Patent Application
20080131737
This application is based on, and claims priority to, Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-292757, filed on Oct. 27, 2006, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
A. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a perpendicular magnetic recording medium, a method of manufacturing a substrate for a perpendicular magnetic recording medium, and a medium and a substrate manufactured by the method.
B. Description of the Related Art
A perpendicular magnetic recording system has been practically applied to achieve high density magnetic recording medium in place of a conventional longitudinal magnetic recording system.
In a conventional longitudinal magnetic recording medium, texture processing is done to facilitate alignment of magnetization in circumferential direction and prevent a magnetic head from adhering to the surface of a magnetic recording medium. The texture processing gives fine streaks in the circumferential direction on a Ni—P plating layer of a nonmagnetic substrate. The texture processing is normally carried out by pressing a polishing tape against the rotating nonmagnetic substrate having a Ni—P plating layer while supplying a slurry of abrasive material.
In a perpendicular magnetic recording system, in which magnetization is aligned vertically, texture traces in the circumferential direction align magnetization in that direction and may inhibit the medium from achieving the low noise performance that is required by magnetic recording. It generally is known in a perpendicular magnetic recording system that higher accuracy in flatness of a substrate surface results in less magnetic noise and better vertical alignment of magnetization. Accordingly, it has been proposed in a series of steps of manufacturing a magnetic recording medium to implement a polishing step on the surface of a nonmagnetic substrate having a Ni—P plating layer composing a magnetic recording medium to achieve a flat surface with high accuracy, while omitting the texturing step in a circumferential direction, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-216465 and 2005-149603, for example.
When the texturing step is omitted in the series of steps of manufacturing a magnetic recording medium, and the polishing step is carried out to obtain a flat surface with high accuracy on the surface of a nonmagnetic substrate having a Ni—P plating layer, the probability of contact increases between the magnetic head and the recording plane of the magnetic recording medium which leads to a degradation in reliability, because of the lack of the texturing step that would have prevented the magnetic head from adhering to the recording plane of the magnetic recording medium. Meanwhile, flying height of a magnetic head has decreased recently in conjunction with enhancement of recording density of a magnetic recording medium. A recording plane of such a magnetic recording medium may suffer from head crash due to abnormal protrusions that may be formed by the polishing step. The head crash damages the recording plane of the magnetic recording medium. On a recording plane of a magnetic recording medium of a perpendicular magnetic recording system that is not processed by texturing, minute protrusions may be formed, which do not lead to head crash, but cause various types of noises during read/write of information by the magnetic head.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-353177, for example, proposes a method for solving this problem and stabilizing the flying characteristic of a magnetic head. According to this document, after polishing the surface of a soft magnetic underlayer, fine streaks of irregularities are formed in the circumferential direction on the smoothed surface of the soft magnetic underlayer. In this method, fine streaks of irregularities in the radial direction are first formed on the surface of a nonmagnetic substrate composing a magnetic recording medium. Then, a soft magnetic underlayer is formed on this surface by an electroless plating method or the like. Next, the surface of the soft magnetic underlayer is smoothed by polishing. Subsequently on the smoothed surface of the soft magnetic underlayer, the fine streaks of irregularities are formed in the circumferential direction.
In a series of steps of manufacturing a conventional recording medium of a longitudinal magnetic recording system, the purposes of the texture processing include enhancing magnetization alignment in the circumferential direction and preventing a magnetic head from adhering to the surface of the magnetic recording medium. The texture processing for those purposes gives fine streaks in the circumferential direction on a Ni—P plating layer of the nonmagnetic substrate, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-49159. The fine streaks in the circumferential direction are formed by pressing a polishing tape against the rotating nonmagnetic substrate having a Ni—P plating layer while supplying a slurry of abrasive material. If cases where the texture processing generates protrusions or burrs, a means for suppressing these faults has been proposed, which uses a slurry containing abrasive material, organic acid, and water. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-173517 proposes a texture processing that polishes a nonmagnetic substrate, after polishing the substrate surface, using a foamed polyurethane tape and a slurry containing abrasive grains of colloidal silica (having a mean grain diameter in the range of 0.03 to 0.5 μm and a concentration in the range of 3 to 30 wt %) and an additive such as carboxylic acid.
