Patent Application
20200329714
The present invention relates generally to a method of purifying and isolating bioactive compounds responsible for plant growth stimulation from seaweed extracts.
One of the challenges of modern agriculture is to address the societal demand for sustainability, quality, and safety in agricultural production and to adapt itself to the world population increase by improving yields and crop tolerance to a changing environment.
Biostimulants can be used to improve plant nutrition, which impacts yield and quality parameters. Plant biostimulants generally fall within one of these categories i.e. hormone-containing products, plant extract based products, micronutrients based products, amino acid-containing products and humic acid-containing products but may not be strictly restricted to these categories alone. Plant biostimulants are used to treat crops in a commercial setting in view of their ability to increase growth rates, increase stress tolerance, increase photosynthetic rate and increase disease tolerance. Plant biostimulants are generally believed to operate by up-regulating or down-regulating key biological pathway genes.
As defined by the European Biostimulant Industry Council (EBIC), plant biostimulants contain substance(s) and/or micro-organisms whose function when applied to plants or the rhizosphere is to stimulate natural processes to enhance/benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, and crop quality. Biostimulants have no direct action against pests, and therefore do not fall within the regulatory framework of pesticides.
Biostimulants are available in a variety of formulations and with varying ingredients but are generally classified on the basis of their source and content. These groups include humic substances (HS), and amino acid containing products (AACP).
Biostimulants are available in a variety of formulations and with varying ingredients but are generally classified into seven main groups on the basis of their source and content. These groups include humic substances (humic and fluvic acids), protein hydrolysates and other N-containing compounds, seaweed extracts and botanicals, chitosan and other biopolymers, inorganic compounds, beneficial fungi and beneficial bacteria.
Despite the commercially availability of numerous fertilizers and plant biostimulants, there continues to be a demand for improved products capable of serving a variety of needs. Therefore, new products and methods for improving plant growth responses and development are needed.
Seaweed and seaweed-derived products have been widely used in crop production systems due to the presence of a number of plant growth-stimulating compounds within these products. Thus, the biostimulation potential of many of these products has not been fully exploited due to the lack of scientific data on growth factors present in seaweeds and their various modes of action in affecting plant growth.
While the physiological effects of seaweed extracts on plant defenses and plant growth has been examined, little is known about the particular bioactive compounds in seaweed extracts that are responsible for these plant stimulants. It would be desirable to accelerate the identification of these bioactive components in algae, including, for example, brown algae extracts.
Phaeophyceae or brown algae are a large group of mostly marine multicellular algae, including many types of seaweed located in both Hemisphere waters. They play an important role in marine environments, both as food and as habitats. Many brown algae, such as members of the order Fucales, commonly grow along rocky seashores. Worldwide, over 1,500 species of brown algae are known. Some species, such as Ascophyllum nodosum, are important in commercial use and have environmental impact as well.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,611,716 to Michailovna et al describes a method of processing seaweed to obtain, in a single process, extracts comprising acidic and neutral polysaccharides and an extract comprising low molecular weight biologically active compounds that can be used in medicine, food, perfumery and the cosmetic industry. However, the reference only describes a method of processing seaweed and does not provide any way of identifying potential plant biostimulant compounds contained therein.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,856,569 to Strong, describes a method of purifying and concentration of the desirable polysaccharide such as carrageenan or alginate from aqueous solutions derived from marine algae (Rhodophyceae and Phaeophyceae) by subjecting the solutions to ultrafiltration. However, again, this reference only provides a method of processing seaweed and does not provide any way of identifying biostimulant compounds contained therein.
Because of the growing demand on products that are organic, environmentally friendly and harmless to human health, the need for natural biostimulants has increased. In addition, there is a need for similar or more effective biostimulants than the traditional biostimulants that have been used. In addition, there remains a need in the art for an improved process of isolating and purifying biostimulant compounds, including from extracts derived from seaweed.
It is an object of the present invention to identify and purify substances that can be used as plant biostimulants.
It is another object of the present invention to identify and purify bioactive compounds in various seaweed extracts that are responsible for plant growth stimulation.
To that end, in one embodiment, the present invention relates generally to one or more bioactive molecules isolated from an algae species, the one or more bioactive molecules having a molecular weight in the range of about 0.15 kDa to about 1.0 kDa.
