Patent Application
20160158828
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of forming a laminar casting mold, and more particularly relates to a method of forming a sand mold having an intended configuration by repeating steps of forming a thin layer of sand and curing the formed sand layer in the form of a predetermined shape, thereby obtaining the sand mold as a one-piece body consisting of a plurality of the cured sand layers superposed on each other.
2. Description of Related Art
As a method of forming a casting mold by superposing a plurality of sand layers on each other, there has been proposed a method of forming a sand mold by a laminating process as shown in
As another conventional method of forming the casting mold by superposing the plurality of sand layers on each other, there has been proposed a multilayer molding method for forming a sand mold as shown in FIG. 9 (see JP-A-9-141386). This method includes a laminating step in which sand is laminated in the form of a thin layer, a mask-disposing step in which a preformed mask having a predetermined shape is disposed above the laminated sand layer, and a spraying step in which a liquid binder which bonds sand grains together is sprayed from a position above the mask over the laminated thin sand layer. A layer of the sand mold is formed by the above-described steps. By repeating the above-described steps, the sand mold is obtained as the three-dimensional formed article of sand. In the above-described method, it is possible to use a nozzle or the like having an outlet of a relatively large diameter, to spray the liquid binder. In this case, it is considered possible to reduce occurrence of clogging of the nozzle.
However, in the method of forming the sand mold by the laminating process as proposed in JP-A-9-168840 described above, the shell sand is cured by heating the shell sand by the irradiation with the laser beam. Therefore, this method has an inherent problem of generation of an odor by incineration of an organic substance during heating of the shell sand by the irradiation with the laser beam. Further, although occurrence of warpage of the sand layers can be prevented by the above-described method, a difference in the temperature is generated between parts of the sand layers irradiated with the laser beam, and the other parts of the sand layers not irradiated with the laser beam, resulting in tendency of generation of an internal stress. Therefore, the above-described method has a problem that secondary firing is required to be performed to mitigate the internal stress, for example. Moreover, in order to heat and cure the predetermined part of the sand layer by irradiating this part with the laser beam, the irradiation is required to be performed at a high power under a precise control, giving rise to problems that an expensive device is required for the laser irradiation, and an extremely large amount of energy is required for the heating.
On the other hand, in the multilayer molding method for forming the sand mold as proposed in JP-A-9-141386 described above, the sand layer is cured by spraying the liquid binder for curing the sand. The liquid binder easily adheres to an object, since the liquid binder has a high viscosity. Therefore, the above-described method has an inherent problem that a solid adheres to the inside of the nozzle for a long period of its use, resulting in clogging of the nozzle. Further, in the case where the liquid binder is dried while the device used for the method is not in operation, the liquid binder is solidified within or around the nozzle. Accordingly, it is necessary to take measures for preventing drying of the liquid binder and maintenance of the nozzle after its use, resulting in cumbersome maintenance of the device. Moreover, once the nozzle is clogged, it is difficult to remove clogging of the nozzle by cleaning the nozzle, for example. Therefore, in the event of clogging of the nozzle, it is necessary to replace the nozzle, giving rise to problems of extra work and cost required for the replacement.
The present invention was made in view of the background arts described above. It is an object of the invention to provide a multilayer molding method for forming a casting mold, which method makes it possible to produce the casing mold by using a relatively simple production device, while effectively preventing generation of an odor, without occurrence of clogging of a nozzle even after a long period of its use, and which method is suitable for a mass production of the casting mold.
Under the above-described circumstances, the inventor of the present invention made intensive studies on the multilayer molding method for forming the casting mold, and found that the above-described object can be achieved by using, as a molding sand, a coated sand obtained by coating a refractory aggregate with a water-soluble binder, and solidifying or curing layers of the casting mold by spraying an aqueous medium over the layers and heating the layers. The present invention was completed based on this finding.
In order to achieve the above-described object, the present invention can be embodied in various preferred modes described below. Any one or any combination of the preferred modes described below may be used. It is to be understood that the preferred modes and technical characteristics of the invention are not limited to those described below, and are recognized based on the inventive concept disclosed in the whole specification and the drawings.
