The present invention is directed to processes of manufacturing and thermal management processes using the manufactured component. More specifically, the present invention is directed to manufacturing processes for forming components that include cooling features formed therein.
Turbine systems are continuously being modified to increase efficiency and decrease cost. One method for increasing the efficiency of a turbine system includes increasing the operating temperature of the turbine system. To increase the temperature, the turbine system must be constructed of materials able to withstand elevated temperatures during continued use.
In addition to modifying component materials and coatings, one common method of increasing temperature capability of a turbine component includes the use of cooling channels. The cooling channels are often incorporated into metals and alloys used in high temperature regions of gas turbines. Manufacturing cooling channels in components can be difficult and time-consuming. One technique includes casting the channels in the components using complex molds. The complex molds are often difficult to position relative to the component surface near the hot gas path where cooling is required. Another technique includes machining the channels into components after casting, which then requires closing the open channels off at the surface of the component by welding or brazing insert and impingement plates to the surface. The final component is then coated using thermal spraying. Closing the cooling channels can often inadvertently fill the cooling channels blocking the flow of cooling fluids, such as air from a compressor section of a gas turbine.
Selective laser melting (or three-dimensional printing) is a relatively inexpensive process capable of manufacturing difficult to fabricate components. However, components printed by selective laser melting do not have the same temperature capability as cast high temperature superalloy materials. Thus, use in high temperature environments has been perceived as ill-advised.
A method of forming a component and a thermal management process that do not suffer from one or more of the above drawbacks would be desirable in the art.
According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of forming a component is provided. The method includes forming at least one portion of the component, printing a cooling member of the component, and attaching the at least one portion to the cooling member of the component. The cooling member includes at least one cooling feature. The at least one cooling feature includes a cooling channel adjacent to a surface of the component, wherein printing allows for near-net shape geometry of the cooling member with the at least one cooling channel being located within a range of about 127 micrometers (0.005 inches) to about 762 micrometers (0.030 inches) from the surface of the component.
According to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of thermal management of a component is provided. The method includes forming at least one portion of the component, printing a cooling member of the component, attaching the at least one portion to the cooling member of the component, and transporting a fluid through at least one fluid pathway defined by the at least one cooling channel within the component to cool the component. The cooling member includes at least one cooling feature. The at least one cooling feature includes at least one cooling channel adjacent to a surface of the component. Printing allows for near-net shape geometry of the cooling member with the at least one cooling channel being located within a range of about 127 micrometers (0.005 inches) to about 762 micrometers (0.030 inches) from the surface of the component. The cooling channel defines a fluid pathway through which the fluid is transported.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.
Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to represent the same parts.
Provided is a manufacturing process and a thermal management process using the manufactured component. Embodiments of the present disclosure, in comparison to processes and articles that do not include one or more of the features disclosed herein, provide additional cooling and heating, permit cooling in new regions, permit cooling with new materials, permit cooler and/or hotter streams to be directed from flow within turbine components, permit the useful life of turbine components to be extended, permit turbine systems using embodiments of the turbine components to be more efficient, permit turbine components to be manufactured more easily, permit manufacturing of cooling features that previously could not be made, permit manufacturing of components that otherwise cannot be made using traditional manufacturing processes, permit hybrid material construction of turbine components or a combination thereof.
One or more specific embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present invention, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.
The term “printing” refers to a three-dimensional printing process. Examples of three-dimensional printing processes include, but are not limited to, the processes known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as Direct Metal Laser Melting (“DMLM”), Direct Metal Laser Sintering (“DMLS”), Selective Laser Sintering (“SLS”), Selective Laser Melting (“SLM”), and Electron Beam Melting (“EBM”). As used herein, the term “three-dimensional printing process” refers to the processes described above as well as other suitable current or future processes that include the build-up of materials layer by layer.
Referring to
To manufacture component 100, at least one portion 110 is formed. Suitable methods for forming at least one portion 110 include casting or printing. In one embodiment, at least one portion 110 is formed using traditional manufacturing methods, such as, but not limited to casting. At least one portion 110 may be cast using molds to form the desired shape using desired materials to provide desired strength and thermal characteristics.
