Patent Grant
9892898
Field of Invention
The disclosed invention relates to electrospray and more specifically to wick based electrospray of analytes. The disclosed invention provides a means for improved electrospray extraction of analytes using a capillarity based fluid delivery system.
Background Description of Prior Art
Electrospray ionization as discovered by Fenn et al in the early 1980's at Yale University essentially launched the field of proteomics, which permitted the detection and study of fragile organic molecules by mass spectrometry. While working Fenn's lab, we used as an electrospray source a needle with a conductive solvent-analyte fluid fed by a hydrostatic source, in this case, a syringe pump. Control of the needle flow rate and applied voltage were important variables to control to produce a good spray and thus transition into a plurality of droplets, which contained the analyte of interest. A counter-current drying gas helped aid the evaporation of the solvent species leaving intact analyte ions in the gas phase with multiple charges. These gas phase ions were then allowed to be introduced into the partial pressure region of the mass spectrometer. During the use of small gauge needles, we found that clogging could be an issue if any particulate contamination were present. In the late 1980's, John Fenn mentioned to the present inventor his having re-read Michael Faraday's “Chemical History of the Candle”. In this treatise, Faraday observed that the capillarity of the wick material regulated the flow of paraffin to the flame. No flame, no capillary flow. The system then, was in perfect balance for fluid flow. In addition, the presence of contaminants that would otherwise cause clogging in a hydrostatically fed electrospray needle would be of no consequence. Accordingly, John tried using various wick materials as electrospray sources, with great success as with many of his innovative and deceptively simple ideas. This work resulted in his “wick” U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,499 issued on Oct. 2, 2001. While the claims in this patent concerned attaching a wick source in direct contact and continuous contact to the analyte-solvent fluid, using the wick to create a self-balancing electrospray introduced into a mass spectrometer, John did offer several other forms of wick sprays not covered by his claims. For example, description is made using any wettable wick structure, whether bundles of small fibers, made of glass, graphite, paper, cotton, and linen have been used with great success. In one adaptation mentioned, flat strips of cloth or paper work just as well as electrospray sources. It was as a result of these wicking properties that the inventor and John Fenn applied the concept to space propulsion (Capillarity Driven Flow of Propellant Liquids in Colloidal Satellite Thrusters), NASA Contract NAS3-02048 in 2001, and Air Force Contract F045-005-0131 in 2005. John offered publicly the use of wicks alone as electrospray sources for many other applications, including air sampling and fluid nebulization. One of the more interesting ideas of John was what is now referred to as “paper spray mass spectrometry”. In such a use, a wettable piece of media, preferably paper, is cut to a sharp point and held in place using a clip such as an alligator clip. Spray fluid, sufficiently conductive to bring about the production of a Taylor Cone and thus an electrospray, is dripped onto the paper. A field is applied between the paper using the aforementioned clip as a pole and with the paper and clip proper combination having a field with respect to a counter pole or electrode. The potential difference between the pole and electrodes is adjusted to allow the formation of the previously described Taylor Cone which results in the production of the now well know electrospray phenomenon. Many investigators have utilized paper spray and similar stand-alone wicking spray mechanisms, but the technology has not been suited toward large-scale drug and proteomic and other use because of several severe limitations. For one, the attachment of the paper or other suitable media to a clip is slow and labor intensive. Care must be taken to preclude contamination between paper samples. Alignment of the paper with respect to axis and distance from the counter electrode is essential. The applied field must be carefully adjusted as does the fluid feed drip rate necessary to wet the paper or other suitable media continuously to provide a steady and/or stable electrospray. Until the present disclosed invention, these limitations have essentially relegated paper spray to the research lab and not the clinical laboratory. The disclosed invention overcomes the need for precise paper alignment, contamination, and offers fully automatic control of fluid and voltage variables all the while permitting use by lay personnel.
In other prior art, Purdue University has been actively investigating paper spray applications after Fenn shared ideas with investigators of that institution over the years from the late 1990's through 2010, and especially during his 90th birthday celebration at Virginia Commonwealth University. In a recent Purdue patent embodiment, a paper source is contained in a polymer cassette. The cassette has a sampling orifice and a contact electrode. In contrast to the disclosed invention, the Purdue device is bulkier, more expensive to produce, and slower to analyze a given sample than the disclosed invention. In addition, the Purdue device cannot provide continuous electrosprays necessary for detailed protein and enzyme studies, being limited to transitory short electrospray bursts. The disclosed invention is not so limited.
