timely and appropriately carry out dripping fertilization. But such technique only implements a preliminary scheme for the key technology of the rice cultivation method via drip irrigation under plastic film. After many years of practice, such technique is not very appropriate. Moreover, at present, for various reasons, the method in the cultivation techniques for other field crops via drip irrigation under plastic film popularized in Xinjiang with large areas cannot be directly applied in the production process of rice drip irrigation under plastic film.
The present invention provides a method for rice cultivation via drip irrigation under plastic film, aiming at the key technology in the cultivation process of rice drip irrigation under plastic film, rational configuration is implemented to propose a technical system of broad-film rice cultivating via drip irrigation under plastic film, which lays a foundation to the high yield and high efficiency of the rice cultivation method via drip irrigation under plastic film, under the premise of meeting the density and water fertilizer demands of rice using drip irrigation under plastic film.
The present invention provides a method for rice cultivation via drip irrigation under a plastic film, comprising steps of seed preparation, land preparation, sowing, seedling management, irrigation management, fertilization management, pest control, etc., wherein the seeding density is 33300-36000 holes/mu, preferably 33300 holes/mu, or the seeding density is 30500-32600 holes/mu, preferably 30500 holes/mu.
Preferably, when the seeding density is 33300 to 36000 holes/mu, the film width is 215-225 cm, preferably 220 cm, and the row spacing is 9-10 cm, the planting width is 235-245 cm, preferably 240 cm, the 1-film-3-tube-12-line spacing layout is adopted as the best configuration mode:
13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+20 cm+13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+20 cm+13 cra+24 cm+13 cm+50 cm, three drip tubes are distributed among 12 lines of rice evenly.
Preferably, when the seeding density is 30500-32600 holes/mu, film width is 155-165 cm, preferably 160 cm, and row spacing is 9-10 cm, planting width is 170-180 cm, preferably 175 cm, the 1-film-2-tube-8-line spacing configuration is adopted:
12.5 cm+26 cm+12.5 cm+26 cm+12.5 cm+26 cm+12.5 cm+47 cm, two drip tubes are distributed among 8 lines of rice evenly.
Preferably, the land preparation comprises weed prevention, wherein the weed prevention involves soil sealing treatment before sowing, spraying mixed herbicides, and re-spraying mixed herbicides 15 to 25 days later after planting.
Preferably, during the seedling management, wherein rooting agent is dripped with water from planting to tillering period, and its dosage is 1.5 to 2.5 times of the proposed dosage of the manufacturer.
Preferably, seedlings releasing intertillage is implemented in trefoil stage, and the ploughing depth is 15-20 cm.
Preferably, the irrigation management is implemented via applying irrigation norm 10500-12000 m3/hm2. During the whole growth period of the rice, preferably, drip irrigation is implemented 38 to 45 times during the whole growth period of the rice. The irrigation period is 3 to 4 days, and 1 to 2 days during water-demand peak season.
Furthermore, the specific methods of the irrigation management are as follows:
When the soil moisture status is poor after rice growing, seedling water is timely dripped after planting, irrigation is carried out for 2 to 3 times, the total irrigation amount is 900-1200 m3/hm2;
In such a period, irrigation is carried out for 8 to 10 times, the total irrigation amount is 2400-2700 m3/hm2;
In such a period, dripping is carried out for 9 to 10 times, the total irrigation amount is 2700-3000 m3/hm2;
In such a period, dripping is carried out for 5 to 6 times, the total irrigation amount is 1200-1500 m3/hm2;
In such a period, dripping is carried out for 14 to 16 times, the total irrigation amount is 3300-3600 m3/hm2, irrigation is stopped at the end of rice waxen maturity.
Preferably, in the full growth period, the pure nitrogen fertilizer amount of the rice using drip irrigation under plastic film in the fertilization management is 330-345 kg/hm2, preferably, 330 kg/hm2, more preferably, the total fertilizing amount of the rice using drip irrigation under plastic film in the full growth period of the fertilization management is 15-20 t/hm2 of animal manure, 120-150 kg/hm2 of soluble organic fertilizer, 300-330 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 150-160 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 70-90 kg/hm2 of K2O, 25-30 kg/hm2 of water-soluble Si-fertilizer, and 7-8 kg/hm2 of boric fertilizer and zinc fertilizer respectively.
Furthermore, the specific methods of the fertilization management are as follows:
Farmyard manure is applied when ploughing field in autumn approaching winter, 15-20 t/hm2 of animal manure and 40-50 kg/hm2 of diamonium are applied for one time and evenly, and then the field is deeply ploughed;
The paddy field is fertilized based on the crops, if the soil is saline and alkaline, has uneven fertility, lack of nutrients, and some seedlings are weak, 20-30 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 25-30 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 10-15 kg/hm2 of K2O and 3.5-4 kg/hm2 of zinc fertilizer are dripped along with water for twice or three times to promote the growth of seedlings.
In such a period, 110-120 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 30-40 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 10-15 kg/hm2 of K2O, 25-30 kg/hm2 of water-soluble silicon-fertilizer, 7-8 kg/hm2 of boric fertilizer and 3.5-4 kg/hm2 of zinc fertilizer are applied along with water in 3 times to promote the effective tiller number and quality of nutrient storage of the rice.
In such a period, fertilizer is dripped for 2 to 3 times, and the total fertilizing amount is: 110-120 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 35-40 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 25-30 kg/hm2 of K2O and 60-75 kg/hm2 of soluble organic fertilizer;
In such a period, fertilizer is dripped for 3 to 4 times, the total fertilizing amount is: 50-60 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 30-40 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 25-30 kg/hm2 of K2O and 60-75 kg/hm2 of a soluble organic fertilizer.
