Method of improving the quality of stored potatoes

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Long term storage properties of potato represents a major determinant of tuber quality. Dormancy periods (the time period after harvesting and before sprouting) are crucial to maintaining quality potatoes. Commercially, potatoes may be held for long periods before processing (up to 10 months or longer), and at temperatures typically between 2.degree.-10.degree. C. Cold storage (2.degree.-6.degree. C.) versus storage at 7.degree.-12.degree. C. provides the best long term conditions by reducing respiration, water loss, microbial infection, and the need for chemical sprout inhibitors (Burton, 1989). However, low temperatures lead to cold-induced sweetening, and the resultant high sugar levels contribute to an unacceptable brown color in the fried product (Coffin et al., 1987, Weaver et al., 1978). The sugars that accumulate are predominantly glucose, fructose, and sucrose, and it is mainly the reducing sugars (primarily glucose and fructose) which react with free amino groups upon heating during the various cooking processes, including frying, via the Maillard reaction, and result in the formation of brown pigment (Burton, 1989, Shallenberger et al., 1959). Sucrose, on the other hand, produces a black coloration on frying due to its susceptibility to undergo carmelization as well as charring. Levels of reducing sugars above 0.2% fresh weight are sufficient to cause brown pigment formation and thus merit rejection for certain types of processing. A potato processor can reduce the levels of sugars by a costly and time consuming blanching process if the levels of sugars are not significantly higher than the 0.2% limit. Potatoes can be reconditioned at higher temperatures (18.degree. C.) to lower sugar content, but often sugar levels will not sufficiently decrease before the onset of sprouting at these temperatures, requiring the use of chemical sprout inhibitors (Ryall and Lipton, 1979, Hardenburg et al., 1986). However, reconditioning increases the storage facility requirements and consequently affects the final cost of the product. Furthermore, it has been shown that reconditioning is not effective after longer storage periods (Coffin et al., 1987). Given the negative environmental and health perceptions associated with excessive chemical use, and the fact that current sprout inhibitors may soon be banned, a need exists for potato varieties which can withstand long term cold storage without the use of chemicals, without accumulation of reducing sugars, and with greater retention of starch levels.
After longer storage periods, sprouting of potato tubers becomes a problem. Excess sprouting reduces the market value and can cause increased levels of alkaloids in the tuber.
Through the process of genetic engineering potato tubers which contain significantly higher levels of starch have been obtained. See WO 91/19806 (Kishore), also U.S. Ser. No. 07/709,663, filed Jun. 7, 1991, now abandoned, hereby incorporated by reference. In these tubers a gene is expressed which encodes ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPP), which catalyzes a key step in starch and glycogen biosynthesis. The preferred gene is from E. coli and the resulting enzyme is a poorly regulated, highly active variant. When a mutant of this gene, glgC16, is expressed in a tuber-specific manner, for example from a class I patatin promoter, starch levels are higher than those of nontransgenic control tubers at the time of harvest.
Carbohydrate metabolism is a complex process in plant cells. Manipulation of a number of different enzymatic processes potentially may effect the accumulation of reducing sugars during cold storage. For example, sugars may be used to resynthesize starch, and thus effect reduction in the pool of free sugar. Other methods may also serve to enhance the cold storage properties of potato through reduction of sugar content, including the inhibition of starch hydrolysis, removal of sugars through glycolysis, or conversion of sugars into other forths which would not participate in the Maillard reaction. The challenge in these methods would be to identify an activity with which to effect the desired result, achieve function at low temperatures, and still retain the product qualities desired by potato growers, processors, and consumers.
It has been suggested that phosphofructokinase (PFK) plays an important role in the cold-induced sweetening process (Kruger and Hammond, 1988, ap Rees et al., 1988, Dixon et al., 1981, Claassen et al., 1991). ap Rees et al. (1988) suggested that cold treatment had a disproportionate effect on different pathways in carbohydrate metabolism in that glycolysis was more severely reduced due to the cold-lability of PFK. The reduction in PFK activity would then lead to an increased availability of hexose-phosphates for sucrose production. Additional support for this view comes from the observation of a new breeding clone of potato which contains a PFK which is not cold labile and that does not accumulate significant amounts of sugar in the cold.
It was recently disclosed in European Patent Application 0 438 904 that increasing PFK activity reduces sugar accumulation during storage by removing hexoses through glycolysis and further metabolism. A PFK enzyme from E. coli was expressed in potato tubers and the report claimed to increase PFK activity and to reduce sucrose content in tubers assayed at harvest. However, it has been shown that pyrophosphate:Fructose 6-phosphate phosphotransferase (PFP) remains active at low temperatures (Claassen et al., 1991). PFP activity can supply fructose 6-phosphate for glycolysis just as PFK can since the two enzymes catalyze the same reaction. Therefore the efficacy of this approach in improving the cold storage quality of potato tubers remains in doubt. Furthermore, the removal of sugars through glycolysis and further metabolism would not be a preferred method of enhancing storage properties of potato tubers because of the resultant loss of valuable dry matter content through respiration. Resynthesis of the sugars into starch or slowing the breakdown of starch would be preferred because dry matter would be retained.
It is an object of this invention to provide a method for reducing the level of sugars within potato tubers and to provide improved quality of stored potatoes. It is a further object of this invention to provide potatoes having an improved rate and degree of reconditioning after storage at reduced temperatures. It is a still further object of this invention to provide a method of extending dormancy of potatoes stored at ambient temperatures or at reduced temperatures.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a method of improving the quality of potatoes stored at low temperatures comprising providing an increased level of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPP) enzyme activity within the potato tuber during storage at reduced temperatures. Also provided is a method of reducing the level of sugars within potato tubers stored at reduced temperatures by increasing the ADPGPP enzyme activity during cold storage. Further provided is a method of prolonging dormancy of stored potatoes comprising increasing the ADPGPP enzyme activity during storage.
This method is preferably accomplished by:
(a) inserting into the genome of a potato plant cell a recombinant, double-stranded DNA molecule comprising
(i) a promoter which functions in plants to cause the production of an RNA sequence in target plant tissues,
(ii) a structural DNA sequence that causes the production of an RNA sequence which encodes a fusion polypeptide comprising an amino-terminal plastid transit peptide and an ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase enzyme,
(iii) a 3' nontranslated DNA sequence which functions in plant cells to cause transcriptional termination and the addition of polyadenylated nucleotides to the 3' end of the RNA sequence;
(b) obtaining transformed plant cells; and
(c) regenerating from the transformed plant cells genetically transformed potato plants which have improved cold storage properties.
Novel recombinant DNA molecules, plant cells, and regenerated potato plants are provided wherein the promoter of (a)(i) is a cold-inducible promoter, such as from potato or Arabidopsis. These regenerated potato plants are useful in all of the methods of the present invention.
A preferred ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGPP) enzyme is that from E. coli, known as glgC, which gene sequence is shown below as SEQ ID NO:1 and which amino acid sequence is shown as SEQ ID NO:2. A more preferred ADPGPP enzyme is the mutant ADPGPP, glgC16, which gene sequence is shown below as SEQ ID NO:3 and which amino acid sequence is shown below as SEQ ID NO:4. This mutant has been found to have a higher affinity to substrates in the absence of the activator, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), and to reach half-maximal activation with a decreased concentration of FBP.
As used herein, the term "improving the quality of stored potatoes," or variants thereof, shall mean providing potatoes which after storage have reduced levels of sugars, little or no loss of starch, reduced incidence of sprouting, and/or an enhanced rate or degree of reconditioning.
As used herein, the term "cold storage" or "storage at reduced temperature," or variants thereof, shall mean holding at temperatures less than or equal to 15.degree. C., which may be caused by refrigeration or ambient temperatures.
As used herein, the term "cold-inducible promoter" shall mean a sequence of DNA bases that initiates the transcription of mRNA using one of the DNA strands as a template to make a corresponding complimentary strand of RNA when the temperature is equal to or less than 15.degree. C.
As used herein, the term "prolonging dormancy" or variants thereof shall mean delaying onset of respiration and sprouting of tubers.
As used herein, the term "glgC16 potatoes," "glgC16 tubers," "glgC16 lines," or variants thereof, shall mean potato lines or tubers therefrom which have been transformed with a fusion of a plastid terminal transit peptide, preferably CTP, described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a plasmid map for plant transformation vector pMON17316.
FIG. 2 shows a plasmid map for plant transformation vector pMON17279.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Starch phosphorylase and amylolytic enzymes are responsible for starch degradation during cold storage and result in the formation of glucose 1-phosphate and/or glucose from starch. Glucose may be convened to glucose 1-phosphate and serve as a substrate for the ADPGPP enzyme and thus for starch biosynthesis in the tubers expressing this enzyme. Glucose 1-phosphate may also be formed from the products of degradation of sucrose via invertase or sucrose synthase. Reducing sugars primarily accumulate during storage rather than sucrose due to the action of invertase (Pressey, 1966). The glucose and fructose released from invertase activity can also serve as precursors of substrates for starch biosynthesis.
The expression of ADPGPP is an effective means of countering the effects of cold-induced sweetening. It is hypothesized that by maintaining starch biosynthesis during cold storage, the continuous demand on the hexose pool is such that sugar accumulation is reduced and thus the tuber remains suitable for processing. However, other mechanisms may also be responsible for this effect of ADPGPP. In addition, prolonging the dormancy of potatoes stored at any temperature may also be accomplished by keeping the sugar level low and delaying onset of respiration and thus sprouting.
In order to accomplish the foregoing, a gene for expression of ADPGPP is incorporated within the genome of potato plants. This gene may be combined with other genes (in sense or antisense orientation) for regulation of starch and/or sugar metabolism/catabolism in potatoes, for example, phosphofrutcokinases (EP 0 438 904); .alpha.- and .beta.-amylases; sucrose phosphate synthases; hexokinases; starch phosphorylases; debranching enzymes; or phosphoglucomutases. These additional genes may be from a plant, microorganism, or animal source.
Alternatively, increased levels of ADPGPP in stored tubers may be achieved by mutagenizing potato clones and thus increasing ADPGPP enzyme activity levels. Such tubers could be selected based on display of increased specific activity, increased V.sub.max, reduced inhibition by the negative effector (P.sub.i), or reduced dependence upon activator (3-PGA) for maximal activity.
The expression of a plant gene which exists in double-stranded DNA form involves transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) from one strand of the DNA by RNA polymerase enzyme, and the subsequent processing of the mRNA primary transcript inside the nucleus. This processing involves a 3' nontranslated region which adds polyadenylate nucleotides to the 3' end of the RNA.
Transcription of DNA into mRNA is regulated by a region of DNA usually referred to as the "promoter." The promoter region contains a sequence of bases that signals RNA polymerase to associate with the DNA, and to initiate the transcription of mRNA using one of the DNA strands as a template to make a corresponding complimentary strand of RNA.
A number of promoters which are active in plant cells have been described in the literature. These include the nopaline synthase (NOS) and octopine synthase (OCS) promoters (which are carried on tumor-inducing plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens), the caulimovirus promoters such as the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 19S and 35S and the figwort mosaic virus 35S-promoters, the light-inducible promoter from the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase (ssRUBISCO, a very abundant plant polypeptide), and the chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene promoter, etc. All of these promoters have been used to create various types of DNA constructs which have been expressed in plants; see, e.g., PCT publication WO 84/02913.
The class I patatin promoters used in Examples 1 and 2 below, have been shown to be both highly active and tuber-specific (Bevan et al., 1986; Jefferson et al., 1990). A number of other genes with tuber-specific or enhanced expression are known, including the potato tuber ADPGPP genes, large and small subunits (Muller et al., 1990), sucrose synthase (Salanoubat and Belliard, 1987, 1989), the major tuber proteins including the 22 kd protein complexes and proteinase inhibitors (Hannapel, 1990), the granule bound starch synthase gene (GBSS) (Rohde et al., 1990), and the other class I and II patatins (Rocha-Sosa et al., 1989; Mignery et al., 1988). Other promoters which are contemplated to be useful in this invention include those that show enhanced or specific expression in potato tubers, that are promoters normally associated with the expression of starch biosynthetic or modification enzyme genes, or that show different patterns of expression within the potato tuber, with cortex-or pith- or periderm-enhanced expression, for example, or are expressed at different times during tuber development. Examples of these promoters include those for the genes for the granule-bound and other starch synthases, the branching enzymes (Kossmann et al., 1991; Bleunow, A. and Johansson, G., 1991; WO 92/14827; WO 92/11375), disproportionating enzyme (Takaha et al., 1993), debranching enzymes, amylases, starch phosphorylases (Nakano et al., 1989; Mori et al., 1991), pectin esterases (Ebbelaar, et al., 1993), the 40 kD glycoprotein; ubiquitin, aspartic proteinase inhibitor (Stukerlj et al., 1990), the carboxypeptidase inhibitor, tuber polyphenol oxidases (Shahar et al., 1992; GenBank.RTM. Accession Numbers M95196 and M95197), putative trypsin inhibitor and other tuber cDNAs (Stiekema et al., 1988), and for .beta.-amylase and sporarnins (from Ipomoea batatas; Yoshida et al., 1992; Ohta et al., 1991).
Expression of bacterial ADPGPP from various potato promoters has been shown by Kishore in PCT Application WO 91/19806 to result in an increase in starch content in potato tubers.
It is not a requirement of the present method to start with a tuber with high starch content to achieve low reducing sugar accumulation during cold storage. The glgC16 gene can be expressed from a cold-induced promoter in potato so that the GlgC16 enzyme is only present during storage conditions. The presence of this enzyme would then maintain starch biosynthesis during storage and thus prevent the accumulation of sugars.