An essential element for paper and paper-like substrate based electrosprays is that the spray fluid must be able to wet the substrate, and permit free wicking of the fluid over the substrate itself. Any contact along the surface of the substrate media, whether hydrophilic or hydrophobic in nature, can interrupt the capillarity of the fluid and thus cause any spray to cease or at the very least, be substantially diminished. If the substrate is held using an alligator clip at one point or points, the media substrate will be able to spray. However, using an alligator clip or clips is labor intensive and awkward. In one design, a series of sharp pointed polymer standoffs is employed in a plastic cassette to support the substrate media. In contact with the substrate is a metal ball used to provide an electrical contact point. The radius of curvature of the ball is such that capillarity is not impaired due to the minimal contact area of the ball and the substrate. However, the combined device requires an enclosure or cassette that is nearly half an inch thick and is expensive to fabricate and assemble. Furthermore, the cassette device used in a mass spectrometric application requires several steps of processing to spray. In the first step, the cassette is load onto a turntable where a bar code is scanned for patient information. The turntable is now rotated to a new station where spray fluid is added. The turntable is now rotated to a spray position in front of the mass spectrometer head. The final position of rotation is for the discarding of the cassette. The process can then be repeated. The large form factor of the cassette limits the number of samples that can be analyzed in a cassette magazine. The finite amount of spray fluid also limits the duration of the spray. Longer sprays are required in some cases to allow for target analytes of interest to elute from the substrate media before they can leave the substrate as electrospray droplets.
The disclosed invention does not require alligator clips, polymer clip or polymer or dielectric insulator standoffs to support and hold the substrate media. Instead, it was discovered that a wire screen mesh sandwiching the substrate media can be used in the preferred embodiment to hold the substrate, without impeding capillarity of a wetting solvent spray fluid applied to the substrate. A further benefit is that electrical contact can be made to the substrate. Yet another benefit is that the substrate and wire mesh can be further enclosed in a polymer or other insulating sleeve that is flat and very thin, much thinner than the cassette approach being pursued in the prior art. The preferred form factor is very similar to that of a credit card, hereafter referred to as a DBS Card. The advantage of a flat form factor is that samples can be more easily mailed in an envelope, more samples can be stored atop one another, and more samples can be loaded into a magazine for automated analysis in the same area than prior art cassette systems. As such, the substrate or paper media and conductive wire mesh screen form a new combination of media substrate and conductive screen material.
In the preferred embodiment, the card holds the substrate between two layers of conductive mesh, the mesh being plated polymer or conductive wire, ideally inert chemically with respect to the analyte being investigated made into a stationary phase on the substrate media. The screen or mesh preferably has a circular opening located directly over section of the substrate media. The circular opening permits the application of analyte to the substrate. In the preferred embodiment, the analyte is whole blood. When placed on the substrate, the analyte becomes a dried blood spot or DBS. In other embodiments, the term DBS is meant to represent Dried Biological Sample. The application of spray fluid solvent can pass directly through the screen. The disclosed invention is designed to be inserted into a holder with a slot provided for that purpose. Located directly over the wire mesh portion of the DBS Card is the fluid feed orifice. The orifice in the holder is designed to be a diameter larger than the meniscus of any drop. The purpose of this is to preclude fluid contact with the walls of the card slot holder. Contact with the wall would result in fluid being wicked away and thus not be available to wet the substrate media. The disclosed design allows for continuous and effective spray fluid application to the substrate.
In yet another embodiment of the disclosed invention, in applications such as electrospray extraction of dried analytes on substrates such as paper or other suitable media, a means has been discovered which does not require an external counter electrode to produce electrospray operation. In the disclosed design, the substrate media sharp tip from which an electrospray would emerge is situated at a location behind the edge of the card or holder. At the edge of the card or holder is a wire, which is positioned such that it covers the gap in the card or holder between which the aforementioned substrate is placed. The wire preferably has a kink or bend in the center of it located directly away from, and in front of, the axis of the substrate sharp end tip. The wire is designed to serve as the counter electrode with respect to the potential applied to the mesh and substrate combination. As a result, an electrospray will be formed, and resolubilized analyte fluid will accumulate at the bend or kink on the wire electrode, being held in place by surface tension, up to and until the volume becomes so great that the fluid drops into a waiting collection vessel.