In a series of steps of manufacturing a perpendicular magnetic recording medium, that is, a magnetic recording medium in a perpendicular magnetic recording system, when a polishing step is employed for smoothing the surface of the underlayer of Ni—P alloy without doing texture processing, and fine streaks of irregularities in the circumferential direction are formed on the smoothed surface of the underlayer, an additional step must be done to remove remaining particles (scraped dust), which are abnormal protrusions that can be formed in the polishing step. The polishing step, which leaves a random surface configuration, further involves problems in the flying of the magnetic head
The present invention is directed to overcoming or at least reducing the effects of one or more of the problems set forth above.
In view of the above problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of manufacturing a perpendicular magnetic recording medium and a method of manufacturing a substrate for a perpendicular magnetic recording medium, in which abnormal protrusions on an underlayer composed of a Ni—P alloy are automatically eliminated while assuring a flat surface with high accuracy on the underlayer, and appropriate texture traces are formed that do not produce an adverse effect on the magnetization alignment in the perpendicular magnetic recording medium and facilitate magnetization alignment in the vertical direction.
To achieve the above object, a method of manufacturing a perpendicular magnetic recording medium and a method of manufacturing a substrate for the medium comprises a texturing process in which a plurality of grooves are formed on an underlayer made of a Ni—P alloy of a substrate having the underlayer using a first polishing tape made of nonwoven fabric while supplying a first slurry containing a surfactant and a first abrasive material; and a step of texture polishing in which a surface of the underlayer processed by the texturing process is polished to such a surface roughness that leaves texture traces promoting magnetization alignment in a vertical direction, using a second polishing tape made of a porous material while supplying a second slurry containing an organic acid and a second abrasive material having a grain diameter smaller than a mean diameter of perforations of the second polishing tape.
A perpendicular magnetic recording medium and a substrate for the medium of the invention are manufactured by the methods as stated above.
As described above, in the method of manufacturing a perpendicular magnetic recording medium and in the method of manufacturing a substrate for a perpendicular magnetic recording medium according to the invention, a texture polishing is carried out in which the surface of the underlayer made of a Ni—P alloy that has been processed by a preceding step of texturing process is polished to such a surface roughness that leaves texture traces promoting magnetization alignment in the vertical direction, using a second polishing tape made of a porous material while supplying a second slurry containing an organic acid and a second abrasive material having a grain diameter smaller than a mean diameter of perforations of the second polishing tape. By virtue of this featured constitution of the invention, abnormal protrusions on the underlayer are automatically eliminated while maintaining a flat surface with a high accuracy on the underlayer, and appropriate texture traces remains to promote magnetization alignment in the vertical direction in a perpendicular magnetic recording medium without adversely affecting the magnetization alignment.
The foregoing advantages and features of the invention will become apparent upon reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings, of which:
Nonmagnetic base plate 2 is preferably a disk having a through hole in the center. An aspect of embodiment of a substrate for a perpendicular magnetic recording medium according to the invention is disk-shaped substrate 22 including nonmagnetic base plate 2 and underlayer 6 of Ni—P alloy provided on nonmagnetic base plate 2.
Nonmagnetic base plate 2 is made of a nonmagnetic material, for example, an aluminum alloy. Useful nonmagnetic materials other than the aluminum alloy include strengthened glass, crystallized glass, polycarbonate, polyolefin, and other plastic resins. Nonmagnetic base plate 2 can be manufactured from such plastic resins by injection molding.
Pretreatment layer 4 formed on the surface of nonmagnetic base plate 2 of aluminum alloy is a zinc film formed by dipping in zincate solution (a liquid containing zinc oxide and caustic soda solution). When a pretreatment layer is formed on a nonmagnetic base plate made of strengthened glass, crystallized glass, or plastics, it generally is treated for activation. In this process, palladium nuclei are precipitated on the surface of the base plate by sequentially dipping in tin chloride acidic solution with hydrochloric acid and palladium chloride acidic solution with hydrochloric acid. Physical evaporation techniques such as sputtering and ion plating can also be used to form a film of Ni, Ni—P, Cu, Cr, Fe, or Pd.