Printing cooling member 120 or at least one portion 110 may include using three-dimensional printing to form at least one cooling feature 122 (see
Three-dimensional printing may use atomized powders that are thermoplastic, metal, metallic, ceramic, other suitable materials, or a combination thereof. Suitable materials for the atomized powder include, but are not limited to, stainless steel, tool steel, cobalt chrome, titanium, aluminum, alloys thereof, nickel based superalloys, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the material for the atomized powder corresponds with material for an alloy suitable for the hot-gas path of a turbine system. The material for cooling member 120 may be the same or different than material chosen for portion 110. At least one portion 110 may be selected from a first material and cooling member 120 may be selected from a second material. In one embodiment, the first material may be different than the second material. Alternatively, the first material may be the same as the second material. Suitable examples of first material for at least one portion 110, include, but are not limited to, nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, gold, silver, stainless steel, alloys thereof, nickel based superalloys, cobalt superalloys, or combinations thereof. Suitable examples of second material for cooling member 120, include, but are not limited to, nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, gold, silver, stainless steel, alloys thereof, nickel based superalloys, cobalt superalloys, or combinations thereof. Suitable examples of commercially available materials, include, but are not limited to, Co—Cr (70Co, 27Cr, 3Mo), Stainless Steel 316, INCONEL® alloy 625 and INCONEL® alloy 718, INCONEL® alloy 738 (INCONEL® being available from Special Metals Corporation, Princeton, Ky.), GTD-222® (a trademark of General Electric Company), Haynes® 282® alloy (available from Haynes International, Kokomo, Ind.), UDIMET® alloy 500 (being available from Special Metals Corporation, Princeton, Ky.). In one embodiment, material for cooling member 120 may be chosen so as to have a higher thermal conductivity than the material from which at least one portion 110 is formed thereby enabling increased efficiency and requiring less fluid to be used to alter the temperature of surface 322 of component 100.
One example of a three-dimensional printing process is selective laser melting which uses a predetermined design file or two-dimensional slices of a three-dimensional file, for example, from a computer-aided design program. The thickness of the two-dimensional slices determines the resolution of the selective laser melting. For example, when the two-dimensional slices are 20 micrometers thick, the resolution will be greater than when the two-dimensional slices are 100 micrometers thick for the printing of a predetermined component, such as, the cooling member 120. In one embodiment, cooling member 120 or at least one portion 110 formed from the printing is near-net-shape and includes a plurality of cooling features 122 such as at least one cooling cavity 490, 590 and a plurality of cooling channels 130 formed therein. As shown in
In one embodiment, as shown in
As shown in
Referring to
Using three-dimensional printing to form at least one cooling channel 130 in cooling member 120 or at least one portion 110 reduces manufacturing steps and saves time and resources because cooling channels do not need to be drilled into the surface of component. Printing cooling member 120 or at least one portion 110 with cooling channels 130 formed therein also reduces manufacturing steps and time and resources because open cooling channels do not need to be closed using insert plates. The three-dimensional printing processes also allows the geometry (length, width, height, and depth) of the cooling channels 130 and at least one fluid pathway 360 therein to be varied along the length of cooling channel 130 within cooling member 120. For example, cooling channel 130 may constrict or narrow in some areas or widen in other areas to match the cooling or heating local demands of component 100. Cooling channel 130 dimensions may be changed as necessary and the dimensions do not need to be constant from one end to another. In one embodiment, cooling channel 130 may be a semi-circle having a width and depth of about 254 micrometers (0.010 inches) to about 2540 micrometers (0,100 inches) or alternatively about 762 micrometers (0.030 inches) to about 1524 micrometers (0.060 inches).
In one embodiment, prior to joining cooling member 120 to at least one portion 110, an optional step of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and/or solution heat-treating is performed to strengthen the printed cooling member 120 or at least one portion 110. During HIP operation, internal defects such as porosity and microfissures are closed or healed due to the temperature and applied pressure. During solution heat treatment, all deleterious precipitates are put into solution in the material matrix thereby providing the best properties. These heat treatments change the grain structure through formation of new grains ultimately strengthening the printed cooling member 120.
As shown in
Transporting a fluid through at least one fluid pathway 360 defined by at least one cooling channel 130 within the component alters, cools, or heats surface 322 of component 100. The changes in geometry may be designed so as to maximize or minimize the alteration of temperature at any particular location along the length of at least one cooling channel 130 in component 100. The changes in geometry may enable highly specific manipulation of the thermal characteristics of surface 322 by at least one cooling channel 130. The geometry changes may enable the modification of thermal management properties of a component design with minimized cost and time compared to methods and articles that do not include one or more of the features disclosed herein.
Referring to
Also provided is a method of thermal management. The method includes forming at least one portion 110 of component 100 (see
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.