In another embodiment, the present invention relates generally to a method of isolating and purifying bioactive compounds in an extract obtained from seaweed, the method comprising the steps of:
a) circulating the extract through an ultrafiltration membrane having a suitable molecular weight cutoff;
b) collecting filtrate from the seaweed extract to obtain a first filtrate fraction and a retentate; and
c) rinsing the retentate to obtain one or more additional filtrate fractions.
For a fuller understanding of the invention, reference is made to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying figures, in which:
By plant “biostimulant” what is meant is an organic material that contains substance(s) and/or micro-organisms whose function when applied to plants or the rhizosphere is to stimulate natural processes to enhance/benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, and crop quality.
When introducing elements of the present invention or the preferred embodiments(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
As used herein, the term “ about” refers to a measurable value such as a parameter, an amount, a temporal duration, and the like and is meant to include variations of +/−15% or less, preferably variations of +/−10% or less, more preferably variations of +/−5% or less, even more preferably variations of +/−1% or less, and still more preferably variations of +/−0.1% or less of and from the particularly recited value, in so far as such variations are appropriate to perform in the invention described herein. Furthermore, it is also to be understood that the value to which the modifier “about” refers is itself specifically disclosed herein.
The present invention describes a method of purifying and isolating biostimulant compounds from extracts derived from seaweed that are capable of increasing growth rates and yields of a wide range of crops.
As described herein, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of purifying the bioactive compounds responsible for plant growth stimulation in seaweed extracts by the metabolomics profiling of the seaweed extracts.
Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention relates generally to one or more bioactive molecules isolated from an algal species, the one or more bioactive molecules having a molecular weight in the range of about 0.15 kDa to about 1.0 kDa. The one or more bioactive molecules are ones that are capable of improving plant growth. In one embodiment, the algal species is a brown algal species. The brown algae may comprise an algal species selected from the group comprising Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, Sargassum sp., and combinations of one or more of the foregoing. In one embodiment, the one or more bioactive molecules do not comprise a sulfated polysaccharide or laminarin.
The present invention also relates generally to a method of improving plant growth, the method comprising the step of applying a composition comprising the isolated one or more bioactive molecules to at least one of soil, a plant, or a seed. Improving plant growth includes at least one of the following: promoting seed germination, stimulating root development, prolonging a vegetative period, increasing a period of production, or increasing a period of harvest.
The present invention also relates generally to a method of isolating and purifying bioactive compounds in an extract obtained from seaweed, the method comprising the steps of:
a) circulating the extract through an ultrafiltration membrane having a suitable molecular weight cutoff;
b) collecting filtrate from the extract to obtain a first filtrate fraction and a retentate; and
c) rinsing the retentate to obtain one or more additional filtrate fractions.
The method further comprises the step of evaluating the bioactivity of the first filtrate fraction and the additional filtrate fractions to determine their efficacy on plant growth. The efficacy on plant growth may include at least one of the following: promoting seed germination, stimulating root development, prolonging a vegetative period, increasing a period of production, or increasing a period of harvest. According to on embodiment, the extract is produced from a brown algal species. The extract may be obtained from Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus, or Sargassum sp. algae.
In one preferred embodiment, the retentate comprises active molecules selected from the group consisting of sulfated polysaccharides and laminarin, which are active molecules capable of alleviating abiotic stress, such as salt excess, in crops. The first filtrate comprises bioactive molecules having a molecular weight in the range of about 0.15 kDa to about 1.0 kDa.
The ultrafiltration membrane may have a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of less than 3 kDa, preferably a MWCO of less than 2 kDa, and most preferably a MWCO of less than 1 kDa.
Ascophyllum nodosum (rockweed) is a brown algal fucoid species found in the North Atlantic Ocean and has been used as a source of biostimulant for agricultural crops in order to improve plant growth, plant productivity and food quality.
Several purification techniques were assayed to desalt and purify these seaweed extracts according to the polarity and the size of molecules. For each purification procedure, the fractions were assayed on lettuces to ensure that the bioactivity was kept in the different desalted fraction or remained associated with the salts. This purification step was applied on a seaweed extract (RM-2705, a fucoid extract available from Goëmar) and the non-polar purified fractions showed a high purity level. The majority of the biomolecules (about 69%) were co-eluted with salts in order to show that the bioactive molecules were located in one of the non-polar purified fractions. Thereafter, the different fractions were tested on lettuce in comparison with the whole extract. However, the results showed that the bioactive molecules responsible for plant growth stimulation were present in the polar fraction that also contained salts. It was determined that fractionation according to the polarity of the molecules contained in RM-2705 and RM-3496 extracts was not suitable for desalting and purifying the seaweed extracts. Indeed, for all fractionation techniques used, the bioactive molecules remained associated with salts.