Underlayer 6 laminated on pretreatment layer 4 is composed of a nonmagnetic or soft magnetic N-P alloy and is laminated by principally an electroless plating method. An electroless plating layer of Ni—P alloy is substantially nonmagnetic in a phosphorus concentration higher than about 10 wt % and exhibits soft magnetic property in the lower phosphorus concentration. Underlayer 6 composed of a soft magnetic Ni—P alloy can be used as at least a part of a soft magnetic backing layer of a perpendicular magnetic recording medium as shown in
Nonmagnetic seed layer 8 is formed, on underlayer 6, of a material that favorably controls crystal alignment and grain size of perpendicular magnetic recording layer 12 that is described later. Preferable materials in the case of perpendicular magnetic recording layer 12 composed of a magnetization film of a lamination of cobalt alloy and platinum in particular include Ti, Ru, Re, Os and alloys of these elements.
Perpendicular magnetic recording layer 12 can be formed of any material that performs recording and reproduction in a perpendicular magnetic recording medium. The examples include cobalt alloy and platinum. Preferable materials are a material having a granular structure consisting of a CoCrPt alloy and an oxide of silicon or titanium, and a material having a lamination structure of multiple layers of cobalt layers and platinum or palladium layers.
Protective layer 14 can be a thin film of mainly carbon. On protective layer 14, a liquid lubricant layer (not shown in the figure) is preferably formed by applying a liquid lubricant such as perfluoropolyether.
Nonmagnetic seed layer 8, perpendicular magnetic recording layer 12, and protective layer 14 can be formed by any thin film formation method selected from a sputtering method, a CVD method, a vacuum evaporation method, a plating method and the like. In the case of underlayer 6 of a nonmagnetic Ni—P alloy, soft magnetic backing layer 7 (
Referring to
In the step of Ni—P plating S1, when nonmagnetic base plate 2 is an aluminum alloy base plate, the surface of nonmagnetic base plate 2 cut in a disk shape is first cleaned by alkali rinsing and acid etching. Cleaned nonmagnetic base plate 2 is then dipped in zincate solution, thereby forming pretreatment layer 4 of a zinc film having a predetermined thickness. In the case of nonmagnetic base plate 2 of glass or silicon, pretreatment layer 4 of an activation treatment layer is formed in which palladium nuclei are formed on the surface of the base plate by sequentially dipping in a tin chloride acidic solution with hydrochloric acid and a palladium chloride acidic solution with hydrochloric acid. Alternatively, a pretreatment layer 4 of Ni, Ni—P, Cu, Cr, Fe, or Pd is formed by means of a physical evaporation method such as a sputtering method or an ion plating method. Following this, underlayer 6 is formed on pretreatment layer 4 of nonmagnetic base plate 2 by Ni—P electroless plating.
In the step of annealing S2, a heat treatment is performed on nonmagnetic base plate 2 having underlayer 6, i.e., on substrate 22, at a temperature in a predetermined range and for a predetermined period.
Polishing processing is done on the surface of underlayer 6 to smooth the surface.
Step of Texturing Process S41
In the step of texturing process S41, texture processing is done on the surface of underlayer 6 of substrate 22. The texture processing is carried out using a texture processing apparatus shown in
The texture processing apparatus comprises: chuck mechanism 24 detachably holding substrate 22 that has a hole in the center and an underlayer formed thereon, rotary driving device 26 rotating chuck mechanism 24 together with substrate 22 connected to chuck mechanism 24, tape polishing mechanisms 28A and 28B that press a part of polishing tape 34 against both surfaces of substrate 22 that are to be polished and carry out polishing, tape polishing mechanism shifting devices 30A and 30B that bring tape polishing mechanisms 28A and 28B together or apart along the center line of chuck mechanism 24, oscillation device 32 that oscillates tape polishing mechanisms 28A and 28B simultaneously in the radial direction of substrate 22, and slurry supply sections 42A and 42B that supply slurry to the surface of substrate 22 to be processed.
Chuck mechanism 24 disposed along the common central axis with the through hole of substrate 22 holds substrate 22 so that the central axis crosses the flat surface of substrate 22 nearly at right angle. Rotary driving device 26 is a drive motor, for example, and rotates substrate 22 and chuck mechanism 24 at a rotating speed in the range of 50 to 500 rpm.
Tape polishing mechanisms 28A and 28B oppose each other with substrate 22 being interposed between them, and have the same structure. So, description is made of tape polishing mechanism 28A only, and a description of tape polishing mechanism 28 B is omitted.