In the preferred embodiment of the DBS Card used for mass spectrometry or other analytical method, the thickness of the mesh mitigates direct finger contact with the substrate, yet permits optical interrogation of the dried blood spot. In the Purdue University cassette version of a paper based electrospray system, a precise volume of blood must be applied to the substrate media, yet in the disclosed invention, variations of blood volume may be applied as in the preferred embodiment a CCD image capture of the blood area seen above and below the substrate media permits a computerized optical integration of blood volume not anticipated or possible using the prior art cassette system.
In the preferred embodiment, the DBS card will have a bar code or bar codes, either 2D or 3D, to identify patient and card lot, dates, and other requisite data. In addition, provision has been made for a RFID chip to be contained in the plastic DBS Card sleeve. As a result, the card can be ‘read’ optically and wirelessly.
In summation, the disclosed invention provides a simpler, more effective, more compact, less expensive form factor than the prior art for paper based mass spectrometry. The disclosed invention combines a mesh holder of a wicking substrate media with an electrical contact. The disclosed invention allows for finite and continuous sprays. The disclosed invention allows for optical interrogation of the analyte, preferably a dried blood spot whereas the prior art does not have such a provision. The disclosed invention allows for fewer processing steps to achieve the same result over the prior art.
The invention employs preferably a paper substrate upon which a dessicated analyte, preferably biological, has been deposited. The paper is cut to a sharp tip so as to create an electrical field concentration point, with an opposite end preferably cut square, allowing sufficient space between the tip and the square end to place preferably 1 ml of a preferably biological or forensic sample upon which can be dried. The paper is preferably long enough between the aforementioned dried sample and the tip and the square cut end to allow a support structure, preferably a conductive mesh, to be affixed. The mesh can be a conductive polymer, a polymer coated or treated to be conductive, or a conductive wire mesh screen. The wire mesh is preferably a 40 mesh, and is preferably stapled to the sample paper using preferably a chemically inert stainless steel staple. The screen is preferably wide enough that it can be in turn stapled to a surrounding support structure, in this case, preferably a polymer dielectric credit card like structure. Overall, the sample collection surface and support structure creates a flat form factor.
The challenges in creating a paper spray using electrospray require that the paper have sufficient conductive fluid available to the paper wicking media. Soaking and saturating the paper is not enough. There must be a surplus of fluid available to produce a spray. An applied field to the paper will draw away fluid once a Taylor Cone and hence an electrospray is formed. Once that fluid surplus is exhausted, the spray will cease. According to John Fenn, if the paper is inserted into a reservoir of suitable spray fluid, the paper will act as a wick and draw the necessary fluid from the reservoir into the paper and allow that fluid to transition into a spray. The fluid reservoir must however keep up with any evaporative losses from the surface of the paper, which as essentially a two dimensional structure, has a large surface area for evaporation. Assuming that enough fluid is available, the spray will continue indefinitely. However, as those skilled in the art have learned, it is not always easy or convenient to provide a spray reservoir for paper spray mechanisms. As such, it has become commonplace to drip a surplus fluid volume directly onto the paper substrate to allow enough fluid to be available for electrospray operation. Typically, such paper is supported using an alligator clip. The clip serves as a support structure and a pole of a power supply used to create an electrical field between the paper sharp tip and an opposing pole-electrode. The clip is preferably metallic and thus electrically conductive, and owing to a small contact footprint and the mildly hydrophobic nature of most metals, does not typically draw away and spray fluid due to capillary action. As capillary action is the dominant force in allowing fluid transport within paper spray applications, avoiding contact with any surface that could draw or attract away the spray fluid is essential.