Examples of cold-inducible promoters, including plant promoters are numerous (Yamaguchi-Shinozaki et al., 1993; Qoronfleh et al., 1992; Miner et al., 1992; Houde et al., 1992; White et al., 1992; Huang et al., 1987; Murata et al., 1992; Gilmour et al., 1992, Hajela et al., 1990; and Kurkela et al., 1990). Isolation of cold-induced proteins in potato tubers has been demonstrated (van Berkel et al., 1991, van Berkel et al., 1994). The promoters driving cold-induced expression of these proteins can be isolated by methods available to those skilled in the art. One method involves production of a cDNA library from cold stressed tubers and subsequent identification of cold-specific clones by differential hybridization with a non-stressed library. This process can be made more efficient by using subtraction libraries wherein clones expressed in a non-cold-specific manner are removed from the library during construction. The determination of the nucleotide sequences of cDNA's derived from these regulated transcripts will also facilitate the isolation of the corresponding promoter regions. The sequences of such cDNAs are know for a number of the potato tuber cold regulated transcripts (van Berkel et al., 1994). The promoter fragment could then be identified from a genomic clone using cDNA probes identified as cold-specific. Such cold regulated promoters have been identified and sequenced (Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and Shinozaki, 1994, and Baker, 1994). The promoter fragment can be used to direct expression of the E. coli glgC16 gene in a cold-induced manner. Additionally, one of several other ADPGPP enzymes could be expressed from this promoter to affect sugar concentration in cold stored potato tubers and thus improve the quality of the tubers. Hybrid promoters or fusions of regulatory elements of different promoters may also be employed to increase the expression level of a cold regulated promoter or to make such expression more specific to the desired plant organ. Cold regulated genes have been described in which the expression is preferential in different tissues (Zhu et at., 1993) or in which the genes are regulated more specifically by cold than by other stress effects (Wilhelm and Thomashow, 1993; Nordin et al., 1993). In addition, specific defined sequences, of sizes from 9 base pairs to a few hundred base pairs in length, have been shown to control the reponsiveness of the promoters to different cold and to other stress effects such as abscisic acid levels and to drought stress (Yamaguchi-Shinozaki and Shinozaki, 1994 ). Promoters that express preferentially in tubers are know and the regions of these promoters that are necessary for this preferential expression have also been determined (Jefferson et al., 1990; Liu et al., 1990). These data enable the construction of fusions between the small cold responsive element from promoters such as those from cor78, cor 15a, or cor15b, for example, and a patatin promoter. Fusions are made to the -500 to -2000 bp region of the patatin promoter. Current molecular genetic techniques, including Polymerase Chain Reaction and site-directed mutagenesis, and the facility of oligonucleotide synthesis make these fusions possible.
The amino-terminal plastid transit peptide used with the ADPGPP gene is needed to transport the enzyme to the plastid where starch synthesis occurs. Alternatively, the transit peptide could be omitted and the gene could be inserted into the DNA present in the plastid. Chloroplast transformation may be accomplished using the methods described by Svab et .al., 1990.
Production of Altered ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylase Genes by Mutagenesis
Those skilled in the art will recognize that while not absolutely required, enhanced results are to be obtained by using ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase genes which are subject to reduced allosteric regulation ("deregulated") and more preferably not subject to significant levels of allosteric regulation ("unregulated") while maintaining adequate catalytic activity. The structural coding sequence for a bacterial or plant ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase enzyme can be mutagenized in E. coli or another suitable host and screened for increased glycogen production as described for the glgC16 gene or E. coli. It should be realized that use of a gene encoding an ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase enzyme which is only subject to modulators (activators/inhibitors) which are present in the selected plant at levels which do not significantly inhibit the catalytic activity will not require enzyme (gene) modification. These "unregulated" or "deregulated" ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase genes can then be inserted into plants as described herein to obtain transgenic plants having increased starch content.
For example, any ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase gene can be cloned into the E. coli B strain AC70R1-504 (Leung, 1986). This strain has a defective ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase gene, and is depressed five- to seven-fold for the other glycogen biosynthetic enzymes. The ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase gene/cDNA's can be put on a plasmid behind the E. coli glgC promoter or any other bacterial promoter. This construct can then be subjected to either site-directed or random mutagenesis. After mutagenesis, the cells would be plated on rich medium with 1% glucose. After the colonies have developed, the plates would be flooded with iodine solution (0.2 w/v % I.sub.2, 0.4 w/v % KI in H.sub.2 O, Creuzet-Sigal, 1972). By comparison with an identical plate containing non-mutated E. coli, colonies that are producing more glycogen can be detected by their darker staining.
Since the mutagenesis procedure could have created promoter mutations, any putative ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase mutant from the first round screening will have to have the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase gene recloned into non-mutated vector and the resulting plasmid will be screened in the same manner. The mutants that make it though both rounds of screening will then have their ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activities assayed with and without the activators and inhibitors. By comparing the mutated ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase's responses to activators and inhibitors to the non-mutated enzymes, the new mutant can be characterized.
The report by Plaxton and Preiss in 1987 demonstrates that the maize endosperm ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase has regulatory properties similar to those of the other plant ADPglucose pyrophosphorylases (Plaxton and Preiss 1987). They show that earlier reports claiming that the maize endosperm ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase had enhanced activity in the absence of activator (3-PGA) and decreased sensitivity to the inhibitor (P.sub.i), was due to proteolytic cleavage of the enzyme during the isolation procedure. By altering an ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase gene to produce an enzyme analogous to the proteolytically cleaved maize endosperm ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, decreased allosteric regulation will be achieved.
To assay a liquid culture of E. coli for ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity, the cells are spun down in a centrifuge and resuspended in about 2 ml of extraction buffer (0.05M glycylglycine pH 7.0, 5.0 mM DTE, 1.0 mM EDTA) per gram of cell paste. The cells are lysed by passing twice through a French Press. The cell extracts are spun in a microcentrifuge for 5 minutes, and the supernatants are desalted by passing through a G-50 spin column.
The enzyme assay for the synthesis of ADPglucose is a modification of a published procedure (Haugen et al., 1976). Each 100 .mu.l assay contains: 10 .mu.mole Hepes pH 7.7, 50 .mu.g BSA, 0.05 .mu.mole of [.sup.14 C]glucose-1-phosphate, 0.15 .mu.mole ATP, 0.5 .mu.mole MgCl.sub.2, 0.1 .mu.g of crystalline yeast inorganic pyrophosphatase, 1 mM ammonium molybdate, enzyme, activators or inhibitors as desired, and water. The reaction mixture is incubated at 37.degree. C. for 10 minutes, and is stopped by boiling for 60 seconds. The assay is spun down in a microcentrifuge, and 40 .mu.l of the supernatant is injected onto a Synchrom Synchropak AX-100 anion exchange HPLC column. The sample is eluted with 65 mM KPi pH 5.5. Unreacted [.sup.14 C]glucose-1-phosphate elutes around 7-8 minutes, and [.sup.14 C]ADPglucose elutes at approximately 13 minutes. Enzyme activity is determined by the amount of radioactivity found in the ADPglucose peak.
The plant ADPGPP enzyme activity is tightly regulated, by both positive (3-phosphoglycerate; 3-PGA) and negative effectors (inorganic phosphate; P.sub.i) (Ghosh and Preiss, 1966; Copeland and Preiss 1981; Sowokinos and Preiss 1982; Morell et al., 1987; Plaxton and Preiss, 1987; Preiss; 1988;) and the ratio of 3-PGA:P.sub.i plays a prominent role in regulating starch biosynthesis by modulating the ADPGPP activity (Santarius and Heber, 1965; Heldt et al., 1977; Kaiser and Bassham, 1979). The plant ADPGPP enzymes are heterotetramers of two large/"shrunken" and two small/"Brittle" subunits (Morell et al., 1987; Lin et al., 1988a, 1988b; Krishnan et al., 1986; Okita et al., 1990) and there is strong evidence to suggest that the heterotetramer is the most active form of ADPGPP. Support for this suggestion comes from the isolation of plant "starchless" routants that are deficient in either of the subunits (Tsai and Nelson, 1966; Dickinson and Preiss, 1969; Lin et al., 1988a, 1988b) and from the characterization of an "ADPGPP" homotetramer of small subunits that was found to have only low enzyme activity (Lin et al., 1988b). In addition, proposed effector interaction residues have been identified for both subunits (Morell et al., 1988). Direct evidence for the active form of the enzyme and further support of the kinetic data reported for the purified potato enzyme comes from the expression of potato ADPGPP activity in E. coli and the comparison of the kinetic properties of this material and that from potato tubers (Iglesias et al., 1993).
Unregulated enzyme variants of the plant ADPGPP are identified and characterized in a manner similar to that which resulted in the isolation of the E. coli glgC16 and related mutants such as glgC-SG5 and CL1136. A number of plant ADPGPP cDNA's, or portions of such cDNA's, for both the large and small subunits, have been cloned from both monocots and dicots (Anderson et al., 1989a; Olive et al., 1989; Muller et al., 1990; Bhave et al., 1990; du Jardin and Berhin, 1991; Smith-White and Preiss, 1992). The proteins encoded by the plant cDNA's, as well as those described from bacteria, show a high degree of conservation (Bhave et al., 1990). In particular, a highly conserved region, also containing some of the residues implicated in enzyme function and effector interactions, has been identified (Morell et al., 1988; du Jardin and Berhin, 1991). Clones of the potato tuber ADPGPP subunit genes have been isolated. These include a complete small subunit gene, assembled by addition of sequences from the first exon of the genom/c clone with a nearly full-length cDNA clone of the same gene, and an almost complete gene for the large subunit. The nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:7) and the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:8) of the assembled small subunit gene is given below. The nucleotide sequence presented here differs from the gene originally isolated in the following ways: a BglII+NcoI site was introduced at the ATG codon to facilitate the cloning of the gene into E. coli and plant expression vectors by site directed mutagenesis utilizing the oligonucleotide primer sequence
GTTGATAACAAGATCTGTTAAC CATGGCGGCTTCC (SEQ ID NO: 11 ).
A SacI site was introduced at the stop codon utilizing the oligonucleotide primer sequence
CCAGTTAAAACGGAGCTCATCAGATGATGATTC (SEQ ID NO:12).
The SacI site serves as a 3' cloning site. An internal BglII site was removed utilizing the oligonucleotide primer sequence
GTGTGAGAACATAAATCTTGGATATGTTAC (SEQ ID NO:13).
This assembled gene was expressed in E. coli under the control of the recA promoter in a P recA-gene10L expression cassette (Wong et al., 1988) to produce measurable levels of the protein. An initiating methionine codon is placed by site-directed mutagenesis utilizing the oligonucleotide primer sequence
GAATTCACAGGGCCATGGCTCTAGACCC (SEQ ID NO: 14)
to express the mature gene.
The nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:9) and the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:10) of the almost complete large subunit gene is given below. An initiating methionine codon has been placed at the mature N-terminus by site-directed mutagenesis utilizing the oligonucleotide primer sequence
AAGATCAAACCTGCCATGGCTTACTCTGTGATCACTACTG (SEQ ID NO:15). The purpose of the initiating methionine is to facilitate the expression of this large subunit gene in E. coli. A HindIII site is located 103 bp after the stop codon and serves as the 3' cloning site. The complete large ADPGPP gene is isolated by the 5' RACE procedure (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends; Frohman, 1990; Frohman et al., 1988; Loh et al., 1989). The oligonucleotide primers for this procedure are as follows:
1) GGGAATTCAAGCTTGGATCCCGGGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC (SEQ ID NO:16);
2) GGGAATTCAAGCTTGGATCCCGGG (SEQ ID NO:17); and
3) CCTCTAGACAGTCGATCAGGAGCAGATGTACG (SEQ ID NO:18).
The first two are the equivalent to the ANpolyC and the AN primers of Loh et al. (1989), respectively, and the third is the reverse complement to a sequence in the large ADPGPP gone. The PCR 5' sequence products are cloned as EcoRI/HindIII/BamHI-PstI fragments and are easily assembled with the existing gone portion.
The weakly regulated enzyme routants of ADPGPP are identified by initially scoring colonies from a routagonized E. coli culture that show elevated glycogen synthesis, by iodine staining of 24-48 hour colonies on Luria-Agar plates containing glucose at 1%, and then by characterizing the responses of the ADPGPP enzymes from these isolates to the positive and negative effectors of this activity (Cattaneo et al., 1969; Preiss et al., 1971). A similar approach is applied to the isolation of such variants of the plant ADPGPP enzymes. Given an expression system for each of the subunit genes, muta-genesis of each gone is carried out separately, by any of a variety of known means, both chemical or physical (Miller, 1972) on cultures containing the gone or on purified DNA. Another approach is to use a PCR procedure (Ehrlich, 1989) on the complete gone in the presence of inhibiting Mn++ions, a condition that leads to a high rate of misincorporation of nucleotides. A PCR procedure may also be used with primers adjacent to just a specific region of the gone, and this mutagenized fragment then recloned into the non-mutagenized gene segments. A random synthetic oligonucleotide procedure may also be used to generate a highly mutagenized short region of the gone by mixing of nucleotides in the synthesis reaction to result in misincorporation at all positions in this region. This small region is flanked by restriction sites that are used to reinsert this region into the remainder of the gene. The resultant cultures or transformants are screened by the standard iodine method for those exhibiting glycogen levels higher than controls. Preferably this screening is carried out in an E. coli strain deficient only in ADPGPP activity and is phenotypically glycogen-minus and that is complemented to glycogen-plus by glgC. The E. coli strain should retain those other activities required for glycogen production. Both genes are expressed together in the same E. coli host by placing the genes on compatible plasmids with different selectable marker genes, and these plasmids also have similar copy numbers in the bacterial host to maximize heterotetramer formation. An example of such an expression system is the combination of pMON17335 and pMON17336 (Iglesias et al., 1993). The use of separate plasmids enables the screening of a mutagenized population of one gone alone, or in conjunction with the second gone following transformation into a competent host expressing the other gene, and the screening of two mutagenized populations following the combining of these in the same host. Following re-isolation of the plasmid DNA from colonies with increased iodine staining, the ADPGPP coding sequences are recloned into expression vectors, the phenotype verified, and the ADPGPP activity and its response to the effector molecules determined. Improved variants will display increased V.sub.max, reduced inhibition by the negative effector (P.sub.i), or reduced dependence upon activator (3-PGA) for maximal activity. The assay for such improved characteristics involves the determination of ADPGPP activity in the presence of P.sub.i at 0.045 mM (I.sub.0.5 =0.045 mM) or in the presence of 3-PGA at 0.075 mM (A.sub.0.5 =0.075 mM). The useful variants will display <40% inhibition at this concentration of P.sub.i or display >50% activity at this concentration of 3-PGA. Following the isolation of improved variants and the determination of the subunit or subunits responsible, the mutation(s) are determined by nucleotide sequencing. The mutation is confirmed by recreating this change by site-directed mutagenesis and reassay of ADPGPP activity in the presence of activator and inhibitor. This mutation is then transferred to the equivalent complete ADPGPP cDNA gene, by recloning the region containing the change from the altered bacterial expression form to the plant form containing the amyloplast targeting sequence, or by site-directed mutagenesis of the complete native ADPGPP plant gene.
EXAMPLE 1
Construction of DNA Vectors for glgC16 Expression
To express the E. coli glgC16 gene in plant cells, and to target the enzyme to the plastids, the gene needed to be fused to a DNA encoding the plastid-targeting transit peptide (hereinafter referred to as the CTP/ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene), and to the proper plant regulatory regions. This was accomplished by cloning the glgC16 gene into a series of plasmid vectors that contained the needed sequences.