(1) A method of forming a laminar casting mold as a one-piece body consisting of a plurality of mold layers which are formed of a molding sand, and which are superposed on each other, wherein each of the plurality of mold layers is formed by mold-layer forming steps comprising: a first step of spreading a coated sand which is obtained by coating a refractory aggregate with a water-soluble binder, and used as the molding sand, to form a thin sand layer having a planar surface and a predetermined thickness; a second step of spraying an aqueous medium by using selective spray means, selectively over a part of the sand layer which part gives one of the plurality of mold layers; and a third step of heating the above-described part of the sand layer over which the aqueous medium has been sprayed, to solidify or cure the above-described part, and wherein the plurality of mold layers are successively formed and superposed on each other by repeating the above-described mold-layer forming steps a required number of times, whereby the laminar casting mold having an intended three-dimensional configuration is obtained as the one-piece body consisting of the plurality of mold layers superposed on each other.
(2) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to the above-described mode (1), wherein the above-described selective spray means comprises a mask provided with a hole having a shape corresponding to one of the above-described plurality of mold layers, and the above-described second step comprises disposing the mask above the above-described sand layer, and spraying the above-described aqueous medium from a position above the mask.
(3) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to the above-described mode (1), wherein the above-described selective spray means is an inkjet device, and the above-described second step comprises spraying the above-described aqueous medium from the inkjet device by an inkjet process, selectively over only the above-described part of the sand layer giving the above-described one of the plurality of mold layers.
(4) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (3), wherein the above-described aqueous medium is sprayed in the form of a mist in the above-described second step.
(5) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (3), wherein the above-described aqueous medium is sprayed in the form of a steam or a superheated steam in the above-described second step.
(6) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (5), wherein the above-described aqueous medium sprayed in the above-described second step contains a curing agent or a curing accelerator which can cure the above-described water-soluble binder.
(7) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (5), wherein a curing agent or a curing accelerator which is not soluble in water is sprayed before or after spraying of the above-described aqueous medium in the above-described second step.
(8) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (7), wherein the above-described part of the sand layer over which the above-described aqueous medium has been sprayed is solidified or cured in the above-described third step, by heating the above-described part with a heat-generating element, or by irradiating the above-described part with an infrared ray or a laser beam.
(9) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (8), wherein the above-described third step is performed in an atmosphere of a gas selected from a heated air, a superheated steam, a carbon dioxide, an ester in the form of a gas, and an inert gas.
(10) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (9), wherein a gas selected from an air, a heated air, a carbon dioxide, an ester in the form of a gas, and an inert gas is blown onto the sand layer or passed therethrough, in the above-described third step, simultaneously with or after heating of the above-described part of the sand layer over which the above-described aqueous medium has been sprayed.
(11) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (10), wherein the above-described third step comprises sucking a gas from a space in which the above-described third step is performed, to exhaust the gas out of the space.
(12) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (11), wherein the above-described aqueous medium has a temperature of 20-100° C.
(13) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (12), wherein the above-described aqueous medium has a viscosity of 0.01-20 centipoise.
(14) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (13), wherein the above-described coated sand is used in the above-described first step after the coated sand is preheated to a temperature not lower than 40° C.
(15) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (14), wherein the above-described coated sand has fluidity at the room temperature, and a water content of the coated sand is controlled so as to be not higher than 0.5% by mass.
(16) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to any one of the above-described modes (1) to (15), wherein at least one of a thermosetting resin, a saccharide, a protein, a synthetic polymer, a salt and an inorganic polymer is used as the above-described water-soluble binder.
(17) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to the above-described mode (16), wherein the above-described thermosetting resin is an alkaline resol resin.
(18) The method of forming the laminar casting mold according to the above-described mode (16), wherein the above-described inorganic polymer is a water glass.
According to the above-described method of forming the laminar casting mold according to the invention, various effects can be achieved as described below.
(i) The aqueous medium sprayed from the nozzle over the sand layer basically consists of water. Accordingly, clogging of the nozzle does not take place even after a long period of its use.
(ii) An amount of thermal energy required for solidifying or curing the sand layer is not so large as to cause generation of an odor. Accordingly, the method of the invention permits reduction of the generation of the odor.
(iii) The need to perform secondary firing can be eliminated or reduced.
(iv) The sand layer can be solidified or cured with a small amount of thermal energy, without using a high-power device for generating a large amount of thermal energy.
To clarify the present invention more specifically, representative embodiments of the invention will be described by reference to the drawings.
Referring first to
An outlet 5 for supplying the coated sand 3 onto the upper surface of the table 2 is provided in a lower portion of the storage tank 4, as shown in
As shown in
The heater 13 which is shown in
The steps for forming the mold layer 12 according to the first embodiment of the invention, and formation of a formed article 14 (intended casting mold) as a one-piece body consisting of the mold layers 12 superposed on each other will be described.
