Patent Grant
11903805
The present disclosure relates generally to an absorbent composite (or absorbent core laminate) and a method of making an absorbent composite. The present invention also relates generally to disposable absorbent articles employing absorbent composites and methods of making same. Such disposable absorbent articles include diapers, training pants, adult incontinence products, bodily exudates absorbing products, feminine hygiene products, and other absorbent products (collectively “disposable absorbent articles” or “disposable absorbent products”).
Disposable absorbent articles typically employ three basic structural elements: a topsheet that forms the inner surface, a backsheet that forms the outer surface, and an absorbent core that is interposed between the topsheet and the backsheet. The topsheet is designed to allow liquid to pass from outside the absorbent article through the topsheet and into the absorbent core. The topsheet may be made out of a range of liquid and vapor permeable hydrophilic or hydrophobic materials. The permeability of the topsheet can be increased by using surface activation agents (“surfactants”). Surfactants lower the surface energy or the contact angle of the liquid-solid interface and facilitate the liquid's passage through the topsheet.
The backsheet is designed to prevent fluid from passing from the absorbent core through the backsheet and out of the absorbent article. The backsheet may be made out of an impermeable film that extends the full width of the article or a combination of cloth-like material and impermeable film. The backsheet may also have vapor transmission properties (“breathability”) that allow vapor to pass through the backsheet without releasing fluid stored in the absorbent core. The backsheet may also be made from a liquid impermeable but vapor transmittable non-woven material such as spunbond, melt-blow, spun-bond (“SMS”); spun-bond, melt-blown, melt-blown, spun-bond (“SMMS”); micro, nano, or splitable fibers; spun melt or spun laced; carded; and the like.
The absorbent core is designed to contain and distribute fluid that passes through the topsheet. A typical absorbent core is made out of a high or super absorbent polymer (SAP) stabilized by an absorbent matrix. SAP is commonly made out of materials such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylates, various grafted starches, and cross-linked sodium polyacrylate. SAP can be in the form of particles, fibers, foams, web, spheres, agglomerates of regular or irregular shapes, and film. The absorbent matrix is typically a de-fiberized wood pulp or similar material. The absorbent matrix is very bulky relative to the topsheet, backsheet, and SAP. Most of a diaper's thickness comes from the absorbent core.
Increasingly, consumers of absorbent articles are demanding thinner absorbent articles. To meet these demands, manufactures are decreasing the thickness of absorbent articles by decreasing the amount of absorbent matrix used in absorbent cores. Although the resulting absorbent cores are thinner, they suffer in performance. As the amount of absorbent matrix is reduced, it is less effective in stabilizing the SAP—preventing the SAP from migrating within the absorbent core. As SAP migrates within the core, the absorbent core loses its effectiveness and no longer has uniform absorbency. For example, SAP that is not contained tends to bunch up in wetted areas and is inefficient for handling subsequent discharges.
Manufacturers have attempted to solve this problem by creating small, individual SAP pockets or by gluing the SAP. These solutions, however, have been largely unsuccessful. The SAP pockets merely limit the migration to movement within the pockets. However, because there is still a movement of the particles, the absorbent core does not exhibit uniform absorbency. Gluing the SAP stabilizes the SAP, but results in an uncomfortably stiff absorbent core and a loss in the SAP's swelling capacity. Applicants have also discovered that may of the methods to contain the SAP can negatively impact SAP and the absorbent core's capacity to receive and distribute intake.
Accordingly, there exists a need for an improved absorbent product that continues the trend of decreasing product thickness, while minimizing product stiffness and otherwise exhibiting excellent absorbency and fluid handling properties. The specification of U.S. Pat. No. 8,148,598, which is commonly assigned and designates at least one common inventor as the present application, describes a prior improvement to the state of the art and serves as background to the present disclosure. The '598 patent document is hereby incorporated by reference, in its entirety, for all purposes and made a part of the present disclosure. The present disclosure may, in one respect, be regarded as continuing and furthering the effort to provide improved absorbent products and methods of manufacturing.
In one aspect, the disclosure provides improved absorbent composites and methods of making the composite. Embodiments are disclosed that focus on the composition or arrangement of components of the absorbent composite. In one embodiment, an absorbent core composite for a disposable absorbent article has a first fabric, a body side second fabric, and a plurality of aggregates of superabsorbent particles (SAP) situated between the first fabric second fabric. About each of a plurality of the SAP aggregates, an arrangement of spaced apart bond sites secure the second fabric to the first fabric and form a pocket in which the SAP aggregate is secured between the first fabric and the second fabric. The body side second fabric is a bulky nonwoven including fibers that entangle at least some particles in the SAP aggregate. In preferred embodiments, a pattern of adhesive may be preapplied on the first fabric (e.g., a pattern having a plurality of intersecting loops defining open regions free of adhesive).
In another aspect, a method is disclosed for manufacturing an absorbent composite laminate for a disposable absorbent article. The method entails conveying a first fabric into position to receive superabsorbent particles (SAP) and depositing SAP on the first fabric to provide discrete aggregates of SAP. A second fabric of a bulky nonwoven is then conveyed and positioning relative the first fabric such that fibers of the bulky nonwoven entangle particles in a top layer of particles of the SAP aggregate. This secures, at least partly, the SAP aggregate therebetween. The first and second fabric are then bonded at a network of bond sites to form an elongated laminate having a plurality of pockets of SAP aggregate, whereby each pocket is defined by bond sites positioned about a SAP aggregate and securing the second fabric to the first fabric; and conveying the elongated laminate, whereby the bulky nonwoven and pockets inhibit SAP particle migration from said pockets. In preferred embodiments, the bond sites are bond points and/or the bond sites form diamond shaped pockets and a corresponding grid without any direct straight line paths to the side margins.