Thus, the challenge arose to find another method of desalting the seaweed extracts, while maintaining the plant growth biostimulant activity. Various purification techniques were investigated, including Liquid Liquid Extraction (LLE) with ethyl acetate, Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) with different sorbents (a normal phase: cyanopropyl-silica and a reverse phase” Amberlite® XAD2), Solid Liquid Extraction (SLE) with butanol and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC).
In addition, in order to obtain information regarding the stability of the bioactive molecules, the heat stability of the activity of the RM-2705 extract was assayed on lettuces. The results showed a heat stability of the bioactive molecules, and autoclaving or boiling of the treated extracts enhanced the free shoot weights of lettuces.
The fractionation according to the polarity appeared to be inefficient in purifying the bioactive molecules, so the seaweed extract was fractionated according to the particle size of its molecules to attempt its desalting.
It was determined that all of these techniques appeared inefficient for the purpose except for Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) with Superdex®30 resin, also referred to as Gel Filtration Chromatography (GF). SEC was found to be the only effective method for desalting and purifying the seaweed filtrate.
Based thereon, the seaweed extract (RM-3496) was fractionated by the SEC fractionation process and the molecules were eluted according to their size (or molecular weights) as shown in
In order to evaluate the molecular weight ranges of molecules contained in the different fractions, a mixture of standards (0.5% w/v) was injected on the SEC system. The chromatogram of the standards is depicted in the
An ultrafiltrate, obtained after ultrafiltration of the RM-2705 extract on an ultrafiltration system with a cut-off membrane of 1 kDa, was injected on the SEC system. The chromatographic profile of the ultrafiltrate showed only the chromatographic peaks corresponding to those of the fractions F3, F4, F5 and F6 from the SEC fractionation of the v2705 extract. Thus, the fraction F3 contained molecules with molecular weights smaller than 1 kDa to about 0.18 kDa, Fraction F4 contained molecules with molecular weights smaller than about 0.2 kDa such as Mannitol (182.2 Da) and Fractions F5 and F6 contained salts and molecules very low molecular weights such as glycine (75 Da). The NMR spectra of the different fractions confirmed the presence of sulfated polysaccharides (fucan polymers) in the first fraction F1 while the second fraction F2 contains laminarin (from about 3 to about 4 kDa) and the fraction four F4 contains mannitol (182.2 Da). The last two fractions F5 and F6 contained very low molecular weight molecules and salts.
The different fractions obtained by SEC fractionation were tested for their plant growth stimulation activity on lettuces in comparison with the whole seaweed extract RM-3496. Before the injection on the Chromatography, the seaweed extract was filtered and this filtered extract was also tested on lettuce to check its efficacy. The results showed that bioactive molecules were found in the F3 fraction as illustrated in
The combination of the different techniques used to desalt the RM-2705 extract provided information about the physicochemical properties of the bioactive molecule(s). In particular, it was determined that the bioactive molecules are polar and their molecular weights range from about 0.15 to about 1 kDa. Thus, this information excludes, from the growth-promoting bioactive polymers, fucan polymers which are the major sulfated polysaccharides in Ascophyllum nodosum acidic extract, laminarin (from about 3 to about 4 kDa), a beta-1,3-glucan elicitor, and mannitol (182 Da), a polyol that can represent up to about 8-10% of the extract by dry weight.
In order to confirm the bioactivity of the purified F3 fraction an in-vitro culture using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was developed and reproduced several times. These tests illustrated in
The fraction F3 displayed a strong growth-stimulating activity whereas fractions F1 and F2 were inactive. However, during the development of the latter bioassay, it was shown that in the presence of salt (100 mM NaCl), the fraction F3 was no longer active to stimulate growth, whereas F1 and F2 displayed similar effects, and that the whole RM-2705 extract confer salt tolerance. These results indicate that the RM-2705 extract contains different active compounds with different modes of action, including (1) the low molecular weight (LMW) fraction responsible for growth stimulation, and (2) fractions containing laminarin and fucans that confer stress tolerance (salt, as well as biotic, stress resistance).
Taken together, these results indicate that the fractionation of the RM-2705 extract can provide at least two types of products with distinct modes of actions and thus different applications using the same raw materials.