Specific steps of the method for rice cultivation via drip irrigation under a plastic film are as follows:
Due to its own properties, there is about 5 mm awn in a rice seed, and there are short hairs on seed epidermis and the seed has strong acerbity, causing mutual blocking among seeds during mechanization sowing, which fails to achieve the requirements for fined seeding in large-area mechanization direct seeding, resulting in uneven seeding and irregular seedling emergence. Therefore, before seeding, it is necessary to carry out deawning processing for rice seeds by using special small-size deawning machinery, and relatively ideal effect could be achieved by processing each batch of seeds for 4 to 6 minutes.
As the method for rice drip irrigation under plastic film changes the traditional flooding irrigation into drip irrigation under plastic film. During the production process, the types of field weeds vary therefrom, and the traditional paddy weeding method has no obvious effect or even no effect on the paddy field of drip irrigation under plastic film. Therefore, the prevention of weeds in the paddy field of drip irrigation under plastic film is mainly implemented via spraying composite herbicide for soil sealing removal before seeding, so as to minimize the harm of weeds. During the full growth period of the rice drip irrigation under plastic film, the chemical weeding method combined with manual weed removal method is used to remove weeds: generally, carrying out soil sealing treatment 5 days ahead of seeding, spraying 80 g of composite herbicide per mu, 15 to 25 days after seeding, when the weeds in the paddy field of drip irrigation under plastic film occur the first peak, applying 60 g of composite herbicide per mu. The specific types of agents may depend on the types of the field weeds, several kinds of agents are selected in targeted for mixing, and used for twice chemical control. It is appropriate to choose the farmland with the soil containing above 1.5% organic content, above 50 mg/kg alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen, more than 18 mg/kg of rapid available phosphorus, moderate soil fertility and above, and a small amount of salt and alkali, so as to facilitate a high yield.
When the 5 cm-under-film ground temperature is stably above 15° C., sowing can be done. Generally, it is in the early of middle April in South Xinjiang and later period of middle April in North Xinjiang. Seeding amount is determined based on the Thousand Kernel Weight, the seeding rate per hectare is determined by 25 g TKW, the mechanical sowing rate per hectare of the rice via drip irrigation under plastic film is about 120-150 kg. For the rice varieties with smaller TKW, the size of the seeding hole is appropriately reduced, otherwise enlarged, so as to ensure that the number of the seeding particles is 7-9 for each hole. The process of drip irrigation zone pavement via drip irrigation under plastic film sower, plastic film mulch, dibbling, earthing should be completed for one time. It requires even seeding, no re-seeding, no miss-seeding, consistent seeding depth, good earthing, reliable pressing, upright row from edge to edge. As the cultivation technique of drip irrigation under plastic film is adopted for rice planting, the ear-forming law of rice essentially changes from tiller-earing under flooding irrigation to stem earing, the traditional planting density could not satisfy the needs of production, which means that the seeding density of the rice via drip irrigation under plastic film is higher, and the seed spacing layout of the traditional field crops could not directly apply to the cultivation of the rice via drip irrigation under plastic film. Therefore, the improved packing auger-type earthing seeding device is used for sowing, the Patent Number of the packing auger-type earthing seeding device is 201310307046.3, seeding density is 33300-36000 holes/mu, preferably 33300 holes/mu, film width is 220 cm, row spacing is 9-10 cm, 1-film-3-tube-12-line is adopted, namely, the 13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+20 cm+13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+20 cm+13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+50 cm line spacing layout, 3 drip tubes are evenly distributed among 12 rows of paddy, and the average spacing for placing drip tubes is 78 cm. The line spacing and row spacing in such seeding mode could slightly fluctuate based on the actual situation of the seeding machinery, as long as it ensures seeding density, and it ensures that the planting width of the single film is 240 cm by properly adjusting the size of seed tray of the seeding machinery and of the planting box in the field installation.
Alternatively, seeding density is 30500-32600 holes/mu (preferably 30500 holes/mu), film width is 150 cm, 1-film-2-tube-8-line, row spacing is 10 cm, planting width is 165 cm, and the configuration of line spacing is as follows: 10 cm+26 cm+10 cm+26 cm+10 cm+26 cm+10 cm+47 cm. 2 drip tubes are distributed among 8 lines of rice evenly, and the average spacing for placing drip tubes is 82.5 cm.
Due to the great change in seeding density, film width, row spacing and line spacing configuration mode compared with traditional rice planting, it needs to re-test the management in rice seedling stage, total amount of irrigation water, irrigation water capacity for each time, irrigation frequency, total fertilizing amount, each fertilizing amount, timing injection of fertilizer and other parameter, so as to obtain the maximum output under such seeding density. Through numerous tests, the inventors obtain the maximum yield of rice through such management mode disclosed in the present invention.
A root system is a vital organ for rice to assimilate nutriment, directly influencing the growth and development conditions of the rice. In seedling period, rice has poor stress resistance, and is very easily affected by low temperature, drought and other atrocious weather. Therefore, in order to improve rate of emergence, promote root development, and improve the stress resistance, the rooting agent or root-strengthening agent is adopted in the seedling period of the rice via drip irrigation under plastic film for processing, generally, dripping 1 to 3 times before tillering stage after seeding, each dosage is 150-250 ml, the type of specific rooting agent can be selected according to local market research, the dosage is 1.5 to 2.5 times of the one recommended by manufacturer, the recommended dosage of the manufacturer is generally the one for root irrigation, but the relative dosage of the dripping with water is large, such range is obtained from test, capable of being up to the application effect of the agent better: when the dosage is 1.5 to 2.5 times of the one recommended by manufacturers, the height of rice plant, chlorophyll content, average tiller number, net photosynthetic rate, leaf transpiration rate, intercellular space CO2 concentration in rice leaf (the higher the intercellular space CO2 concentration is, the stronger the leaf respiration is, the more the absorbed energy of the crops is, so as to achieve high yield of rice), rice yield and the like are obviously higher than the effect of the recommended dosage of the rooting agent.
