Method of grafting monomers to wool with nitric acid

Abstract

Monomers containing sterically available vinyl groups can be copolymerized with wool in the presence of a mineral acid or an organic acid containing up to 3 carbon atoms. The effect can be enhanced by conducting the reaction in the presence of an activating radiation.

Description

The present invention relates to a method of grafting monomers to wool, and more particularly to the grafting of monomers containing vinyl groups to wool.

It is known that it is possible to graft vinyl monomers to polymeric "backbone" molecules such as cellulose using radiation to initiate the reaction. It has also been found that the radiation initiated grafting of vinyl monomers to cellulose is facilitated in the presence of acid. The present inventors have now made a further significant advance in the discovery that vinyl monomers can be grafted onto wool in the presence of an acid without the need for radiation initiation although such initiation can be used to speed up the reaction.

The present invention consists in a method of grafting a monomeric substance containing a sterically available vinyl group onto wool comprising contacting the wool with the monomer or a solution of the monomer in a polar solvent in the presence of a mineral acid of an organic acid containing up to 3 carbon atoms.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention the wool, while in contact with the monomer, or the monomer solution, is irradiated with an activating radiation.

It has been found that the natural properties of wool can be varied greatly by the grafting thereof of vinyl monomers. The physical properties of the wool fibres can be varied such that it may be possible to make the wool fibres more wear resistant or to imparting anti-wrinkling properties to fabrics manufactured from the wool. The chemical properties of the wool can also be varied to make the wool suitable for use in the chromatographic separation of substances and for use as an ion exchange medium. The treated wool could also be used as an adsorbent, i.e. a scavenger filter, for metal ions and polar molecules in such things as water effluents and waste gasses.

The monomers which are suitable for use in the present invention are those containing in the molecule a sterically available vinyl group, i.e. a vinyl group so placed in the molecule as to be able to undergo polymerisation reactions. Monosubstituted vinyl compounds graft most readily; styrene being the most reactive of the monomers studied; of the disubstituted vinyl compounds those with both substituents on the one carbon atom are more reactive than the 1,2 disubstituted monomers, i.e. the compounds containing a terminal vinyl group are the more reactive.

The reaction conditions should be selected so as to reduce homopolymerisation as far as possible. Some substituted vinyl compounds such as the methacrylates are susceptible to homopolymerisation reactions which will compete with the grafting reaction to a greater or lesser extent; by contrast with styrene the dominant reaction in the grafting reaction and homopolymers form to only a small extent.

The solvents suitable for use in dissolving the monomer are polar solvents preferably highly polar and of low molecular weight. Particularly suitable solvents are water, the lower alcohols, i.e. methanol and ethanol, dimethyl sulphoxide, dimethyl formamide and dioxane. The solvent in any particular reaction should preferably be chosen so that the monomer, solvent and acid are maintained in a homogenous, single phase solution. If the monomer is itself a liquid and if the acid is misible with, or soluble in, the monomer than it may not be necessary to use a solvent for the monomer.

The acids for use in catalysing the grafting reaction are preferably mineral acids and more preferably the acids are selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochlorine acid and perchloric acid; of these nitric acid is most preferred, particularly at ambient temperatures. Low molecular weight organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid and trichloro acetic acid can be used when the monomer/wool mixture is irradiated with an activating radiation.

The acid concentration can be varied over a relatively wide range and the best concentration for any given system can be determined by simple experimentation. In monomer solutions the most preferred concentration has been of the order of 0.3N H.sup.+; this concentration is not to be considered as necessarily the best concentration for all systems particularly for systems in which the monomer is able to solvate the acid.

Although grafting occurs at all concentrations an increase in the monomer concentration will lead generally to an increase in the rate of grafting of the monomer onto the wool. With a purely acid catalysed reaction the percentage graft initially rises with an increase in monomer concentration, after a certain point further increases in monomer concentration does not lead to an increase in percentage graft until very high monomer concentrations are reached at which time the precentage graft will again rise. In the typical case of styrene in methanol the percentage graft will rise until about 30% styrene is reached, from 30% to 70% styrene the percentage graft will not rise much, if at all. Above 70 % styrene in the solution the percentage graft will rise until about 90% styrene at which stage phase separation may take place.