A disposable absorbent article is also disclosed having a chassis body defined by a first end margin and a second end margin longitudinally spaced from the first end margin, the end margins partially defining front and back waist regions that are fastenable about a waist of a user. The article further includes a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent composite disposed between the topsheet and backsheet. The absorbent composite includes a first fabric, a second fabric bonded to said first fabric, absorbent particles secured between the first and second fabric. The first fabric is intermittently attached to the second fabric to define a plurality of pockets situated between the first fabric and the second fabric and containing an aggregate of superabsorbent particles (SAP), wherein discontinuous and spaced apart bond sites secure the first fabric with the second fabric. The second fabric is a bulky nonwoven material positioned on a bodyside of the absorbent composite and over the SAP aggregate such that fibers of the bulky nonwoven entangle superabsorbent particles, wherein the SAP aggregate is free of an absorbent matrix in a middle portion extending from beneath the bulky nonwoven material.
In another aspect, an absorbent composite is disclosed having a bulky nonwoven substrate, a top fabric bonded with the bulky nonwoven substrate, and a layer of superabsorbent particles (SAP) secured therebetween. Furthermore, hot melt adhesive is interspersed with the SAP to mutually secure the SAP with the bulky nonwoven substrate and top fabric. The top fabric may be tissue material in preferred embodiments.
In yet another aspect, a method is disclosed for manufacturing an absorbent composite. The method entails conveying a first substrate of a nonwoven material, delivering a mixture of superabsorbent particles (SAP) with hot melt adhesive particles onto the conveyed first substrate, and, as the first substrate with the mixture is conveyed, applying heat to the first substrate, thereby activating the hot melt adhesive particles and bonding the SAP with the hot melt particles and the first substrate. A second substrate is then applied atop the first substrate and SAP layer bonded therewith.
Other embodiments are disclosed in which aggregates of absorbent particles are strategically located and/or constituted between a top layer and a bottom layer, and across the expanse of the composite or core. By varying the position of the aggregates or the restrictions on the aggregates, the performance and capabilities of the absorbent composite may be managed or influenced. In certain embodiments, the aggregates of absorbent particles are situated in containers or pockets. In further embodiments, the size, spacing, arrangement, and\or geometry or shape of the containers or pockets are specifically provided to achieve certain core fluid handling properties.
In one embodiment, a disposable absorbent article includes a chassis body defined by a first end margin and a second end margin longitudinally spaced from the first end margin, the end margins partially defining front and back waist regions that are fastenable about a waist of a user. The article further includes a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent composite disposed between the topsheet and backsheet. The topsheet and backsheet define longitudinal and lateral margins of the chassis body. The absorbent composite includes a first fabric and a second fabric bonded to the first fabric. Furthermore, absorbent particles are secured or adhered between the first and second fabric, wherein the first fabric is intermittently attached to the second fabric to define a plurality of containers situated between the first fabric and the second fabric and containing an aggregate of absorbent particles. The absorbent composite may include regions of containers of absorbent particles aggregates including a primary region having containers of a first size and a secondary region having a plurality of containers of a second size different from the first size.
The present disclosure is of an absorbent composite that, in some embodiments, does not require a SAP layer or SAP constituency with an absorbent matrix (i.e., free of an absorbent matrix, pulpless) and a novel method of making the absorbent composite. The present document also discloses an absorbent article that incorporates the absorbent composite. The absorbent composite provides for an absorbent article that can be made very thin and pliable, while at the same time retaining enough SAP to provide sufficient absorbency and dry and wet integrity (uniform absorbency). Although using the absorbent composite in a diaper is described, one skilled in the art would readily understand that an absorbent composite made according to the inventive process may be used in a wide variety of absorbent products.
The present disclosure is also directed to an improved absorbent article incorporating the absorbent composite. Further, the present disclosure is directed to methods of manufacturing the absorbent composite or the absorbent article in which the absorbent composite is employed.
In one example, a method is described for manufacturing a composite sheet, comprising the steps of positioning a first fabric to receive particles, depositing particles on the first fabric, applying adhesive to a second fabric, positioning the second fabric relative to the first fabric, and forming bond sites that extend between the first and second fabric. The method may further include an article in which the particles comprise SAP particles, skin care particles, odor absorbing particles, binder particles, ion exchange particles, and combinations thereof. Still further, the method may include the step of coating the particles with a hydrophobic material.
The method may include conforming the first fabric to a surface. The surface may include recesses that form pockets or containers in the first fabric when it is conformed to the surface. The SAP particles may be guided into the pockets formed in the first fabric. Suction may be used to conform the first fabric to the surface. The adhesive applied to the second fabric may be applied in a concentration sufficient to secure an effective amount of dry particles. That concentration is generally between 1 to 100 grams per square meter. More specifically, the adhesive may be applied in a concentration of between 5 and 75 grams per square meter, or even more optimally, between 12 and 50 grams per square meter. The adhesive may be applied in a manner such that the total amount of adhesive engaging particles is between 1 and 100 grams per square meter. The inventive method may further include a step of applying adhesive to the first fabric before particles are deposited on the first fabric.
The bond sites suitable for the method may be bond lines, which may be continuous or discontinuous and may define pockets or other shapes and designs. Alternatively, the bond sites may be bond points. The bond sites may be spaced apart and positioned relative to particles and/or arranged to prevent straight line particle migration of more than 2 inches, and to present a gap between successive or pairs of bond points in an arrangement of bond points encircling a SAP aggregate, which communicates the pockets containing the SAP aggregate with adjacent pockets and/or the rest of the absorbent core.
Alternatively, the method entails positioning a first fabric to receive particles, positioning particles on the first fabric, securing the particles relative to the first fabric, positioning a second fabric over the particles, and forming bond sites that join the first fabric to the second fabric. The bond sites may be discrete points spaced to inhibit the migration of particles. The bond sites may also be bond lines spaced to inhibit the migration of particles, or bond lines that are connected to form a single bond line. The bond lines may be arranged to form pockets within which some particles are positioned. The particles may be SAP particles, skin care particles, odor absorbing particles, binder particles, ion exchange particles, and combinations thereof. The particles may be secured to the first fabric with adhesive, thermal plastic, or combinations thereof. In addition to or in the alternative, the particles may be secured to the second fabric with adhesive, thermal plastic, or combinations thereof. Furthermore, shapes may be formed in the first fabric for receiving particles.
A disposable absorbent article according to the disclosure may comprise a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent core disposed therebetween. The absorbent core is an absorbent composite comprising a first fabric, a second fabric bonded to the first fabric, and particles secured between the first and second fabric. The particles may be SAP particles, skin care particles, odor absorbing particles, binder particles, ion exchange particles, combinations thereof, or in preferred embodiments consist of SAP.