For the paddy fields with drip irrigation under plastic film, if there is the failure of emergence of seedlings by own, seedlings are timely checked and released, so as to avoid rotten seedling. Intertillage is omitted or implemented for once during the full growth period of the rice: it is in trefoil stage, the purpose of intertillage is to loosen the soil, preserve soil moisture and wipe out weeds. It is required to use sweep point to cut soil, smash and rise to the soil separation plate, and ploughing depth can be up to 15-20 cm. Seedling pressing and folding are not allowed. During wide-film planting, the main purpose of intertillage is to weed out, the seedling height is about 15 cm during trefoil stage, in such stage, intertillage has relatively small harm to plants, after this period, starting to carry out a large quantity of irrigation fertilizing, if intertillage is adopted again, the operative difficulty index of the agricultural machinery increases.
Irrigation systems vary greatly with different regions and different soil texture. Generally, dripping 38 to 45 times during full growth period, irrigation period is 3 to 4 days (adjusted to 1 to 2 days in water-need peak season), and irrigation norm is about 10500-12000 m3/hm2.
In which,
When the soil moisture status is poor after rice growing, timely dripping seedling water after planting, carrying out irrigation for 2 to 3 times, the total irrigation amount is 900-1200 m3/hm2;
In such a period, carrying out irrigation for 8 to 10 times, the total irrigation amount is 2400-2700 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out dripping for 9 to 10 times, the total irrigation amount is 2700-3000 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out dripping for 5 to 6 times, the total irrigation amount is 1200-1500 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out dripping for 14 to 16 times, the total irrigation amount is 3300-3600 m3/hm2, stopping irrigation at the end of rice waxen maturity.
Usually, based on the soil fertility and fertilizer response effects of the rice planting fields, the target yield and fertilizing amount are determined, the principle of organic and inorganic combination should be used in the rice fertilization, at the same time paying attention to integrate with the fertilizer practice and high yield and high quality cultivation techniques, especially noting water and fertilizer joint control. During the full growth period of rice, the total fertilizing amount is as follows: animal manure (compost chicken manure and cow dung are mixed by mass ratio of 3:2): 15-20 t/hm2, soluble organic fertilizer: 120-150 kg/hm2, the soluble organic fertilizer is purchased from: Sporotrichum thermophile series of water flush fertilizer produced by Weifang Wofeng Biological Fertilizer Co., Ltd, pure nitrogen 300-330 kg/hra2, P2O5 150-160 kg/hm2, K2O 70-90 kg/hm2, water-soluble Si-fertilizer 25-30 kg/hm2, boric fertilizer and zinc fertilizer 7-8 kg/hm2 respectively.
In which,
Fertilizing farmyard manure when ploughing fields in autumn approaching winter, 15 to 20 t/hm2 of animal manure (compost chicken manure and cow dung are mixed by mass ratio of 3:2) and 40-50 kg/hm2 of diamonium phosphate are fertilized for one time evenly, and then, the fields are deeply ploughed up to 27-30 cm and then leveled.
Fertilizing paddy field based on the seedlings, if soil is saline and alkaline, has uneven fertility, lack of nutrient, and some seedlings are weak, 20-30 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 25-30 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 10-15 kg/hm2 of K2O and 3.5-4 kg/hm2 of Zinc fertilizer are dripped along with water in 2 or 3 times to promote the growth of seedlings.
Tillering stage is a critical period for the vegetative growth of rice, determining the number of effective tillering and conditions of nutrient storage, in such a period, 110 to 120 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 30-40 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 10-15 kg/hm2 of K2O, 25-30 kg/hm2 of water-soluble Si-fertilizer, 7-8 kg/hm2 of Boric fertilizer and 3.5-4 kg/hm2 of Zinc fertilizer are applied along with water in 3 times to promote the effective tiller number and quality of nutrient storage of the rice.
In such a period, vegetative growth and reproductive growth of rice are very vigorous, water fertilizer should be dripped to the weak seedling in advance, appropriately delaying dripping for flourishing and strong seedling, the fertilizer is dripped in 2-3 times, and the total fertilizing amount is: 110-120 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 35-40 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 25-30 kg/hm2 of K2O and 60-75 kg/hm2 of soluble organic fertilizer;
In such a period, young ear grows rapidly, and such a period is a critical period to develop seeds per ear. Fertilizer is dripped in 3 to 4 times, the total fertilizing amount is: 50-60 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 30-40 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 25-30 kg/hm2 of K2O and 60-75 kg/hm2 of soluble organic fertilizer.
Tests have proved that:
(1) With the increase of nitrogen application rate, tillering tends to increase, and there is significant differences between different nitrogen application rates, but excessive nitrogen application rate fails to obtain maximum tiller number, and when the application rate of pure nitrogen is 330 kg/hm2, the tiller number is significantly higher than other application rate.
(2) In each growth period, the weight of dry matter processed by nitrogen fertilizer is significantly higher than the one without nitrogen treatment, and moreover, in jointing stage, with the increase of nitrogen application amount, the accumulation of dry matter increases significantly. In harvest time, with the increase of nitrogen application amount, the accumulation of dry matter firstly increases and then decreases, mainly caused by excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, resulting in excess vegetative growth, influencing the later grouting of rice. When the application rate of pure nitrogen is 330 kg/hm2, the accumulation of dry matter is up to maximum.
(3) The application of nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase the yield, mainly embodied in number of productive ears, kernels per spike, full grains and TKW. For different nitrogen application rates, with the increase of nitrogen application rates, the number of productive ears, kernels per spike, full grains and TKW tend to increase, but the difference between kernels per spike and full grains with different nitrogen application rate is small; through tests, when the application rate of pure nitrogen is 330 kg/hm2, the net earning is up to maximum.
(4) With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the nutrition accumulation of the three elements N, P and K in the rice via drip irrigation under plastic film will improve to a large extent, it is capable of greatly improving the utilization efficiency of phosphate and potash fertilizer. When the application rate of the pure nitrogen is 330 kg/hm2, the total absorption amount of phosphate and potash fertilizer is up to maximum.