<First Step>
Before formation of the mold layer 12, the upper surface of the frame 1 of the casting-mold forming device and the upper surface of the table 2 are flush with each other. When the formation of the mold layer 12 is started, the table 2 is moved downwards by a distance corresponding to the thickness of the sand layer 7. Then, the coated sand 3 stored in the storage tank 4 is supplied onto the table 2, by controlling an amount of supply of the coated sand 3 through the outlet 5, such that the coated sand 3 is scattered over the entire upper surface area of the table 2 with a substantially even thickness (as shown in
After the supply of the coated sand 3 onto the table 2 is terminated, the spreading member 6 is horizontally moved along the upper surface of the frame 1, to scrape an extra amount of the coated sand 3, whereby the sand layer 7 spread over the table 2 has a planar surface and the predetermined small thickness (as shown in
<Second Step>
Subsequently, the mask 8 provided with the hole 9 having the predetermined shape corresponding to one of the mold layers 12 of the intended casting mold is disposed above the sand layer 7 formed in the first step described above (as shown in
Then, the aqueous medium 11 in the form of a mist is sprayed toward the mask 8 from the sprayer 10 disposed above the mask 8 with a predetermined distance therebetween (as shown in
The method of spraying the aqueous medium 11 is not particularly limited, as long as the method makes it possible to spray an adequate amount of the aqueous medium 11 over the sand layer 7, such that the coated sand 3 is not excessively moistened. For instance, there may be adequately used a method of dropping the aqueous medium, the method of spraying the aqueous medium in the form of a mist by using the sprayer or the like, and a method of spraying the aqueous medium in the form of a vapor or a superheated steam. A saturated steam is preferably used as the vapor. In the case of the method using the mask as in the present embodiment, it is preferable to spray the aqueous medium in the form of the mist, whereas in the case of the inkjet process described later, the aqueous medium can be preferably sprayed in any of the forms of drops, the mist, and the vapor.
After moistening the coated sand 3 with the aqueous medium 11, it is necessary to dry the sand layer 7. Therefore, it is preferable that the temperature of the aqueous medium 11 is equal to or higher than the room temperature. Accordingly, the temperature of the aqueous medium is generally between about 20° C. and about 100° C., and more preferably between about 30° C. and about 95° C. In the case of using the vapor of the aqueous medium, the temperature of the vapor is preferably set at 80-100° C., by taking measures for withstanding the high temperature.
Water is a representative example of the aqueous medium 11 used in the present invention. The kind of the water is not particularly limited, as long as dirt and dust are not mixed in the water. Examples of the water include pure water, tap water, distilled water and industrial water. From the standpoint of prevention of clogging of a nozzle, the pure water and the distilled water are preferably used. It is also possible to add to the aqueous medium, small amounts of a curing agent such as an acid and an ester, a curing accelerator, a surfactant or the like, as long as almost no change in viscosity of the aqueous medium is caused by the addition of the curing agent, curing accelerator and surfactant. In the case where the curing agent, curing accelerator or surfactant is added to the aqueous medium, the viscosity of the aqueous medium is preferably 0.01-20 cP (centipoise), more preferably 0.01-10 cP, and most preferably 0.1-5 cP. In the case where the aqueous medium solely consists of the water, the viscosity of the aqueous medium is within a range of 0.25-1.3 cP at a temperature of 20-100° C. In the case of using the curing agent or the curing accelerator, which is not soluble in the water, the curing agent or the curing accelerator may be sprayed before or after spraying of the aqueous medium. In this case, the curing agent or the curing accelerator, which is not soluble in the water, is preferably used in the form of a liquid.
<Third Step>
After the aqueous medium 11 has been sprayed over the sand layer 7, the heater 13 provided with the electric heating wire 13a is disposed above the sand layer 7 with a predetermined distance therebetween. By heating the sand layer 7 with the heat generated by the heater 13, the moistened coated sand 3 is dried (as shown in
Where the sand layer 7 is heated and dried in an atmosphere of a heated air, the drying of the sand layer 7 can be promoted. As the other measures for promoting curing of the sand layer 7, it is possible to heat and dry the sand layer 7 in an atmosphere including a carbon dioxide or an ester in the form of a gas, or in an atmosphere of an inert gas such as a nitrogen gas, so that the water-soluble binder is neutralized by the carbon dioxide, the ester in the form of a gas, or the inert gas. Particularly in the case where the water-soluble binder is an alkaline resol resin, the curing of the sand layer 7 is advantageously promoted by curing the sand layer 7 in the atmosphere of the carbon dioxide. A method of conducting the above-described measures for promoting the drying and curing of the sand layer 7 is not particularly limited, as long as the method makes it possible to heat and dry the sand layer 7 in an atmosphere of a predetermined gas. For instance, there may be used a method of air-tightly sealing a space in which the above-described third step is performed, and replacing an atmosphere within the space with the heated air, the carbon dioxide, the ester in the form of a gas or the inert gas, and forming the casting mold in the above-described space. It is also possible to regulate the temperature within the above-described space by heating.