Alternatively, an absorbent layer may be provided that is supported on the backsheet, such that a section of the backsheet provides the second fabric of the absorbent composite. The backsheet may further comprises a first backsheet layer, a second backsheet layer and SAP particles in a concentration of about 20 to 650 gsm (preferably greater than 50 gsm in some further embodiments) positioned there between and the second back sheet layer is an SMS having a basis weight in the range of about 10 gsm to 60 gsm. The absorbent layer may be adhered between the first and second fabric with an adhesive concentration of between 1 and 100 grams per square meter. The first fabric may be bonded to the second fabric at discrete points, which discrete points may define pockets. Further, the first fabric may be bonded to the second fabric along a plurality of bond lines, which bond lines may define pockets.
The absorbent core may also comprise a first fabric, a second fabric, bond sites at which the first fabric is connected to the second fabric; and an absorbent layer of particles adhered between the first and second fabric. The particles may be SAP particles and/or other beneficial particles. The absorbent layer may be supported underneath a section of the topsheet, such that the section of topsheet provides the second fabric of the absorbent composite. The absorbent layer may be supported on a section of the backsheet, such that the backsheet section provides the first fabric of the absorbent composite.
In some embodiments, the disposable absorbent article may include a concentration of SAP particles in the absorbent layer of between about 50 and 650 grams per square meter. The SAP particles may also be coated with a hydrophobic material to retard the initial receipt of liquid by the SAP particles in the absorbent layer. The bond sites may define a plurality of continuous lines that inhibit the movement of the SAP particles of the absorbent layer. The continuous lines may be shaped to form pockets between the first and second fabrics. The bond sites may define a plurality of discontinuous lines that inhibit the movement of the SAP particles of the absorbent layer. The discontinuous lines may be shaped to form pockets between the first and second fabric.
In the yet another embodiment, the bonds may be positioned along periphery of pockets of particles. The bonds may form a pattern such as herringbone, bricklayer, circles, triangles, dots, dashes, rectangles, and combinations thereof. The yet another embodiment may also include loose particles positioned between the first and second sheets.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter. It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes. It should also be realized that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the disclosure as set forth in the appended claims. The features which are believed to be characteristic of the disclosure, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present disclosure.
This patent or patent application contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:
Upon review of the detailed description and the accompanying drawings provided herein, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that an absorbent composite made according to the present disclosure may be used in disposable absorbent articles, and more particularly, in disposable absorbent articles, such as diapers, training pants or other incontinence products. Accordingly, the present disclosure shall not be limited to the structures and processes specifically described and illustrated herein, although the following description is particularly directed to an absorbent composite that is used in a disposable diaper. The term “absorbent article” or “absorbent garment” with which the present disclosure is associated, includes various types of disposable articles and garments which are placed against or in proximity to the body of the wearer so as to absorb and contain various bodily exudates, bodily fluid, or biofluid.
Perhaps to gain a better understanding and appreciation of the particular contributions and improvements which are introduced in the present disclosure, reference may be first made to the improvements earlier disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,148,598. These earlier improvements are described in respect to
In
In one embodiment, the surface of the conveyor belt 100 has recessed portions that form cups in the fabric 125 as the fabric is pulled against the surface of the conveyor belt 100. The surface of the conveyor belt 100 is not limited to constructions that form cups in the fabric but, instead, may be configured with a number of different surface shapes and sizes. Examples include ridges, raised shapes, and holes. In addition, the surface shapes may be distributed uniformly or non-uniformly across the width and length of the conveyor belt. Alternatively, the conveyor belt 100 may be flat. In applications in which the conveyor belt 100 has holes or other similar constructions, the depth of the pockets formed in the fabric 125 may be varied by the force of the vacuum system 110, the elasticity of the fabric 125, or a combination thereof. Additionally, heat may be used to increase the elasticity of the fabric 125 as the fabric is pulled against the surface of the conveyor belt 100. Heat may be applied to the fabric by way of a heated conveyor belt or any other means known in the art. The vacuum 110 may be applied uniformly across the surface of the conveyor belt 100 or at selected locations. For example, in a configuration in which the surface of conveyor belt 100 has depressions, vacuum may be applied only at the depressions.
The SAP particles 135 are then deposited on the fabric 125 by SAP dispenser 130. The SAP dispenser 130 may be configured to position SAP particles in their desired position on the first fabric or may be configured merely to deposit SAP particles on the first fabric, wherein the SAP particles are position by another means. One skilled the art understands that multiple SAP dispensers 130 may be used. The SAP particles 135 may be deposited, positioned, or both on the fabric 125 by wind or other known methods. Alternatively, the conveyor belt shown in
The SAP particles 135 are positioned and concentrated on the fabric 125 according to a number of alternative methods. In one embodiment, the vacuum system 110 and fabric 125 may be configured to allow the vacuum system 110 to pull the SAP particles 135 against the surface of the fabric 125 uniformly or in particular areas. In another embodiment, the shape of the fabric 125 guides the SAP particles 135 into position. For example, when the fabric 125 is shaped to form pockets, the SAP particles 135 roll into the pockets as a result of the vacuum system 110, the vibration of the conveyor belt, air flow, the angle of the conveyor belt, or combinations thereof. Alternatively, the SAP dispenser(s) 130 may be positioned and controlled to dispense SAP particles 135 strategically across the surface of fabric 125, which strategic positioning includes but is not limited to alignment or nonalignment with the machine direction, offset, or randomly. Further, SAP may be positioned such that there are zones without SAP particles. Still further, SAP particles may be positioned using adhesive such as by applying adhesive to specific locations on a surface, depositing SAP particles on the surface. Still further, SAP particles may be positioned on both fabrics 125 and 155.
Once SAP particles have been deposited and positioned on fabric 125, a second fabric 155 is introduced into the production line from roll 150. The second fabric 155 may be selected from a variety of materials including spun-bonded thermoplastic or similar woven or nonwoven material, film, or combinations thereof.
The adhesive 145 is applied to the SAP particles 135 in a number of ways.