When the grafting takes place under the effect of an ionising radiation a Trommsdorff peak will occur. The monomer concentration corresponding to the peak percentage graft will vary from system to system. Simple testing will determine the peak percentage grafting in any particular system under any particular radiation conditions.

The activating radiation may be in the form of .beta.-rays, .gamma.-rays, neutrons, accelerated electrons and particles, X-rays, U.V. radiation or mixtures thereof. The ionising radiation may be furnished by atomic files, particle accelerators, radioisotopes, X-ray generators and other suitable equipment.

The efficiency of the radiation tends to fall off for dose rates of about 100 Kr/hr and it has been found that with .gamma. radiation a radiation dose rate of between 25 and 100 Kr/hr is preferred.

As will be observed from the examples described hereinafter the grafting reaction according to this invention proceeds very slowly at 2.degree. C (a typical result would be 25% grafting after 7 months) and that the rate increases sharply with increases in temperatures it is preferred that the reaction be carried out above 10.degree. C.

A further surprising effect found by the present inventors is that if a comonomer solution is used for the grafting which contains a very reactive monomer such as styrene and a very much less reactive monomer such as ethyl acrylate the resulting graft shows a very much higher percentage of the less active monomer than would have been expected. It is thus possible to vary the properties of the resulting wool based copolymer by increasing the quantity of a normally unreactive monomer in the wool copolymer by the use of a comonomer technique.

It is sometimes desirable to carry out the grafting reaction under an inert atmosphere and in the absence of oxygen. It can also be desirable to carry out the grafting in the dark. These procedures may assist in increasing the rate of grafting of the monomer onto the wool and/or the total graft which will occur.

The wool may be brought into contact with the monomer or monomer solution by any suitable means. The wool may be soaked in a bath containing both the monomer and the acid or the monomer may be sprayed onto or otherwise applied to the wool prior to the wool being brought into the presence of the acid, and if desired the radiation.

In a typical procedure used to produce the results set out in the accompanying tables the monomer was first purified by conventional techniques to remove any inhibitors which may have been present. The pure monomer was then diluted with the solvent and a solution of the acid in the solvent then added. The wool sample placed in the reaction mixture in a reaction tube. The reaction tube was then sealed and brought to the desired temperature for the required time.

Upon completion of the reaction period the wool copolymer was removed from the reaction mixture and washed exhaustively with a suitable solvent to remove any homopolymer formed in the reaction. The copolymer was then dried, conditioned, and weighed; the increase in weight of the sample being the weight of monomer grafted onto the wool during the reaction. The weight of monomer grafted relative to the weight of the wool expressed as a percentage is called throughout this specification the "percentage graft" or "% graft".

Referring to the tabulated data:

Table 1 shows the effect of various standing periods compared with blank runs using no acid,

Table 2 shows the effectiveness of four different solvents,

Table 3 shows the effectiveness of various acids,

Table 4 shows the effect of a high ambient temperature on a styrene/methanol system.

Table 5 shows the varying percentage graft obtained with various monomers,

Table 6 6 the grafting of comonomers to wool,

Table 7 shows the effect of time on the grafting of styrene to wool at 43.degree. C,

Table 8 shows the effect of time on the grafting of styrene to wool at 23.degree. C,

Table 9 shows the effect of radiation on the grafting of styrene to wool in the presence of acid,

Table 10 shows the effect of low dosage radiation on the grafting of styrene to wool in the presence of acid,

Table 11 the effect of various solvents on radiation induced grafting with and without acid,

Table 12 shows the effect of various acids on the radiation induced grafting of styrene to wool, and

Table 13 shows the effect of varying the acid concentration in the radiation induced grafting of styrene to wool.

In all of the reactions for which results are given in the following tables the ratio of the weight of the reaction mixture to the weight of wool was 50 : 1.