It is also possible to blow a gas toward the sand layer 7, or pass the gas through the sand layer 7, simultaneously with or before or after the heating of the sand layer 7. Examples of the gas include an air, the heated air, the superheated steam, the carbon dioxide, the ester in the form of a gas and the inert gas. Further, drying of the coated sand 3 can be promoted by circulating the gas. A method for blowing or passing the gas is not particularly limited, as long as the coated sand 3 is not blown off by the gas blown thereto or passed therethrough. For instance, there may be used a method of blowing the gas toward the sand layer 7 from an outlet provided above the sand layer 7, or a method of passing the gas through the sand layer 7 by circulating the atmosphere within the space for forming the casting mold.
Further, in order to prevent water vapor from being left within the space for forming the casting mold, it is possible to perform a step of sucking a gas within the space, to exhaust the gas out of the space. The suction of the gas is preferably performed after heating and drying the sand layer in the third step. However, the suction of the gas may be performed during the third step or the entire steps, as long as the suction of the gas does not cause an adverse effect on those steps.
<Repetition of the Steps>
The above-described first through third steps are performed as a series (cycle) of steps for forming the mold layer 12. After moving the table further downwards by the distance corresponding to the thickness of each sand layer (as shown in
By the way, the coated sand 3 used in the present invention is obtained by coating the refractory aggregate with the water-soluble binder. The refractory aggregate is adequately selected from various kinds of refractory aggregate conventionally used for the casting mold. Specific examples of the refractory aggregate include silica sand, chromite sand, zircon sand, olivine sand, alumina sand, synthetic mullite sand and the like. Among the above-indicated sands, an artificially sand in the form of true sphere is preferably used from the standpoint of reduction of an amount of use of the binder. The above-indicated refractory aggregate may be a reclaimed sand or a recovery sand, which have been used as a molding sand once or a plurality of times for forming the casting mold, as well as a fresh or new sand, and may be a mixture of the fresh sand, reclaimed sand and recovery sand. The grain size of the coated sand 3 which is obtained by using the refractory aggregate described above and which is used for the laminar casting mold is controlled within a range of 80-150, and preferably 90-130, according to the AFS coefficient standard specified by the JACT test method S-1 (method for testing grain size of molding sand), from viewpoints of ease of passage of a gas through the casting mold to be obtained, ease of scattering of the coated sand 3, and the thickness of the sand layer 7 in the formation of the casting mold using the coated sand 3. The grain size of the coated sand 3 smaller than AFS 80 gives rise to a risk of failure to achieve a sufficiently high solidification strength. On the other hand, the grain size of the coated sand 3 larger than AFS 150 gives rise to a risk of deterioration of the ease of passage of the gas through the casting mold to be obtained. It is particularly noted that the surface condition of a cast article obtained by using the casting mold 14 improves with a decrease of the thickness of the sand layer 7 (mold layer 12). Therefore, it is desirable to use an aggregate of a small grain size, since the use of such an aggregate makes it easy to form the thin sand layer 7.
In the present invention, the water-soluble binder is used as a binding agent covering the refractory aggregate described above. There may be used one or a plurality of water-soluble binders selected from among a thermosetting resin, a saccharide, a synthetic polymer, a salt, a protein and an inorganic polymer, as long as they are soluble in water.
Examples of the thermosetting resin used as the water-soluble binder include a resol type phenolic resin, a furan resin, a water-soluble epoxy resin, a water-soluble melamine resin, a water-soluble urea resin, a water-soluble unsaturated polyester resin and a water-soluble alkyd resin. It is advantageous to add a curing agent such as an acid or an ester to the thermosetting resin, in order to improve its thermosetting property. Among the above-indicated thermosetting resins, the resol type phenolic resin is preferably used in the present invention. The phenolic resin can be prepared by reacting a phenol and a formaldehyde with each other in the presence of a reaction catalyst.
The phenol as a raw material of the phenolic resin includes phenol and its derivatives, for example, trifunctional phenols such as m-cresol, resorcinol and 3,5-xylenol, tetrafunctional phenols such as bisphenol A and dihydroxydiphenyl methane, and o-substituted bifunctional phenols and p-substituted bifunctional phenols such as o-cresol, p-cresol, p-ter-butylphenol, p-phenylphenol, p-cumylphenol, p-nonylphenol, 2,4-xylenol and 2,6-xylenol. It is also possible to use a halogenated phenol substituted with chlorine or bromine. Any one or a mixture of the above-indicated phenols may be used.