The adhesive is applied according to a number of methods know to those skilled in the art. For example, the adhesive may be sprayed, rolled, or spun onto the surface of fabric 155. The adhesive may be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, biodegradable, bioderived, or combinations thereof. The preferred adhesive is hydrophilic. The concentration of adhesive in a coat varies between 0.5 and 100 grams per square meter (“GSM”). Optimally, the concentration is between 1 and 25 GSM. In a preferred embodiment, the concentration is between 2 and 10 GSM. Additionally, enough adhesive should be applied to cover at least 25% of the targeted area.
Fabrics 125 and 155 are then bonded together.
Fabrics 155 and 125 are shown as two materials. However, one skilled in the art understands that the fabrics may actually be part of the same material. In such a configuration, the unitary fabric is folded to cover the SAP particles. Alternatively, the edges of fabric 125 may be folded prior to applying the second fabric 155. In embodiments in which fabrics 125 and 155 are separate, fabrics 125 and 155 may be the same or a different material. Additionally, fabric 155 may be sized to cover specific areas, such as the center section, of fabric 125.
Once the fabrics have been bonded together, the absorbent composite 195 is collected on rewinder 200.
In a method illustrated in
Following the application of the adhesive, SAP particles 135 are deposited and positioned on the fabric 125. The SAP particles 135 may be deposited directly on fabric 125, as shown in
A second fabric 155 is then fed into the production line from roll 150. The second fabric is positioned to cover the SAP particles 135. The adhesive 145 prevents the SAP particles from moving freely between the two fabrics. The resulting sandwiched construction is then transported to the calendar rolls for thermal bonding. As described with respect to
Notably, multiple functions or advantageous properties are obtained in the absorbent composite by varying the amount of SAP particles, the type and number of fabrics used, and construction variables such as, the ratio of SAP to adhesive, and applying the absorbent composite at various locations in the article. Such manufacturing and design techniques may be incorporated into structural designs and methods of the present disclosure.
Additionally, one skilled in the art understands that the process for constructing a single absorbent composite described above may be modified to produce a multiple, laminated absorbent composite. In structures comprising multiple layers, the layers may be sheets of absorbent composite 195 that are laminated together to form a single structure or alternating layers of fabric and SAP particles 135 that form a single structure. One skilled in the art understands that alternating layers may be achieved by applying adhesive to the top of fabric 155 (
The SAP particles 135 may be coated with a miscible, hydrophobic material. The coating acts as a barrier or membrane that initially slows the liquid uptake, thereby saving SAP capacity for additional or secondary discharges. In this regard, the coating evens out the absorbency rates between discharges. In the processes shown in
In one example, a light coating of mineral oil is applied over the SAP particles 135. The coating retards the initial uptake by the SAP particles and allows more time for the liquid to spread out in the article. Preferably, the mineral oil is applied at a concentration of about 0.00001 grams per gram of SAP to about 0.1 grams per gram of SAP (depending on the particular product design). Alternatively, the mineral oil may be applied in specific target zones. In this way, the received liquid is encouraged to initially spread to uncoated areas before the coated areas are activated and begin to swell.
An absorbent composite manufactured by the above-described process may be used for a disposable absorbent article or as one or more of the components of a disposable absorbent article. The components of an absorbent article include the backsheet, topsheet, absorbent core, containment walls or cuffs (including leg gathers), backsheet/absorbent core composite, topsheet/absorbent composite, and combinations thereof. Such constructions are described below in more detail.
When the diaper 10 is worn about the waist, the front waist region 12 is fitted adjacent the front waist area of the wearer, the back waist region 14 is fitted adjacent the back waist area, and the crotch region 16 fits about and underneath the crotch area. To properly secure the diaper 10 to the wearer, the ears 18 of the back waist region 14 are brought around the waist of the wearer and toward the front and into alignment with the ears 18 of the front waist region 12. The securing surface may be located on or provided by the interior or exterior surface of the front waist region 12. Alternatively, the fasteners 26 may be located on the ears 18 of the front waist region 12 and made securable to the ears 18 of the back waist region 14.
Backsheet
As mentioned above, the diaper 10 employs a backsheet 60 that covers the core 46 and preferably extends beyond the core 46 toward the side edges 90 and end edges 92 of the diaper 10. In one aspect of the invention, the backsheet 60 is constructed from a single-layered material sheet of absorbent composite 195. In such a configuration, fabric 125 is positioned as an outer surface of the backsheet 60.
Additionally, an alternative structure could be used for gel blocking. For an application using gel blocking, a backsheet of the inventive disposable absorbent article is relatively thin and provides improved flexibility. When dry, the backsheet is soft and breathable, but upon wetting, a thin, gel blocked layer is formed (i.e., on the inner surface of the backsheet) which renders the backsheet substantially liquid impervious. The gel blocked layer is formed by the swelling of the SAP particles 135.
Topsheet
Similarly, the absorbent composite 195 may be utilized with or as the topsheet of an absorbent garment. The topsheet 50 is preferably soft, compliant, exhibits good strikethrough and a reduced tendency to rewet from a liquid pervious material. The topsheet 50 is placed in close proximity to the skin of the wearer when the diaper 10 is worn. In this way, such a topsheet 50 permits bodily discharges to rapidly penetrate it so as to flow toward the core 46 more quickly, but not allowing such discharges to flow back through the topsheet 50. The topsheet 50 may be constructed from anyone of a wide range of liquid and vapor permeable hydrophilic materials. The surface(s) of the topsheet may be treated with a surfactant so as to facilitate liquid transfer therethrough, especially at a central zone or area of the topsheet located over the core and an inner surface of the core. The topsheet may also be coated with a substance having rash preventing or rash reducing properties (e.g., aloe vera).
In one example, the topsheet 50 is formed from an absorbent composite 195 that covers substantially the entire area of the disposal absorbent article 10, including substantially all of the front waist region 12, back waist region 14, and crotch region 16. Further, the ear layer of the inner region 18 is formed from the same single topsheet material and, thus, may be referred to as being unitary with the topsheet 50 in forming lateral extensions of the topsheet material. Alternatively, the topsheet 50 may be formed from multiple different materials which vary across the width of the topsheet 50. Such a multiple piece design allows for creation of preferred properties and different zones of the topsheet.
