Patent Application
20080093072
In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to the use of micronized weighting agents in drilling and completion fluids. In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a drilling and completion fluid system for use of micronized weighting agents, where the mud system may be configured to efficiently separate drill cuttings from the drilling fluid and the micronized weighting agents. Other embodiments disclosed herein relate to the use of micronized weighting agents having a particle size d90 of less than 10 microns, allowing for efficient separation of drill cuttings and efficient control of the properties of the drilling mud (weight, Theological properties, etc.).
Micronized Weighting Agent
Weighting agents used in embodiments disclosed herein may include a variety of compounds well known to one of skill in the art, In a particular embodiment, the weighting agent may be selected from materials including, for example, barium sulphate (barite), calcium carbonate, dolomite, ilmenite, hematite, olivine, siderite, strontium sulphate, and other minerals. In some embodiments, these weighting agents may be chemically modified. One having ordinary skill in the art would recognize that selection of a particular material may depend largely on the density of the material, as the lowest wellbore fluid viscosity at any particular density is typically obtained by using the highest density particles. However, other considerations may influence the choice of product, such as cost, local availability, the power required for grinding, and whether the residual solids or filter cake may be readily removed from the well.
In one embodiment, the weighting agent may be a micronized weighting agent having a d90 ranging from 1 to 25 microns and a d50 ranging from 0.5 to 10 microns. In another embodiment, the micronized weighting agent includes particles having a d90 ranging from 2 to 8 microns and a d50ranging from 0.5 to 4 microns. In various other embodiments, the micronized weighting agent includes particles having a d90 of 20 microns or less, 15 microns or less, 10 microns or less, or 5 microns or less. Particle size measurements, including particle size d50 and d90, may be performed using laser diffractometry or other methods common in the art. The d50 (d90) is a value on the distribution such that 50% (90%) of the particles have a particle size of this value or less.
One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that, depending on the sizing technique, the weighting agent may have a particle size distribution other than a monomodal distribution. That is, the weighting agent may have a particle size distribution that, in various embodiments, may be monomodal, which may or may not be Gaussian, bimodal, or polymodal,
The use of sized weighting agents has been disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20050277553, assigned to the assignee of the current application, and herein incorporated by reference. Particles having these size distributions may be obtained by several means. For example, sized particles, such as a suitable barite product having similar particle size distributions as disclosed herein, may be commercially purchased. A coarser ground material may be obtained, and the material may be further ground by any known technique to the desired particle size. Such techniques include jet-milling, high performance dry milling techniques, or any other technique that is known in the art generally for milling powdered products. In one embodiment, appropriately sized particles of barite may be selectively removed from a product stream of a conventional barite grinding plant, which may include selectively removing the fines from a conventional API barite grinding operation. Fines are often considered a by-product of the grinding process, and conventionally these materials are blended with courser materials to achieve API grade barite. However, in accordance with the present disclosure, these by-product fines may be further processed via an air classifier to achieve the particle size distributions disclosed herein. In yet another embodiment, the micronized weighting agents may be formed by chemical precipitation. Such precipitated products may be used alone or in combination with mechanically milled products.
In one embodiment, the weighting agent may be a coated weighting agent. In some embodiments, the weighting agent may be coated by a wet coating process or a dry coating process. The coated weighting agent, in some embodiments, may be coated with a dispersant by a dry blending process, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/825,156, filed Sep. 11, 2006, assigned to the assignee of the present application and herein incorporated by reference. The resulting coated weighting agent may be added in new drilling fluid formulations or added to existing formulations. The term “dry blending” refers to a process in which the weighting agent is mixed and coated with a dispersant in the absence of a solvent. The coated weighting agent, in other embodiments, may be coated with a dispersant in the presence of solvent generating colloidal coated particles, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20040127366, assigned to the assignee of the present application, and herein incorporated by reference, As used herein, “micronized weighting agent” refers to weighting agents having particle size distribution reduced below conventional API specified distribution. Finally, one skilled in the art would recognize that the weighting agent may be dry blended with the dispersant in a comminution process (such as grinding) or by other means, such as thermal desorption, for example.