The plasmid pLP226 contains the glgC16 gene on a HincII fragment, cloned into a pUC8 vector at the HincII site (Leung et al. 1986). pLP226 was obtained from Dr. Jack Preiss at Michigan State University, and was transformed into frozen competent E. coli JM101 cells, prepared by the calcium chloride method (Sambrook et al., 1989). The transformed cells were plated on 2XYT (infra) plates that contained ampicillin at 100 .mu.g/ml. The plasmid pLP226 was purified by the rapid alkaline extraction procedure (RAE) from a 5 ml overnight culture (Birnboim and Doly, 1979).
To fuse the glgC16 gene to the DNA encoding the chloroplast transit peptide, a NcoI site was needed at the 5' end of the gene. A SacI site downstream of the termination codon was also needed to move the CTP/ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene into the next vector. In order to introduce these sites, a PCR reaction (#13) was run using approximately 20 ng of rapid alkaline extraction-purified plasmid pLP226 for a template. The reaction was set up following the recommendations of the manufacturer (Perkin Elmer Cetus). The primers were QSP3 and QSP7. QSP3 was designed to introduce the NcoI site that would include the start codon for the glgC 16 gene. The QSP7 primer hybridized in the 3' nontranslated region of the glgC16 gene and added a SacI site. The Thermal Cycler was programmed for 30 cycles with a 1 min 94.degree. C. denaturation step, a 2 min 50.degree. C. annealing step, and a 3 min 72.degree. C. extension step. After each cycle, the extension step was increased by 15 sec. QSP3 Primer: 5' GGAGTTAGCCATGGTTAGTTTAGAG 3' (SEQ ID NO: 19) QSP7 Primer:
5' GGCCGAGCTCGTCAACGCCGTCTGCGATTTGTGC 3' (SEQ ID NO: 20)
The PCR product was cloned into vector pGEM3zf+(Promega, Madison, Wis.), which had been digested with SacI and Hind III and had the DNA for the modified Arabidopsis small subunit CTP ligated at the HindIII site. The DNA and amino acid sequences of this CTP are shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6, respectively.
The linearized vector was treated with 5 units of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase for 30 min at 56.degree. C. Then, both the vector and the PCR #13 fragment, which had the glgC16 gene with the new NcoI and SacI sites, were run on an agarose gel and the fragments were purified by binding to DEAE membranes. The protocol used for the fragment purification with the DEAE membrane is from Schleicher and Schuell, and is titled "Binding and Recovery of DNA and RNA Using S and S DEAE Membrane."
Ligation #5 fused the glgC16 gene to the DNA for the modified Arabidopsis SSU CTP with the pGEM3zf+. The ligation contained 3 .mu.l of vector that had been digested with NcoI and SacI, along with 3 .mu.l of the PCR #13 product, that had also been cut with NcoI and SacI and repurified on a gel. 5 .mu.l (of 20 .mu.l total) of ligation #5 was transformed into frozen competent JM101 cells, and the transformed cells were plated on 2XYT plates (16 g/l Bactotryptone, 10 g/l yeast extract, 10 g/l NaCl, pH 7.3, and solidified with 1.5% agar) containing ampicillin.
Sample 1 was picked from a plate after overnight growth. This sample was inoculated into 4 ml of 2XYT media and grown overnight at 37 .degree. C. The plasmid was isolated by the rapid alkaline extraction procedure, and the DNA was digested with EcoRI, NcoI, and EcoRI and NcoI together. The digest was separated on an agarose gel, and the expected fragments were observed. The plasmid isolated from sample 1 of was designated pMON20100, and consisted of pGEM3zf+, the DNA for the modified Arabidopsis SSU CTP, and the glgC16 gene. The fusion was in the orientation that allowed it to be transcribed from the SP6 polymerase promoter.
To test this construct for import of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase into isolated lettuce chloroplasts, the CTP/ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase fusion needed to be transcribed and translated to produce [.sup.35 S]-labeled ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase. To make a DNA template for transcription by the SP6 polymerase, the CTP/ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase region of pMON20100 was amplified by PCR to generate a large amount of linear DNA. To do this, about 0.1 .mu.l of pMON20100, that had been purified by rapid alkaline extraction, was used as a template in PCR reaction #80. The primers were a commercially available SP6 promoter primer (Promega) and the oligo QSP7 (SEQ ID NO:20). The SP6 primer hybridized to the SP6 promoter in the vector, and included the entire SP6 promoter sequence. Therefore, a PCR product primed with this oligo will contain the recognition sequence for the SP6 polymerase. The QSP7 (SEQ ID NO:20) primer will hybridize in the 3' nontranslated region of the glgC16 gene. This is the same primer that was used to introduce a SacI site downstream of the glgC16 termination codon. The Thermal Cycler was programmed for 30 cycles with a 1 min denaturation at 94.degree. C., a 2 min annealing at 55.degree. C., and a 3 min extension at 72.degree. C. After each cycle, 15 sec were added to the extension step. SP6 Promoter Primer: 5' GATTTAGGTGACACTATAG 3' (SEQ ID NO:21)
5 .mu.l of PCR reaction #80 was run on an agarose gel and purified by binding to DEAE membrane. The DNA was eluted and dissolved in 20 .mu.l of TE. 2 .mu.l of the gel-purified PCR #80 product was used in an SP6 RNA polymerase in vitro transcription reaction. The reaction conditions were those described by the supplier (Promega) for the synthesis of large amounts of RNA (100 .mu.l reaction). The RNA produced from the PCR reaction #80 DNA was used for in vitro translation with the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system (Promega). .sup.35 S-labeled protein made from pMON20100 (i.e., PCR reaction #80) was used for an in vitro chloroplast import assay as previously described. After processing the samples from the chloroplast import assay, the samples were subjected to electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE gels with a 3-17% polyacrylamide gradient. The gel was fixed for 20-30 min in a solution with 40% methanol and 10% acetic acid. Then, the gel was soaked in EN3HANCE.TM. for 20-30 min, followed by drying the gel on a gel dryer. The gel was imaged by autoradiography, using an intensifying screen and an overnight exposure. The results demonstrated that the fusion protein was imported into the isolated chloroplasts.
The construct in pMON20100 next was engineered to be fused to the enhanced CaMV 35S promoter (Kay, R. 1987) and the NOS 3' end (Bevan, M. 1983) isolated from pMON999. PCR reaction 114 contained plasmid pMON20100 as a template, and used primers QSMll and QSM10. QSM11 annealed to the DNA for the modified Arabidopsis SSU CTP and created a BglII site 7 bp upstream from the ATG start codon. QSM10 annealed to the 3' end of the glgC16 gene and added an XbaI site immediately after the termination codon, and added a SacI site 5 bp after the termination codon. The SacI site that had earlier been added to the glgC16 gene was approximately 100 bp downstream of the rex-ruination codon. The Thermal Cycler was programmed for 25 cycles with a 1 min 94.degree. C. denaturation, a 2 min 55.degree. C. annealing, and a 3 min 72.degree. C. extension step. With each cycle, 15 sec was added to the extension step.
QSM11 Primer (SEQ ID NO:22):
5' AGAGAGATCTAGAACAATGGCTTCCTCTATGCTCTCTTCCGC 3'
QSM10 Primer (SEQ ID NO:23):
5' GGCCGAGCTCTAGATTATCGCTCCTGTTTATGCCCTAAC 3'
95.mu.l (from 100 .mu.l total volume) of PCR reaction #114 was ethanol precipitated, and resuspended in 20 .mu.l of TE. 5 .mu.l of this was digested with BglII (4 units) and SacI (10 units) overnight at 37.degree. C. 5 .mu.l (5 .mu.g) of the vector, pMON999, which contains the enhanced CaMV 35S promoter and the NOS 3' end, was digested in the same manner. After digestion with the restriction enzymes, the DNAs were run on an agarose gel and purified by binding to DEAE membranes. Each of the DNAs were dissolved in 20 gl of TE. 1 .mu.l of PCR 114 was ligated with 3 .mu.l of the vector, in a total volume of 20 .mu.l. The ligation mixture was incubated at 14.degree. C. for 7 hr. 10 .mu.l of the ligation was transformed into frozen competent MM294 cells and plated on LB plates (10 g/l Bacto-tryptone, 5 g/l yeast extract, 10 g/l NaCl, and 1.5% agar to solidify) with 100/.mu.g/ml ampicillin. Colonies were picked and inoculated into tubes with 5 ml of LB media with 100 .mu.g/ml ampicillin, for overnight growth. The 5 ml overnight cultures were used for rapid alkaline extractions to isolate the plasmid DNAs. The DNAs were digested with EcoRI, and separate aliquots were digested with NotI. After analyzing these samples on agarose gels, the plasmid pMON20102 was confirmed to have the 497 bp EcoRI fragment that is characteristic of the glgC16 gene. This plasmid also contained the 2.5 kb NotI fragment which contained the enhanced CaMV 35S promoter, the DNA for the modified Arabidopsis SSU CTP, the glgC16 gene, and the NOS 3' end.
The pMON20102 plasmid was then used to construct a DNA vector which would express the glgC16 gene in a tuber-specific manner and would be used for the transformation of potato. This construct causes specific expression of the ADPGPP in potato tubers and increases the level of starch in the tubers.
The vector used in the potato transformation is a derivative of the Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation vector pMON886. The pMON886 plasmid is made up of the following well characterized segments of DNA. A 0.93 kb fragment isolated from transposon Tn7 which encodes bacterial spectinomycin/streptomycin (Spc/Str) resistance and is a determinant for selection in E. coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Fling et al., 1985). This is joined to a chimeric kanamycin resistance gene engineered for plant expression to allow selection of the transformed tissue. The chimeric gene consists of the 0.35 kb cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (P-35S) (Odell et al., 1985), the 0.83 kb neomycin phosphotransferase type II gene (NPTII), and the 0.26 kb 3'-nontranslated region of the nopaline synthase gene (NOS 3') (Fraley et al., 1983). The next segment is a 0.75 kb origin of replication from the RK2 plasmid (ori-V) (Stalker et al., 1981). It is joined to a 3.1 kb SalI to PvuI segment of pBR322 which provides the origin of replication for maintenance in E. coli (ori-322) and the bom site for the conjugational transfer into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells. Next is a 0.36 kb PvuI fragment from the pTiT37 plasmid which contains the hopaline-type T-DNA right border region (Fraley et al., 1985).
The glgC16 gene was engineered for expression primarily in the tuber by placing the gene under the control of a tuber-specific promoter. The GlgC16 protein was directed to the plastids within the plant cell due to its synthesis as a C-terminal fusion with a N-terminal protein portion encoding a chloroplast targeting sequence (CTP) derived from that from the SSU 1A gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (Timko et al., 1989). The CTP portion is removed during the import process to liberate the GlgC16 enzyme. Other plant expression signals also include the 3' polyadenylation sequences which are provided by the NOS 3' sequences located downstream from the coding portion of the expression cassette. This cassette was assembled as follows: The patatin promoter was excised from the pBI241.3 plasmid as a HindIII-BamHI fragment (The pBI241.3 plasmid contains the patatin-1 promoter segment comprising from the AccI site at 1323 to the DraI site at 2289 [positions refer to the sequence in Bevan et al., 1986] with a HindIII linker added at the former and a BamHI linker added at the latter position; Bevan et al., 1986) and ligated together with the CTP1-glgC16 fusion (the BgIII-SacI fragment from pMON20102) and pUC-type plasmid vector cut with HindIII and SacI (these cloning sites in the vector are flanked by NotI recognition sites). The cassette was then introduced, as a NotI site in pMON886, such that the expression of the glgC16 gene is in the same orientation as that of the NPTII (kanamycin) gene. This derivative is named pMON20113, illustrated in FIG. 7 of Kishore, WO 91/19806.
Plant Transformation/Regeneration
The pMON20113 vector was mobilized into disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain by the triparental conjugation system using the helper plasmid pRK2013 (Ditta et al., 1980). The disarmed strain ABI was used, carrying a Ti plasmid which was disarmed by removing the phytohormone genes responsible for crown gall disease. The ABI strain is the A208 Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the disarmed pTiC58 plasmid pMP90RK (Koncz and Schell, 1986). The disarmed Ti plasmid provides the trfA gene functions required for autonomous replication of the pMON vector after the conjugation into the ABI strain. When the plant tissue is incubated with the ABI::pMON conjugate, the vector is transferred to the plant cells by the vir functions encoded by the disarmed pMP90RK Ti plasmid.
The pMON20113 construct, encoding the bacterial ADPGPP gene (SEQ ID NO:1), was transformed into the Russet Burbank potato variety Williams by the following procedure. To transform Russet Burbank potatoes, sterile shoot cultures of Russet Burbank are maintained in sundae cups containing 8 ml of PM medium supplemented with 25 mg/L ascorbic acid (Murashige and Skoog (MS) inorganic salts, 30 g/l sucrose, 0.17 g/l NaH.sub.2 PO.sub.4 H.sub.2 O, 0.4 mg.l thiamine-HCl, and 100 mg/l myo-inositol, solidified with 2 g/l Gelrite at pH 6.0). When shoots reach approximately 5 cm in length, stem internode segments of 3-5 mm are excised and inoculated with a 1:10 dilution of an overnight culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens from a 4 day old plate culture. The stem explants are co-cultured for 2 days at 20.degree. C. on a sterile filter paper placed over 1.5 ml of a tobacco cell feeder layer overlaid on 1/10 P medium (1/10 strength MS inorganic salts and organic addenda without casein as in Jarret et al. (1980), 30 g/l sucrose and 8.0 g/l agar). Following co-culture, the explants are transferred to full strength P-1 medium for callus induction, composed of MS inorganic salts, organic additions as in Jarret et al. (1980), with the exception of casein, 5.0 mg/l zeatin riboside (ZR), and 0.10 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid NAA (Jarret et al., 1980a, 1980b). Carbenicillin (500 mg/l) and cefotaxime (100 mg/L) are included to inhibit bacterial growth, and 100 mg/l kanamycin is added to select for transformed cells.
After 4 weeks, the explants are transferred to medium of the same composition, but with 0.3 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3) replacing the NAA (Jarret et al., 1981) to promote shoot formation. Shoots begin to develop approximately 2 weeks after transfer to shoot induction medium. These shoots are excised and transferred to vials of PM medium for rooting. After about 4 weeks on the rooting medium, the plants are transferred to soil and are gradually hardened off. Shoots are tested for kanamycin resistance conferred by the enzyme neomycin phosphotransferase II, by placing the shoots on PM medium for rooting, which contains 50 mg/L kanamycin, to select for transformed cells.
Russet Burbank Williams plants regenerated in culture were transplanted into 6 inch (.about.15.24 cm) pots and were grown to maturity under greenhouse conditions. Tubers were harvested and were allowed to suberize at room temperature for two days. All tubers greater than 2 cm. in length were collected and stored at 3.degree. C. under high humidity.