To transition paper spray out of the laboratory and into the clinical environment, some means is required to support the paper, make electrical contact with the paper, and to preclude any precious spray fluid from being wicked away. At this point, some discussion of capillary action and wicking is in order. Fluid of like molecules exhibits a property of like attraction, known as cohesive forces. Sometimes, when fluids come into contact with a dissimilar material, depending on that dissimilar material surface structure and composition, the fluid will be attracted to the surface. This effect is known as adhesion. In electrospray, a jet of fluid will emerge from a conductive fluid surface when the electric field overcomes the surface tension of the spray fluid. Wicking within the paper occurs because there are voids within the paper structure itself that attract fluid due to these adhesive forces. Fluid moving into these voids or channels draws additional fluid with it because of the fluid's cohesive properties. Not all materials that can wick have to have voids that can be described as porous however. Strai along the surface of a material can foster capillary effects just as well as materials that contain voids that penetrate the media. In liquid metal ion sources used in, space propulsion, solid metallic needles are employed which have been etched so as to form surface channels or stria. Indeed, all that is required for capillary action is a surface upon which adhesion can occur. However, for capillary forces to transport fluid any great distances, a complementary surface that allows for adhesion needs to be in close proximity to another such surfaces. The combination of surfaces allows for rapid capillary effects. This is easily observed between two paint brush hairs. One paint brush hair can soak up some fluid, but two hairs close together draws fluid very quickly.
Capillary action is observed in many analytical applications, such as thin layer chromatography, in which a solvent moves vertically up a plate via capillary action. Dissolved solutes travel with the solvent at various speeds depending on their affinity for the solvent (the mobile phase) or the absorbent coating on the plate (the stationary phase).
In a paper spray application for practical applications, a means of supporting the paper are necessary. The paper can be supported using the previously mentioned alligator clip. Or it can be supported using a series of wires fore and aft holding the paper from above. A pin can be pushed through the paper with the head below and the sharp pointed supported above the paper. Other variations of such support will be obvious to those skilled in the art. In any case, support of the paper from above rather than below is essential because any support below the paper, even if such support is hydrophobic, can and will have the potential to permit some fluid adhesion. When any fluid adheres to a support structure, the volume of the fluid will increase until the weight of that fluid will cause the fluid to drain away over the support structure. Once a path is established for fluid to be drained away, the surplus of fluid in the paper will diminish to the point where an electrospray cannot be maintained or created. A continuous spray is essential for electrospray in many paper applications, but especially so for analytical applications. This is because it takes time for a dessicated sample to become resolubilized and the target analytes of interest to elute out of the sample and become available for identification. The difficulty of supporting a paper spray source and electrospraying is exemplified in the patent of Cooks et al where the inventors stipulate in the specification that the spray extinguishes after a few seconds after a drop of spray fluid is applied to the paper. In another mode of spraying, that same specification states that most of the fluid appeared to be moving over the paper surface rather than trough the paper. Fluid moving over the surface does not permit some or part of the analytes contained in a dessicated sample to be recovered. Furthermore, a few seconds of spray does not reveal all of the analytical components with the sample. In Cooks et al, the inventors state that the few seconds of spray does provide enough ions for several minutes of mass spectrometer analysis. However this statement clearly represents that a surplus of initial analyte alone is available, and does not provide any means for the recovery and identification of larger molecules of diagnostic importance that have yet to elute from the dried sample. Difficulties in maintaining a spray in Cooks et al can be traced to the type of support structure provided in the Purdue patent disclosure. The paper is support from below using a polymer structure that can provide a path for spray fluid to wick away, thus precluding continuous spray operation. Indeed, in the Purdue patent application, the inventors stipulate that an electrospray cannot be actually seen. The presence of a short burst of ions being the sole belief that electrospray is in fact transpiring. What is actually occurring in the Purdue system is not electrospray, but “field desorption”. Field desorption or field ionization is a form of soft ionization in the absence of a Taylor Cone and actual electrospray. While electrospray mass spectrometry is routinely used for analysis of small and macromolecules, field desorption or field ionization is generally limited to small molecular identification. As a consequence, the Purdue approach is limited in its analytical utility. The disclosed invention is not so compromised.
The disclosed invention supports the paper substrate from above using the nested cell structure afforded by a wire mesh screen. The adhesive properties of the spray fluid are attracted to, and along the wire structure. However, the closed cells inherent is a square mesh, and it would be obvious to those skilled in the art to use circular or honeycomb cell shapes, provides multiple adhesive surfaces that restrict fluid to the cell itself, where cohesive and adhesive properties together work to build up a fluid reserve that ceases as soon as the cohesive properties are balanced by gravitational and/or applied electric fields or effects.