TABLE 1______________________________________ACID INDUCED GRAFT OF STYRENE TOWOOL IN METHANOLACID: 0.10M. H.sub.2 SO.sub.4, FIGURES IN COLUMNS 2 to 4 REPRESENT % INCREASE IN WEIGHT.______________________________________ REACTION TIMESYSTEM AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IN DARKNESS% STYRENE 5 days 8 days 19 daysIN MeOH 1st run 2nd run______________________________________ 5 9.410 11.4 11.2 18.9 12.615 8.620 13.2 15.4 11.0 12.825 14.8 15.5 19.2 16.135 20.9 25.2 40.5 23.845 38.6 30.7 22.3 80.555 21.3 43.1 33.4 98465 27.2 25.0 39.2 226075 49.880 29.2 22.8 55.8 258085 100.290 26.5 34.7 49.2 2810______________________________________COMPARISON TABLE - BLANK RUNS WITH NO ACID% STYRENE 19 days inIN MeOH 5 days in light 19 days in light darkness______________________________________10 1.2 2.9 4.420 2.1 2.5 3.630 2.1 2.8 3.540 1.7 2.7 2.450 1.5 2.8 2.860 2.2 3.1 3.270 2.1 7.7 2.680 3.5 55.2 3.990 10.0 282 2.4______________________________________ NOTE Although after 19 days in daylight, a peak does occur at 90% concentratio and a fairly high yield is obtained, the graft is not uniform but patchy and thus of little commercial value. TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ACID INDUCED GRAFT OF STYRENE TO WOOL IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS.ACID: 0.10M H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 REACTION TIME: 9 days at 23.degree.__________________________________________________________________________C.%STYRENE METHANOL ETHANOL DIMETHULSULPHOXIDE DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE__________________________________________________________________________%MeOH %graft %EtOH %graft %DMSO %graft %DMF %graft__________________________________________________________________________10 90 12 90 12 90 13 90 1320 80 12 80 13 80 15 80 1030 70 10 70 12 70 16 70 1240 60 13 60 12 60 22 60 1450 50 16 50 13 50 25 50 2060 40 19 40 13 40 30 40 2570 30 22 30 14 30 34 30 2880 20 28 20 17 20 29* 20 2590 10 28 10 25 10 20* 10 10*__________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: In the items marked with an asterisk (*), phase separation occurred TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ACID INDUCED GRAFT OF STYRENE TO WOOL IN METHANOLACIDS: ALL 0.10M REACTION TIME: 10 days at 23.degree. C, except for HCOOH and CH.sub.3 COOH which were 4 days at 23.degree.__________________________________________________________________________ C.%STYRENE %MeOH %GRAFT__________________________________________________________________________ H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 HCl HNO.sub.3 HClO.sub.4 HCOOH CH.sub.3 COOH__________________________________________________________________________10 90 7 6 11 6 1 120 80 7 6 28 7 2 130 70 7 7 45 8 1 140 60 8 6 121 8 1 150 50 12 7 580 10 2 260 40 15 7 1750 12 0 170 30 15 7* 1660 20* 3 480 20 26 7* 2630 20* 3 190 10 32* 7* 3050* 19* 44 1__________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: In the items marked with an asterisk (*), phase separation occurred TABLE 4______________________________________ACID INDUCED GRAFT OF STYRENE TOWOOL IN METHANOLACID: 0.10M H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 REACTION TIME: 45 hours at 50.degree.______________________________________C. %Styrene %MeOH %Graft______________________________________10 90 1520 80 1430 70 1540 60 5750 50 6070 30 25680 20 89890 10 2210______________________________________ TABLE 5______________________________________GRAFTING OF VARIOUS MONOMERS % Graft______________________________________Acrylamide 8.4.beta.-Styrene - SO.sub.3.sup.- Na.sup.