Tape polishing mechanism 28A comprises feed roller 40c feeding polishing tape 34 (described later), wind roller 40b winding polishing tape 34, press roller 40a pressing a part of continuously fed polishing tape 34 against the surface of substrate 22 to be processed, and tension rollers 40d which provide tension force on the part of polishing tape 34 that hangs between press roller 40a and feed roller 40c and the part of polishing tape 34 that hangs between press roller 40a and wind roller 40b.
Polishing tape 34 is a nonwoven type processed fabric. The width of polishing tape 34 preferably covers the entire width in the radial direction of the surface of substrate 22 to be processed.
Wind roller 40b is connected to an output shaft of a drive motor (not shown in the figures). By operation of the drive motor, polishing tape 34 fed from feed roller 40c is moved in the direction of the arrows in
Slurry supply sections 42A and 42B are arranged in tape polishing mechanism 28A and 28B with the tips of the slurry supply sections opposing the surfaces of substrate 22 to be processed. Accordingly, slurry supply sections 42A and 42B are arranged opposite each other with substrate 22 therebetween, as shown in the enlarged drawing of
In texture processing, tape polishing mechanisms 28A and 28B are first moved from a waiting position separated from the surface of substrate 22 to be processed, as indicated by the two-dot chain line in
As a result, a predetermined multiplicity of grooves is formed in a nearly circumferential direction on underlayer 6 which is the surface of substrate 22 that is being processed. After completion of the texture processing on the whole processed surface of substrate 22, the slurry supply from slurry supply sections 42A and 42B is stopped.
Tape polishing mechanisms 28A and 28B cease operation and are returned to the waiting position in which they are separated from the processed surface of the substrate by tape polishing mechanism transfer devices 30A and 30B.
A Step of Texture Polishing S42
In the subsequent step of texture polishing S42 in
Polishing tape 36 is made of a porous material, for example, a urethane foam pad, as shown in the enlarged view of
Usable slurry contains at least abrasive material 38 and an organic acid. Abrasive material 38 is preferably single crystal or polycrystalline diamond or colloidal silica having a grain diameter smaller than the mean diameter Da of perforations of polishing tape 36. The organic acid is citric acid, for example. The organic acid can also be selected from maleic acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, succinic acid, formic acid, a mixture of these acids, and a mixture of the mixed acid and a surfactant.
This processing of texture polishing forms an appropriate texture trace on the surface of underlayer 6 of substrate 22. A surface roughness (arithmetic mean roughness) Ra of the resulting underlayer 6 of substrate 22 should be no larger than 0.5 nm (5 Å), and more preferably is in a range of 0.05 nm to 0.2 nm.
Subsequently, after cleaning and drying (not shown in
Finally, a liquid lubricant layer is applied and formed on protective layer 14 in the step of liquid lubricant application S6. Thus, perpendicular magnetic recording medium 10 is obtained.
Manufacturing a Substrate
A disk of 3.5 inch diameter of an Al-5 wt % Mg alloy was prepared for nonmagnetic base plate 2. After cleaning the surface by alkali cleaning and acid etching, zincate (substitution zinc plating) was made for a pretreatment layer of electroless Ni—P plating. Then, a nonmagnetic underlayer of Ni—P alloy with a thickness of about 13 μm was formed using a commercially available electroless Ni—P plating solution for hard disk substrates (Nimuden HDX manufactured by C. Uyemura & Co., Ltd.) in a plating bath controlled at a Ni concentration of 6.0±0.1 g/L, pH 4.5+0.1, and liquid temperature 92±1° C. The average phosphorus concentration of the nonmagnetic Ni—P plating film was 12 wt %. Then, annealing was done at 250° C. for 30 minutes and polished to smooth the surface.
Then, texture processing was carried out according to the step of texturing process S41 as described previously using a polishing tape of nonwoven fabric of nylon with a width of about 4 cm and slurry containing about 0.1 wt % of polycrystalline diamond with a mean grain diameter of 0.05 μm and a coolant material. The conditions in the texture processing were a rotating speed of the disk substrate of 400 rpm, a press roller made of nitrile rubber with a hardness of 50 duro, and a pressure on the polishing tape of 1.5 kgf/cm2. The winding speed of the polishing tape was 35 mm/min, the oscillation frequency was 5 Hz, oscillation amplitude was 1 mm, and the slurry supply rate was 20 mL/min. The time for the texture processing was 20 seconds for a disk including simultaneous processing on both front and back surfaces. Arithmetic mean roughness Ra was measured on the surface of the obtained disk substrate having texture traces, resulting in Ra of 0.15 nm.