The inventors also studied the absorbed dose of fertilizer in each growth stage of the rice planted via the drip irrigation under plastic film, and obtained the conclusion that in each growth stage of rice, it is capable of meeting the fertilizer needs of the rice planted via the drip irrigation under plastic film in each period, at the same time, there is no waste of fertilizer, making each value of the rice planted via the drip irrigation under plastic film such as number of productive ears, kernels per spike, full grains, TKW up to maximum.
Under weather conditions in Xinjiang and drip irrigation cultivation mode, there is less pest and disease damage in the rice, in recent years, there is almost no pest carrying serious damage in the experimental field. Additionally, a small number of physiological bacterial wilt occurs in boundary land, it is required to timely check the irrigation zone of the boundary land in the next year and timely deal with it to meet normal water demand of rice.
Previously, the conventional film with width of 105 cm or 145 cm is adopted for cotton culture stage in Xinjiang, but these films have the following disadvantages: lower ground coverage rate, resulting in relatively low seeding density, and more weeds relatively. Therefore, wide film cultivation is used to obtain relatively high yield if other planting conditions are the same. There is significant correlation between rice quality and water fertilizer control, and low correlation between rice quality and film width while adopting drip irrigation under plastic film.
Besides the change of film width, on the basis of the original technology, the present invention increases the application of herbicide and rooting agent at seedling stage, it has more specific requirements for watering time and fertilizing amount: more specific watering time, in the original technology, whether to water in each growth period is determined by soil water content, it is difficult to operate in actual large area planting, and in prior art, the watering frequency (fertilizing frequency) and irrigation total amount (fertilizing amount) in each growth stage are quantified and optimized, through several years of data summary and analysis, the original technique states the fertilizing amount of the whole growth stage, and the prior art specifies the fertilizing amount to each growth period on the basis of changing total fertilizing amount, which enables operation more convenient.
The embodiments below are beneficial for getting a better understanding of the present invention, but not limited to the present invention. The experimental method in the embodiments below is conventional method if there is no special instruction.
The soluble organic fertilizer in the present invention is purchased from the: Sporotrichum series of water flush fertilizers produced by Weifang Wofeng Biological Fertilizer Co., Ltd.
The steps of planting rice using drip irrigation under plastic film are as follows:
Before seeding, it is ensured to carry out deawning processing for rice seed by using special small-size deawning machinery, and relatively ideal effect could be achieved by processing each batch of seed for 5 minutes.
During the full growth period of the rice drip irrigation under plastic film, the chemical weeding method combined with manual weed removal method is used to remove weeds: generally, carrying out soil sealing treatment 5 days ahead of seeding, spraying 80 g of composite herbicide per mu, 15-25 days after seeding, when the weeds in the paddy field of drip irrigation under plastic film occur the first peak, applying 60 g of composite herbicide per mu. The specific types of agents may depend on the types of the field weeds, several kinds of agents are selected in targeted for mixing, and used for twice chemical control. It is appropriate to choose the farmland with the soil containing above 1.5% organic content, above 50 mg/kg alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen, more than 18 mg/kg of rapid available phosphorus, moderate soil fertility and above, and small amount of salt and alkali, so as to facilitate high yield.
When the 5 cm-under-film ground temperature is stably above 15° C., sowing can be done. Generally, it is in the early of middle April in South Xinjiang and later period of middle April in North Xinjiang. Seeding amount is determined based on the Thousand Kernel Weight, the seeding rate per hectare is determined by 25 g TKW, the mechanical sowing rate per hectare of the rice via drip irrigation under plastic film is about 120 kg. For the rice varieties with smaller TKW, the size of the seeding hole is appropriately reduced, otherwise enlarged, so as to ensure that the number of the seeding particles is 7-9 for each hole. The process of drip irrigation zone pavement via drip irrigation under plastic film sower, plastic film mulch, dibbling, earthing should be completed for one time. It requires even seeding, no re-seeding, no miss-seeding, consistent seeding depth, good earthing, reliable pressing, upright row from edge to edge. An improved packing auger-type earthing seeding device is used for sowing, the Patent Number of the packing auger-type earthing seeding device is 201310307046.3, seeding density is 33300 holes/mu, film width is 220 cm, row spacing is 10 cm, 1-film-3-tube-12-line is adopted, namely, the 13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+20 cm+13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+20 cm+13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+50 cm line spacing layout, 3 drip tubes are evenly distributed among 12 rows of paddy, and the average spacing for placing drip tubes is 78 cm, and the planting width of the single film is 240 cm.
The rooting agent or root-strengthening agent can be adopted in the seedling period of the rice via drip irrigation under plastic film for processing, generally, dripping 3 times before tillering stage after seeding, each dosage is 200 ml, the type of specific rooting agent can be selected according to local market research, and the dosage is 2.0 times of the one recommended by manufacturers.
For the paddy fields with drip irrigation under plastic film, if there is the failure of emergence of seedlings by own, seedlings are timely checked and released, so as to avoid rotten seedling. Intertillage is omitted or implemented for once during the full growth period of the rice: it is in trefoil stage, the purpose of intertillage is to loosen the soil, preserve soil moisture and wipe out weeds. It is required to use sweep point to cut soil, smash and rise to the soil separation plate, and ploughing depth can be 15 cm. Seedling pressing and folding are not allowed. During wide-film planting, the main purpose of intertillage is to weed out.
Irrigation systems vary greatly with different regions and different soil texture. Generally, dripping 40 times during full growth period, irrigation period is 3-4 days, and adjusted to 1-2 days in water-need peak season, irrigation norm is about 12000 m3/hm2.
In which,
When the soil moisture status is poor after rice growing, timely dripping seedling water after planting, carrying out irrigation in 2 to 3 times, the total irrigation amount is 1200 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out irrigation for 9 times, the total irrigation amount is 2700 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out dripping for 9 times, the total irrigation amount is 3000 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out dripping for 5 times, the total irrigation amount is 1500 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out dripping for 15 times, the total irrigation amount is 3600 m3/hm2, stopping irrigation at the end of rice waxen maturity.