Absorbent Core
In addition to or as an alternative to the above examples, the absorbent core of the disposable absorbent article may be constructed from the absorbent composite 195, laminated layers of absorbent composite 195 (not shown) or multiple layers of SAP particles 135 and fabric.
The core may be configured to extend substantially the full length and/or width of the disposable absorbent article. Preferably, however, the core is disposed or is otherwise concentrated at the crotch region of the article. In various embodiments, the core extends to the edges of the article and the SAP particles 135 are concentrated in the crotch region or another target zone of the article. In still another embodiment, the particles can be a combination of SAP particles, skin care particles such as ion exchange resins, deodorant, anti-microbial agents, binder particles, or other beneficial particles.
Containment Walls
Now turning to
Preferably, the containment walls 34 are equipped with elastic members 38, which extend along a substantial length of the containment walls 34. In a common application, the elastic members 38 are placed within the containment walls 34, preferably at the top of the containment walls 34 while in a stretched condition and the glued to the containment walls at least at their ends. When released or otherwise allowed relaxing, the elastic members 38 retract inwardly. When the article 10 is worn, the elastic members 38 function to contract the containment walls 34 about the buttocks and the thighs of the user in a manner, which effects a seal between the article 10, the buttocks and the thighs. The core 46 may be a single sheet of absorbent composite 195 or multilayered, as described above.
Optional Layers
The disposable absorbent article may employ additional layers including an acquisition layer or surge layer 48, preferably situated between the topsheet and the core (e.g.,
Tape Tabs
The disposable absorbent article must be secured to the wearer. This is most important with respect to diapers since diapers are not pulled up by the wearer, like training pants or incontinent briefs, but are fastened around the wearer. Securing elements compliment the elastic members by effecting a quasi-seal between the wearer and the waistband and leg cuffs, so that liquid is contained within the article which is then absorbed; in other words, so that it does not leak through gaps between the wearer and the edge of the article. The securing elements may be adhesive, mechanical fasteners hook and loop features, or conceivably strings, i.e., anything that will secure one end of the article to the longitudinally opposite end. The securing elements may also be co-adhesive such that they adhere to each other but not other materials.
In the examples shown in the Figures (see, e.g.,
Waistband
Waistbands employing elastic members 52 are positioned along the transverse portion of the article 10 so that when worn, the waistbands are positioned along the waist of the wearer. Generally, the waistband preferably creates a quasi-seal against the waist (transverse elastic members 52) so that liquid waste does not leak from the regions between the waist elastic and the waist of the wearer. The quasi-seal is significant because, although the liquid may be eventually absorbed by filler material, the assault of liquid by the wearer may overwhelm the absorption rate capacity of the filler material. Hence, the waistbands contain the liquid while it is being absorbed. Secondly, the waistbands may have a capacity to absorb liquid (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,601,544, which is hereby incorporated by reference).
Aggregate (and Embossing) Patterns and Material Selection for Fluffless Absorbent Composites
The simplified illustrations of
As described previously, the absorbent performance of the SAP can be affected by the size and structure of the container. As SAP becomes more saturated, its permeability is reduced. Water cannot pass through the SAP particle due to the high level of water already contained within the SAP particle and eventually the SAP can completely halt the passage of further fluid through it. This is known as gel blocking. Also, as SAP becomes more saturated, it swells and its volume increases. By confining the SAP in a small container of fixed volume it is possible to restrict the swelling of the SAP and prevent it from reaching its highest saturation levels (and, by consequence, stop the SAP from reaching its lowest levels of permeability). The degree to which the SAP particle is restricted depends on a number of factors, including: the nature and size of the container, the size and frequency of any breaks in the container (e.g., along the side walls), the amount of SAP disposed in the container, and the amount of fluid absorbed by the SAP. Further, the performance properties of SAP are affected by its degree of saturation. Specifically, absorbent composite properties such as permeability, absorption rate, capillary pressure (arising from the void space in the composite) will vary significantly as the SAP changes from dry to fully saturated. In accordance with a method of the present disclosure, target or optimal performance of the SAP may be achieved by changing the size of the container and/or the SAP concentration so as to physically constrain the swelling of the SAP and limit the maximum saturation point of the SAP. By incorporating these physical features, preferred levels of permeability or a preferred absorption property may be achieved in target regions of the absorbent core. Thus, by playing with the two variables of pocket size and the amount of SAP in the pocket, the minimum permeability of that container or pocket may be “set”. Pockets in some regions of the diaper may be prevented from gel blocking and the permeability of that region of the core may be optimized. A gradient of pocket size may also be established to obtain maximum flow and utilization of the absorbent core. This gradient will be radiate from the target zone towards the ends or sides of the diaper.
The various arrangements of containers or pockets also promote SAP and core utilization and prevent fluid from bypassing the containers. Ideally, fluid should leak or flow from container to container as the SAP reaches the optimum level of saturation which is set either by the properties of the SAP or the volume of the pocket into which it is expanding. Applicants contemplate that, in some of the previously described composites or arrangements of pockets (see
An absorbent core for a baby diaper or adult incontinence product is required to absorb fluid quickly, in an anatomically aligned region of the core, absorb all the fluid without leaking at the sides or ends of the product and hold on to that fluid without wetting the user's skin particularly when under the pressure caused by the user's bodyweight. This present disclosure accomplishes that by providing regions of the core having different performance parameters defined by the size of the containers retaining the SAP, as well as the arrangement of the containers. Thus, a core may be designed to attain optimized performance characteristics by changing the size of the pocket and/or the concentration of SAP within that pocket.
In certain arrangements shown here, design features are combined to provide a core that is less likely to leak, absorbs wetness fast, and provides a dry, comfortable feeling for the user. At the crotch region of the core, the container size and SAP loading are optimized to provide an open structure, with high permeability, resulting in fast acquisition or distribution of fluid away from the point of insult and away from the user's skin. Permeability is maintained even when the SAP is swollen due to the physical constraints of the container restricting further swelling. This allows the liquid to spread more efficiently toward the regions further away from the target zone (crotch area), and contributes to better performance and utilization of the absorbent core. At regions away from the crotch region, such as regions proximate the periphery of the core and beyond, permeability is reduced to slow down the fluid. Absorption capacity is increased by the larger pockets allowing the SAP to swell more fully and hold on to more fluid.