Use in Wellbore Formulations.
In accordance with one embodiment, the micronized weighting agent may be used in a wellbore fluid formulation. The wellbore fluid may be a water-based fluid, an invert emulsion, or an oil-based fluid.
Water-based wellbore fluids may have an aqueous fluid as the base fluid and a micronized weighting agent. The aqueous fluid may include at least one of fresh water, sea water, brine, mixtures of water and water-soluble organic compounds and mixtures thereof. For example, the aqueous fluid may be formulated with mixtures of desired salts in fresh water. Such salts may include, but are not limited to alkali metal chlorides, hydroxides, or carboxylates, for example. In various embodiments of the drilling fluid disclosed herein, the brine may include seawater, aqueous solutions wherein the salt concentration is less than that of sea water, or aqueous solutions wherein the salt concentration is greater than that of sea water. Salts that may be found in seawater include, but are not limited to, sodium, calcium, sulfur, aluminum, magnesium, potassium, strontium, silicon, lithium, and phosphorus salts of chlorides, bromides, carbonates, iodides, chlorates, bromates, formates, nitrates, oxides, and fluorides. Salts that may be incorporated in a brine include any one or more of those present in natural seawater or any other organic or inorganic dissolved salts. Additionally, brines that may be used in the drilling fluids disclosed herein may be natural or synthetic, with synthetic brines tending to be much simpler in constitution. In one embodiment, the density of the drilling fluid may be controlled by increasing the salt concentration in the brine (up to saturation). In a particular embodiment, a brine may include halide or carboxylate salts of mono- or divalent cations of metals, such as cesium, potassium, calcium, zinc, and/or sodium.
The oil-based/invert emulsion wellbore fluids may include an oleaginous continuous phase, a non-oleaginous discontinuous phase, and a micronized weighting agent. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the micronized weighting agents described above may be modified in accordance with the desired application. For example, modifications may include the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of the dispersant.
The oleaginous fluid may be a liquid, more preferably a natural or synthetic oil, and more preferably the oleaginous fluid is selected from the group including diesel oil; mineral oil; a synthetic oil, such as hydrogenated and unhydrogenated olefins including polyalpha olefins, linear and branch olefins and the like, polydiorganosiloxanes, siloxanes, or organosiloxanes, esters of fatty acids, specifically straight chain, branched and cyclical alkyl ethers of fatty acids; similar compounds known to one of skill in the art; and mixtures thereof. The concentration of the oleaginous fluid should be sufficient so that an invert emulsion forms and may be less than about 99% by volume of the invert emulsion. In one embodiment, the amount of oleaginous fluid is from about 30% to about 95% by volume and more preferably about 40% to about 90% by volume of the invert emulsion fluid. The oleaginous fluid, in one embodiment, may include at least 5% by volume of a material selected from the group including esters, ethers, acetals, dialkylcarbonates, hydrocarbons, and combinations thereof.
The non-oleaginous fluid used in the formulation of the invert emulsion fluid disclosed herein is a liquid and may be an aqueous liquid. In one embodiment, the non-oleaginous liquid may be selected from the group including sea water, a brine containing organic and/or inorganic dissolved salts, liquids containing water-miscible organic compounds, and combinations thereof. The amount of the non-oleaginous fluid is typically less than the theoretical limit needed for forming an invert emulsion. Thus, in one embodiment, the amount of non-oleaginous fluid is less that about 70% by volume, and preferably from about 1% to about 70% by volume. In another embodiment, the non-oleaginous fluid is preferably from about 5% to about 60% by volume of the invert emulsion fluid. The fluid phase may include either an aqueous fluid or an oleaginous fluid, or mixtures thereof. In a particular embodiment, coated barite or other micronized weighting agents may be included in a wellbore fluid having an aqueous fluid that includes at least one of fresh water, sea water, brine, and combinations thereof
The fluids disclosed herein are especially useful in the drilling, completion and working over of subterranean oil and gas wells. In particular the fluids disclosed herein may find use in formulating drilling muds and completion fluids that allow for the easy and quick removal of the filter cake. Such fluids are especially useful in the drilling of slant or horizontal wells into hydrocarbon bearing formations.