Usually, based on the soil fertility and fertilizer response effects of the rice planting plot, the target yield and fertilizing amount are determined, the principle of organic and inorganic combination should be used in the rice fertilization. At the same time, paying attention to integrate with the fertilizer practice and high yield and high quality cultivation techniques, especially noting water and fertilizer joint control. During the full growth period of rice, the total fertilizing amount is as follows: animal manure (compost chicken manure and cow dung are mixed by mass ratio of 3:2) 20 t/hm2, soluble organic fertilizer 120 kg/hm2, pure nitrogen: 330 kg/hra2, P2O5155 kg/hm2, K2O 90 kg/hm2, water-soluble Si-fertilizer 25 kg/hm2, Boric fertilizer and Zinc fertilizer 7.5 kg/hm2 respectively.
In which,
Fertilizing farmyard manure when ploughing fields in autumn approaching winter, 20 t/hm2 of animal manure (compost chicken manure and cow dung are mixed by mass ratio of 3:2) and 40 kg/hm2 of diamonium phosphate are applied for one time and evenly, and then, the fields are deeply ploughed up to 27-30 cm and then leveled.
Fertilizing paddy field based on the crops, if soil is saline and alkaline, has uneven fertility, lack of nutrient, spot leaf and some seedlings are weak, 22 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 25 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 15 kg/hm2 of K2O and 3.5 kg/hm2 of zinc fertilizer are dripped along with water in 2-3 times to promote the growth of seedlings.
Tillering stage is a critical period for the vegetative growth of rice, determining the number of effective tillering and conditions of nutrients storing, in such period, 120 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 34 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 15 kg/hm2 of K2O, 25 kg/hm2 of water-soluble Si-fertilizer, 7.5 kg/hm2 of Boric fertilizer and 4 kg/hm2 of Zinc fertilizer are applied along with water in 3 times to promote the effective tiller number and quality of nutrient storage of the rice.
In such a period, vegetative growth and reproductive growth of rice are very vigorous, water fertilizer should be dripped to the weak seedling in advance, and appropriately delaying dripping for flourishing and strong seedling, fertilizer is dripped for 2 to 3 times, the total fertilizing amount is: 120 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 37 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 30 kg/hm2 of K2O and 60 kg/hm2 of soluble organic fertilizer;
In such a period, young ear grows rapidly, and such a period is a critical period to develop seeds per ear. Fertilizer is dripped in 3 to 4 times, the total fertilizing amount is: 60 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 37 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 30 kg/hm2 of K2O and 60 kg/hm2 of soluble organic fertilizer.
Under weather conditions in Xinjiang and drip irrigation cultivation mode, there is less pest and disease damage in the rice, in recent years, there is almost no pest carrying serious damage in the experimental field, additionally, a small number of physiological bacterial wilt in boundary land, it is required to timely check the irrigation zone of the boundary land in the next year and timely deal with it to meet normal water demand of rice.
The steps of planting rice using drip irrigation under plastic film are as follows:
Before seeding, it is ensured to carry out deawning processing for rice seed by using special small-size deawning machinery, and relatively ideal effect could be achieved by processing each batch of seed for 4 minutes.
During the full growth period of the rice drip irrigation under plastic film, the chemical weeding method combined with manual weed removal method is used to remove weeds: generally, carrying out soil sealing treatment 5 days ahead of seeding, spraying 80 g of composite herbicide per mu, 15 days after seeding, when the weeds in the paddy field of drip irrigation under plastic film occur the first peak, applying 60 g of composite herbicide per mu. The specific types of agents may depend on the types of the field weeds, several kinds of agents are selected in targeted for mixing, and used for twice chemical control. It is appropriate to choose the farmland with the soil containing above 1.5% organic content, above 50 mg/kg alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen, more than 18 mg/kg of rapid available phosphorus, moderate soil fertility and above, small amount of salt and alkali, so as to facilitate high yield.
When the 5 cm-under-film ground temperature is stably above 15° C., sowing can be done. Generally, it is in the early of middle April in South Xinjiang and later period of middle April in North Xinjiang. Seeding amount is determined based on the Thousand Kernel Weight, the seeding rate per hectare is determined by 25 g TKW, the mechanical sowing rate per hectare of the rice via drip irrigation under plastic film is about 150 kg. For the rice varieties with smaller TKW, the size of the seeding hole is appropriately reduced, otherwise enlarged, so as to ensure that the number of the seeding particles is 7-9 for each hole. The process of drip irrigation zone pavement via drip irrigation under plastic film sower, plastic film mulch, dibbling, earthing should be completed for one time. It requires even seeding, no re-seeding, no miss-seeding, consistent seeding depth, good earthing, reliable pressing, upright row from edge to edge. An improved packing auger-type earthing seeding device is used for sowing, the Patent Number of the packing auger-type earthing seeding device is 201310307046.3, seeding density is 30500 holes/mu, film width is 150 cm, 1-film-2-tube-8-line is adopted, row spacing is 10 cm, planting width is 165 cm, and line spacing layout is: 10 cm+26 cm+10 cm+26 cm+10 cm+26 cm+10 cm+47 cm. Two drip tubes are evenly distributed among 8 rows of paddy, and the average line spacing of drip tubes is 82.5 cm
The rooting agents or root-strengthening agents can be adopted in the seedling period of the rice via drip irrigation under plastic film for processing, generally, dripping twice before tillering stage after seeding, each dosage is 250 ml, the type of specific rooting agents can be selected according to local market research, the dosage is 1.5 times of the one recommended by manufacturers.
For the paddy fields with drip irrigation under plastic film, if there is the failure of emergence of seedlings by own, seedlings are timely checked and released, so as to avoid rotten seedling. Intertillage is omitted or implemented for once during the full growth period of the rice: it is in trefoil stage, the purpose of intertillage is to loosen the soil, preserve soil moisture and wipe out seeds. It is required to use sweep point to cut soil, smash and rise to the soil separation plate, ploughing depth can be up to 20 cm. Seedling pressing and folding is not allowed. During wide-film planting, the main purpose of intertillage is to weed out.