In
However, unlike a diamond shaped pocket, it is not possible to produce a perfectly close packed pattern with circular shaped pockets and the resulting space between the circular pockets could be disposed in a number of ways. It is envisaged that the space between the circular pockets could either be completely embossed (i.e., have large embossed, thermally bonded regions between the pockets), partially embossed or not embossed. The spaces could also contain SAP or be free of SAP.
It should be noted that arrangements and embossed patterns are not limited to employment of diamond shaped pockets or circular shaped pockets. Other shapes are contemplated. Some arrangements may even utilize different pocket shapes within the same pattern.
The following table summarizes the characteristics of the different pocket sizes, assuming the SAP concentration remains uniform throughout the core.
Systems, Method, and Structures for Absorbent Particles Construction and/or Stabilization
In a further variation of providing an absorbent composite according to the present disclosure, one or more of the nonwoven webs employed in previous examples is replaced with a more open structure. Examples of such a nonwoven include, carded PET webs, airthrough bonded nonwovens, resin bonded nonwovens and non-absorbent air-laid structures. Materials known as acquisition and distribution layers (ADL) are included in this list of suitable materials. The resulting structure provides an alternative means for containing absorbent particles and more specifically, within a fibrous network but without using an absorbent matrix of fibers (i.e., without pulp). The structure promotes the distribution of the SAP within a network of fibers provided by the non-woven web layer. This distribution of SAP particles into the more open web provides, among other things, a mechanism for further stabilization of the SAP within the nonwoven simply through entanglement of the particles within the fibrous network.
Stabilization of the SAP prevents movement of the material during processing, storage and use. In exemplary embodiments, the absorbent composite or core may employ the “bulky nonwoven” structure (as in
It should also be noted that the more open nonwoven material can provide additional performance features. These include faster acquisition of fluid and improved dryness (rewet) for the user. Also, the absorbent matrix will feel softer (spongier) than “flat” nonwoven webs, and will provide a more flexible composite. This results in greater comfort for the user and a better fit around the contours of the user's body leading to less chance of leakage.
Referring now to the illustrations in
In further embodiments and in reference to
Further Exemplary Methods and Systems for Making an Absorbent Composite Employing SAP
In a method referred to as profiling, the SAP dosing rate is varied to produce a profiled core. See e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/925,765 for profiled core designs, which document is incorporated by reference and made a part of the disclosure. The profiled core structure provides improved diaper performance by providing more absorbent material in areas of the core where it is needed. The profile may also be achieved by stacking multiple layers of the absorbent composite, but at different lengths (e.g., short top core, full length bottom core). A more efficient solution may be to vary the SAP dosing rate during application of the SAP and align the high SAP dose areas with the crotch area of the diaper when the core is converted in the diaper line. Such a method may be more efficient as it utilizes less nonwoven material than the stacked core. It is also cost effective.
In one embodiment, a powdered hotmelt adhesive is mixed with the SAP to provide additional bonding. The SAP and adhesive mixture is distributed between the two nonwoven webs and the hotmelt adhesive is “activated” by passing the composite through a heating device. Suitable devices include heated rollers, infra-red heater and the like. The adhesive melts and bonds the SAP and nonwovens together. This can also be combined with the patterned embossing/ultrasonic processes to produce pocket patterns as described previously. Typically, the adhesive/SAP is mixed at a ratio of 10 to 100 parts SAP to 1 part adhesive by weight (1-10% adhesive by weight). Too much adhesive will limit the absorption performance of the SAP, while too little adhesive may sacrifice structural integrity. Preferably, the adhesive is applied at a rate of about 1 to 2 particles of adhesive per particle of SAP. The exact rates may be worked out if the average particle size and density of the SAP and adhesive are known.
The absorbent composites described thus far are well suited for manufacturing in both offline and online manufacturing processes. In the offline process, the core machine stands separate to any other process and produces rolls, spools or boxes of festooned material that is then delivered to the diaper converting line. Typically, but not necessarily, the machine associated with the product of
In an offline process depicted in
In an online process, the core forming process is directly coupled to the diaper converting process. The SAP sandwich structure is formed as with the first and second process discussed above, at speeds 3-4 times that of the offline process. The third method may not be suited to the faster online process because of the short dwell time required to heat and activate the thermal binder that is mixed in with the SAP. The offline process is designed to produce a wide material at slower speeds. The material output is then slit into narrower widths to supply several diaper lines. In contrast, the online process is designed to produce a narrow (1-wide) material at higher speeds and supply core material for only one diaper machine at a time.
So, in a preferred embodiment using the offline method according to the third method described above, a small quantity (10% or less) of hot melt particles is mixed in with the SAP. This particle mix is uniformly deposited on substrate A and then, subjected to radiant IR heating to melt the adhesive particles. The second substrate B is then laid on top while the material is still hot. The layers are immediately laminated together using heat embossing with a patterned roll/smooth anvil embossing system. Table 2 below summarizes the process and provides certain parameters of a preferred embodiment.
A coating line manufactured by Santex, Tobel, in Switzerland may provide the SAP scattering technology, IR heating and web handling. See e.g.,
As described above, a laminate of the absorbent composite 910 may be manufactured on-line or off-line. The laminate may be modified to incorporate additional or differential SAP loading (i.e., Profiled Core) as also discussed above. In an off-line process, the composite may be delivered as a wide sheet that is slitted and divided into individual core composite sections.
Now referring to
Referring again to
The absorbent composite also includes a SAP layer 806 positioned above the adhesive layer 822 and in between the bottom nonwoven 818 and a top nonwoven layer 826. In this embodiment, the SAP layer 824 is composed of SAP particles S only, without any form of binder material or matrix. It may be described also as being fluffless or pulpless. The top nonwoven layer 826 is preferably provided by a bulky nonwoven material with fibers that extend toward and laterally entangle some SAP on or near the top surface of the SAP layer 806. The top nonwoven 826 is preferably bonded to the base nonwoven 818 by embossing and more preferably, by point bonding. Bond points 828 define the periphery of the pocket 814 and also, compress the resilient bulky nonwoven 826 at the pocket periphery to present an overall bubble or domed cross section (as shown in
In this preferred construction, the bulky non-woven layer 826 contacts and covers the SAP layer 824 thereby restricting travel of SAP particles S. The bulky non-woven layer 826 is also advantageously positioned as a top layer during manufacturing and product handling, thereby restricting travel or migration of SAP particles even before use. During use of the absorbent article, the bulky non-woven 826 is also advantageously positioned on the bodyside to receive and distribute intake to the SAP layer and beyond.