+ 14.4.rho.-Styrene - SO.sub.3.sup.- K.sup.+ 21.8Vinyl SO.sub.3.sup.- Na.sup.+ 14.82, 4 phenyl 1,3 butadiene 9.4Isoprene 16.6allyl methacrylate interactable homopolymer.alpha.Methyl Styrene 10.4Vinyl Acetate 12.9iso-Propenyl Acetate 8.8Acrylic Acid 11.4Allyl Acrylate 9.14 - tert. Butyl Styrene 22.9Divinyl Benzene 50.2 (may be some white homo- polymer attached)Allyl SO.sub.3.sup.- Na.sup.+ 9.42 nitro 2 methyl methacrylate 17.4 (probably some powdery homopolymer not extra- cted)Ethylene Dimethacrylate 25.3 (probably some powdery homopolymer not extra- cted)N-Lauryl Methacrylate 9.7N-Methyl Acrylamide 8.5Poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) interactable homopolymerVinyl Ethyl Ether 8.0Ethyl Acrylate 7.9Acrylonitrile 1000.0Methyl Methacrylate interactable homopolymer4-Vinyl Pyridine 6.0______________________________________ CONDITIONS: 62 hours at 43.degree. C 50% solution in Methanol 0.2N HNO.sub.3 TABLE 6______________________________________GRAFT OF COMONOMERS TO WOOLMONOMERS TOTAL GRAFT (%Wt)______________________________________Styrene, Acrylonitrile 850Styrene, Methyl Methacrylate 1140Styrene, Ethyl Acrylate 980______________________________________ Conditions 60% of 1:1 mixture of monomers, 40% of Methanol, 0.2N HNO.sub.3 Reacted 48 hours at 43.degree. C TABLE 7______________________________________GRAFT OF STYRENE TO WOOL AT 43.degree. CTIME (HOURS) % GRAFT______________________________________1 5.72 11.83 20.04 27.05 35.06 40.07 45.08 56.09 69.014 242.032 4850.0______________________________________ Conditions 75% Styrene, 25% Methanol 0.2N HNO.sub.3 TABLE 8______________________________________GRAFT OF STYRENE TO WOOL AT 23.degree. CTIME (HOURS) % GRAFT______________________________________6 722 1744 5768 93140 970168 1990______________________________________ Conditions 75% Styrene, 25% Methanol 0.2N HNO.sub.3 TABLE 9__________________________________________________________________________Effect of Dose in sulphuric acid (0.1M. H.sub.2 SO.sub.4) on RadiationGrafted Styrene/Wool in Methanol% GRAFTDose* 0.2Mr 0.25Mr 0.30Mr 0.35Mr 0.40Mr 0.45Mr 0.50Mr% Styrene H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 H.sub.2 SO.sub.4__________________________________________________________________________ 5 Nil 8.4 Nil 10.5 Nil 8.8 Nil 3.5 Nil 17 0.7 21 3.0 10 Nil 21 1.2 28 4 35 4.3 44 4.1 60 10.2 83 8.5 "Lost" 15 5.7 48 13 75 11 83 25 117 33 166 42 98 54 "Lost" 20 8.6 66 23 92 36 100 29 137 50 325 63 195 76 201 25 13 83 42 121 51 126 65 225 96 345 "lost" 377 116 301 ##STR1## ##STR2## ##STR3## ##STR4## ##STR5## ##STR6## ##STR7## ##STR8## ##STR9## ##STR10## ##STR11## ##STR12## ##STR13## ##STR14## ##STR15##__________________________________________________________________________ *Dose Rate 25 KR/HR Samples were "Lost" due to very severe polymerization recovery. This Table shows that (i) at a total dose of 0.2 Mrads, the presence of acid increases the graft. (ii) at 5 and 10% Styrene concentrations, no graft occurs without acid bu significant graft with acid. (iii) as total dose increases, so does magnitude of acid effect. (iv) Note that a Trommsdorff peak is induced by acid at 75% styrene/MeOH. The peak is not seen in the higher dose samples because graft was too hig and samples could not be recovered. (v) All data in this Table at constant dose rate of 25,000 rad/hr. (note less than 250,000). TABLE 10______________________________________Effect of Low Total Doses on Radiation Grafting of Styrene inMethanol to Wool at 0.1M H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and 25,000 rads/hr.