Irrigation systems vary greatly with different regions and different soil texture. Generally, dripping 45 times during full growth period, irrigation period is 3-4 days, and adjusted to 1-2 days in water-need peak season, irrigation norm is about 10500 m3/hm2.
In which,
When the soil moisture status is poor after rice growing, timely dripping seedling water after planting, carrying out irrigation in 3 times, the total irrigation amount is 900 m3/hm2;
In such a period, carrying out irrigation for 10 times, the total irrigation amount is 2400 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out dripping for 10 times, the total irrigation amount is 2700 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out dripping for 6 times, the total irrigation amount is 1200 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out dripping for 16 times, the total irrigation amount is 3300 m3/hm2, stopping irrigation at the end of rice waxen maturity.
Usually, based on the soil fertility and fertilizer response effects of the rice planting plot, the target yield and fertilizing amount are determined, the principle of organic and inorganic combination should be used in the rice fertilization, at the same time, paying attention to integrate with the fertilizer practice and high yield and high quality cultivation techniques, especially noting water and fertilizer joint control. During the full growth period of rice, the total fertilizing amount is as follows: animal manure (compost chicken manure and cow dung are mixed by mass ratio of 3:2): 20 t/hm2, soluble organic fertilizer 150 kg/hm2, pure nitrogen 320 kg/hra2, P2O5 160 kg/hm2, K2O 70 kg/hm2, water-soluble Si-fertilizer 30 kg/hm2, boric fertilizer and zinc fertilizer 8 kg/hm2 respectively.
In which,
Fertilizing farmyard manure when ploughing fields in autumn approaching winter, 20 t/hm2 of animal manure (compost chicken manure and cow dung are mixed by mass ratio of 3:2) and 50 kg/hm2 of diamonium phosphate are applied for one time and evenly, and then, the fields are deeply ploughed up to 27-30 cm and then leveled.
Fertilizing paddy field based on the crops, if soil is saline and alkaline, has uneven fertility, lack of nutrient, and some seedlings are weak, 30 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 25 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 10 kg/hm2 of K2O and 4 kg/hm2 of Zinc fertilizer are dripped along with water in 2-3 times to promote the growth of seedlings.
Tillering stage is a critical period for the vegetative growth of rice, determining the number of effective tillering and conditions of nutrients storing, in such a period, 110-120 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 38 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 10 kg/hm2 of K2O, 30 kg/hm2 of water-soluble Si-fertilizer, 8 kg/hm2 of boric fertilizer and 4 kg/hm2 of Zinc fertilizer are applied along with water in 3 times to promote the effective tiller number and quality of nutrient storage of the rice in 3 times.
In such a period, vegetative growth and reproductive growth of rice are very vigorous, water fertilizer should be dripped to the weak seedling in advance, and appropriately delaying dripping for flourishing and strong seedling, the fertilizer is dripped in 2 to 3 times, the total fertilizing amount is: 114 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, P2O5 35 kg/hm2, K2O 25 kg/hm2 and 75 kg/hm2 of soluble organic fertilizers.
In such a period, young ear grows rapidly, and such period is a critical period to develop seeds per ear. The fertilizer is dripped in 3 to 4 times, the total fertilizing amount is: 55 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, P2O5 35 kg/hm2, K2O 25 kg/hm2 and 75 kg/hm2 of soluble organic fertilizer.
Under weather conditions in Xinjiang and drip irrigation cultivation mode, there is less pest and disease damage in the rice, in recent years, there is almost no pest carrying serious damage in the experimental field, additionally, a small number of physiological bacterial wilt occurs in boundary land, it is required to timely check the irrigation zone of the boundary land in the next year and timely deal with it to meet normal water demand of rice.
The steps of the rice using drip irrigation under plastic film are as follows:
Before seeding, it is ensured to carry out deawning processing for rice seed by using special small-size deawning machinery, and relatively ideal effect could be achieved by processing each batch of seed for 6 minutes.
During the full growth period of the rice drip irrigation under plastic film, the chemical weeding method combined with manual weed removal method is used to remove weeds: generally, carrying out soil sealing treatment 5 days ahead of seeding, spraying 80 g of composite herbicide per mu, 15 days after seeding, when the weeds in the paddy field of drip irrigation under plastic film occur the first peak, applying 60 g of composite herbicide per mu. The specific types of agents may depend on the types of the field weeds, several kinds of agents are selected in targeted for mixing, and used for twice chemical control. It is appropriate to choose the farmland with the soil containing above 1.5% organic content, above 50 mg/kg alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen, more than 18 mg/kg of rapid available phosphorus, moderate soil fertility and above, small amount of salt and alkali, so as to facilitate high yield.
When the 5 cm-under-film ground temperature is stably above 15° C., sowing can be done. Generally, it is in the early of middle April in South Xinjiang and later period of middle April in North Xinjiang. Seeding amount is determined based on the Thousand Kernel Weight, the seeding rate per hectare is determined by 25 g TKW, the mechanical sowing rate per hectare of the rice via drip irrigation under plastic film is about 130 kg. For the rice varieties with smaller TKW, the size of the seeding hole is appropriately reduced, otherwise enlarged, so as to ensure that the number of the seeding particles is 7-9 for each hole. The process of drip irrigation zone pavement via drip irrigation under plastic film sower, plastic film mulch, dibbling, earthing should be completed for one time. It requires even seeding, no re-seeding, no miss-seeding, consistent seeding depth, good earthing, reliable pressing, upright row from edge to edge. An improved packing auger-type earthing seeding device is used for sowing, the Patent No. of the packing auger-type earthing seeding device is 201310307046.3, seeding density is 36000 holes/mu, film width is 220 cm, row spacing is 9 cm, 1-film-3-tube-12-line is adopted, line spacing layout is: 3 cm+24 cm+13 cm+20 cm+13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+20 cm+13 cm+24 cm+13 cm+50 cm, three drip tubes are evenly distributed among 12 rows of paddy, the average line spacing of drip tubes is 78 cm, and the planting width of single film is 240 cm.