Then processing of texture polishing was done on substrate 22 varying polishing time and type of slurry according to the step of texture polishing S42 as described previously to obtain several substrates 22. The conditions in the texture polishing were a rotating speed of the disk substrate of 400 rpm, a press roller made of nitrile rubber with a hardness of 50 duro, and a pressure on the polishing tape of 1.5 kgf/cm2. The winding speed of the polishing tape was 35 mm/min, the oscillation frequency was 5 Hz, oscillation amplitude was 1 mm, and the slurry supply rate was 20 mL/min.
Evaluation 1: Surface Roughness of the Substrate (Ra Values Obtained by AFM)
The characteristic line L1 was obtained on substrates 22 of comparative examples that were polished using slurry of citric acid (3% solution) only; the characteristic line L2 was obtained on substrates 22 of embodiment examples that were polished using slurry additionally containing 0.2 wt % of polycrystalline diamond (mean grain diameter of 0.05 μm) in the citric acid solution. The Ra values were obtained using results of surface configuration measurement by means of an atomic force microscope (AFM) over a surface area of 10 μm square and in conformity with the arithmetic mean roughness Ra specified in Japanese Industrial Standards JIS B0601.
As shown by the characteristic line L1 and the characteristic line L2 in
Perpendicular magnetic recording media 10 as shown in
Substrate 22 after completion of the steps up to texture polishing S42 was cleaned and dried, and introduced into a sputtering apparatus, and a CoZrNb amorphous soft magnetic backing layer 7 was deposited to a thickness of 160 nm using a target of Co3Zr5Nb (the numeral represents content of the element after the numeral in at %; representing 3 at % of zirconium, 5 at % of niobium, and the remainder of cobalt; applicable hereinafter). Then, a CoNiFe soft magnetic seed layer 6 nm thick (not shown in the figure) was deposited using a target of Co35Ni4Fe. Subsequently, a Ru nonmagnetic seed layer 8 was deposited to a thickness of 10 nm using a Ru target under an argon gas pressure of 4.0 Pa. Subsequently, perpendicular magnetic recording layer 12 of CoCrPt—SiO2 10 nm thick was deposited under a gas pressure of 5.3 Pa using a target of 90 mol % (Co12Cr14Pt)—10 mol % (SiO2). Finally, protective layer 14 of carbon 7 nm thick was deposited using a target of carbon, and extracted from the vacuum chamber. Deposition of the layers except for the Ru nonmagnetic seed layer 8 and the perpendicular magnetic recording layer 12 of CoCrPt—SiO2 was carried out under an argon gas pressure of 0.67 Pa. Perpendicular magnetic recording layer 12 of CoCrPt—SiO2 was formed by means of an RF magnetron sputtering method; and other layers were formed by means of a DC magnetron sputtering method. After that, a liquid lubricant layer 2 nm thick was formed of perfluoropolyether by a dipping method. Thus, perpendicular magnetic recording medium 10 was manufactured.
Evaluation 2: Noise Performance of Magnetic Recording Media
As is apparent from the graph L1 and graph L2 in
A comparative study was done by the inventors on the effect of the type of slurry replacing the slurry of a citric solution containing 0.2 wt % of polycrystalline diamond (having a mean grain diameter of 0.05 μm) by a slurry containing colloidal silica in place of the polycrystalline diamond.