The fluid contained in the cells is thus restricted to those mesh cells located over and in contact with, the paper substrate. Outside of the paper, no fluid flows. Stapling the paper to this mesh, with the mesh placed on the top surface of the paper with respect to gravity, provides a stable platform for continuous electrospray. As such, the support structure provides support, paper alignment, electrical contact, and a fluid reservoir derived from fluid that can drip and pass through the wire mesh screen.
In some applications, such as space or zero-g, the preferred embodiment of the disclosed invention will not operate. To accomplish this without the benefit of gravity, the disclosed invention can be modified to provide a potential difference between the spray fluid source and the paper and from the paper to an opposing electrode. Fluid from the spray reservoir will be drawn from the reservoir not by gravity, but by electrical attraction to the paper surface. The fluid in the paper will in turn be attracted and sprayed from the paper by the field existing between the paper and the opposing electrode. This is depicted in
In Cooks et al, claims are made regarding the mass spectrometric detection of pathogens such as bacteria. The sheer size and mass of bacteria alone make identification based solely on mass or charge-to-mass ratio alone highly error prone, as the complex spectra alone can overlap many compounds of combination. Indeed, one has only to refer to the field of proteomics to understand why peptide mass finger printing is necessary because proteins themselves can be very massive and complex. In ion trap mass spectrometers, one often must resort to a series of ion fragmentation cycles to try to approximate possible constituents of the original species for identification. A bacterium contains many proteins and enzymes not to mention the plethora of chemicals contained therein. Even if one were able to sequence all of the contents of a pathogen for identification, the contents would need to be available for study. No where in Cooks et al is there mention of lysing the pathogen to aid in analyzing the contents. In fact, the specification and claims punt to analyzing a complete pathogen species. In the disclosed invention, a lying agent is added to the paper so that upon application, the pathogen is opened and contents are released. In addition, the spray fluid contains a lysing agent. Typical lysing can be accomplished by using HEPES or Glucose: 50 mM, Tris. CI (pH 8.0): 25 mM, EDTA (pH 8.0): 10 mM Detergents like SDS, TritonX-100 can be used. The cell lysis buffer can contain tris, glycerol, lysozyme, proteinase K, NaOH. B-PER Solutions B-PER Bacterial Protein Extraction Reagents gently lyse E. coli and other species of bacterial cells and effectively extract soluble native and recombinant proteins. B-PER Reagents have been used for Gram (−) bacteria, S. aureus, H. pylori and E. coli strains BL21(D3), JM109, DH5a and M15. The reagent is also suitable for certain Archaebacteria species and cultured insect cells. Extraction does not require expensive equipment and can be performed in less than 10 minutes. B-PER Reagent removes soluble protein from inclusion bodies and can be used to purify intact inclusion bodies whose less soluble proteins can be extracted by other means.
Several different ready-to-use formulations of B-PER Reagent are available for different lysis needs. These include formulations in Tris buffer or PBS, and those with and without Lysozyme and DNase I enzymes. The B-PER Direct Formulation is optimized for direct (homogenous) lysis of cells in 96-well culture plates, facilitating high throughput screening assay.
In the disclosed invention, the mass of the constituents of a pathogen in combination with enhanced Raman Spectroscopy is employed. The use of Raman optical data in conjunction with mass or charge/mass data allows for a more accurate identification of trace pathogenic species to be identified. The determination of Gram Positive and Gram Negative species can also be accomplished. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy or surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a surface-sensitive technique that enhances Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on rough metal surfaces or by nanostructures such as plasmonic-magnetic silica nanotubes. The enhancement factor can be as much as 1010 to 1011, which means the technique may detect single molecules.