The rooting agent or root-strengthening agent can be adopted in the seedling period of the rice via drip irrigation under plastic film for processing, generally, dripping twice before tillering stage after seeding, each dosage is 150 ml, the type of specific rooting agent can be selected according to local market research, the dosage is 2.5 times of the one recommended by manufacturer.
For the paddy fields with drip irrigation under plastic film, if there is the failure of emergence of seedlings by own, seedlings are timely checked and released, so as to avoid rotten seedling. Intertillage is omitted or implemented for once during the full growth period of the rice: it is in trefoil stage, the purpose of intertillage is to loosen the soil, reserve soil moisture and wipe out seeds. It is required to use sweep point to cut soil, smash and rise to the soil separation plate, ploughing depth can be up to 18 cm. Seedling pressing and folding is not allowed. During wide-film planting, the main purpose of intertillage is to weed out.
Irrigation systems vary greatly with different regions and different soil texture. Generally, dripping 38 times during full growth period, irrigation period is 3-4 days, and adjusted to 1-2 days in water-need peak season, irrigation norm is about 11250 m3/hm2.
In which,
When the soil moisture status is poor after rice growing, timely dripping seedling water after planting, carrying out irrigation for twice, the total irrigation amount is 1050 m3/hm2;
In such a period, carrying out irrigation for 8 times, the total irrigation amount is 2550 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out dripping for 9 times, the total irrigation amount is 2850 m3/hm2.
In such period, carrying out dripping for 5 times, the total irrigation amount is 1350 m3/hm2.
In such a period, carrying out dripping for 14 times, the total irrigation amount is 3450 m3/hm2, stopping irrigation at the end of rice waxen maturity.
Usually, based on the soil fertility and fertilizer response effects of the rice planting plot, the target yield and fertilizing amount are determined, the principle of organic and inorganic combination should be used in the rice fertilization, at the same time, paying attention to integrate with the fertilizer practice and high yield and high quality cultivation techniques, especially noting water and fertilizer joint control. During the full growth period of rice, the total fertilizing amount is as follows: animal manure (compost chicken manure and cow dung are mixed by mass ratio of 3:2): 20 t/hm2, soluble organic fertilizer 140 kg/hm2, pure nitrogen 300 kg/hra2, P2O5 150 kg/hm2, K2O 80 kg/hm2, water-soluble Si-fertilizer 28 kg/hm2, Boric fertilizer and Zinc fertilizer 8 kg/hm2 respectively.
In which,
Fertilizing farmyard manure when ploughing fields in autumn approaching winter, 20 t/hm2 of animal manure (compost chicken manure and cow dung are mixed by mass ratio of 3:2) and 40 kg/hm2 of diamonium phosphate are applied for one time and evenly, and then, the fields are deeply ploughed up to 27-30 cm and then leveled.
Fertilizing paddy field based on the crops, if soil is saline and alkaline, has uneven fertility, lack of nutrient, and some seedlings are weak, 20 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 25 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 12 kg/hm2 of K2O and 4 kg/hm2 of zinc fertilizer are dripped along with water in 2-3 times to promote the growth of seedlings.
Tillering stage is a critical period for the vegetative growth of rice, determining the number of effective tillering and conditions of nutrients storing, in such a period, 112 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, 33 kg/hm2 of P2O5, 13 kg/hm2 of K2O, 28 kg/hm2 of water-soluble Si-fertilizer, 8 kg/hm2 of Boric fertilizer and 4 kg/hm2 of Zinc fertilizer are applied along with water in 3 times to promote the effective tiller number and quality of nutrient storage of the rice.
In such a period, vegetative growth and reproductive growth of rice are very vigorous, water fertilizer should be dripped to the weak seedling in advance, and appropriately delaying dripping for flourishing and strong seedling, the fertilizer is dripped for 2 to 3 times, the total fertilizing amount is: 110 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, P2O5 35 kg/hm2, K2O 28 kg/hm2 and 70 kg/hm2 of soluble organic fertilizer;
In such a period, young ear grows rapidly, and such a period is a critical period to develop seeds per ear. Fertilizer is dripped for 3 to 4 times, the total fertilizing amount is: 50 kg/hm2 of pure nitrogen, P2O5 35 kg/hm2, K2O 27 kg/hm2 and 70 kg/hm2 of soluble organic fertilizer.
Under weather conditions in Xinjiang and drip irrigation cultivation mode, there is less pest and disease damage in the rice, in recent years, there is almost no pest carrying serious damage in the experimental field, additionally, a small number of physiological bacterial wilt occurs in boundary land, it is required to timely check the irrigation zone of the boundary land in the next year and timely deal with it to meet normal water demand of rice.
The difference between the present embodiment and embodiment 1 lies in that:
In seeding steps, the seeding density is 34000 holes/mu, row spacing is 9 cm, and the line spacing layout of 1-film-3-tube-12-line is adopted. The rest is the same.
The difference between the present embodiment and embodiment 2 lies in that:
In seeding steps, the seeding density is 32600 holes/mu, row spacing is 9 cm, and the line spacing layout of 1-film-2-tube-8-line is adopted. The rest is the same.
Yang Huijie et al. believes that the superhigh yield of rice is achieved via ensuring enough spike number firstly, and on this basis, cultivating big spike, and forming relatively more total volume per square meter. Production practice has proved that on one hand, overemphasizing on big spike tend to cause poor rice quality, on the other hand, it tends to cause low setting percentage. With the improvement on cultivation measure and irrigation and fertilization measure, it is capable of further exploring the method for improving the density of rice using drip irrigation under plastic film, and improving maturing rate of rice via increasing spike and particles to expand yield storage capacity, so as to improve rice yields. From 2010 to 2011, based on the screening tests of variety, the inventors carried out the density test and study on planting pattern of the rice using drip irrigation under plastic film, so as to make sure the appropriate density of the rice and row spacing configuration, hoping to obtain higher target yield.