Since SEC is not transferrable at an industrial scale, it was desirable to also develop another method capable of producing fractionated products of seaweed extracts that can provide plant growth stimulant activity on a larger scale.
One alternative to SEC is ultrafiltration (UF), a fractionation process in which seaweed extract is filtered through ultrafiltration membranes with suitable molecular weight cutoffs (MWCO), which in one embodiment may be a MWCO of 1 kDa to produce a fraction having bioactive molecules in the desired range of about 0.15 kDa to 1.0 kDa. Thus, in one embodiment, a seaweed extract may be ultrafiltrated using a 1 kDa MWCO membrane.
In one embodiment and in the broadest sense, the present invention provides a method of purifying a biostimulant composition derived from a seaweed extract comprising a step of ultrafiltration using a semi-permeable ultrafiltration membrane to separate the molecules of interest from the rest of the mixture according to their molecular weight, size and shape.
The ultrafiltration step may be carried out using ultrafiltration equipment in which a seaweed extract solution comprising between about 1% by wt. and about 15% by wt. dry matter, more preferably between about 2% by wt. and about 7% by weight dry matter, is subjected to ultrafiltration using a membrane with a suitable molecular weight cutoff (MWCO). In one embodiment, the ultrafiltration process involves tangential ultrafiltration.
The filtrate is collected for its biostimulant properties while recirculating the retentate (or concentrate), which is left apart for other applications at the end of the process. Although it is generally not necessary or required, if desired, a further purification of the retentate (or concentrate) can be achieved by the addition of fresh water at a rate corresponding to that at which water, together with molecules having a molecular weight less than or equal to 1 kDa is removed from the ultra-filtrate.
As seen in
The membrane contained in the ultrafiltration unit (5) may be polymeric or ceramic type membrane. In one embodiment, the membrane comprises a tubular ceramic membrane comprising a plurality of channels. For example, the membrane may contain between about 15 and about 50 channels, more preferably between about 19 and about 39 channels and may have a length between about 50 and about 150 cm. In other embodiments, spiral membranes and crossflow membranes may also be used in the practice of the invention. The membrane area is generally between about 0.20 and about 0.6 m2, more preferably between about 0.30 and 0.40 m.
The retentate is rinsed several times to remove the major portion of molecules with a molecular weight smaller than the cutoff of the membrane. The ultra-filtrates contain molecules with a molecular weight smaller than that of the cutoff membrane. In one instance the cutoff is 3 kDa, more preferably 2 kDa, and still most preferably 1 kDa. The molecules that are contained in the ultra-filtrates display low molecular weights smaller than the MWCO, e.g., 1 kDa, and are commonly referred to as metabolites. The retentates contain molecules with molecular weights larger than the cutoff membranes, e.g., 1 kDa. The molecules that are contained in the retentate display high molecular weights (e.g., Laminarin from about 3 to about 4 kDa or Fucoidans higher than about 30 kDa and other brown algal high molecular weight biopolymers).
All algal species from the order of Fucales have been found to display a promising activity and can be subjected to the methods described herein. These algal species include, but are not limited to, species of the families of Fucaceae, Sargassaceae and Durveilleaceae. Other species from the Fucales and Laminariales orders include, but are not limited to Ascoseirales, Asterocladales, Desmarestiales, Dictyotales, Dictyotophycidae, Discosporangiales, Discosporangiophycidae, Ectocarpales, Fucales, Fucophycidae, Ishigeales, Ishigeophycidae, Laminariales, Nemodermatales, Onslowiales, Phaeophyceae ordo incertae sedis, Phaeosiphoniellales, Ralfsiales, Scytothamnales, Sphacelariales, Sporochnales, Stschapoviales, Syringodermatales, Tilopteridales, among others.
In addition, while the present invention is described and shown to demonstrate positive results on algal species from the order Fucales, the method is not limited to these algal species and can also be used to isolate and analyze filtrates of any algae or other species that may act as biostimulants to determine bioactivity of such filtrates.
As used in the Figures herein, the term “filtrate” refers to filtrate and ultra-filtrates obtained after one or more ultrafiltrations through the ultrafiltration unit.
As used in the Figures herein, the term “retentate” refers to retentate without flushing and retentates obtained after one or more flushings.