______________________________________Styrene/methanol solutions all 0.1M wr. H2SO.sub.4%StyreneDOSE .015MR .035MR .07MR .10MR .15MR .20MR______________________________________ 5 10.1 10.6 12.3 15.1 13.6 29.410 9.9 11.1 16.8 19.4 22.3 12.615 10.0 12.3 19.4 22.9 40.2 58.420 10.9 13.3 24.0 32.7 60.0 93.625 10.9 14.9 28.8 38.3 77.4 11535 13.9 20.6 42.5 45.5 110 15645 10.9 22.1 50.4 68.4 128 1030 ##STR16## ##STR17## ##STR18## ##STR19## ##STR20## ##STR21##______________________________________ ##STR22## (i) At low total doses e.g. 0.015 Mrad, there is no graft without acid (ii) With acid two peaks occur at 0.015, namely at 35% ST/MeOH and 75-85% ST/MeOH (iii) One peak at 0.035, namely 65-80%. (iv) One peak at 0.07, namely 55-80% (v) One peak at 0.10, namely 45-65% (vi) One peak at 0.15, namely 80% TABLE 11__________________________________________________________________________RADIATION CATALYZED GRAFT OF STYRENE TO WOOL IN VARIOUS SOLVENTS - WITHAND WITHOUT ACID.__________________________________________________________________________% ETHANOL n-PROPANOL iso-PROPANOL n-BUTANOLSTYRENE 0.1MH.sub.2 SO.sub.4 * *0.1MH.sub.2 SO.sub.4 *0.1MH.sub.2 SO.sub.4 0.1MH.sub.2 SO.sub.4__________________________________________________________________________ 5 4.8 10.7 3.5 4.7 2.9 2.0 3.6 0.310 3.9 10.5 3.9 5.1 -- 3.5 3.3 3.620 7.2 12.2 2.9 4.0 3.4 2.8 3.2 2.930 6.6 13.8 3.6 5.1 1.0 0.3 2.5 3.340 5.7 13.9 3.1 7.3 2.7 nil 1.7 3.050 7.3 13.6 4.0 9.6 2.1 3.6 4.3 3.460 6.4 14.2 2.4 17.2 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.470 12.5 14.2 4.4 20.3 3.1 3.7 3.7 3.880 4.0 17.0 4.4 37.8 4.0 4.6 2.5 2.990 4.8 16.2 4.2 33.7 3.2 7.5 4.6 3.2__________________________________________________________________________% n-OCTANOL DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE DIOXANSTYRENE * 0.1MH.sub.2 SO.sub.4 0.1MH.sub.2 SO.sub.4 0.1MH.sub.2 SO.sub.4 0.1MH.sub.2 SO.sub.4__________________________________________________________________________ 5 3.2 3.9 5.5 12.1 9.0 2.5 2.5 7.110 3.1 2.3 5.6 12.7 9.8 2.9 0.2 5.220 3.2 4.2 5.6 19.5 12.4 47.3 3.0 3.930 3.2 3.3 4.8 17.1 14.1 66 0.5 5.440 3.0 6.0 3.6 24.3 13.0 103 3.5 4.150 1.4 4.2 4.3 17.7 13.2 163 1.6 5.960 3.0 4.8 2.3 12.1 8.3 176 1.2 7.370 3.0 5.3 2.8 7.4 7.6 306 3.0 8.180 4.2 7.2 2.0 7.2 5.4 352 3.8 9.390 3.4 13.3 3.6 4.4 6.6 65 1.9 12.1__________________________________________________________________________ *Total DOSE 1.2MRAD NOTES ON TABLE 11 (i) Compare data with Table 10 for methanol figures; these show that afte methanol there is a sharp drop in the effect of the other alcohols. This contrasts with the cellulose results where cut-off in alcohol efficiency occurs after n-propanol. (ii) Propanol is better than the isomer isopropanol. (iii) In the other alcohols where significant graft is achieved, the peak occurs at .about.80% ST/MeOH. (iv) Of the other solvents DMSO is almost as good as MeOH with the acid effect and also without acid. (v) DMSO gives a mild Trommsdorff at 30% ST/DMSO without acid and a stron one at 80% DMSO with acid (0.1). (vi) DMF is next best solvent to DMSO and methanol with the acid. With acid, Trommsdorff occurs at 40% ST/DMF. (vii) Dioxane also gives an acid effect. TABLE 12______________________________________EFFECT OF VARIOUS ACIDS ONTHE RADIATION CATALYSED GRAFTOF STYRENE TO WOOL IN METHANOL SOLUTIONS.