Conventional methods can be used to prepare the drilling fluids disclosed herein in a manner analogous to those normally used, to prepare conventional water- and oil-based drilling fluids. In one embodiment, a desired quantity of water-based fluid and a suitable amount of one or more micronized weighting agents, as described above, are mixed together and the remaining components of the drilling fluid added sequentially with continuous mixing. In another embodiment, a desired quantity of oleaginous fluid such as a base oil, a non-oleaginous fluid, and a suitable amount of one or more micronized weighting agents are mixed together and the remaining components are added sequentially with continuous mixing. An invert emulsion may be formed by vigorously agitating, mixing, or shearing the oleaginous fluid and the non-oleaginous fluid.
Other additives that may be included in the wellbore fluids disclosed herein include, for example, wetting agents, organophilic clays, viscosidiers, fluid loss control agents, surfactants, dispersants, interfacial tension reducers, pH buffers, mutual solvents, thinners, thinning agents, and cleaning agents. The addition of such agents should be well known to one of ordinary skill in the art of formulating drilling fluids and muds.
Solids Control
As described above with respect to
Drilling mud, containing a base drilling fluid, at least one micronized weighting agent as described above (such as micronized treated barite), and optionally other additives, as needed, circulates down through a drill pipe or drill string, out the drill bit, picks up drill cuttings, and the mixture circulates back to the surface. Optionally, an initial separation stage may be used to separate large particles and drill cuttings from the mixture. At least a portion of the mixture, either from the drill string or from a prior separation stage, containing drill cuttings, drilling fluid, micronized weighting agents, and other additives, may be fed to a separator, which separates the mixture into particles and an effluent. In some embodiments, the separator separates a fraction of the drill cuttings and other mixture components having an average particle size greater than an average particle size of the micronized weighting agent in the mixture such that at least a fraction of the micronized weighting agent may remain with the effluent, along with other particles not separated in the separator. In other embodiments, a majority of the micronized weighting agent may remain with the effluent. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that additional equipment including vessels, pumps, augers, valves, and the like may be required for the process.
The separator, in some embodiments, may include one or more shakers, multi-deck shakers, screen separators, centrifuges, hydrocyclones, filtration systems, or the like, or combinations thereof. The separator may be configured to separate the mixture into an effluent and particles, where the effluent may include drilling fluid and at least a portion of the micronized weighting agent and the particles may include drilled solids and other similarly sized particles.
In some embodiments, the separator may be configured to separate the mixture into an effluent and particles, where the effluent is essentially free of drilled solids having a particle size of 70 microns or larger. In other embodiments, the separator may be configured to separate the mixture into an effluent and particles, where the effluent is essentially free of drilled solids having a particle size of 50 microns or larger; 25 microns or larger in other embodiments; 15 microns in other embodiments; and 10 microns or larger in yet other embodiments.
For example, the separator, in some embodiments, may be a shale shaker having one or more screen assemblies. The screen assemblies may include screens having an API RP 13C d100 of 120 microns or larger. As is known in the art, the d100 may vary depending upon the mesh designation (84 mesh, 105 mesh, etc.) and mesh type (XR, HC, and XL), and the use of API RP 13C d100 designations may enable a person skilled in the art to recognize the size of particles separated as compared to the size of particles passing through the screen without regard to screen type. In other embodiments, the screen assemblies may include screens having an API RP 13C d100 of 100 microns or larger; 70 microns or larger in other embodiments; 50 microns or larger in other embodiments; 25 microns or larger in other embodiments; 15 microns or larger in other embodiments; 10 microns or larger in yet other embodiments.
The API RP 13C cut point test procedure utilizes a series of standard-size screens (sieves) for designating shaker screens. The shaker screen designation is identified by matching the screen's cut point to the closest ASTM sieve cut point. The cut point test uses aluminum oxide, a Rotap, a set of ASTM sieves, a test screen, and a digital scale for weighing the quantity of test particles retained by the test screen. The d100 cut point is used for assigning screen designations. D100 means that 100 percent of the particles larger than the test screen will be retained, and all finer particles will pass through. After conducting three Rotap tests, the results are averaged, and the screen is given an API number of the test sieve having the closest d100 cut point.