The specific date of test sowing was on May 1, 2013, variety was T-43, mechanically rupturing membranes, artificially dribble seeding, and seeding depth was 2-3 cm, 8-10 particles for each hole. Six treatments were provided, triplication randomized block design, specific configuration was shown in Table 1. Based on the growth characteristics of rice, supply water in appropriate time and amount, water and fertilizer combination, fertilizing while dripping water, the planned irrigation amount in the full growth period was 750 m3/666.7 m2, fertilizing amount of urea was 40 kg/666.7 m2, 20 kg/666.7 m2 of Feidigai (the name of a fertilizer, mainly comprising major element (N+P2O5+K2O): not less than 58%, purchased from Xinjiang Boshuosi Chemical Fertilizer Co., Ltd., full name: macroelement water-soluble fertilizer), seed testing and yield estimation should be implemented for each treatment in mature period, and the indexes comprise the number of full grains, setting percentage, percentage of earbearing tiller and theoretical yield.
2. Test Results and Analysis were Shown in Table 2 and
It can be seen from Table 2 to
From 2011 to 2013, based on variety test and density test, the inventors carried out the study on the water demand regulation and irrigation program of the rice using drip irrigation under plastic film in different periods, and studied the water consumption rules of the rice using drip irrigation under plastic film in growth period of rice, comprising water consumption of the rice during full growth period and water consumption extent in each growth period.
Rice variety (T-43), urea, monopotassium phosphate and soil conditioner. Five treatments were provided, triplication for each treatment, each treatment area was 66.67 m2. 25 kg soil conditioner per mu was used to improve soil structure while ploughing in autumn 2010, 8 kg/mu of base fertilizer urea, 5 kg/mu of three fertilizers (N, P and K fertilizers) and 20 kg/mu of organic fertilizer. Specific design scheme is shown in Table 3.
Seeding method adopts mechanized dribble seeding on film, pattern: 1-film-2-tube-8-line, film width was 1.6 m, hill spacing was 10 cm, 8-12 grains in each hole, seeding depth was 2-3 cm, and drip irrigation zone was 2.1 L/h. High-frequency irrigation mode was adopted in full growth period, irrigating 40 times in total, the fertilizer was applied with water dripping, and completed in 10 times.
Sampling period was divided into tillering stage, jointing stage, booting stage, heading stage, milk-ripe stage and harvest stage. One strip of film in the middle part of each section was chosen, and the continuous 5 holes of plants were selected with representative to be killed out at 105° C. for 30 min, and then, dried at 75° C. for 48 h to constant weight, and respectively weighing dry weight. The dried samples were respectively smashed for measurement after being sub-packaged.
Yield determination before harvest, treatment 0.5 m2 plants were taken for indoor laboratory test. Specific measuring items comprised the number of productive ears, full grains, blighted grain number and thousand seed weight.
{circle around (1)} The influences of different irrigation amounts on the water-saving growing process of the rice using drip irrigation under plastic film
It can be seen from Table 4 that different irrigation amounts had less influence on tillering stage of the rice using drip irrigation under plastic film, treatment 4 was one day ahead of other treatments. The growth periods of jointing stage, heading stage and pustulation stage gradually prolong with the increase of irrigation amount, indicating that with the increase of water amount, the vegetative period of the rice increases, it was relatively late to enter into reproductive growth.
{circle around (2)} The influences of different irrigation amounts on plant height, leaf and tillering of rice using drip irrigation under plastic film were shown in Table 5.
It can be seen from Table 5 that different irrigation amount almost had no influence on the leaf number of rice using drip irrigation under plastic film in each growth period, mainly because the leaf number belonged to hereditary character. With the increase of irrigation amount, the plant height of the rice in each growth period also increased, but influence of different irrigation amount on plant height was almost the same. The change of irrigation amount mainly affected the tiller-earing period to certain extent, in jointing stage, with the increase of irrigation amount tiller number increased, but ineffective tillering also increased.
{circle around (3)} The influences of different irrigation amounts and fertilizing amounts on the yield components were shown in Table 6.
It can be seen from Table 6 that the different irrigation amounts had no obvious influence on the setting percentage and thousand seed weight of rice using drip irrigation under plastic film in each growth period, there was no significant difference among the five treatments, the difference of the number of productive ears among the five treatments was not obvious, great difference only existed between treatments 1 and 4, indicating that 600 m3 irrigation amount seriously affected the tillering and ear bearing, 800 m3 irrigation amount caused too much invalid tillering, influencing effective tillering, there was significant difference of the kernels per spike between treatment 1 and 2 and other treatments, which might be caused by the production of spikelets due to the unsatisfied water demand during heading period, influencing the kernels per spike. With the increase of irrigation amount, yield also increased, the yield of treatment 4 was the maximum. 800 m3 irrigation amount influenced the later grouting, causing decrease of number of productive ears, and resulting in decreased yield, probably because the excessive vegetative growth in earlier stage.
For 750 m3 and 800 m3 irrigation amount, the number of productive ears, kernels per spike, thousand seed weight and yield were higher comprehensively, 600 m3 irrigation amount was less than the water demand for the growth period of the rice in Xinjiang, causing less tiller number and kernels per spike, finally, causing decline of yield. Due to climate in 2011, it caused lower fructification percentage, otherwise the rice yield was higher due to higher fructification percentage.
In the end, what should be stated is that: the above-mentioned is only the optimized embodiments of this invention, and does not mean to limit this invention, although this invention has been specified in detail based on the above-mentioned embodiments. For those skilled in this field, it is still available to modify the technical solutions specified in the above embodiments, or equivalently replace partial features in the invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and the like implemented within the spirit and principle of this invention shall be included in the scope of this invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CN2013/001653 | 12/27/2013 | WO | 00 |