______________________________________ACID % STYRENE % GRAFT DOSE______________________________________0.1 NHCl 30 6.1 0.10 MRAD 45 5.7 at 25KR/HR 60 7.5 75 5.60.1 NHNO.sub.3 30 18.0 " 45 33.2 60 50.8 75 54.00.1 NHClO.sub.4 30 49.2 " 45 52.8 60 79.2 75 71.40.1N H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 30 39.5 " 45 56.6 60 76.4 75 68.9NO ACID 30 10.3 " 45 10.0 60 9.1 75 15.60.1N H.COOH 10 12.8 20 53.5 0.20 MRAD 30 87.8 at 25 KR/HR 40 113 50 124 60 133 70 127 80 153 90 1910.1N CH.sub.3 COOH 10 9.2 20 33.7 0.20 MRAD 30 53.8 at 25 KR/HR 40 71.0 50 89.6 60 96.8 70 102 80 108 90 134______________________________________ NOTES ON TABLE 12 (i) All acids used accelerated grafting. (ii) Order for inorganic acids was HClO.sub.4 >H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 >HNO.sub. >HCl. (iii) Order for organic acids was HCOOH>CH.sub.3 COOH. (iv) Higher dose was used with the organic acids which appear to be not quite as good as HNO.sub.3 but better than HCl. However, for HCl see Tabl 13 at 0.05M HCl. (v) With all inorganic acids except HNO.sub.3. Trommasdorff observed, e.g all at 60% ST/solvent. (vi) Of the organic acids, only HCOOH shows slight Trommsdorff at 60%. TABLE 13______________________________________EFFECT OF ACID CONCENTRATION ONRADIATION CATLYSED GRAFT OFSTYRENE TO WOOL IN METHANOL SOLUTION.______________________________________ACID CON (N.) % STYRENE % GRAFT DOSE______________________________________HCl .01 60 11.9 0.10 MRAD .05 " 50.2 at 25 KR/HR .10 " 7.5 .24 " 7.3 .38 " 7.2HNO.sub.3 .01 60 31.5 .05 " 43.8 .10 " 50.8 .33 " 77.0 .50 " 85.6H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 .01 60 24.5 .05 " 67.6 .10 " 76.4 .29 " 99.2 .50 " 91.0HClO.sub.4 .01 60 43.8 .05 " 82.0 .10 " 79.2______________________________________ NOTES ON TABLE 13? (i) HCl and HClO.sub.4 peak at 0.05N (ii) H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 peaks at 0.3N (iii) HNO.sub.3 peaks at 0.5N but with higher acidities phase separation of monomer is observed above 30% ST/solvent. (iv) At peak concentrations, efficiency of acids is H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 >HClO.sub.4 > HNO.sub.3 >HCL

Claims

1. A method of grafting a (monomeric substance) vinyl monomer containing sterically available vinyl group onto wool (comprising) consisting of contacting the wool with (the monomer or) a solution (of the monomer) containing at least 30% by weight monomer based on the total weight of the solution in a polar solvent in the presence of a single chemical catalyst, said chemical catalyst being (a mineral acid or an organic acid containing up to 3 carbon atoms) nitric acid, the acid being present in an amount such that the reaction mixture is not more than 0.5N relative to said acid.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the vinyl group is in a terminal position in the monomeric substance.

3. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the wool is simultaneously brought into contact with two or more monomers or a solution thereof in a polar solvent.

4. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the solvent is selected from the group comprising water, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide and dioxane.

5. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the wool and the monomer, or monomer solution, in contact therewith, are reacted at a temperature of more than 10.degree. C.

6. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the wool, and the monomer, or monomer solution, in contact therewith, are reacted in an atmosphere devoid of oxygen.

7. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the monomer is selected from the group comprising styrene and acrylonitrile.

8. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the monomer is selected from the group comprising styrene and methyl methacrylate.

9. A copolymer of wool and a monomeric substance containing a vinyl group produced according to claim 1.