A RM-3496 extract was ultrafiltrated at the laboratory scale with a 1 kDa MWCO membrane and the retentate was rinsed three times with water. The ultra-filtrate, containing molecules with molecular weights smaller than 1 kDa, and the retentate, containing molecules with molecular weights larger than 1 kDa were tested on lettuces and wheat. Thus, the different filtrates and retentates were applied on lettuces and wheats. The GF142 and GS142 extracts (available from Laboratoires Goëmar) were manufactured with the same process from Fucus vesiculosus and Sargassum natans respectively. The results are shown in
Ten liters of an aqueous extract from Ascophyllum nodosum (pH 2.76) were placed in a solution reservoir of a pilot scale ultrafiltration unit fitted with a 58 cm long, tubular (diameter: 25 mm, 23 channels, cut-off 1 kDa) ceramic ultrafiltration membrane (supplied by Tami Industries). The solution was pumped through the ultrafiltration tube with complete recirculation of the concentrate back to the reservoir. Six liters of filtrate were collected and identified as F1. The retentate (4 L) was rinsed twice with 5 liters of water to produce 2 filtrates (F2=5 L; F3=5 L). The different filtrates (F1, F2, F3) were further evaluated for their biostimulant properties.
Five liters of an aqueous extract from Fucus vesiculosus (pH 2.42) were placed in a solution reservoir of a pilot scale ultrafiltration unit, fitted with a 58 cm long, tubular (diameter: 25 mm, 23 channels, cut-off 1 kDa) ceramic ultrafiltration membrane (supplied by Tami Industries). The solution was pumped through the ultrafiltration tube with complete recirculation of the concentrate back to the reservoir. The filtrate was collected and identified as Fl. The retentate (2.5 L) was rinsed once with 2.5 L of water to produce 2.5 liters of filtrate (F2=2.5 L). The different filtrates (F1, F2) were further evaluated for their biostimulant properties.
Five liters of an aqueous extract from Sargassum natans (pH 2.92) were placed in a solution reservoir of a pilot scale ultrafiltration unit, fitted with a 58 cm long, tubular (diameter: 25 mm, 23 channels, cut-off 1 kDa) ceramic ultrafiltration membrane (supplied by Tami Industries). The solution was pumped through the ultrafiltration tube with complete recirculation of the concentrate back to the reservoir. The filtrate was collected and identified as Fl. The retentate (2.5 L) was rinsed once with 2.5 L of water to produce 1 liter of filtrate (F2=2.5 L). The different filtrates (F1, F2) were further evaluated for their biostimulant properties.
RM-3496, manufactured by Laboratoires Goëmar from Ascophyllum nodosum extract and two other seaweed extracts (GF142 and GS142, manufactured by Laboratoires Goëmar from Fucus vesiculosus and Sargasssum natans respectively) were subjected to ultrafiltration and evaluated for their biostimulant properties.
These three fucoid extracts were ultrafiltrated on a ceramic membrane (available from TAMI Industries) having a suitable MWCO (i.e., 1 kDa). Ten liters of RM-3496 were ultrafiltrated and five liters of the ultrafiltrate were collected and constituted the filtrate 1 used in additional experiments on lettuce and wheat. The retentate (5 L) was rinsed twice with 5 liters of water, while GF142 and GS142 retentates (2.5 L) were rinsed only once with 2.5 liters of water. The dry weights of the filtrates, ultra-filtrates and retentates were measured. According to the fractionation process of the RM-3496 extract, the total dry weights of the filtrates (containing molecules with molecular weights smaller than 1 kDa) was about 80% of the RM-3496 extract and the retentate was about 20% of the RM-3496 extract.
The details of the plant growth experiments are described below.
The treatments were performed with different Goëmar's extracts (RM-2705, RM-3496, GF142 and GS142) and a dilution factor of 250 (equivalent to 4 milliliters of liquid extract per liter of nutritive solution) was used for all experiments. The different fractions resulting from the SEC fractionation and from the Ultrafiltration fractionation were applied on plants according to their purification yields which were calculated with dry weights. Several independent biological repetitions were performed with the different fractions with n plants by treatments
The lettuce growth experiments were performed with seeds of lettuces Lactuca sativa ecotypes Fabietto or Janero (available from Voltz, Colmar, France). Lettuces were grown in a growth-chamber, on a rotary table to obtain plant phenotype as homogeneous as possible for any condition of treatment. Plants were grown under high pressure iodide-sodium lamps with a photosynthetically active radiation of 150±10 μmol of photons·m-2·s-1, a thermo-period of 20/18° C. (day/night) and a long-day photoperiod of 16 h light. In order to control the nutrient inputs to plants and to facilitate the roots gathering, seeds of lettuces were grown in sand pots. Plants were watered three times per week with a commercial nutritive solution (available from Puteaux, Les Clayes-sous-Bois, France) having nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium concentrations in a ratio of N/P/K 20:20:20 (1 g/L)
Lettuces were treated twice (once/week at days 21st and 28th) with the different seaweed extracts and fractions were added to the nutritive solution and the bases of the pots were immersed in nutritive solution until total absorption was observed.