The separator, in some embodiments, may allow a majority of the micronized weighting agent to remain with the effluent. The effluent, in some embodiments, may be recycled through the mud system without the need for further processing. In other embodiments, the effluent may be recycled to the mud system, without the need for further processing, and without resulting in significant changes in the weight or Theological properties of the drilling fluid.
The particles may optionally be further processed to separate the materials into various particulate fractions. For example, the particles may be separated based upon size, density, or both, to at least partially recover drilling fluid additives and weighting agents having a similar size to that of the drilled cuttings in the particles separated.
The effluent may optionally be further processed to separate the materials into various fractions. For example, when drilling a formation resulting in accumulation of sand or silt in the drilling fluid, the effluent may be further processed to separate the materials based upon size, density, or both, to at least partially separate the drilling fluid, micronized weighting agent, and other particles of similar size passing through the separator along with the drilling fluid. For example, the effluent may be fed to one or more additional separators, which may include centrifuges, desanders, desilters, mud cleaners, screen separators, shakers, hydrocyclones, or the like, and combinations thereof. The recovered fractions, such as clean drilling fluid, micronized weighting agents, any other additives recovered from additional separators, may be recycled to the mud system as needed.
In one embodiment, a micronized weighting agent having a particle size d90 of 10 microns or less is added to a drilling fluid. The drilling mud is then circulated down through the drill pipe or drill string, out the drill bit, picks up drill cuttings, and the mixture circulates back to the surface. At least a portion of the mixture may be fed to a separator, which separates the mixture into a drill cuttings fraction and an effluent, where at least a majority of the micronized weighting agent remains with the drilling fluid in the effluent. With appropriate selection of the separator and particle size cut obtained by the separator, at least a majority of the drill cuttings may be separated from the drilling mud in a single separation stage. In this manner, the drilling mud weight and Theological properties may be maintained with limited pieces of equipment.
In another embodiment, a micronized weighting agent having a particle size d90 of 10 microns or less is added to a drilling fluid. The drilling mud is then circulated down through the drill pipe or drill string, out the drill bit, picks up drill cuttings, and the mixture circulates back to the surface. A fluid connection may transport the mixture from the mud system to a separator, which separates the mixture into a drill cuttings fraction and an effluent, where at least a majority of the micronized weighting agent remains with the drilling fluid in the effluent. In some embodiments, the fluid connection may transport the mixture from the mud system to the separator without a processing step therebetween, i.e. directly or indirectly transporting the mixture without a substantive separation stage or other processes for treating, reacting, or partitioning of the mixture components. With appropriate selection of the separator and particle size cut obtained by the separator, at least a majority of the drill cuttings may be separated from the drilling mud in a single separation stage. In this manner, the drilling mud weight and Theological properties may be maintained with limited pieces of equipment. For example, it may be possible to maintain the desired drilling mud properties using only a shale shaker, without the need for further equipment such as driers, centrifuges, hydrocyclones, and the like.
Additionally, an appropriate minimum particle size cut may allow for increased separation of drill cuttings from the drilling mud as compared to conventional processes. For example, in some embodiments, the separator may be configured to have a minimum particle size cut between about 10 microns and about 100 microns. In other various embodiments, the separator may be configured to have a minimum particle size cut of 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 70, or 100 microns, such that at least a majority of the micronized weighting agent remains with the drilling fluid.