Specific Gravity and Starch Determinations of Stored Tubers
Specific gravity (SG) was determined after 3 and 4 months of cold (3 .degree. C.) storage for the largest 2 or 3 tubers from each plant, with typical weights being 20-40 grams per tuber. Tubers were allowed to warm to room temperature for a few hours prior to specific gravity determination, but were not allowed to recondition. Specific gravity calculations were performed by the weight in air/weight in water method, where SG =weight in air/(weight in air-weight in water). Calculations for percent starch and percent dry matter based on SG were according to the following formulas (yon Scheele, 1937):
% starch=17.546+(199.07)(SG-1.0988)
% dry matter=24.182+(211.04)(SG-1.0988)
Starch analysis was performed on fresh, center sections of stored tuber tissue as described (Lin et al., 1988). Tubers were not allowed to warm before harvesting tissue. Briefly, approximately 100 mg. center sections were cut, weighed, placed in 1.5 ml centrifuge tubes, and frozen on dry ice. The tissue was then dried to a stable weight in a Savant Speed-Vac Concentrator, and final dry weight was determined. Soluble sugars were first removed by extracting three times with 1 ml. of 80% ethanol at 70 .degree. C., for 20 minutes per treatment. After the final incubation, all remaining ethanol was removed by desiccation in a Speed- Vac Concentrator. The solid material was resuspended in 400 .mu.l 10.2M potassium hydroxide, ground, and then incubated for 30 min. at 100 .degree. C to solubilize the starch. The solutions were cooled and neutralized by addition of 80 .mu.l 1N acetic acid. Starch was degraded to glucose by treatment with 14.8 units of pancreatic alpha-amylase (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis) for 30 min. at 37.degree. C., followed by 10 units of amyloglucosidase (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis) for 60 min. at 55 .degree. C. Glucose released by the enzymatic digestions was measured using the Sigma (St. Louis) hexokinase kit, and these values were used to calculate starch content.
Sugar Analysis
Tubers were stored at 3.degree. C. and were not allowed to recondition at room temperature prior to sugar analysis. Center cuts from stored tubers were obtained, fresh weights determined, and the tissue was frozen on dry ice prior to desiccation in Savant Speed-Vac Concentrator. Approximate fresh weight per sample was 100 mg. Dry tuber material was coarsely ground, and sugars were extracted three times with 0.5 ml 80% ethanol at 70 .degree. C. for 20 minutes per extraction. After each incubation, the insoluble material was spun down for 2 minutes in a microcentrifuge and the supernatant collected. The supernatants from all three extractions were combined, dried down, and resuspended in 1 ml 100 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.5. For each sugar analysis, 10.mu.l of sample was used.
For each sample, glucose content was determined using a Glucose [HK] diagnostic kit (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) according to manufacturers protocol. Briefly, 1 mL of reconstituted reagent was incubated with 10 .mu.l of sample at room temperature for 10 minutes, and the sample concentration determined by measuring absorbance at 340 nm subtracting the absorbance of 10 .mu.l of sample in water. Percent glucose was then calculated by the equation:
% glucose=[(A.sub.340 .times.2.929)/mg. fresh weight].times.100%
Fructose content was determined by adding 1.mu.g of phosphoglucoisomerase to the above reaction for glucose determination, and subtracting the resultant percent glucose+fructose value from percent glucose. Sucrose content was determined by addition of 1 .mu.g phosphoglucoisomerase and 100 .mu.g yeast invertase to the glucose HK assay, and extending incubation time to 30 minutes at room temperature. Percent sucrose was determined as above, subtracting the values obtained for glucose and fructose content.
Western Blot Analysis of Stored Tubers
Tubers stored at 3 .degree. C. were not allowed to warm prior to isolation of tissue for analysis. For Western blot analysis, proteins were extracted from desiccated, coarsely powdered tuber tissue by grinding 1:1 in 100 mM Tris pH 7.5, 35 mM KCl 5 mM dithiothreitol, 5 mM ascorbate, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM benzamidine, and 20% glycerol. The protein concentration of the extract was determined using the Pierce BCA method, and proteins were separated on 3-17% SDS polyacrylamide gels (Laemmli, 1970). E. coli ADPGPP was detected using goat antibodies raised against purified E. coli ADPGPP and alkaline phosphatase conjugated rabbit anti-goat antibodies (Promega, Madison, Wis.).
Fry Color Determination
Eight transgenic potato lines expressing the E. coli glgC16 gene, and 20 control lines consisting of a combination of lines from the pMON20113 transformation event which do not express the E. coli glgC16 gene, and several nontransgenic Russet Burbank control lines, were grown under field conditions in Parma, Id. Tubers were harvested and stored for two months at 40 .degree. C. Fry color was determined for all potato lines by taking center cuts from representative samples from each line and frying at 375 .degree. F. in soybean oil for 3 minutes and 30 seconds. Fry color was determined by photovoltaic measurement and values were reported according to the USDA color class chart for frozen french fries.
Results
All tubers were harvested from plants of the same variety (Russet Burbank Williams 82), the same age, and grown side by side under identical growth conditions. Western blot analysis showed that levels of E. coli ADPGPP were essentially equivalent to levels determined at harvest (Table 1), suggesting that the levels of E. coli ADPGPP protein are stable during cold storage. Analysis of tubers stored at 3.degree. C. under high humidity shows that those expressing the E. coli glgC16 gene accumulate 5 - to 6-fold less reducing sugar than do control tubers (Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). Sucrose levels were comparable between control and transgenic tubers, while starch levels were significantly higher in the transgenic tubers. These results suggest that as starch is degraded during storage, the sugars formed tend to be resynthesized into starch in those tubers expressing the E. coli glgC16 gene, while in control tubers the sugars tend to accumulate.
Transgenic potato plants expressing the E. coli glgC16 gene have been grown under field conditions and tubers from GlgC16 potato lines were stored at 40.degree. F. (4.degree. C.) along with tubers from several different control lines. Fry color, which directly correlated with sugar content, was determined after two months cold storage. The average fry color in the transgenic potato tubers was significantly improved (lighter) relative to that in control tubers (darker color) stored under identical conditions (Table 7), demonstrating that sugar levels were lower in the tubers expressing the E. coli glgC16 gene. Direct measurement of reducing sugar content in a sample of the field grown tubers stored for 14 weeks at 3.degree. C. supports the fry color results in that tubers expressing the E. coli glgC16 gene contained significantly less reducing sugar than controls (Table 8). Tubers from transgenic potato plants were tested for rate and degree of reconditioning following cold storage. The fry color of transgenic lines which produce tubers having a specific gravity greater than 1.083 indicated an increased rate and degree of reconditioning at 65.degree. F. as compared to controls (Table 9).
TABLE 1______________________________________Expression of E. coli ADPGPP in potato tubers at harvest and after3 months cold storage. E. coli ADPGPP levels were estimated fromWestern blot analysis by comparison to known standards. Values aregiven in ng GlgC16 per 50 .mu.g extracted tuber protein. ng GlgC16Line Harvest 3 Months______________________________________353c 20-25 20-25535c 25-30 20-25448a 25-30 25-30182a 2 0.5-1199a 20-25 20-25288c 20-25 20-25194a 15-20 15-20524a 10 15-20______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________Sugar and starch content (Dry Weight measurements) in 3 monthcold stored tubers. Reducing sugars are glucose and fructose, and totalsugars are reducing sugars plus sucrose. Values (percent dry weight)represent the averages from 9 glgC16 + high starch potato lines, and11 control (glgC16-) potato lines stored for 3 months at 3.degree. C.Reducing Sugars Sucrose Total Sugars Starch______________________________________glgC16+ 1.5 1.2 2.6 59.5Control 7.0 0.8 7.8 53.7______________________________________
TABLE 3______________________________________Sugar and starch content (Fresh Weight measurements) in 4 monthcold stored tubers. Reducing sugars are glucose and fructose, and totalsugars are reducing sugars plus sucrose. Values (percent fresh weight)represent the average from glgC16 + high starch potato lines, and 11control (glgC16-) potato lines stored for 4 months at 3.degree. C.Reducing Sugars Sucrose Total Sugars Starch______________________________________glgC16+ 0.1 0.1 0.3 9.9Control 0.8 0.2 1.0 6.0______________________________________
TABLE 4______________________________________Reducing sugar content of potato tubers after 4 months cold storage.Numbers of plant lines containing sugar levels within the ranges shownare reported. Percentages are based on fresh weight. Percent Reducing Sugar 0-.2 .2-.4 .4-.6 .6-.8 .8-1.0 1.0+______________________________________Control lines 0 2 0 4 2 3glgC16 lines 6 3 0 0 0 0______________________________________
TABLE 5______________________________________Total sugar content of potato tubers after 4 months cold storage.Numbers of plant lines containing sugar levels within the ranges shownare reported. Percentages are based on fresh weight. Percent Total Sugars 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5+______________________________________Control lines 0 0 0 2 3 6glgC16 lines 3 4 2 0 0 0______________________________________
TABLE 6______________________________________Starch content of potato tubers after 4 months cold storage. Numbersof plant lines containing starch levels within the ranges shown arereported. Percentages are based on fresh weight.Percent Starch2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14______________________________________Control lines 1 6 3 1 0 0glgC16 lines 0 0 2 3 3 1______________________________________
TABLE 7______________________________________Average fry color of field grown tubers after 2 months cold storageat 40.degree. F.. The fry color rating was assigned according to theUSDApublished color standards for frozen fried potatoes. In this rating, 0 =very light color and 4 = very dark color. Numbers of plant lines havingfry colors within the ranges shown are reported. Fry Color Rating 2-2.49 2.5-2.99 3.0-3.49 3.5-4.0______________________________________Control lines 0 0 4 16glgC16 lines 1 1 6 0______________________________________
TABLE 8______________________________________Reducing sugar content of field grown potato tubers after 14 weeksstorage at 3.degree. C.. Numbers of plant lines containing sugar levelswithinthe ranges shown are reported. Percentages are based on fresh weight. Percent Reducing Sugars 0.5-1 1-1.5 1.5-2 2-2.5______________________________________Control lines 0 4 2 2glgC16 lines 4 2 2 0______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
Following storage at low temperatures, potatoes are frequently unacceptable for frying due to elevated sugar levels. These stored potatoes are improved by treatments such as blanching or reconditioning; the former treatment removes sugars by treatment of the potato slices with hot water and in the latter the sugars are metabolized during storage of the tubers at higher temperatures (.about.65 .degree. F.). Blanching is used to inactivate enzymes primarily but when sugars are high the times employed in this step are extended to many times the normal. The extension of this step results in lower recovery of product, a loss of flavor, is time consuming, requires high energy input, and produces waste material with high biological oxygen demand and thus poses additional limitations on the disposal of the waste water. Reconditioning requires additional controlled temperature storage facilities and optimal results may require a number of steps at different temperatures. Sprouting and incidence of disease will increase at the higher temperatures and with time. The fry color of fries made from cold-stored GlgC16 tubers were frequently lower (better) than controls and in some cases were low enough even after 3-4 months that no reconditioning would be required. These tests have been extended to tubers stored for 2 months at 50.degree. F. and then for 3 months at 38.degree. F. and include a measure of the rate of reconditioning also.
Tubers from plants transformed with the following vectors were tested: pMON17316 (with the patatin 3.5 promoter) and pMON17279 (with the small subunit of potato ADPGPP); as well as tubers from plants containing the patatin 1.0 promoter/glgC16 vector described above. These vectors were constructed as follows:
The patatin 3.5 promoter was obtained from the plasmid pPBI240.7 (Bevan, 1986). The majority of the 3.5 promoter was excised from pPBI240.7, from the HindIII site (-3500) to the XbaI site at -337, and combined with the remainder of the promoter, from the XbaI site to a BglII site at +22 (formerly a DraI site), in a triple ligation into a vector which provided a BglII site to form pMON17280. This latter plasmid then served as the vector for the triple ligation of the complete 3.5 promoter and the plastid target peptide-GlgC16 fusion from pMON20102, described above to form the tuber expression cassette (in pMON17282). This cassette, consisting of the patatin 3.5 promoter, the plastid target peptide-GlgC16 fusion, and the NOS 3' sequences, was introduced into the plant transformation vector pMON17227, a Ti plasmid vector disclosed and described by Barry et al. in WO 92/04449 (1991), incorporated herein by reference, on a NotI fragment to form pMON17316. See FIG. 1.
The promoter for the potato tuber ADPGPP small subunit gene, SEQ ID NO:24, was obtained as a XbaI-BglII fragment of the genomic clone 1-2 and inserted into the XbaI and BamHI site of Bluescript II KS- (Nakata et al., 1992). The promoter fragment used consists of the portion from the ClaI site about 2.0 kb 5' from the putative initiation methionine and extending to the HindIII site located 12 bp before this ATG. A BglII site was placed adjacent to this HindIII site by subcloning through another pUC vector, and was linked through this latter site to the fusion of the CTP targeting and the glgC16 coding sequences. This cassette, with a plant 3' recognition sequence was cloned into plant transformation vectors to form pMON17279 (also includes a cassette in which the E. coli uidA [GUS] gene is expressed from the same small potato 5 ADPGPP promoter). See FIG. 2.
These vectors were inserted into potato cells by Agrobacterium transformation followed by glyphosate selection. To transform potatoes using glyphosate as a selectable agent, the appropriate Agrobacterium was grown overnight in 2 ml of LBSCK. The following day, the bacteria was diluted 1:10 with MSO or until an optical density reading of 0.2-0.33 was established. Leaves from the stems of potato plants that had been grown under sterile conditions for three weeks on PM media supplemented with 25 mg/ml ascorbic acid were removed, stems were cut into 3-5 mm segments and inoculated with diluted bacteria as described previously. Explants were placed onto prepared co-culture plates. The co-culture plates contained 1/10 MSO with 1.5 mL of TxD cells overlain with wetted filter paper. About 50 explants were placed per plate. After 2 days co-culture period, explants were placed onto callus induction media which contains 5.0 mg/l Zeatin Riboside, 10 mg/l AgNO3 and 0.1 mg/l NAA for 2 days. Explants were subsequently transferred onto callus induction media which contained 0.025 mM glyphosate for selection. After 4 weeks, explants were placed onto shoot induction media which contained 5.0 mg/l Zeatin Riboside+10 mg/l AgNO3 and 0.3 mg/l GA3, with 0.025 mM glyphosate for selection. Shoots began to appear at 8 weeks. Explants were transferred to fresh shoot induction media every 4 weeks for 12 weeks. Shoots were excised and placed on PM media for about 2 weeks or until they were large enough to be placed into soil.