The abrasive grains of colloidal silica used in the replacement slurry were a mixture of a colloidal silica with a grain diameter of 40 nm and a colloidal silica with a grain diameter of 10 nm in the proportion of 80% to 20%. Acid in the slurry was maleic acid. Other conditions were the same as in the example of
Substrates 22 studied in this experiment were subjected to four types of different processing: A, B, C, and D processing. The A processing includes a conventional longitudinal texturing processing done twice, which uses a nonwoven fabric and a slurry containing cluster diamond and a coolant material. The B processing includes the conventional longitudinal texture processing performed once and a following polishing processing using polishing tape 36 (of the urethane foam pad), abrasive grains of minute polycrystalline diamond, and a coolant material for slurry. The C processing includes the conventional longitudinal texture processing once and a following polishing processing using polishing tape 36, the abrasive grains of minute polycrystalline diamond, and the slurry using 3% citric acid. The D processing includes the conventional longitudinal texture processing once followed by twice polishing using polishing tape 36, the abrasive grains of colloidal silica, and the slurry using 3% citric acid, the processing being carried out by means of the texture processing apparatus.
It has been confirmed in the study by the inventors that the A processing, which is a comparative example, generated a surface configuration having large arithmetic mean roughness Ra and sharp texture traces, which are not suited for perpendicular magnetic recording media but are suited for longitudinal (in-plane) magnetic recording media. The B processing, which is a comparative example, has also been confirmed to generate a surface configuration having rather low arithmetic mean roughness Ra, but leaving sharp texture traces, which tends to produce in-plane alignment of magnetization.
The C processing and the D processing, which are embodiment examples according to the invention, have been confirmed to produce a surface configuration achieving a low arithmetic mean roughness Ra and eliminating a sharp texture trace, and thus are favorable for perpendicular magnetic recording media.
The values of arithmetic mean roughness Ra were 0.262 nm and 0.230 nm in substrates 22 of comparative examples processed by A processing (shown in
Evaluation 3: Surface Roughness of Substrates (AFM Observation)
As is apparent from
Evaluation 4: Evaluation of Touch-Down Height of a Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Medium
Touch-down height is used in some cases for evaluating a recording density of a magnetic recording medium and presence of abnormal protrusions on a substrate surface. Touch-down height is a height at which a test head first comes in contact with the magnetic recording medium when the rotating speed of the medium is gradually decreased while the test head flies over the medium.
Touch-down height was measured by a testing machine (RQ7800 manufactured by Hitachi DECO Company). The testing machine has a collision signal generator that is attached on the test head and generates a voltage on collision with the test piece. The test head is set at a predetermined radial position of the magnetic recording medium. Variation of the voltage is measured during the rotating speed of the medium is gradually decreased. The flying height of the magnetic head has been measured in advance as a function of the rotating speed of the medium by an instrument for measuring a flying height of the test head. Consequently, the flying height of the test head can be obtained from a rotating speed value.
Concerning the relationship between the flying height of a magnetic head and the recording density of a magnetic recording medium, a relationship is applicable that the higher recording density needs the lower flying height of a magnetic head. Accordingly, a recording density can be evaluated by measuring the touch-down height as described above. It can be considered that the lower touch-down height means possibility of the higher recording density.
When the abnormal protrusions such as particles are present on the substrate surface, the touch-down height is high because of collision of the abnormal protrusions on the test head. Therefore, presence of abnormal protrusions can also be evaluated by measuring touch-down height.
Accordingly, measurement of touch-down height was carried out on the perpendicular magnetic recording media of the comparative experimental examples studies by the inventors.
In each of the
As is clearly shown by the characteristic lines of L1, L2, and L3 in
The results demonstrate that crash due to flaws and adhesion of a magnetic head on a recording plane of a magnetic recording medium are prevented because the step of texturing process S41 eliminates the flaws on Ni—P plating layer (underlayer) 6 generated in the step of polishing S3, and further, the following step of texture polishing S42 using the acid eliminates abnormal protrusions to form a plane having appropriate texture traces in the circumferential direction. Therefore, magnetization alignment in the vertical direction is possible while maintaining good flying performance. By making texture traces with an arithmetic mean roughness Ra of at most 0.5 nm (5 Å), preferably in the range of 0.05 nm to 0.2 nm, on substrate 22, a perpendicular magnetic recording medium can be provided that exhibits higher recording density than conventional one and improved flying performance.
Thus, a method of manufacturing a perpendicular magnetic recording medium, a method of manufacturing a substrate for a perpendicular magnetic recording medium, and a medium and a substrate manufactured by the methods have been described according to the present invention. Many modifications and variations may be made to the techniques and structures described and illustrated herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that the methods and media described herein are illustrative only and are not limiting upon the scope of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006-292757 | Oct 2006 | JP | national |