Paper Spray with Hydrophobic Support
In another adaptation of the disclosed invention, if a paper or similar wetting substrate or paper or similar material is combined with hydrophobic layer preferably placed on the lower side of the wetting paper or substrate, allowing the opposite or preferably top side to be wetted from a fluid source, the fluid, preferably aqueous in nature, will be unable to accumulate on the underside of the paper. This is especially important in paper electrospray applications because supporting the paper without creating a wetting path that could cause the fluid to drain away or be diverted is imperative. A path of fluid flow other than the paper itself would starve the paper apex or tip from the necessary amount of fluid to produce an electrospray, regardless of the applied voltage. A preferably plastic or polymer hydrophobic support on the lower side of the paper cut to the same shape as the paper would also protect the paper apex or tip from damaging mechanical distortions that might transpire in sample handling. A hydrophobic support would also allow the paper to be support in a carrier or enclosure that allows sample paper handling while mitigating the potential for contamination while providing for maximum paper saturation of spray fluid to produce good electrosprays.
Paper-NanoSpray
In lieu of a sharp apex created in the paper substrate necessary to create a field concentration point required to produce an electrospray, a capillary tube is affixed to the paper substrate instead. The capillary is preferably between 100 um and 300 um internal diameter, and preferably 5 mm in length, with preferably a 20 to 50 um wall thickness. The capillary is preferably made of a hydrophobic material, such as glass. The capillary may be affixed to the paper using an epoxy adhesive, or preferably physically affixed under a metal mesh attached to the paper substrate. The mesh open lattice exhibits a capillarity gradient such that fluid applied to the mesh-paper combination flows from the mesh to the paper. If a surplus of fluid will be found to reside in the mesh region. The lower side of the paper is preferably sandwiched with a hydrophobic polymer. Surplus fluid is thus attracted by capillary forces to and into the capillary tube, filling the capillary to the opposite tip. An applied electric field between the fluid mesh and the capillary exit apex will result, if the field concentration is of sufficient strength to overcome the adhesive forces of the fluid, in a Taylor Cone and thus an electrospray emission.
Where shown in
Electrospray: The name electrospray is used for an apparatus that employs electricity to disperse a liquid or for the fine aerosol resulting from this process. The method is sometimes improperly called electrohydrodynamic atomization. High voltage is applied to a liquid supplied through an emitter (sometimes a glass or metallic capillary, but for the purposes of the disclosed invention, the source of the electrospray will be from a wicking substrate media, such as paper). Ideally, when the applied field exceeds the surface tension of the solvent liquid and overcomes the Rayleigh Limit, the liquid reaching the emitter tip forms a Taylor cone, which emits a liquid jet through its apex. Varicose waves on the surface of the jet lead to the formation of small and highly charged liquid droplets, which are radially dispersed due to Coulomb repulsion.
Taylor Cone: A Taylor cone refers to the cone observed in electrospinning, electrospraying and hydrodynamic spray processes from which a jet of charged particles emanates above a threshold voltage. The solvent evaporates from a charged droplet until it becomes unstable upon reaching its Rayleigh limit. At this point, the droplet deforms as the electrostatic repulsion of like charges, in an ever-decreasing droplet size, becomes more powerful than the surface tension holding the droplet together. At this point the droplet undergoes Coulomb fission, whereby the original droplet ‘explodes’ creating many smaller, more stable droplets. The new droplets undergo desolvation and subsequently further Coulomb fissions.
Analyte: Target chemical or biological species to be detected qualitatively; or quantitatively, or both.
DBS: Dried Blood Spot or Dried Biological Sample
Substrate: Material that has the ability to wick an aqueous fluid, such material being paper, polymer, glass, carbon fiber, or any material machined or combination thereof, etched or altered to permit capillary action of an aqueous solution. For the purposes of this invention, a substrate does not necessarily have to be porous, although it can be porous. Surface treatment of many materials permits surface wicking, yet are not porous.
Media: Material that has the ability to wick an aqueous fluid, preferably water based.
Porous: Material that may or may not have wicking capability for aqueous fluids, and which contains pores or voids such that fluid or particulates can pass through.
Polymer: A plastic material
Mass Spectrometry: Method of determining the mass or the charge to mass ration or m/z of target ion or ions. Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that produces spectra of the masses of the atoms or molecules constituting a sample of material.
Paper Spray: Term coined by Purdue University to represent using a paper electrospray source.
Paper Jet: Termed used in disclosed invention to represent a faster paper electrospray analysis method in contrast to the Purdue University embodiment
Cohesive: the attractive force of similar molecules to one another. For the purposes of the disclosed invention, the attractive forces of aqueous fluid molecules to one another
Adhesive: the attractive force of similar molecules to dissimilar materials. For the purposes of the disclosed invention, the attractive forces of aqueous fluid molecules to another material.