The data for GlgC16 Russet Burbank lines, including those expressing GlgC16 from the patatin 1.0 (HS01; HS03; MT01), patatin 3.5 (HS13), and the small subunit of potato ADPGPP (HS10) promoters is presented below (Table 9). A number of GlgC16 potato (variety Atlantic) lines were also examined (MT01; patatin 1.0 promoter). A processor would typically have to blanch to make acceptable products at a score of 2.0 or above. A number of Russet Burbank GlgC16 lines gave a fry score less than 2.0 immediately out of cold storage and thus could be processed directly. A fry color score of less than 2.0 is obtained with a large number of the lines after a very short period of reconditioning. This improved reconditioning response is seen for lines with increased solids and also for GlgC16 lines that did not show an increase in specific gravity. The improvement is also shown with all of these promoters used to express GlgC16 in the tuber. The effect of obtaining lines that may be fried directly out of storage and that recondition rapidly is also shown for GlgC16 Atlantic. Line MT01-27 also demonstrated that increased starch in the tuber is not necessary to obtain enhanced cold storage properties since the specific gravity of the lines tested was not significantly different from that of the Atlantic control.
TABLE 9______________________________________Fry Color/Reconditioning response of potatoes containing GlgC16. (Frycolor rated according to USDA chart on a scale of 0-4; lowest-highest). Number of days at 65.degree. F.Line 0 3 6 10 13 17______________________________________Control - Russet BurbankRB02 2.2 2.3 1.8 2.0 1.0 1.3RB03 3.5 3.3 2.5 1.7 2.3 2.5RB05 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.2 1.3GlgC16 Russet BurbankHS13-47* 3.0 2.5 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.3HS10-15* 1.3 1.3 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.0HS13-50* 3.2 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.2 0.8MT01-82* 2.2 1.2 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.0HS13-36* 2.2 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.2 0.8HS10-20* 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5*-specific gravity greater than 1.083HS01-58# 2.8 2.5 1.3 0.7 1.5 1.8HS03-20# 3.2 2.3 1.7 2.8 1.8 2.0HS03-18# 2.0 1.8 1.7 0.7 1.3 1.3HS03-12A# 3.3 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.2 0.8HS03-12B# 3.0 3.2 2.0 2.7 1.3 2.0HS01-49# 2.2 1.3 2.3 2.2 1.5 0.8HS13-30# 3.2 2.3 2.0 2.8 1.7 3.0#-specific gravity less than 1.083Control - AtlanticAT-1 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.5 1.5 1.8GlgC16 AtlanticMT01-24 2.5 1.8 2.8 1.2 2.2 1.3MT01-27 1.0 0.5 1.3 0.3 0.8 0.7______________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
The effect of GlgC16 on delaying sprouting was tested on a population of tubers stored at 60.degree. F. (these tubers had been stored previously at 38.degree.-40.degree. F. for 3 months). The tubers (4-6) were examined at intervals and scored for the presence of sprouts of >0.5 cm (Table 10). The delay in sprouting, represented as the number of days to 50% sprouted, was frequently improved in the GlgC16 lines, was observed in the three varieties tested (Russet Burbank, Atlantic, and Norchip); was observed in lines where GlgC16 was expressed from the patatin 1.0 (HS01, HS03, and MT01), the patatin 3.5 (HS13), and the potato small ADPGPP (HS10) promoters; and was seen in lines with and without increased solids content. The lines with the delay sprouted normally when planted in soil.
TABLE 10______________________________________Variety Line Number of days to 50% sprouted______________________________________Russet Control 15Burbank Control 14 Control 9 HS01-25 11 HS01-49 15 HS01-58 18 HS03-3 12 HS03-5 13 HS03-17 13 HS03-26 14 HS03-27 12 HS03-41 24 HS10-10 14 HS10-15 26 HS10-20 >43.dagger. HS13-2 11 HS13-13 16 HS13-23 23 HS13-30 15 HS13-34 25 HS13-37 12 HS13-47 21 HS13-50 19 HS13-68 13 HS13-70 24 MT01-10 14 MT01-11 13 MT01-30 14 MT01-37 19 MT01-82 16Atlantic Control 6 MT01-6 11 MT01-7 9 MT01-15 10 MT01-31 6Norchip Control 8 MT01-1 12 MT01-5 13______________________________________ .dagger.duration of observation; tubers from this line sprouted when planted in soil.
EXAMPLE 4
Additional tests were performed with potatoes transformed with glgC16 under the control of two different promoters. Promoters for the large subunit of potato tuber ADPGPP were isolated from two varieties of potato, Russet Burbank (SEQ ID NO:25) and Desiree (SEQ ID NO:26). The clones were identified using plaque hybridization with a probe from the 5' end of a cDNA from the large subunit of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase. The translational start sites (ATG) of these clones were identified by plant consensus (Lutcke et al., 1987). PCR primers were used to introduce an BAMHI site at the 3' end downstream of the ATG and a HINDIII site at the 5' end of both promoters. The resulting 600 bp Russet Burbank promoter and 1600 bp Desiree promoters were ligated independently into pMON10098 in place of the E35S promoter, and fused with a BglII-SacI fragment from pMON20102 containing CTP-glgC16 chimeric gene. The E35S-NPTII-Nos cassette was removed from these plasmids and replaced with a NotI- SalI fragment containing the FMV-CTP-CP4-E9 cassette of pMON17227, discussed above, resulting in pMON21522 (Russet Burbank-derived promoter) and pMON21523 (Desiree-derived promoter). The pMON10098 plasmid contains the following DNA regions: 1) The chimeric kanamycin resistance gene engineered for plant expression to allow selection of the transformed tissue. The chimeric gene consists of the 0.35 Kb cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (P-35S) (Odell et al., 1985), the 0.83 Kb NPTII gene, and the 0.26 Kb 3'-nontranslated region of the NOS 3'; 2) The 0.45 Kb ClaI to the DraI fragment from the pTi15955 octopine Ti plasmid, which contains the T-DNA left border region (Barker et al., 1983); 3) The 0.75 Kb segment containing the origin of replication from the RK2 plasmid (ori-V) (Stalker et al., 1981); 4) The 3.0 Kb SalI to PstI segment of pBR322 which provides the origin of replication for maintenance in E. coli (ori-322), and the bom site for the conjugational transfer into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells; 5) The 0.93 Kb fragment isolated from transposon Tn7 which encodes bacterial spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance (Spc/Str) (Fling et al., 1985), and is a determinant for selection in E. coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens; 6) The 0.36 Kb PvuI to BclI fragment from the pTiT37 plasmid, which contains the nopaline-type T-DNA right border region (Fraley et al., 1985); and 7) The last segment is the expression cassette consisting of the 0.65 Kb cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter enhanced by duplication of the promoter sequence (P-E35S) (Kay et al., 1987), a synthetic multilinker with several unique cloning sites, and the 0.7 Kb 3' nontranslated region of the pea rbcS-E9 gene (E9 3') (Coruzzi et al., 1984). The plasmid was mated into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain ABI, using the triparental mating system, and used to transform Russet Burbank line Williams 82.
The improvements in storage characteristics have also been shown for Russet Burbank transformed with pMON22152 and pMON21523, in which GlgC16 is expressed from promoters for the large subunit of potato tuber ADPGPP. Field grown tubers were stored initially,after harvest for 1 month at 50.degree. F., after which they were placed in cold storage at 40.degree. F. for 4 months. In one test, the fry color of fries produced from these tubers directly out of storage was evaluated by determining the reflectance of the fried material; lower values are preferred. In second test, a portion of the cold stored tubers were transferred to 55.degree. F. to determine the response in reconditioning. The data for these evaluations, for both the stem and bud ends of the tubers are presented in Table 11. In both cases, many lines have better color values than the controls, both for direct frying and following reconditioning. For instance, pMON21522-144, pMON21523-79, and many others show dramatic improvements over the controls.
TABLE 11______________________________________ Reflectance of fried strips.sup.1,2 40.degree. F. Storage.sup.3 40.degree. F. Storage: 21 d.@ 55.degree. F..sup.4LINE # Bud.sup.5 Stem.sup.5 Bud Stem______________________________________pMON21522144 24.3 22.1 34.6 25.4209 22.8 20.1 31.4 23.2149 27.1 22.4 30.7 27.5178 25.3 21.1 34.9 29.3194 23.7 20.8 30.6 23.5204 21.3 14.7 33.9 23.0218 22.8 18.9 33.3 20.7Control/Mean.sup.6 19.7 16.8 31.0 25.1pMON2152333 22.1 16.5 29.8 23.134 21.2 18.2 32.1 27.338 24.0 23.2 28.3 23.640 24.4 15.3 31.5 26.247 22.0 15.6 34.9 27.748 23.0 19.3 31.1 24.979 24.4 19.7 35.8 29.780 21.8 20.5 32.7 25.593 20.7 17.4 31.1 23.299 19.8 17.1 30.6 23.431 22.1 21.6 30.2 24.735 20.0 16.8 34.5 28.437 20.6 18.5 34.2 27.239 18.0 15.8 33.1 24.442 19.2 15.1 31.9 24.143 23.9 20.7 32.1 22.060 20.7 16.3 32.4 20.364 22.3 16.1 30.0 23.071 21.8 20.9 33.1 24.776 22.8 21.5 28.5 25.081 16.5 16.0 29.1 22.792 15.3 15.0 30.3 23.5Control/Mean.sup.6 19.7 16.8 31.0 25.1______________________________________ .sup.1 Four central strips were cut from each of 4-6 tubers and fried at 375.degree. F. .sup.2 Reflectance measurements were taken using a PHOTOVOLT 577 Reflectance meter. .sup.3 Strips were prepared from fieldgrown tubers that had been stored a 50 .degree. F. for 1 month and then at 40.degree. F. for 4 months (cold storage) .sup.4 Strips were prepared from fieldgrown tubers that had been stored a 50 .degree. F. for 1 month and at 40.degree. F. for 4 months (cold storage), and subsequently reconditioned at 55.degree. F. for 21 days. .sup.5 Reflectance was measured separately on bud and stem ends of fried strips. .sup.6 The mean values for 22 control Russet Burbank lines are presented for comparison.