In this preferred construction, the SAP is organized into discrete, spaced-apart aggregates or clumps 816 of SAP, each of which is maintained in a pocket or container 814 as described previously. The two non-woven layers 818, 826 are bonded at bond sites or, more specifically, at an arrangement of discrete, spaced-apart bond points 828. The bulky non-woven 826 is, therefore, multiply and intermittently secured over the SAP aggregates 816, and helps maintain the SAP aggregates 816 in place. The unique functions and properties imparted on the absorbent composite and absorbent core laminate through use of the bulky nonwoven are described further below.
The exploded view of
In an initial step of the preferred method, a web of nonwoven 818 is conveyed in the conventional manner and then, passed beside an adhesive applicator. The spray adhesive applicator preferably delivers a continuous bead onto the nonwoven 818 in an open adhesive pattern (see
SAP generally falls directly into the desired arrangement as opposed to being first distributed across the web and then moved about the web before forming tighter concentrations on the web (as in alternate embodiments). The SAP generally does not have to travel over adhesive on the web to form the target plurality of SAP aggregates 816. The resulting web is, therefore, composed of a nonwoven base layer 818 with an open adhesive pattern 822 thereon and an arrangement or layer 806 of discrete, spaced apart SAP aggregates 816. The clumps of SAP generally lay on and contact the adhesive, but the open pattern of the adhesive occupies substantially less than the bottom layer of that SAP aggregate contacts. It should be noted, however, that a SAP particle contacting adhesive may be generally immobilized. Another SAP particle positioned adjacent and in contact with such immobilized SAP particle may, in turn, be restricted (in movement) by and at least partly immobilized by that SAP particle (and/or other adjacent SAP particles). Such friction mechanism at least hinders horizontal movement of SAP particles.
As the web of nonwoven-SAP moves forward and away from the vacuum system, the adhesive pattern 822 acts to maintain the desired arrangement and position of SAP aggregates 816. In a subsequent step, a web of a second nonwoven 826 is conveyed toward and then applied over the nonwoven-SAP laminate. See
Next, the web of two nonwovens and SAP aggregates therebetween is passed over to a calendar roll that engages and compresses the web. The calendar roll is equipped with a surface engraving having a pattern that corresponds with the pocket pattern on the web, as described previously.
Thus, in this exemplary embodiment, the preferred SAP laminate construction draws from several structural features to inhibit the migration of SAP particles from the desired arrangement of SAP aggregates during absorbent article product manufacture and post-manufacture handling. First, adhesive is provided on the base non-woven layer and SAP aggregates are laid on the adhesive. The optional adhesive layer is delivered, however, in an open pattern of closed loops that contact only certain bottom layered SAP particles but inhibit travel of SAP particles beyond these contacted SAP articles. The application of the top nonwoven layer over the SAP aggregates augments the minimally-applied adhesive to further restrict movement of the SAP. Advantageously, the SAP layer delivered onto the base nonwoven is pulp-free and free of a matrix or binder, which optimizes the composite's absorption and fluid handling properties. It is also free of adhesive but for the bottom layer of adhesive. Thus, much of the SAP layer, particularly, the middle part of the SAP layer, consists of SAP, although other materials may, in alternative embodiments, be included to impart beneficial properties. The predominance of the SAP-only constituency results in a thinner, softer, more flexible SAP construction, as discussed previously. Also, the large sections of SAP-only constitution, which are adequately maintained in position (inhibiting SAP particle migration), provide improved absorbent properties and fluid handling characteristics.
As a further enhancement, the preferred SAP laminate construction utilizes an arrangement of discrete or intermittent bonding points in conjunction with the laminate construction of
Furthermore, reduced constriction of the bulky nonwoven layer by using the embossing points, rather than longer bond points or solid bond lines, allow for the resilient bulky woven to expand and advantageously receive and distribute fluid intake. Pressure applied by the embossing compresses the bulky nonwoven at the bond point as shown in
The plan view of
Preferably, the diamond shapes are arranged such that the embossing lines or series of bond points are not square with the side margins of the core. The straight lines (SL) that aligned bond sites may present on the surface of the laminate 812 are advantageously oriented at less than a ninety degree angle to the side margins and more preferably, between about 60 degrees and 30 degrees. In this way, the interconnected bonding lines (SL), which can provide a potential fluid pathway (i.e., above the surface as well as in the pockets 814 and along the lines) are longer than a perpendicular line to the side margins 834 (which another pattern may represent). This addresses possible fluid leakage to the side margin 834 and encourages fluid path diversion into non-saturated pockets downstream.
The absorbent core laminate 812 also features SAP free lanes 838 proximate side margins 834 and proximate end margins 836. The steps for delivering SAP and organizing SAP aggregates on the bottom nonwoven layer are designed to leave these regions free of SAP to minimized SAP usage. The regions are later sealed and in the case of the side margins, a curved section may be cut out of the absorbent core laminate 812 to accommodate leg cutouts and/or produce an hourglass shaped core. The absence of SAP in these regions makes for a more flexible and foldable material layers. This also avoids having to cut (or seal) through the relatively harder, stiffer SAP material as may be required in the manufacturing process, thereby promoting cleaner and more precise cuts (and seals). Perhaps, more importantly, this avoids extra wear on cutting blades and maintenance and downtime of manufacturing equipment.