The rheology of API Barite weighted fluids was compared to the rheology of a fluid system containing micronized, treated weight agents. Micronized polyacrylate coated barite and uncoated barite were used in an otherwise equivalently formulated 13.2 pounds per gallon (ppg) drilling fluids. Rheological properties were determined using a Fann Model 35 viscometer, available from Fann Instrument Company. Fluid loss was measured with a saturated API high temperature, high pressure (HTHP) cell. Gel strength (i.e., measure of the suspending characteristics or thixotropic properties of a fluid) was evaluated by the 10 minute gel strength in pounds per 100 square feet, in accordance with procedures in API Bulletin RP 1313-2, 1990. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
As shown in Table 1, the Theological properties of fluids using treated barite as a micronized weighting agent have characteristically very low rheologies and lower barite sag as compared to those with API Specification Barite. Plastic viscosity (PV) and yield point (YP) are substantially reduced from 35 cP to 25 cP; and 17 to 7 lb/100 ft2, respectively. The low shear-rate rheology expressed as the 6 and 3 rpm values are reduced from greater than 10 to less than 4 using treated barite weight material. Gel strengths are also reduced, while all other essential drilling fluid parameters, including high-temperature, high pressure (HTHP) fluid-loss control and water activity, are similar. For the reasons mentioned previously, these unique formulated treated barite fluids may be advantageous in critical and extreme well sections, such as in the North Sea, for extended reach, through tubing, and HTHP wells.
Case 1
A 3,179-ft, 5⅞-inch through tubing rotary drilling (TTRD) reservoir section was drilled from 10,830 ft from a 600 kick-off angle, dropping to 35° and then building back to 75° at touchdown depth (TD). For the complex well geometry from a maturing oil field, managing equivalent circulating density (ECD) and barite sag would have been problematic using conventionally weighted systems. Formulating a 13 lb/gal oil-based fluid with a micronized, treated barite weighting agent, as described above, meant that very low rheology drilling fluids could be utilized to control ECD and reduce drilling risk. Compared to offset wells, the ECD) was maintained at 13.25 lb/gal, but pump rates were increased by more than 15 gal/min. Shaker screen sizes were reduced from typically 170 and 200-mesh screens to 210 and 250-mesh at 530-gal/min flow rates using the treated barite system. The combination of low fluid rheology and finer shakers screens resulted in drier cuttings discharge and dilution factors were reduced from 5 bbl of fluid lost per bbl of hole drilled to 2.1 bbl/bbl. No mud weight variation was noted after trips and drilling fluid properties remained stable throughout the section.
Case 2
A 4,222-ft, 8½-inch section drilled from 9,075 ft at a hole angle of 60° was drilled, lined, and cemented at TD. The fluid density was 13.7 lb/gal using a micronized treated barite system, as described above, selected to provide greater control of rheology and to increase the margins of drilling risk. ECD's were reduced by up to 0.3 lb/gal towards the end of the section, despite higher pump rates (3,700 lb/in2) than offset wells at the same depth and hole angle. Four shale shakers were configured with three 250-mesh screens, and one 200-mesh screen, which handled the fill flow of 555 gal/min. Dilution factors were reduced from 2.4 to 1.5 bbl fluid lost per bbl hole drilled, and taking into account all losses, fluid consumption was reduced from 4.1 to 2.6 bbl/bbl.
While using the micronized weighting agent, the coefficient of friction inside the casing was measured in the field at 0.15, compared to 0.17 on offset wells. In open hole, the reduction was even more dramatic, with a reduction from 0.19 to 0.14, a 26% reduction. On the same section, the actual torque measured for running the liner was 24 kN-m, compared to a simulated 27 kN-m.
Case 3
A 3,189-ft 5⅞-inch TTRD reservoir section was drilled from 13,441 ft. The maximum inclination was 78° and fluid density was 13.2 lb/gal. The original producing well was plugged and abandoned in the 7-inch tubing, requiring a new well to be drilled out into a new formation from the existing completion to access known pools of hydrocarbons. Due to the narrow annular tolerances, ECD management was critical for this section where a narrow pore pressure and fracture pressure window existed. Hydraulics optimization was further complicated by the need for high flow rates to power a downhole geosteering tool. Drilling fluids using a treated barite system was engineered with characteristically low fluid rheologies (3 rpm reading of 2-3 Fann Units) to control ECD without risking barite settlement at this critical mud weight and to deliver between 135 and 185 gal/min to the geosteering tool. The geosteering tool was successfully deployed in this fluid system and the section was completed without incident. No density variations were noted after trips. The actual ROP was 16 to 18 m/hr, 10% above program at 15 m/hr. Three shakers were configured with top screens of 190 and 210 mesh and bottom screens of 250 mesh which resulted in dilution factors of 3.9 bbl/bbl compared to 8.7 bbl/bbl on offset TTRD wells using conventional oil-based drilling fluid. Overall fluid costs were under budget by 18% as a result.