From the foregoing, it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all the ends and objects hereinabove set forth together with advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention. It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims. Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
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__________________________________________________________________________SEQUENCE LISTING(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 26(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1296 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: CDS(B) LOCATION: 1..1296(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:ATGGTTAGTTTAGAGAAGAACGATCACTTAATGTTGGCGCGCCAGCTG48MetValSerLeuGluLysAsnAspHisLeuMetLeuAlaArgGlnLeu151015CCATTGAAATCTGTTGCCCTGATACTGGCGGGAGGACGTGGTACCCGC96ProLeuLysSerValAlaLeuIleLeuAlaGlyGlyArgGlyThrArg202530CTGAAGGATTTAACCAATAAGCGAGCAAAACCGGCCGTACACTTCGGC144LeuLysAspLeuThrAsnLysArgAlaLysProAlaValHisPheGly354045GGTAAGTTCCGCATTATCGACTTTGCGCTGTCTAACTGCATCAACTCC192GlyLysPheArgIleIleAspPheAlaLeuSerAsnCysIleAsnSer505560GGGATCCGTCGTATGGGCGTGATCACCCAGTACCAGTCCCACACTCTG240GlyIleArgArgMetGlyValIleThrGlnTyrGlnSerHisThrLeu65707580GTGCAGCACATTCAGCGCGGCTGGTCATTCTTCAATGAAGAAATGAAC288ValGlnHisIleGlnArgGlyTrpSerPhePheAsnGluGluMetAsn859095GAGTTTGTCGATCTGCTGCCAGCACAGCAGAGAATGAAAGGGGAAAAC336GluPheValAspLeuLeuProAlaGlnGlnArgMetLysGlyGluAsn100105110TGGTATCGCGGCACCGCAGATGCGGTCACCCAAAACCTCGACATTATC384TrpTyrArgGlyThrAlaAspAlaValThrGlnAsnLeuAspIleIle115120125CGTCGTTATAAAGCGGAATACGTGGTGATCCTGGCGGGCGACCATATC432ArgArgTyrLysAlaGluTyrValValIleLeuAlaGlyAspHisIle130135140TACAAGCAAGACTACTCGCGTATGCTTATCGATCACGTCGAAAAAGGT480TyrLysGlnAspTyrSerArgMetLeuIleAspHisValGluLysGly145150155160GTACGTTGTACCGTTGTTTGTATGCCAGTACCGATTGAAGAAGCCTCC528ValArgCysThrValValCysMetProValProIleGluGluAlaSer165170175GCATTTGGCGTTATGGCGGTTGATGAGAACGATAAAACTATCGAATTC576AlaPheGlyValMetAlaValAspGluAsnAspLysThrIleGluPhe180185190GTGGAAAAACCTGCTAACCCGCCGTCAATGCCGAACGATCCGAGCAAA624ValGluLysProAlaAsnProProSerMetProAsnAspProSerLys195200205TCTCTGGCGAGTATGGGTATCTACGTCTTTGACGCCGACTATCTGTAT672SerLeuAlaSerMetGlyIleTyrValPheAspAlaAspTyrLeuTyr210215220GAACTGCTGGAAGAAGACGATCGCGATGAGAACTCCAGCCACGACTTT720GluLeuLeuGluGluAspAspArgAspGluAsnSerSerHisAspPhe225230235240GGCAAAGATTTGATTCCCAAGATCACCGAAGCCGGTCTGGCCTATGCG768GlyLysAspLeuIleProLysIleThrGluAlaGlyLeuAlaTyrAla245250255CACCCGTTCCCGCTCTCTTGCGTACAATCCGACCCGGATGCCGAGCCG816HisProPheProLeuSerCysValGlnSerAspProAspAlaGluPro260265270TACTGGCGCGATGTGGGTACGCTGGAAGCTTACTGGAAAGCGAACCTC864TyrTrpArgAspValGlyThrLeuGluAlaTyrTrpLysAlaAsnLeu275280285GATCTGGCCTCTGTGGTGCCGAAACTGGATATGTACGATCGCAATTGG912AspLeuAlaSerValValProLysLeuAspMetTyrAspArgAsnTrp290295300CCAATTCGCACCTACAATGAATCATTACCGCCAGCGAAATTCGTGCAG960ProIleArgThrTyrAsnGluSerLeuProProAlaLysPheValGln305310315320GATCGCTCCGGTAGCCACGGGATGACCCTTAACTCACTGGTTTCCGGC1008AspArgSerGlySerHisGlyMetThrLeuAsnSerLeuValSerGly325330335GGTTGTGTGATCTCCGGTTCGGTGGTGGTGCAGTCCGTTCTGTTCTCG1056GlyCysValIleSerGlySerValValValGlnSerValLeuPheSer340345350CGCGTTCGCGTGAATTCATTCTGCAACATTGATTCCGCCGTATTGTTA1104ArgValArgValAsnSerPheCysAsnIleAspSerAlaValLeuLeu355360365CCGGAAGTATGGGTAGGTCGCTCGTGCCGTCTGCGCCGCTGCGTCATC1152ProGluValTrpValGlyArgSerCysArgLeuArgArgCysValIle370375380GATCGTGCTTGTGTTATTCCGGAAGGCATGGTGATTGGTGAAAACGCA1200AspArgAlaCysValIleProGluGlyMetValIleGlyGluAsnAla385390395400GAGGAAGATGCACGTCGTTTCTATCGTTCAGAAGAAGGCATCGTGCTG1248GluGluAspAlaArgArgPheTyrArgSerGluGluGlyIleValLeu405410415GTAACGCGCGAAATGCTACGGAAGTTAGGGCATAAACAGGAGCGATAA1296ValThrArgGluMetLeuArgLysLeuGlyHisLysGlnGluArg420425430(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 431 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:MetValSerLeuGluLysAsnAspHisLeuMetLeuAlaArgGlnLeu151015ProLeuLysSerValAlaLeuIleLeuAlaGlyGlyArgGlyThrArg202530LeuLysAspLeuThrAsnLysArgAlaLysProAlaValHisPheGly354045GlyLysPheArgIleIleAspPheAlaLeuSerAsnCysIleAsnSer505560GlyIleArgArgMetGlyValIleThrGlnTyrGlnSerHisThrLeu65707580ValGlnHisIleGlnArgGlyTrpSerPhePheAsnGluGluMetAsn859095GluPheValAspLeuLeuProAlaGlnGlnArgMetLysGlyGluAsn100105110TrpTyrArgGlyThrAlaAspAlaValThrGlnAsnLeuAspIleIle115120125ArgArgTyrLysAlaGluTyrValValIleLeuAlaGlyAspHisIle130135140TyrLysGlnAspTyrSerArgMetLeuIleAspHisValGluLysGly145150155160ValArgCysThrValValCysMetProValProIleGluGluAlaSer165170175AlaPheGlyValMetAlaValAspGluAsnAspLysThrIleGluPhe180185190ValGluLysProAlaAsnProProSerMetProAsnAspProSerLys195200205SerLeuAlaSerMetGlyIleTyrValPheAspAlaAspTyrLeuTyr210215220GluLeuLeuGluGluAspAspArgAspGluAsnSerSerHisAspPhe225230235240GlyLysAspLeuIleProLysIleThrGluAlaGlyLeuAlaTyrAla245250255HisProPheProLeuSerCysValGlnSerAspProAspAlaGluPro260265270TyrTrpArgAspValGlyThrLeuGluAlaTyrTrpLysAlaAsnLeu275280285AspLeuAlaSerValValProLysLeuAspMetTyrAspArgAsnTrp290295300ProIleArgThrTyrAsnGluSerLeuProProAlaLysPheValGln305310315320AspArgSerGlySerHisGlyMetThrLeuAsnSerLeuValSerGly325330335GlyCysValIleSerGlySerValValValGlnSerValLeuPheSer340345350ArgValArgValAsnSerPheCysAsnIleAspSerAlaValLeuLeu355360365ProGluValTrpValGlyArgSerCysArgLeuArgArgCysValIle370375380AspArgAlaCysValIleProGluGlyMetValIleGlyGluAsnAla385390395400GluGluAspAlaArgArgPheTyrArgSerGluGluGlyIleValLeu405410415ValThrArgGluMetLeuArgLysLeuGlyHisLysGlnGluArg420425430(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1296 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: CDS(B) LOCATION: 1..1296(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:ATGGTTAGTTTAGAGAAGAACGATCACTTAATGTTGGCGCGCCAGCTG48MetValSerLeuGluLysAsnAspHisLeuMetLeuAlaArgGlnLeu151015CCATTGAAATCTGTTGCCCTGATACTGGCGGGAGGACGTGGTACCCGC96ProLeuLysSerValAlaLeuIleLeuAlaGlyGlyArgGlyThrArg202530CTGAAGGATTTAACCAATAAGCGAGCAAAACCGGCCGTACACTTCGGC144LeuLysAspLeuThrAsnLysArgAlaLysProAlaValHisPheGly354045GGTAAGTTCCGCATTATCGACTTTGCGCTGTCTAACTGCATCAACTCC192GlyLysPheArgIleIleAspPheAlaLeuSerAsnCysIleAsnSer505560GGGATCCGTCGTATGGGCGTGATCACCCAGTACCAGTCCCACACTCTG240GlyIleArgArgMetGlyValIleThrGlnTyrGlnSerHisThrLeu65707580GTGCAGCACATTCAGCGCGGCTGGTCATTCTTCAATGAAGAAATGAAC288ValGlnHisIleGlnArgGlyTrpSerPhePheAsnGluGluMetAsn859095GAGTTTGTCGATCTGCTGCCAGCACAGCAGAGAATGAAAGGGGAAAAC336GluPheValAspLeuLeuProAlaGlnGlnArgMetLysGlyGluAsn100105110TGGTATCGCGGCACCGCAGATGCGGTCACCCAAAACCTCGACATTATC384TrpTyrArgGlyThrAlaAspAlaValThrGlnAsnLeuAspIleIle115120125CGTCGTTATAAAGCGGAATACGTGGTGATCCTGGCGGGCGACCATATC432ArgArgTyrLysAlaGluTyrValValIleLeuAlaGlyAspHisIle130135140TACAAGCAAGACTACTCGCGTATGCTTATCGATCACGTCGAAAAAGGT480TyrLysGlnAspTyrSerArgMetLeuIleAspHisValGluLysGly145150155160GTACGTTGTACCGTTGTTTGTATGCCAGTACCGATTGAAGAAGCCTCC528ValArgCysThrValValCysMetProValProIleGluGluAlaSer165170175GCATTTGGCGTTATGGCGGTTGATGAGAACGATAAAACTATCGAATTC576AlaPheGlyValMetAlaValAspGluAsnAspLysThrIleGluPhe180185190GTGGAAAAACCTGCTAACCCGCCGTCAATGCCGAACGATCCGAGCAAA624ValGluLysProAlaAsnProProSerMetProAsnAspProSerLys195200205TCTCTGGCGAGTATGGGTATCTACGTCTTTGACGCCGACTATCTGTAT672SerLeuAlaSerMetGlyIleTyrValPheAspAlaAspTyrLeuTyr210215220GAACTGCTGGAAGAAGACGATCGCGATGAGAACTCCAGCCACGACTTT720GluLeuLeuGluGluAspAspArgAspGluAsnSerSerHisAspPhe225230235240GGCAAAGATTTGATTCCCAAGATCACCGAAGCCGGTCTGGCCTATGCG768GlyLysAspLeuIleProLysIleThrGluAlaGlyLeuAlaTyrAla245250255CACCCGTTCCCGCTCTCTTGCGTACAATCCGACCCGGATGCCGAGCCG816HisProPheProLeuSerCysValGlnSerAspProAspAlaGluPro260265270TACTGGCGCGATGTGGGTACGCTGGAAGCTTACTGGAAAGCGAACCTC864TyrTrpArgAspValGlyThrLeuGluAlaTyrTrpLysAlaAsnLeu275280285GATCTGGCCTCTGTGGTGCCGGAACTGGATATGTACGATCGCAATTGG912AspLeuAlaSerValValProGluLeuAspMetTyrAspArgAsnTrp290295300CCAATTCGCACCTACAATGAATCATTACCGCCAGCGAAATTCGTGCAG960ProIleArgThrTyrAsnGluSerLeuProProAlaLysPheValGln305310315320GATCGCTCCGGTAGCCACGGGATGACCCTTAACTCACTGGTTTCCGAC1008AspArgSerGlySerHisGlyMetThrLeuAsnSerLeuValSerAsp325330335GGTTGTGTGATCTCCGGTTCGGTGGTGGTGCAGTCCGTTCTGTTCTCG1056GlyCysValIleSerGlySerValValValGlnSerValLeuPheSer340345350CGCGTTCGCGTGAATTCATTCTGCAACATTGATTCCGCCGTATTGTTA1104ArgValArgValAsnSerPheCysAsnIleAspSerAlaValLeuLeu355360365CCGGAAGTATGGGTAGGTCGCTCGTGCCGTCTGCGCCGCTGCGTCATC1152ProGluValTrpValGlyArgSerCysArgLeuArgArgCysValIle370375380GATCGTGCTTGTGTTATTCCGGAAGGCATGGTGATTGGTGAAAACGCA1200AspArgAlaCysValIleProGluGlyMetValIleGlyGluAsnAla385390395400GAGGAAGATGCACGTCGTTTCTATCGTTCAGAAGAAGGCATCGTGCTG1248GluGluAspAlaArgArgPheTyrArgSerGluGluGlyIleValLeu405410415GTAACGCGCGAAATGCTACGGAAGTTAGGGCATAAACAGGAGCGATAA1296ValThrArgGluMetLeuArgLysLeuGlyHisLysGlnGluArg420425430(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 431 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:MetValSerLeuGluLysAsnAspHisLeuMetLeuAlaArgGlnLeu151015ProLeuLysSerValAlaLeuIleLeuAlaGlyGlyArgGlyThrArg202530LeuLysAspLeuThrAsnLysArgAlaLysProAlaValHisPheGly354045GlyLysPheArgIleIleAspPheAlaLeuSerAsnCysIleAsnSer505560GlyIleArgArgMetGlyValIleThrGlnTyrGlnSerHisThrLeu65707580ValGlnHisIleGlnArgGlyTrpSerPhePheAsnGluGluMetAsn859095GluPheValAspLeuLeuProAlaGlnGlnArgMetLysGlyGluAsn100105110TrpTyrArgGlyThrAlaAspAlaValThrGlnAsnLeuAspIleIle115120125ArgArgTyrLysAlaGluTyrValValIleLeuAlaGlyAspHisIle130135140TyrLysGlnAspTyrSerArgMetLeuIleAspHisValGluLysGly145150155160ValArgCysThrValValCysMetProValProIleGluGluAlaSer165170175AlaPheGlyValMetAlaValAspGluAsnAspLysThrIleGluPhe180185190ValGluLysProAlaAsnProProSerMetProAsnAspProSerLys195200205SerLeuAlaSerMetGlyIleTyrValPheAspAlaAspTyrLeuTyr210215220GluLeuLeuGluGluAspAspArgAspGluAsnSerSerHisAspPhe225230235240GlyLysAspLeuIleProLysIleThrGluAlaGlyLeuAlaTyrAla245250255HisProPheProLeuSerCysValGlnSerAspProAspAlaGluPro260265270TyrTrpArgAspValGlyThrLeuGluAlaTyrTrpLysAlaAsnLeu275280285AspLeuAlaSerValValProGluLeuAspMetTyrAspArgAsnTrp290295300ProIleArgThrTyrAsnGluSerLeuProProAlaLysPheValGln305310315320AspArgSerGlySerHisGlyMetThrLeuAsnSerLeuValSerAsp325330335GlyCysValIleSerGlySerValValValGlnSerValLeuPheSer340345350ArgValArgValAsnSerPheCysAsnIleAspSerAlaValLeuLeu355360365ProGluValTrpValGlyArgSerCysArgLeuArgArgCysValIle370375380AspArgAlaCysValIleProGluGlyMetValIleGlyGluAsnAla385390395400GluGluAspAlaArgArgPheTyrArgSerGluGluGlyIleValLeu405410415ValThrArgGluMetLeuArgLysLeuGlyHisLysGlnGluArg420425430(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 355 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: CDS(B) LOCATION: 88..354(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:AAGCTTGTTCTCATTGTTGTTATCATTATATATAGATGACCAAAGCACTAGACCAAACCT60CAGTCACACAAAGAGTAAAGAAGAACAATGGCTTCCTCTATGCTCTCTTCC111MetAlaSerSerMetLeuSerSer15GCTACTATGGTTGCCTCTCCGGCTCAGGCCACTATGGTCGCTCCTTTC159AlaThrMetValAlaSerProAlaGlnAlaThrMetValAlaProPhe101520AACGGACTTAAGTCCTCCGCTGCCTTCCCAGCCACCCGCAAGGCTAAC207AsnGlyLeuLysSerSerAlaAlaPheProAlaThrArgLysAlaAsn25303540AACGACATTACTTCCATCACAAGCAACGGCGGAAGAGTTAACTGCATG255AsnAspIleThrSerIleThrSerAsnGlyGlyArgValAsnCysMet455055CAGGTGTGGCCTCCGATTGGAAAGAAGAAGTTTGAGACTCTCTCTTAC303GlnValTrpProProIleGlyLysLysLysPheGluThrLeuSerTyr606570CTTCCTGACCTTACCGATTCCGGTGGTCGCGTCAACTGCATGCAGGCC351LeuProAspLeuThrAspSerGlyGlyArgValAsnCysMetGlnAla758085ATGG355Met(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 89 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:MetAlaSerSerMetLeuSerSerAlaThrMetValAlaSerProAla151015GlnAlaThrMetValAlaProPheAsnGlyLeuLysSerSerAlaAla202530PheProAlaThrArgLysAlaAsnAsnAspIleThrSerIleThrSer354045AsnGlyGlyArgValAsnCysMetGlnValTrpProProIleGlyLys505560LysLysPheGluThrLeuSerTyrLeuProAspLeuThrAspSerGly65707580GlyArgValAsnCysMetGlnAlaMet85(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1575 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: CDS(B) LOCATION: 3..1565(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:CCATGGCGGCTTCCATTGGAGCCTTAAAATCTTCACCTTCTTCTAAC47MetAlaAlaSerIleGlyAlaLeuLysSerSerProSerSerAsn151015AATTGCATCAATGAGAGAAGAAATGATTCTACACGTGCTGTATCCAGC95AsnCysIleAsnGluArgArgAsnAspSerThrArgAlaValSerSer202530AGAAATCTCTCATTTTCGTCTTCTCATCTCGCCGGAGACAAGTTGATG143ArgAsnLeuSerPheSerSerSerHisLeuAlaGlyAspLysLeuMet354045CCTGTATCGTCCTTACGTTCCCAAGGAGTCCGATTCAATGTGAGAAGA191ProValSerSerLeuArgSerGlnGlyValArgPheAsnValArgArg505560AGTCCAATGATTGTGTCGCCAAAGGCTGTTTCTGATTCGCAGAATTCA239SerProMetIleValSerProLysAlaValSerAspSerGlnAsnSer657075CAGACATGTCTAGACCCAGATGCTAGCCGGAGTGTTTTGGGAATTATT287GlnThrCysLeuAspProAspAlaSerArgSerValLeuGlyIleIle80859095CTTGGAGGTGGAGCTGGGACCCGACTTTATCCTCTAACTAAAAAAAGA335LeuGlyGlyGlyAlaGlyThrArgLeuTyrProLeuThrLysLysArg100105110GCAAAGCCAGCTGTTCCACTTGGAGCAAATTATCGTCTGATTGACATT383AlaLysProAlaValProLeuGlyAlaAsnTyrArgLeuIleAspIle115120125CCTGTAAGCAACTGCTTGAACAGTAATATATCCAAGATTTATGTTCTC431ProValSerAsnCysLeuAsnSerAsnIleSerLysIleTyrValLeu130135140ACACAATTCAACTCTGCCTCTCTGAATCGCCACCTTTCACGAGCATAT479ThrGlnPheAsnSerAlaSerLeuAsnArgHisLeuSerArgAlaTyr145150155GCTAGCAACATGGGAGGATACAAAAACGAGGGCTTTGTGGAAGTTCTT527AlaSerAsnMetGlyGlyTyrLysAsnGluGlyPheValGluValLeu160165170175GCTGCTCAACAAAGTCCAGAGAACCCCGATTGGTTCCAGGGCACGGCT575AlaAlaGlnGlnSerProGluAsnProAspTrpPheGlnGlyThrAla180185190GATGCTGTCAGACAATATCTGTGGTTGTTTGAGGAGCATACTGTTCTT623AspAlaValArgGlnTyrLeuTrpLeuPheGluGluHisThrValLeu195200205GAATACCTTATACTTGCTGGAGATCATCTGTATCGAATGGATTATGAA671GluTyrLeuIleLeuAlaGlyAspHisLeuTyrArgMetAspTyrGlu210215220AAGTTTATTCAAGCCCACAGAGAAACAGATGCTGATATTACCGTTGCC719LysPheIleGlnAlaHisArgGluThrAspAlaAspIleThrValAla225230235GCACTGCCAATGGACGAGAAGCGTGCCACTGCATTCGGTCTCATGAAG767AlaLeuProMetAspGluLysArgAlaThrAlaPheGlyLeuMetLys240245250255ATTGACGAAGAAGGACGCATTATTGAATTTGCAGAGAAACCGCAAGGA815IleAspGluGluGlyArgIleIleGluPheAlaGluLysProGlnGly260265270GAGCAATTGCAAGCAATGAAAGTGGATACTACCATTTTAGGTCTTGAT863GluGlnLeuGlnAlaMetLysValAspThrThrIleLeuGlyLeuAsp275280285GACAAGAGAGCTAAAGAAATGCCTTTCATTGCCAGTATGGGTATATAT911AspLysArgAlaLysGluMetProPheIleAlaSerMetGlyIleTyr290295300GTCATTAGCAAAGACGTGATGTTAAACCTACTTCGTGACAAGTTCCCT959ValIleSerLysAspValMetLeuAsnLeuLeuArgAspLysPhePro305310315GGGGCCAATGATTTTGGTAGTGAAGTTATTCCTGGTGCAACTTCACTT1007GlyAlaAsnAspPheGlySerGluValIleProGlyAlaThrSerLeu320325330335GGGATGAGAGTGCAAGCTTATTTATATGATGGGTACTGGGAAGATATT1055GlyMetArgValGlnAlaTyrLeuTyrAspGlyTyrTrpGluAspIle340345350GGTACCATTGAAGCTTTCTACAATGCCAATTTGGGCATTACAAAAAAG1103GlyThrIleGluAlaPheTyrAsnAlaAsnLeuGlyIleThrLysLys355360365CCGGTGCCAGATTTTAGCTTTTACGACCGATCAGCCCCAATCTACACC1151ProValProAspPheSerPheTyrAspArgSerAlaProIleTyrThr370375380CAACCTCGATATCTACCACCATCAAAAATGCTTGATGCTGATGTCACA1199GlnProArgTyrLeuProProSerLysMetLeuAspAlaAspValThr385390395GATAGTGTCATTGGTGAAGGTTGTGTGATCAAGAACTGTAAGATTCAT1247AspSerValIleGlyGluGlyCysValIleLysAsnCysLysIleHis400405410415CATTCCGTGGTTGGACTCAGATCATGCATATCAGAGGGAGCAATTATA1295HisSerValValGlyLeuArgSerCysIleSerGluGlyAlaIleIle420425430GAAGACTCACTTTTGATGGGGGCAGATTACTATGAGACTGATGCTGAC1343GluAspSerLeuLeuMetGlyAlaAspTyrTyrGluThrAspAlaAsp435440445AGGAAGTTGCTGGCTGCAAAGGGCAGTGTCCCAATTGGCATCGGCAAG1391ArgLysLeuLeuAlaAlaLysGlySerValProIleGlyIleGlyLys450455460AATTGTCACATTAAAAGAGCCATTATCGACAAGAATGCCCGTATAGGG1439AsnCysHisIleLysArgAlaIleIleAspLysAsnAlaArgIleGly465470475GACAATGTGAAGATCATTAACAAAGACAACGTTCAAGAAGCGGCTAGG1487AspAsnValLysIleIleAsnLysAspAsnValGlnGluAlaAlaArg480485490495GAAACAGATGGATACTTCATCAAGAGTGGGATTGTCACCGTCATCAAG1535GluThrAspGlyTyrPheIleLysSerGlyIleValThrValIleLys500505510GATGCTTTGATTCCAAGTGGAATCATCATCTGATGAGCTC1575AspAlaLeuIleProSerGlyIleIleIle515520(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 521 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:MetAlaAlaSerIleGlyAlaLeuLysSerSerProSerSerAsnAsn151015CysIleAsnGluArgArgAsnAspSerThrArgAlaValSerSerArg202530AsnLeuSerPheSerSerSerHisLeuAlaGlyAspLysLeuMetPro354045ValSerSerLeuArgSerGlnGlyValArgPheAsnValArgArgSer505560ProMetIleValSerProLysAlaValSerAspSerGlnAsnSerGln65707580ThrCysLeuAspProAspAlaSerArgSerValLeuGlyIleIleLeu859095GlyGlyGlyAlaGlyThrArgLeuTyrProLeuThrLysLysArgAla100105110LysProAlaValProLeuGlyAlaAsnTyrArgLeuIleAspIlePro115120125ValSerAsnCysLeuAsnSerAsnIleSerLysIleTyrValLeuThr130135140GlnPheAsnSerAlaSerLeuAsnArgHisLeuSerArgAlaTyrAla145150155160SerAsnMetGlyGlyTyrLysAsnGluGlyPheValGluValLeuAla165170175AlaGlnGlnSerProGluAsnProAspTrpPheGlnGlyThrAlaAsp180185190AlaValArgGlnTyrLeuTrpLeuPheGluGluHisThrValLeuGlu195200205TyrLeuIleLeuAlaGlyAspHisLeuTyrArgMetAspTyrGluLys210215220PheIleGlnAlaHisArgGluThrAspAlaAspIleThrValAlaAla225230235240LeuProMetAspGluLysArgAlaThrAlaPheGlyLeuMetLysIle245250255AspGluGluGlyArgIleIleGluPheAlaGluLysProGlnGlyGlu260265270GlnLeuGlnAlaMetLysValAspThrThrIleLeuGlyLeuAspAsp275280285LysArgAlaLysGluMetProPheIleAlaSerMetGlyIleTyrVal290295300IleSerLysAspValMetLeuAsnLeuLeuArgAspLysPheProGly305310315320AlaAsnAspPheGlySerGluValIleProGlyAlaThrSerLeuGly325330335MetArgValGlnAlaTyrLeuTyrAspGlyTyrTrpGluAspIleGly340345350ThrIleGluAlaPheTyrAsnAlaAsnLeuGlyIleThrLysLysPro355360365ValProAspPheSerPheTyrAspArgSerAlaProIleTyrThrGln370375380ProArgTyrLeuProProSerLysMetLeuAspAlaAspValThrAsp385390395400SerValIleGlyGluGlyCysValIleLysAsnCysLysIleHisHis405410415SerValValGlyLeuArgSerCysIleSerGluGlyAlaIleIleGlu420425430AspSerLeuLeuMetGlyAlaAspTyrTyrGluThrAspAlaAspArg435440445LysLeuLeuAlaAlaLysGlySerValProIleGlyIleGlyLysAsn450455460CysHisIleLysArgAlaIleIleAspLysAsnAlaArgIleGlyAsp465470475480AsnValLysIleIleAsnLysAspAsnValGlnGluAlaAlaArgGlu485490495ThrAspGlyTyrPheIleLysSerGlyIleValThrValIleLysAsp500505510AlaLeuIleProSerGlyIleIleIle515520(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1519 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA(ix) FEATURE:(A) NAME/KEY: CDS(B) LOCATION: 1..1410(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:AACAAGATCAAACCTGGGGTTGCTTACTCTGTGATCACTACTGAAAAT48AsnLysIleLysProGlyValAlaTyrSerValIleThrThrGluAsn151015GACACACAGACTGTGTTCGTAGATATGCCACGTCTTGAGAGACGCCGG96AspThrGlnThrValPheValAspMetProArgLeuGluArgArgArg202530GCAAATCCAAAGGATGTGGCTGCAGTCATACTGGGAGGAGGAGAAGGG144AlaAsnProLysAspValAlaAlaValIleLeuGlyGlyGlyGluGly354045ACCAAGTTATTCCCACTTACAAGTAGAACTGCAACCCCTGCTGTTCCG192ThrLysLeuPheProLeuThrSerArgThrAlaThrProAlaValPro505560GTTGGAGGATGCTACAGGCTAATAGACATCCCAATGAGCAACTGTATC240ValGlyGlyCysTyrArgLeuIleAspIleProMetSerAsnCysIle65707580AACAGTGCTATTAACAAGATTTTTGTGCTGACACAGTACAATTCTGCT288AsnSerAlaIleAsnLysIlePheValLeuThrGlnTyrAsnSerAla859095CCCCTGAATCGTCACATTGCTCGAACATATTTTGGCAATGGTGTGAGC336ProLeuAsnArgHisIleAlaArgThrTyrPheGlyAsnGlyValSer100105110TTTGGAGATGGATTTGTCGAGGTACTAGCTGCAACTCAGACACCCGGG384PheGlyAspGlyPheValGluValLeuAlaAlaThrGlnThrProGly115120125GAAGCAGGAAAAAAATGGTTTCAAGGAACAGCAGATGCTGTTAGAAAA432GluAlaGlyLysLysTrpPheGlnGlyThrAlaAspAlaValArgLys130135140TTTATATGGGTTTTTGAGGACGCTAAGAACAAGAATATTGAAAATATC480PheIleTrpValPheGluAspAlaLysAsnLysAsnIleGluAsnIle145150155160GTTGTACTATCTGGGGATCATCTTTATAGGATGGATTATATGGAGTTG528ValValLeuSerGlyAspHisLeuTyrArgMetAspTyrMetGluLeu165170175GTGCAGAACCATATTGACAGGAATGCTGATATTACTCTTTCATGTGCA576ValGlnAsnHisIleAspArgAsnAlaAspIleThrLeuSerCysAla180185190CCAGCTGAGGACAGCCGAGCATCAGATTTTGGGCTGGTCAAGATTGAC624ProAlaGluAspSerArgAlaSerAspPheGlyLeuValLysIleAsp195200205AGCAGAGGCAGAGTAGTCCAGTTTGCTGAAAAACCAAAAGGTTTTGAT672SerArgGlyArgValValGlnPheAlaGluLysProLysGlyPheAsp210215220CTTAAAGCAATGCAAGTAGATACTACTCTTGTTGGATTATCTCCACAA720LeuLysAlaMetGlnValAspThrThrLeuValGlyLeuSerProGln225230235240GATGCGAAGAAATCCCCCTATATTGCTTCAATGGGAGTTTATGTATTC768AspAlaLysLysSerProTyrIleAlaSerMetGlyValTyrValPhe245250255AAGACAGATGTATTGTTGAAGCTCTTGAAATGGAGCTATCCCACTTCT816LysThrAspValLeuLeuLysLeuLeuLysTrpSerTyrProThrSer260265270AATGATTTTGGCTCTGAAATTATACCAGCAGCTATTGACGATTACAAT864AsnAspPheGlySerGluIleIleProAlaAlaIleAspAspTyrAsn275280285GTCCAAGCATACATTTTCAAAGACTATTGGGAAGACATTGGAACAATT912ValGlnAlaTyrIlePheLysAspTyrTrpGluAspIleGlyThrIle290295300AAATCGTTTTATAATGCTAGCTTGGCACTCACACAAGAGTTTCCAGAG960LysSerPheTyrAsnAlaSerLeuAlaLeuThrGlnGluPheProGlu305310315320TTCCAATTTTACGATCCAAAAACACCTTTTTACACATCTCCTAGGTTC1008PheGlnPheTyrAspProLysThrProPheTyrThrSerProArgPhe325330335CTTCCACCAACCAAGATAGACAATTGCAAGATTAAGGATGCCATAATC1056LeuProProThrLysIleAspAsnCysLysIleLysAspAlaIleIle340345350TCTCATGGATGTTTCTTGCGAGATTGTTCTGTGGAACACTCCATAGTG1104SerHisGlyCysPheLeuArgAspCysSerValGluHisSerIleVal355360365GGTGAAAGATCGCGCTTAGATTGTGGTGTTGAACTGAAGGATACTTTC1152GlyGluArgSerArgLeuAspCysGlyValGluLeuLysAspThrPhe370375380ATGATGGGAGCAGACTACTACCAAACAGAATCTGAGATTGCCTCCCTG1200MetMetGlyAlaAspTyrTyrGlnThrGluSerGluIleAlaSerLeu385390395400TTAGCAGAGGGGAAAGTACCGATTGGAATTGGGGAAAATACAAAAATA1248LeuAlaGluGlyLysValProIleGlyIleGlyGluAsnThrLysIle405410415AGGAAATGTATCATTGACAAGAACGCAAAGATAGGAAAGAATGTTTCA1296ArgLysCysIleIleAspLysAsnAlaLysIleGlyLysAsnValSer420425430ATCATAAATAAAGACGGTGTTCAAGAGGCAGACCGACCAGAGGAAGGA1344IleIleAsnLysAspGlyValGlnGluAlaAspArgProGluGluGly435440445TTCTACATACGATCAGGGATAATCATTATATTAGAGAAAGCCACAATT1392PheTyrIleArgSerGlyIleIleIleIleLeuGluLysAlaThrIle450455460AGAGATGGAACAGTCATCTGAACTAGGGAAGCACCTCTTGTTGAACTA1440ArgAspGlyThrValIle465470CTGGAGATCCAAATCTCAACTTGAAGAAGGTCAAGGGTGATCCTAGCACGTTCACCAGTT1500GACTCCCCGAAGGAAGCTT1519(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 