The plan view of
As used herein, diamond shaped pockets mean a pocket having four sides and with two corners preferably mutually aligned with the longitudinal direction and the other two corners with the lateral directions. The pockets are preferably not oriented as rectangles square with the lateral and longitudinal centerlines of the laminate, wherein bond lines make for a “direct” straight line path to the side margins. As used herein, the term “grid” means the geometry established by intersecting lines along the bond sites or embossing line. Further, as used herein in respect to an arrangement or geometry of pockets, “direct” straight line path means one or more bond lines that connect to make for a continuous and unobstructed (not “broken”) path from proximate the longitudinal centerline to the side margins wherein, the path is generally perpendicular to the side margins. Such a direct straight-line path makes for the shortest fluid path to the side margins. For clarity, such straight line paths that are more than thirty degrees deviated from the perpendicular shall be referred to as an indirect straight line path and do not direct straight line paths. Straight line paths that are not so deviated are considered “direct straight” line paths.
It should be noted that other “grids” and other pockets shapes and pocket arrangements may be employed. Some pocket shapes employed will not exhibit any direct or for that matter, any straight line, paths to the side margins. These include some arrangements previously described herein, including arrangement of circle or elliptical shaped pockets.
Profiled Core Composite
In this preferred embodiment, the method of manufacturing an absorbent core includes steps for delivering a profiled core construction. The method is a further version of the method previously described, and in one preferred process, incorporates all of the steps of the previous method. For example, while the earlier method may employ a single SAP applicator, the present method employs a second SAP applicator to augment SAP delivery by the first SAP applicator. The second SAP applicator may be positioned upstream (in front) or downstream of the first applicator. Whereas a nozzle of the first applicator may be sized to cover the width of the target core, the second applicator may be sized to cover a narrowed portion of the core. Further, the second applicator may be programmed for delivery for a specified period that is a fraction of the delivery period of the first applicator. For example, the first applicator may be programmed to continuously deliver to almost the entire width of the SAP core (except for a narrow SAP-free lane at the side margins). The second applicator may be sized and programmed to deliver SAP to a narrower central region and/or for an intermittent period that will correspond to a central region of the core. In exemplary embodiments, the second SAP applicator is positioned downstream of the first SAP applicator thereby delivering a second dose or load of SAP over the SAP first deposited on the web of nonwoven. Thus, the arrangements of SAP aggregates sourced by the second applicator (as well as the first applicator) have a higher SAP loading than other SAP aggregates sourced only by the first applicator.
As before, the preferred process employs suction mechanisms and screens to organize the SAP pockets on the web. Upon delivery, the SAP loads are quickly drawn into the SAP aggregate formation. SAP aggregates sourced by two SAP applicators provide pockets with a thicker and larger SAP layer, than pockets that are not so sourced.
In the preferred arrangement, the dual SAP-loaded pockets are located in a central region where most intake occurs. In further embodiments, the constituents of the two SAP loadings may be varied to achieve a desired mixture or the desired absorbent or fluid handling properties. In yet further embodiments, additional SAP applicators may be employed and strategically located to produce the desired SAP pocket pattern and function.
Use of Bulky Nonwovens
The “bulky” nonwoven referred to herein is, and provides, an open, fibrous network or web of hydrophilic but non-absorbent fibres. Further, as used herein, a bulky nonwoven is a fibrous web material having a thickness of between 100 μm and 10,000 μm (preferably 1,000 μm to 5,000 μm), basis weight between 15 g/m2 and 200 g/m2 (preferably, between 20 g/m2 and 80 g/m2), and density between 0.01 g/cc and 0.3 g/cc (preferably between 0.01- 0.08 g/cc). Moreover, the bulky nonwoven will have an effective pore diameter between 300 μm to 2000 μm. Typically, particles of the SAP selected will have an average particle size of about 300 μm, which ensures some penetration or entanglement between SAP and the selected bulky nonwoven. The tables shown in
Suitable fibres include polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polylactic acid (PLA), polyolefins, copolymers thereof and any combination thereof including bicomponent fibres. The fibres are usually treated with a surface active agent, surfactant, to modify the surface tension of the fibres so that they are hydrophilic.
As described above in respect to
Additionally, the bulky nonwoven with the embossing patterns described also has the following features:
Spray Adhesive
Adhesives can be used to provide additional bonding for the composite and can be used to help secure the SAP on the nonwoven. This is needed during manufacture of the composite, subsequent and further processing of the disposable absorbent article incorporating the composite, and the storage and eventual use of the composite in the absorbent article. Ideally, the adhesive is applied to at least one of the nonwoven webs of the composite or adhesive can be applied to both the upper and lower nonwoven webs.
Suitable adhesives include hotmelt adhesives that are applied by either a slot coat or a spray coat applicator (such as those supplied by Nordson Corporation). In a preferred embodiment, the adhesive is applied by a spray method where continuous beads of hotmelt adhesive are directed by air streams into patterns, such as a spiral pattern or a more random pattern.
To illustrate possible variations of the preferred embodiment,
Referring to
Referring again to
In any event, a narrow region or layer 852 of SAP aggregates is deposited atop the first layer 816, and in the selected central region. The vacuum system may again be employed to direct the deposit of SAP to the target areas. In this way, SAP aggregates of higher concentrations are generated.
Typically, the absorbent core laminate 812 is elongated with a pair of longitudinally-spaced apart end regions 856 and a central region 854 therebetween. The absorbent core laminate is situated between the topsheet and backsheet in what is referred to as a “core envelope” 880. See also cross-sections
The present disclosure is, therefore, well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and the advantages mentioned, as well as others inherent therein. While presently preferred embodiments (in the form of a diaper) have been described, numerous changes to the details of construction, arrangement of the article's parts or components, and the steps to the processes may be made. For example, the various topsheets, backsheet, absorbent core, containment walls and other absorbent composite structures may be utilized in other parts of the article or with other articles other than diapers. Such changes will readily suggest themselves of those skilled in the art and are encompassed within the spirit of invention and in the scope of the appended claims.
Although the present disclosure and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one will readily appreciate from the disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
The present application is a Continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/669,714, filed on Aug. 4, 2017 (now allowed), which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/214,868, filed on Mar. 15, 2014 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,789,014), which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/026,927 filed on Sep. 13, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,566,198), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/801,620, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, which disclosures are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes and made a part of the present disclosure.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220347022 A1 | Nov 2022 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61801620 | Mar 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15669714 | Aug 2017 | US |
| Child | 17749807 | US | |
| Parent | 14214868 | Mar 2014 | US |
| Child | 15669714 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 14026927 | Sep 2013 | US |
| Child | 14214868 | US |