Examples of the formaldehyde include formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, trioxane and tetraoxane. It is also possible to substitute a part of the formaldehyde with furfural or furfuryl alcohol. The formaldehyde is most preferably used in the form of an aqueous solution. Formalin is the aqueous solution of the formaldehyde, which is preferably used in the present invention.
To obtain the intended phenolic resin, a molar ratio between the phenol and the formaldehyde is preferably set within a range between 1:0.6 and 1:3.5, and more preferably between 1:1.5 and 1:2.5.
In the case of preparing a novolac type phenolic resin as the thermosetting resin described above, it is preferable to use, as the reaction catalyst: an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid; an organic acid such as oxalic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, benzene sulfonic acid and xylene sulfonic acid; or zinc acetate, for example. In the case of preparing the resol type phenolic resin, oxides and hydroxides of alkali metals and/or alkaline earth metals may be used as the reaction catalyst. Examples of the reaction catalyst preferably used in the preparation of the resol type phenolic resin include: aliphatic primary amines, aliphatic secondary amines and aliphatic tertiary amines, such as dimethylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, dibutylamine, tributylamine, diethylene triamine and dicyandiamide; aliphatic amines having an aromatic ring, such as N,N-dimethylbenzylamine; aromatic amines such as aniline and 1,5-naphthalenediamine; ammonia; and hexamethylenetetramine, as well as naphthenic acids of divalent metals and hydroxides of divalent metals. In the case where the water-soluble binder in the form of the phenolic resin is diluted for its use, alcohols, ketones, esters, polyhydric alcohols and the like are used as a solvent for diluting the phenolic resin.
In the present invention, it is preferable to use the water-soluble alkaline resol resin as the phenolic resin. The water-soluble alkaline resol resin is an alkaline resol type phenolic resin obtained by reacting the phenol and an aldehyde with each other in the presence of a large amount of an alkaline substance, such that a molar number of the alkaline substance is about 0.01-2.0 times that of the phenol, preferably about 0.3-1.0 time that of the phenol. Examples of the alkaline substance used in the preparation of the water-soluble alkaline resol resin include hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide. Any one or a mixture of the above-indicated alkaline substances is used. By using the alkaline resol resin described above, it is possible to provide the casting mold that can be used in many fields such as castings of iron and steel.
Examples of the saccharide used as the water-soluble binder include monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. It is possible to use any one or a plurality of saccharides selected from the various kinds of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Examples of the monosaccharides include glucose (grape sugar), fructose (fruit sugar) and galactose. Examples of the oligosaccharides include disaccharides such as maltose (malt sugar), sucrose (cane sugar), lactose (milk sugar) and cellobiose. Examples of the polysaccharides include starch sugar, dextrin, xanthan gum, curdlan, pullulan, cycloamylose, chitin, cellulose and starch. It is also possible to use gums of plant mucilage such as gum arabic. Further, it is possible to use carboxylic acid as a curing agent for the saccharides, particularly for the polysaccharides.
Examples of the synthetic polymer used as the water-soluble binder include polyethyleneoxide, poly-a-hydroxyacrylic acid, acrylic acid copolymers, acrylate copolymers, methacrylate copolymers, nonionic polyacrylamide, anionic polyacrylamide, cationic polyacrylamide, polyaminoalkylmethacrylate, acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymer, polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acid, sulfonated maleic acid polymer, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylmethylether, polyether modified silicone, and modified substances of the above-indicated synthetic polymers. Any one or a plurality of the above-indicated synthetic polymers and modified substances thereof is/are used as the water-soluble binder.
The salt used as the water-soluble binder is the salt which is solidified by drying it after adding water thereto. Examples of the salt include sulfates such as magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate, bromides such as sodium bromide and potassium bromide, carbonates such as sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and chlorides such as barium chloride, sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Examples of the protein include gelatin and glue.