470 amino acids(B) TYPE: amino acid(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10:AsnLysIleLysProGlyValAlaTyrSerValIleThrThrGluAsn151015AspThrGlnThrValPheValAspMetProArgLeuGluArgArgArg202530AlaAsnProLysAspValAlaAlaValIleLeuGlyGlyGlyGluGly354045ThrLysLeuPheProLeuThrSerArgThrAlaThrProAlaValPro505560ValGlyGlyCysTyrArgLeuIleAspIleProMetSerAsnCysIle65707580AsnSerAlaIleAsnLysIlePheValLeuThrGlnTyrAsnSerAla859095ProLeuAsnArgHisIleAlaArgThrTyrPheGlyAsnGlyValSer100105110PheGlyAspGlyPheValGluValLeuAlaAlaThrGlnThrProGly115120125GluAlaGlyLysLysTrpPheGlnGlyThrAlaAspAlaValArgLys130135140PheIleTrpValPheGluAspAlaLysAsnLysAsnIleGluAsnIle145150155160ValValLeuSerGlyAspHisLeuTyrArgMetAspTyrMetGluLeu165170175ValGlnAsnHisIleAspArgAsnAlaAspIleThrLeuSerCysAla180185190ProAlaGluAspSerArgAlaSerAspPheGlyLeuValLysIleAsp195200205SerArgGlyArgValValGlnPheAlaGluLysProLysGlyPheAsp210215220LeuLysAlaMetGlnValAspThrThrLeuValGlyLeuSerProGln225230235240AspAlaLysLysSerProTyrIleAlaSerMetGlyValTyrValPhe245250255LysThrAspValLeuLeuLysLeuLeuLysTrpSerTyrProThrSer260265270AsnAspPheGlySerGluIleIleProAlaAlaIleAspAspTyrAsn275280285ValGlnAlaTyrIlePheLysAspTyrTrpGluAspIleGlyThrIle290295300LysSerPheTyrAsnAlaSerLeuAlaLeuThrGlnGluPheProGlu305310315320PheGlnPheTyrAspProLysThrProPheTyrThrSerProArgPhe325330335LeuProProThrLysIleAspAsnCysLysIleLysAspAlaIleIle340345350SerHisGlyCysPheLeuArgAspCysSerValGluHisSerIleVal355360365GlyGluArgSerArgLeuAspCysGlyValGluLeuLysAspThrPhe370375380MetMetGlyAlaAspTyrTyrGlnThrGluSerGluIleAlaSerLeu385390395400LeuAlaGluGlyLysValProIleGlyIleGlyGluAsnThrLysIle405410415ArgLysCysIleIleAspLysAsnAlaLysIleGlyLysAsnValSer420425430IleIleAsnLysAspGlyValGlnGluAlaAspArgProGluGluGly435440445PheTyrIleArgSerGlyIleIleIleIleLeuGluLysAlaThrIle450455460ArgAspGlyThrValIle465470(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 35 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:GTTGATAACAAGATCTGTTAACCATGGCGGCTTCC35(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 33 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12:CCAGTTAAAACGGAGCTCATCAGATGATGATTC33(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13:GTGTGAGAACATAAATCTTGGATATGTTAC30(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 28 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14:GAATTCACAGGGCCATGGCTCTAGACCC28(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:15:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 40 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:15:AAGATCAAACCTGCCATGGCTTACTCTGTGATCACTACTG40(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 39 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:16:GGGAATTCAAGCTTGGATCCCGGGCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC39(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:17:GGGAATTCAAGCTTGGATCCCGGG24(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 32 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:18:CCTCTAGACAGTCGATCAGGAGCAGATGTACG32(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 25 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:19:GGAGTTAGCCATGGTTAGTTTAGAG25(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 34 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:20:GGCCGAGCTCGTCAACGCCGTCTGCGATTTGTGC34(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:21:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 19 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:21:GATTTAGGTGACACTATAG19(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:22:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 42 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:22:AGAGAGATCTAGAACAATGGCTTCCTCTATGCTCTCTTCCGC42(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:23:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 39 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: single(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:23:GGCCGAGCTCTAGATTATCGCTCCTGTTTATGCCCTAAC39(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:24:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 2196 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:24:ATCGATTATTGGTTTATCGGGTTTTGATCGTTATCGGTTCGGTTTAACCGTTAAAATTTG60ACACAAAAATAAAAATTGAAAAGCACTTAGAAACAAGGTGACAAACCTAATAAACCATGC120ACATGAGTTCACAAGTTACATCTTGCTAAAAAACAAACACTTTTACATTGTAGAATAACC180AAGTGTCTGGGACAACCAAAAATGAAAGTAGGAAACCAAACTCTAAGTCAAGGACTTTAT240ATACAAAATGGTATAACTATAATTATTTAATTTACTATTGGGTTATCGGTTAACCCGTTA300AGAACCGATAACCCGATAACAAAAACAATCAAAATCGTTATCAAAACCGCTAAACTAATA360ACCCAATACTGATAAACCAATAACTTTTTTTTTATTCGGGTTATCGGTTTCAGTTCGGTT420TTGAACAATCCTAGTGTCCTAATTATTGTTTTGAGAACCAAGAAAACAAAAACTGACGTC480GCAAATATTTCAGTAAATACTTGTATATCTCAGTGATAATTGATTTCCAAGATGTATAAT540TATCATTTACGTAATAATAGATGGTTTCCGAAACTTACGCTTCCCTTTTTTCTTTTGCAG600TCGTATGGAATAAAGTTGGATATGGAGGCATTCCCGGGCCTTCAGGTGGAAGAGACGGAG660CTGCTTCACAAGGAGGGGGTTGTTGTACTTGAAAATAGGCATTTATTCCGTTCGCAAACC720TATCATGTTCCTATGGTTGTTTATTTGTAGTTTGGTGTTCTTAATATCGAGTGTTCTTTA780GTTTGTTCCTTTTAATGAAAGGATAATATCTCGTGCCAAAAATAAGCAAATTCGGTACAT840AAAGACATTTTTTTTCTTTCGTGGATTTTCTGTTTATGGAGTTGTCAAATGTGGAATTTA900TTTCATAGCATGTGGAGTTTCCTCCTCTCCTTTTTCATGTGCCCTTGGGCCTTGCCTGTT960TCTTGCACCGCAGTGTGCCAGGGCAGTCGGCAGATGGACATAAATGGCACACCGCTCGGC1020TCGTGGAAAGAGTATGGTCAGTTTCATTGATAAGTATTTACTCGTATTCGGCGTATACAT1080CAAGTTAATAGAAAGTAAACACATATGATATCATACATCCATTAGTTAAGTATAAATGCC1140AACTTTTTACTTGAATCGCTGAATAAATTTACTTACGATTAATATTTAGTTGTGTGTTCA1200AACATATCATGCATTATTTGATTAAGAATAAATAAACGATGTGTAATTTGAAAACCAATT1260AGAAAAGAAGTATGACGGGATTGATGTTCTGTGAAATCACTGGCAAATTGAACGGACGAT1320GAAATTTGATCGTCATTTAAACATATCAACATGGCTTTAGTCATCATCATTATGTTATAA1380TTATTTTCTTGAAACTTGATACACCAACTCTCATTGGGAAAGTGACAGCATAATATAAAC1440TATAATATCAATCTGGCAATTTCGAATTATTCCAAATCTCTTTTGTCATTTCATTTCATC1500CCCTATGTCTGCCTGCAAGTACCAATTATTTAAATACAAAAATCTTGATTAAACAATTCA1560TTTTCTCACTAATAATCACATTTAATAATAAACGGTTCATACACGTGCGTCACCTTTTTT1620TCGATTTTCTCTCAAGCGCATGTGATCATATCTAACTCTTGTGCAAACAAGTGAAATGAC1680GTCCATTAATAAATAATCTTTTGAATACCTGTTCATTTTAATTTATTTGGATTTGCTAAG1740GATTTTTTTTAGTTTTTGAGATTTTTTATAATTTTAAATTAAAAAAAATAAGTTAAATAT1800ATCGAAAATGTCTTTTAATCTTATTTTTGAAAAAGATAATTAGCTCAAACAAATTAAAAT1860TGGTAACTATTTTTCGGAAAAATAATGATTCTTATTGTACATTCTTTTTCATCGATTAGA1920TATTTTTTTTAAGCTCAAGTACAAAAGTCATATTTCAATCCCCAAAATAGCCTCAATCAC1980AAGAAATGCTTAAATCCCCAAAATACCCTCAATCACAAAAAGTGTACCAATCATAACTAT2040GGTCCTCTGTAAATTCCAACAAAATCAAGTCTATAAAGTTACCCTTGATATCAGTACTAT2100AAAACCAAAAATCTCAGCTGTAATTCAAGTGCAATCACACTCTACCACACACTCTCTAGT2160AGAGAAATCAGTTGATAACAAGCTTTGTTAACAATG2196(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:25:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 591 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:25:AAGCTTGATATCGAATTCCTGCAGCCCGGGGGATCTCCTTAAAACTTTTTCTGAATTACT60TTTCAAGATTCTTGATTCTGCACCACTAGCAATTTCCATTTTTCTTTCAGTGATTTTGGT120TACTTATTTGACATTCTTGTTTTCAAGATCCAACATCATCACTTTCCAGGTTCAAAATCT180TGTTTTTTTTCTTTTTTCTTTTAATGCTCTATATTGTGGAAGTCCACAGGTGAATTTTTA240CGATATGGGTTTACCACTTAGCTTTCTTGTAATATTTTATCAATTTTAGAAAATATATGT300GTGAAATACCTAATTTTACGTAGAGATCATGGGTTCATATGCGTAAAGATTCATGTTTTT360GTGGTAATGCTATGAGGTATTAGTACTGAGCATATAGCTAGCTTGGGTTTTGGGTTTACC420GACCAAAAAAAAAAATTAGTGATATTTTCTTTATGTAAATTATACTTTTCTTGGTTGCTA480AAAGATAACATATACTTTATTGAGATTTGAATAAATCTATTTGATTTAGATCCATTGATA540AATCTTAATCTTATGGGATTACTGATTTGTTGATTGGCTGCAGAAGGATCC591(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:26:(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:(A) LENGTH: 1705 base pairs(B) TYPE: nucleic acid(C) STRANDEDNESS: double(D) TOPOLOGY: linear(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic)(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:26:AAGCTTGGGTACCGGGCCCCCCCTGGAGGTCGAGTGCCATCACATCCAGGGTGTAGGCTC60GGGGCGTGACAAACTTGGTATCTGAGCTCAGAGTTCAAGAGTCTAAGGTGTCTATAAAGT120CTGTGCCTTTAGAGTCCTAGTTATCGGTGTGAAGCGCGCCACATCTATAACCAGGAGGCT180GCGACATTTAAGAATTATCATACTTCTTTCATACTCTTTTCGTGCAATAGAGTTCAACTC240CATAAAGTCTCTTTATAATTCATGTTTACGCATATCTTTGAGATCATGCCTCCATGTAGA300GTTGTCTGAGGTCGTCCTGCTAGAAGAAATATTGATCCTCAGGATCAAGGGGTACCCAAT360GCACCAGAAGTGCGACCCCAAGGAAAGGTCACTAATGTTGAGTTCCAGGATGTTATACGG420ATATTGAGTGAAGTTGTGACCAACCAAGCTGGACAACAAAGAGGGAATCAACAAGATGTG480GTTGATACATCCAGAATCCGTGAGTTCTTAAGGATGAATCCTTCAGACTTCACCAATTCA540AGAGTCACTGAGGATCTGGAAAACTTTGTGGAAGAGTTGTAGAAGGTTTTTGAGGTTATG600CATGTTGTTGATGCTGAGCGAGTGGAACTAACTGCATACCAACTGAATGGTGTTGCTAGA660GTATGGTACGACCAATAGAAAAAGAGTAGAGTTGAGGGTGCACAAATTGTGAGTTGGGCA720GTGTTTGAAGAGGCCTTCATGGGGCATTTCTTTTCCCATGAACTATATGGCAAAGGTAAG780AGAATTTCCTCACTCTTAAGCAGGAATCCATGAGTGTGCATAAGTATAGCCTCAAGTTCA840CTCAACTGTCGCCTATGCTCCAGAGATGGCTGTTGATATGAGGAGCAGGATGGGCTTGTT900TGTGTTTGGGTTGTCTCATCTGTCAATCAAAGAAGGTAAGGTTGTGATGTGGATAAAGGA960CATGGACATCGAAAGGGTAATGATCCTTGTGCAACAGGTTGAGGAAGATAAGTTGAGGGA1020TAGAGAAGAGTTCTGAAACAAGAGGGCTAAGAACACATGAAATGAGTACGTAAGCAGAAG1080AGTAATGCAAATCGGTTATCTTTTCAATGAAAGCCAAATAAACCTGCTTGATTGTTTGCA1140AGTGCAACCTGTACCAACGAACAAAGGTGAGTTCAAGAATCAGAATTCTTAGAAATTCAG1200AGCTAGACCTGCACAATCTCAAGGTAGTGTGGCACAAGGATGTAATGGGACTCCTGCATG1260TGTTAAGTACGGTAGGAACCACCCAGGAGCGTGTCATGATGGCTCTGCTGGTTGCTTCAA1320GTGTGGTCAGAATGGTCACTTCATGAGAGAGTGCCTAAAGAANAGGCAAGGTAATAGCAA1380TGGGGGCAATATATCACAATCTTCTTCAGTGGCTCCACNAGATAGAGCTGCACCTTGAGG1440ATCATGGGTTCATATGCGTAAAGATTCATGTTTTGTGGTAATGCTATGAGGTATTAGTAC1500TGAGCATATAGCTAGCTTGGGTTTTGGGTTTACCGACCATTTTTTTTAATTAGTGATATT1560TTCTTTATGTATTTTATACTTTTCTTGGTTGCTTAAAGATTACATATACTTTATTGAGAT1620TTGAATAAATCTATTTGATTTAGATCCATTGATAAATCTTAATCTTATGGGATTACTGAT1680TTGTTGATTGGCTGCAGAAGGATCC1705__________________________________________________________________________

Method of improving the quality of stored potatoes

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Anderson et al. 1990. pp. 159-180 In: Mol. Cell. Biol. Potato., Vayda et al., eds., C.A.B. International: Wallingford, U.K.
Meyer et al. 1993 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 302(1):69-71.