Case 4
In another 8½-inch reservoir section, a 9,130-ft long section drilled from 12,093 ft with 13.0 lb/gal and 70° sail angle dropping to 57° would have placed severe constraints on ECD control using conventionally weighted drilling fluids. Using a micronized treated barite in an oil-based drilling fluid system, the long inclined section was successfully drilled without incident, including barite settlement. Compared to an offset well drilled in the same area using conventionally weighted fluid of the same bit size and well trajectory, rotary torque in open hole was 26% lower. With 3 of the 5 shakers dressed with either 260 mesh, 270 mesh or 325 mesh, handling full flow at 422 to 500 gal/min, dilution factors were reduced from an average of 1.6 bbl of fluid per bbl of cuttings drilled to 0.87 bbl/bbl. There was no evidence of uneven mud weight after trips. On one occasion towards the end of the 8½-inch section, a bit change necessitated leaving the fluid static in the well for five days. After 5 days static, circulation was broken and the mud weight taken every 10 minutes with no fluctuations in fluid density observed at the flowline, despite the 6 and 3 rpm readings of the treated barite system measuring only 3 and 2 Fann units, respectively.
Case 5
In another 8½-inch reservoir section, a 1,755 ft long section was drilled to 20,472 ft with 11 to 11.5 lb/gal fluid density using an oil-based drilling fluid. Using a micronized treated barite weighting agent at this fluid density, the shale shakers were dressed with 400 mesh screens that successfully removed unwanted drilled cuttings and other debris from the fluid at fill flow of 580 gallons per minute. Compared to offset wells in the vicinity of similar depth and inclination, the solids removal efficiency increased from 40% to 64% and the dilution factors were reduced from an average of 9 bbl of fluid used per bbl of hole drilled to 2.8 bbl/bbl.
In the same reservoir section, a centrifuge was used to further treat the drilling fluid (effluent) after it had passed through the primary separation process using screens. The centrifuge was rotating at 2,500 rpm. Analysis showed that a majority of the micronized weighting agents was retained in the effluent and waste drilled solids greater than 5 microns were removed from the effluent.
Drilling fluid systems having a micronized weighting agent may be used to drill mature reservoirs where the complex well trajectories and narrow drilling tolerances of extended reach drilling, through tubing drilling, and horizontal drilling techniques require high performance and highly engineered drilling fluid systems that are not always attainable with conventionally weighted systems. Compared to conventionally weighted systems, drilling fluids formulated with the micronized weighting agents may deliver improved control on ECD management by virtue of the very low fluid viscosities without compromise on sag or settlement properties in inclined wells. The unique combination of micron-size particles and lower fluid viscosities may enhance solids separation efficiency and reduce dilution factors by up to 65%. In addition rotary torque may be reduced by up to 26% in open hole. The use of micronized weighting agents in drilling and completion fluids may offer substantial benefits for drilling sections in maturing reservoirs by reducing overall drilling risk and cost in wells with complex trajectories.
Advantageously, embodiments disclosed herein may provide one or more of the following: reduced risk of weighting agent sag or settlement; improved ability to formulate thin fluids; improved ECD control; improved downhole tool performance; improved cement job quality; improved solids control efficiency. Embodiments disclosed herein may allow for improved separation efficiency, possibly allowing for a decreased number of separation stages and elimination of the need for excess separation equipment. Other embodiments may allow use of smaller screens, improved solids removal efficiency, less regrinding and recirculation, the recovery of a broader cuttings size, lower surface area per metric ton of cuttings, less fluid on cuttings, and lower dilution factors, Additionally, embodiments disclosed herein may reduce losses of weighting agents and other additives on shakers. For example, in some embodiments, solids removal efficiency may be increased 40% to 65%. The separation efficiency of low gravity solids may be improved in other embodiments.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.