In the present invention, the inorganic polymer is also preferably used as the water-soluble binder. Examples of the inorganic polymer include a water glass, colloidal silica, alkyl silicate, bentonite and cement. Examples of the water glass among the above-indicated inorganic polymers include soluble silicate compounds such as sodium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium metasilicate, potassium metasilicate, lithium silicate and ammonium silicate. Among the above-indicated soluble silicate compounds, sodium silicate and potassium silicate are preferably used as the water-soluble binder. In this respect, it is noted that the silicate compounds are classified into various kinds depending on their molar ratio. For instance, sodium silicate is classified into Nos. 1-5, while potassium silicate is classified into Nos. 1 and 2. In the field of casting, the water glass is preferably used as the water-soluble binder, and sodium silicate is particularly preferably used as the water-soluble binder, to obtain the casting mold that can be used in the many fields such as castings of iron and steel.
By the way, in production of the coated sand used in the present invention, the water-soluble binder is generally used in an amount of 0.3-5 parts by mass, and preferably 0.5-3 parts by mass, in terms of its solid content, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the refractory aggregate. To produce the coated sand, the refractory aggregate and the water-soluble binder are kneaded or mixed with each other, to coat the surface of the refractory aggregate with the water-soluble binder, and water in the aqueous solution of the water-soluble binder is evaporated, whereby the refractory aggregate coated with the water-soluble binder is obtained in the form of dry granules having fluidity at the room temperature and a water content not higher than 0.5%. In this respect, it is noted that it is necessary to rapidly evaporate the water in the aqueous solution of the water-soluble binder, before curing of the water-soluble binder proceeds. The water in the aqueous solution of the water-soluble binder is generally evaporated within five minutes, and preferably within two minutes, to obtain the refractory aggregate coated with the water-soluble binder, in the form of the dry granules.
Therefore, it is advantageous to use, as a means for rapidly evaporating the water in the aqueous solution of the water-soluble binder, a method of preheating the refractory aggregate, and kneading or mixing the preheated refractory aggregate with the aqueous solution of the water-soluble binder. By kneading or mixing the aqueous solution of the water-soluble binder with the preheated refractory aggregate, the water in the aqueous solution is rapidly evaporated by the heat of the preheated refractory aggregate, whereby the water content of the refractory aggregate coated with the water-soluble binder can be efficiently reduced, to advantageously obtain the dry granules having fluidity at the room temperature. The temperature to which the refractory aggregate is preheated is adequately selected depending on the water content in the aqueous solution of the water-soluble binder and the amount of use of the aqueous solution, for example. Generally, it is desirable to preheat the refractory aggregate to about 100-140° C. Where the refractory aggregate is preheated to an excessively low temperature, it is difficult to effectively evaporate the water in the aqueous solution of the water-soluble binder. On the other hand, where the refractory aggregate is preheated to an excessively high temperature, there arises a risk that curing of the water-soluble binder proceeds. The water content of the coated sand obtained as described above is reduced so as to be not higher than 0.5% by mass, and preferably not higher than 0.3% by mass, whereby the coated sand is obtained in the form of the dry granules which flow smoothly, and which have excellent properties such as a sufficiently high degree of fluidity at the room temperature.
In the production of the coated sand, a solid oxide, a salt or the like may be used as an additive, together with the refractory aggregate and the water-soluble binder. Use of the solid oxide and salt gives a good effect on a moisture resistance of the coated sand to be obtained. It is effective to use the solid oxide such as oxides of silicon, zinc, magnesium, calcium, lead and boron. Among these, silicon dioxide, zinc oxide and boron oxide are preferably used. The silicon dioxide is preferably a precipitated silica or a pyrogenic silica. On the other hand, examples of the salt include zinc carbonate, sodium tetraborate and potassium tetraborate.
It is also possible to use a coupling agent, a lubricant and a mold releasing agent as additives. The coupling agent serves to strengthen a bond between the refractory aggregate and the binder. Examples of the coupling agent include a silane coupling agent, a zirconate coupling agent and a titanate coupling agent. On the other hand, the lubricant serves to improve the fluidity of the coated sand. Examples of the lubricant include: liquid paraffin; paraffin wax; synthetic polyethylene wax; montanic acid wax; stearic acid; stearyl alcohol; fatty acid amides such as stearic acid amide, oleic acid amide, and erucic acid amide; alkylene fatty acid amides such as methylenebis stearic acid amide and ethylenebis stearic acid amide; metal stearate; lead stearate; zinc stearate; calcium stearate; magnesium stearate; monoglyceride stearate; stearyl stearate; and hydrogenated oils. Examples of the mold releasing agent include paraffins, waxes, light oils, machine oils, spindle oils, insulating oils, waste oils, plant oils, fatty acid esters, organic acids, graphite particulates, mica, vermiculite, fluorine-based mold releasing agents, and silicone-based mold releasing agents.