Capillary Action: The movement of a liquid along the surface of a solid caused by the attraction of molecules of the liquid to the molecules of the solid.
The paper towel industry owes its existence to capillary action, both for the way paper towels soak up liquids and for the trees out of which the towels are made. Molecules of water are naturally attracted to each other and form temporary hydrogen bonds with each other; their attraction for each other on the surface of a liquid, for example, gives rise to surface tension. But they are also attracted in a similar way to other molecules, called hydrophilic molecules, such as those in the sides of a narrow glass tube inserted into a cup of water, in the fibers of a towel, or in the cells of tree tissue known as xylem. These attractive forces can draw water upward against the force of gravity to a certain degree. However, they are not strong enough to draw water from the roots of a tree to its highest leaves. An additional, related force, referred to as transpiration pull, is required to do that. As water evaporates from the tiny pores, or stomata, of leaves, water from adjacent cells is drawn in to replace it by osmosis. Again, intermolecular attractive forces cause other water molecules to follow along, ultimately drawing water up from the roots of the tree.
Capillarity: The ability of a material to demonstrate capillary action.
Capillarity Gradient: The change in the structure of a material capable of capillary forces along the wick capable region of that material. For the purposes of the disclosed invention, a change in paper pore size along the length of the paper will cause a wetting solvent to move preferentially in the direction of increased pore or void or stria on or within the paper media or substrate.
Wicking: The ability of a material to attract and soak up or draw in a liquid due to capillary forces.
Surface Tension: The tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area. The force that causes the molecules on the surface of a liquid to be pushed together and form a layer
Contact Angle: The angle between a fluid and a dissimilar surface.
Surfactant: A material which reduces the surface tension of a fluid.
Solvent: A Substance, ordinarily a liquid, in which other materials dissolve to form a solution. Polar solvents (e.g., water) favor formation of ions; non-polar ones (e.g., hydrocarbons) do not. Solvents may be predominantly acidic, predominantly basic, amphoteric (both), or aprotic (neither). Organic compounds used as solvents include aromatic compounds and other hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, amines, and nitrated and halogenated hydrocarbons. Their chief uses are as media for chemical syntheses, as industrial cleaners, in extractive processes, in pharmaceuticals, in inks, and in paints, varnishes, and lacquers. In the preferred embodiment of the present patent application, the solvent is water.
Detergent: Detergents are a class of molecules whose unique properties enable manipulation (disruption or formation) of hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions among molecules in biological samples. In biological research, detergents are used to lyse cells (release soluble proteins), solubilize membrane proteins and lipids, control protein crystallization, prevent nonspecific binding in affinity purification and immunoassay procedures, and as additives in electrophoresis. Detergents are amphipathic molecules, meaning they contain both a nonpolar “tail” having aliphatic or aromatic character and a polar “head”. Ionic character of the polar head group forms the basis for broad classification of detergents; they may be ionic (charged, either anionic or cationic), nonionic (uncharged) or zwitterionic (having both positively and negatively charged groups but with a net charge of zero). For the purposes of the disclosed invention, a detergent is used to lyse biological samples such as cells and to reduce the surface tension of the spray fluid so that wetting capability on a given substrate is enhanced.
Raman Spectroscopy: is a spectroscopic technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. It relies on inelastic scattering, or Raman scattering, of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range.
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy or surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a surface-sensitive technique that enhances Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on rough metal surfaces or by nanostructures such as plasmonic-magnetic silica nanotubes. The enhancement factor can be as much as 1010 to 1011, which means the technique may detect single molecules.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6297499 | Fenn | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 8704167 | Cooks | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8816275 | Ouyang | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8895918 | Cooks | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 9224587 | Krechmer | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 20120119079 | Ouyang | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20140048697 | Cooks | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140183351 | Cooks | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20150325423 | Ouyang | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| Entry |
|---|
| Yang, et al (“Paper spray ionization devices for direct, biomedical analysis using mass spectrometry” Int'l J. Mass Spectrom. 312 (2012) 201-207). |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170125228 A1 | May 2017 | US |