The plants were harvested 16 days after the first treatment, and the shoots and roots were gathered separately. Three independent biological repetitions were performed with the different seaweed extracts and fractions. Twelve lettuces (n=12) were used by treatments for the SEC fractionation experiments while eighteen lettuces (n=18) were used by treatments for the ultrafiltration experiments.
Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia (Col-0 obtained from the ABRC seed stock center) were grown in in-vitro cultures. Seeds were first surface-sterilized and were sown in squared Petri dishes containing Half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 1% (w/v) of sucrose (30 mM) and 0.6% (w/v) of Phytagel™. Petri dishes were grown under a cool fluorescent light with an intensity of 225±10 μmol photons·m-2·s-1, with a long-day photoperiod of 16 h light at 21° C.±0.5° C. The location of Petri plates under the neon lamps were changed every day and this all along experiment to randomize the experiment.
Plantlets with uniform growth were selected and transferred 6 days after germination on treatment media. For each condition, 6 Petri dishes containing 6 plantlets each were prepared
The plants were gathered 9 days after the transfer on treatment media. Four independent bioassays were performed and six replicates (n=6) were used by treatments for the SEC fractionation experiments.
The wheat growth experiments were performed with seeds of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Altigo (available from Limagrain, Saint-Beauzire, France). Wheats were grown in a growth chamber on a rotary table to obtain for each condition plant phenotype as homogenous as possible. In order to control the nutrient inputs to the plants, seeds of wheat were grown in vermiculite pots. The plants were grown in the growth-chamber under high pressure iodide-sodium lamps with a photosynthetically active radiation of 150+/−10 μmol of photons·m−2·s−1 and a thermo-period of 22/18° C. with a long day photoperiod of 16 hours. Ten days after sowing, homogeneous plants were distributed in different trays; 6 plants per tray and two trays per condition. The plants were watered three times per week with the same commercial nutritive solution used for lettuce experiments.
Two weeks after sowing, the wheats were treated fivefold (every 2 or 3 days) with the different fractions and extracts and were harvested 13 days after the first treatment. The efficacy of the different fractions was assessed by comparison of fresh shoot weights. Three independent biological repetitions were performed with the different seaweed extracts and fractions. Twelve wheats (n=12) were used by treatments for the ultrafiltration experiments.
In the present invention, the efficacy of the different fractions and extracts on plant growth stimulation was evaluated by a statistical approach. Indeed, for each bioassay shown, the normality of the data was first checked with Shapiro-Wilk normality tests, with the Q-Q plots and with the histograms of density. The Homoscedasticity of these data was also checked with the Barlett's test, prior to performed parametric tests on these data. Several bioassays (three to four independent repetitions in time) were carried out to assess the different treatments on plant growth stimulation with a number N of plants by Treatment. A parametric two-way analysis of variance (two-way Anova) was then performed on the data to determine if there was a significant difference (with an alpha error of 5%) between the means of the different treatments for each bioassay and between the means of each treatment for the different bioassays carried out. According to the Anova results, a parametric post-hoc HSD Tukey's test or multiple pairwise comparison was performed on the data to range and define what means were significantly different from each other. Tukey's test results are shown on the boxplots with bold letters. The means of treatments which are significantly different from each other display different bold letters. These means are depicted on each boxplot by a dot.
The compounds described herein can be used on various crops including, for example soybeans, corn, cereals (i.e., wheat, barley, rye, and oats), rapeseed, canola, sunflower, sugar beet, potatoes, dry pulses (i.e., lentils, dry beans, etc.), sugarcane, fruiting vegetables, including tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, cucurbits, etc., bulb vegetables, including onions and leeks, head and leafy vegetables, including lettuce, spinach and celery, brassicas, stone fruits, pome fruits, citrus, coffee, cocoa, nut trees, berries, grapes (tables and vines), among others.
Finally, it should also be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention described herein and all statements of the scope of the invention that as a matter of language might fall there between.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1762345 | Dec 2017 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2018/085254 | 12/17/2018 | WO | 00 |