In the present invention, it is possible to mix the coated sand with other granules. The other granules are not particularly limited, as long as they are solidified by heating and drying them after they are moistened with water.
According to a second embodiment of this invention, it is also possible to perform a second step as shown in
Specifically described, a casting-mold forming device used in the second embodiment of this invention has an inkjet device 15 for spraying a liquid in the form of an aqueous medium by an inkjet process, as shown in
By the way, the second step for forming the casting mold according to the second embodiment of this invention is performed as described below.
Namely, in the second step, water (aqueous medium 11) in the form of a mist is sprayed from the nozzle 16 of the inkjet device 15 toward the sand layer 7, such that the water is successively sprayed over respective minute areas of the plane shape of one of a plurality of divisions of the casting mold to be formed. The casting mold consists of the above-described divisions which are superposed on each other such that the divisions extend in the horizontal direction, and all of which have the same thickness corresponding to the thickness of each sand layer 7. The aqueous medium 11 is sprayed over the parts of the successive sand layers corresponding to the plane shapes of the respective mold layers, with initial spraying of the aqueous medium 11 over the part of the first sand layer corresponding to the plane shape of the lowermost mold layer. The plane shapes of the respective mold layers can be determined by obtaining data of the configuration of the intended sand mold from CAD data of the configuration of an end product, and converting the thus obtained data into data of cross-sectional shapes of the respective divisions of the sand mold, each of which has the thickness corresponding to the thickness of each sand layer. The nozzle 16 of the inkjet device 15 for jetting or spraying the aqueous medium 11 has an extremely small diameter of about 20-100 μm, for example. However, the liquid jetted or sprayed from the nozzle 16 is the aqueous medium, so that clogging of the nozzle does not take place. The first and third steps for forming the casting mold according to the second embodiment are the same as those described above with respect to the first embodiment, and will not be described redundantly. Further, the steps of the second embodiment are repeated as in the first embodiment, so that repetition of the steps will not be described redundantly.
To clarify the invention more specifically, some examples of the invention will be described. It goes without saying that the invention is by no means limited to the details of the illustrated examples. It is to be understood that the invention may be embodied with various other changes, modifications and improvements, which are not illustrated herein and which may occur to those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit of the invention. In the examples and comparative examples described below, measurement of flexural strength and a test for examining clogging of the nozzle were conducted as described below.
—Measurement of Flexural Strength (N/cm2)—
A breaking load of a test piece having a width of 30 mm, a thickness of 10 mm and a length of 85 mm was measured by using a measuring device (a digital molding-sand strength tester available from TAKACHIHO SEIKI CO., LTD., JAPAN). The flexural strength was calculated from the measured breaking load according to the following formula.
Flexural strength=1.5×LW/ab2
[L: length (cm) of the support span, W: breaking load (kgf), a: width (cm) of the test piece, b: thickness (cm) of the test piece]
In the examples, test pieces having the flexural strength not lower than 200 N/cm2 were considered acceptable.
—Test for Examining Clogging of the Nozzle—
Various liquid samples were passed through a hypodermic needle (inside diameter: 50 μm, length: 5 mm) having the inside diameter equivalent to the diameter of the nozzle 16 of the inkjet device 15, to examine whether clogging of the hypodermic needle takes place. Initially, about 1 ml of each liquid sample was collected in a syringe (2 ml) provided with the hypodermic needle, and the 1 ml of the liquid sample was ejected from the needle at a rate of 0.1 ml/s. Then, after leaving the syringe two hours, another about 1 ml of the liquid sample was collected in the syringe, and the 1 ml of the liquid sample was ejected from the needle at the rate of 0.1 ml/s. After repeating the above-described operations three times, the hypodermic needle was examined whether it suffered from clogging. This test was conducted in an atmosphere of 20° C. In the case where the liquid sample could not be ejected from or suctioned into the hypodermic needle even by applying a load of about 1 Kg, the needle was judged as suffering from clogging.
A commercially available artificial spherical molding sand LUNAMOS #50 (Trade Name; available from Kao Corporation, JAPAN) was provided as a refractory aggregate. A commercially available aqueous solution of an alkaline resol resin: HPR 830 (Trade Name; available from ASAHI ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY CO., LTD., JAPAN) was provided as a water-soluble binder. A Shinagawa-type universal stirrer (5DM-r type; manufactured by DALTON CO., LTD., JAPAN) was charged with the LUNAMOS #50 heated to about 120° C., and the aqueous solution of the alkaline resol resin described above was introduced into the stirrer in an amount of 3.0 parts by mass, in terms of its solid content, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the LUNAMOS #50. The contents in the stirrer were kneaded for 50 seconds to evaporate water, and stirred and mixed until an aggregate structure of the sand grains collapsed. After adding 0.1 part by mass of calcium stearate to the contents in the stirrer and mixing the contents for 10 seconds, the contents were taken out of the stirrer, whereby a dry coated sand A having free flowing characteristic at the room temperature was obtained.
The commercially available artificial spherical molding sand LUNAMOS #50 (Trade Name; available from Kao Corporation) was provided as the refractory aggregate. An aqueous solution of sodium silicate was prepared by diluting with water commercially available sodium silicate No. 2 (Trade Name; available from Fuji Kagaku Corp., JAPAN) used as the water-soluble binder. The Shinagawa-type universal stirrer (5DM-r type; manufactured by DALTON CO., LTD.) was charged with the LUNAMOS #50 heated to about 120° C., and the aqueous solution of sodium silicate described above was introduced into the stirrer in an amount of 1.0 part by mass, in terms of its solid content, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the LUNAMOS #50. The contents in the stirrer were kneaded for three minutes to evaporate water, and stirred and mixed until an aggregate structure of the sand grains collapsed. Thereafter, the contents were taken out of the stirrer, whereby a dry coated sand B having free flowing characteristic at the room temperature was obtained.
A casting mold was formed according to the first embodiment of the invention by using the casting-mold forming device having the frame 1 and the table 2, which are shown in
A laminar casting mold (14) was formed as in the Example 1, by using the coated sand B in place of the coated sand A used in the Example 1. The flexural strength of the thus obtained laminar casting mold (14) was measured, and is shown in Table 1.
A laminar casting mold (14) was formed as in the Example 1, by using an aqueous solution obtained by adding 10 parts by mass of y-butyrolactone to 100 parts by mass of the distilled water, in place of the distilled water used in the Example 1. The flexural strength of the thus obtained laminar casting mold (14) was measured, and is shown in Table 1.
A laminar casting mold (14) was formed as in the Example 2, by using an aqueous solution obtained by adding 10 parts by mass of methanol to 100 parts by mass of the distilled water, in place of the distilled water used in the Example 2. The flexural strength of the thus obtained laminar casting mold (14) was measured, and is shown in Table 1.
As is apparent from the results shown in Table 1, all of the laminar casting molds obtained in the Examples 1-4 according to the invention have sufficiently high flexural strengths. Further, from comparisons between the Examples 1 and 3 and between the Examples 2 and 4, it is recognized that the flexural strength can be further advantageously improved by adding adequate amounts of curing agents to the distilled water sprayed over the sand layer 7.
The test for examining clogging of the nozzle was conducted by the test method described above, by using water (distilled water) as the liquid to be sprayed over the sand layer 7. The result of the test is shown in Table 2 given below.
The test for examining clogging of the nozzle was conducted as in the Example 5, by using an aqueous solution of an alkaline resol resin as the liquid to be sprayed over the sand layer 7, The aqueous solution of the alkaline resol resin was prepared so as to have a viscosity of 10 cP at 25° C. by diluting commercially available HPR 830 (Trade Name; available from ASAHI ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY CO., LTD.) with water. The result of the test is shown in Table 2.
The test for examining clogging of the nozzle was conducted as in the Example 5, by using an aqueous solution of sodium silicate as the liquid to be sprayed over the sand layer 7. The aqueous solution of sodium silicate was prepared so as to have a viscosity of 10 cP at 25° C., by diluting the commercially available sodium silicate No. 2 (Trade Name; available from Fuji Kagaku Corp.) with water. The result of the test is shown in Table 2.
As is apparent from the results shown in Table 2, in the cases where the aqueous solution of the alkaline resol resin and the aqueous solution of sodium silicate, which serve as binders, were used as the liquid to be sprayed over the sand layer 7, as in the Comparative Examples 1 and 2, the liquid (binder) adhered to the path of its spraying when it was left within the path, giving rise to a problem of occurrence of clogging of the nozzle having the smallest inside diameter throughout the path. On the other hand, clogging of the nozzle did not take place where water is used as the liquid to be sprayed over the sand layer 7, as in the Example 5, so that the nozzle can be used for a long period of time.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2013-180314 | Aug 2013 | JP | national |
This application is a continuation of the International Application No. PCT/JP2014/072125 filed on Aug. 25, 2014, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(a)-(d) of Japanese Application No.2013-180314 filed on Aug. 30, 2013, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/JP2014/072125 | Aug 2014 | US |
| Child | 15005264 | US |
