Patent Application
20110147667
The present invention relates to a method of operating a ruthenium catalyst reactor, including steps of: supplying hydrocarbon gas, steam and oxygen-containing gas to a reaction container having a ruthenium catalyst therein, allowing a partial oxidation reaction to proceed in the presence of the ruthenium catalyst, and producing synthetic gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
Synthetic gas, mainly containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide both obtained from natural gas containing methane as main component, has been an important industrial material and used as raw material for methanol production, ammonia production, oxo synthesis, or the like. In production of hydrocarbon fuel, such as GTL (gas to liquids) and DME (dimethyl ether) synthesis which have recently drawn attention as environment-friendly fuel, a common production method includes steps of once converting natural gas as raw material into such synthetic gas and performing GTL or the synthesis of DME.
There are various methods for producing synthetic gas from natural gas, and four basic methods include a steam reforming process, a partial combustion process, an autothermal reforming, and a catalytic partial oxidation process. Among these, the catalytic partial oxidation process, which is related to the present invention, is a process in which a hydrocarbon material (e.g., natural gas), steam, and oxygen-containing gas (e.g., air and pure oxygen) are supplied to a reaction container having a catalyst therein, and a partial oxidation reaction of hydrocarbon is advanced in the presence of the catalyst. As one example of the catalytic reactor for such a partial oxidation reaction, there can be mentioned a vertical reaction tube disclosed in Patent Document 1.
In addition, for the catalytic partial oxidation process, for example, there has been known a process in which natural gas, steam and oxygen are supplied to a reaction container having a ruthenium catalyst therein, and the partial oxidation reaction is allowed to proceed in the presence of the ruthenium catalyst to thereby obtain synthetic gas (see, for example, Patent Document 2).
A partial oxidation reaction of methane in the presence of the catalyst advances chiefly with the following reactions (1)-(4):
CH4+1/2O2-->2H2+CO (1)
CH4+2O2-->CO2+2H2O (2)
CO+H2O<-->CO2+H2 (3)
CH4+H2O<-->CO+3H2 (4)
Until oxygen fed from a reaction container inlet is used up, the reactions (1) and (2) are predominant, and after the oxygen has run out, the equilibrium reactions (3) and (4) proceed. In the catalytic partial oxidation reaction, the reactions (1) and (2) may occur in a gas phase, since a reaction gas (material fluid) to be introduced to the catalyst is a premixed gas containing the hydrocarbon and the oxygen. In a case where the reactions (1) and (2) occur in the gas phase before the reaction gas reaches the catalyst, troubles arise such as carbon precipitation and backfire, and thus after mixing the hydrocarbon and the oxygen, it is notably important to carefully operate the reactor in such a manner that the reactions (1) and (2) do not occur in the gas phase before the reaction gas reaches the catalyst.
As catalyst to be used in such a reaction system, a ruthenium catalyst has been known. It has been known that, in a completely oxidative atmosphere, ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst is oxidized to ruthenium oxide. Representative forms of ruthenium oxide include RuO2, RuO3 and RuO4. From among these, RuO3 and RuO4 are volatile and likely to scatter. Therefore, in a case where the partial oxidation reaction is performed using the ruthenium catalyst, attention should be paid to an operation condition so as to prevent scattering which may be caused by excessive oxidation of ruthenium.
Patent Document 1: U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,527
Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Unexamined Application Publication No. 2007-69151
However, in a catalytic reactor with a vertical reaction tube, such as those described in Patent Document 1, there may be cases in which an internal volume is increased by, for example, thermal expansion of the reaction container, and the catalyst is moved downward to reduce its apparent volume relative to the reaction container, resulting in a space generated in the reaction container. In addition, if the catalyst is not filled in a close packed state at the beginning, the catalyst is moved downward during the operation of the catalytic reactor, resulting in a space generated in the reaction container.
It should be noted that these downward movements of the catalyst herein are referred to as “shrink” of a catalytic layer. With respect to this shrink, various factors are considered to be present other than those described above, and it is difficult to completely eliminate the shrink by an advance preparation.
In the reactor of a downflow type in which the material fluid is flowed from an upper side to a lower side, such as those described in Patent Document 1, the space generated due to the shrink of the catalytic layer is likely to be formed mainly around an outlet of an introduction nozzle (introduction part) of the material fluid, or on a packing upper face of the catalytic layer. In this case, the premixed gas immediately after being fed from the introduction nozzle has a longer retention time in the space upstream of the catalyst inlet where no catalyst is present, or a feed linear velocity of the premixed gas is reduced. As a result, the premixed gas undesirably causes an oxidation reaction in the gas phase, leading to carbon precipitate or backfire to the introduction nozzle.
It should be noted that an upflow type may be used in which the material fluid is flowed from the lower side to the upper side through the reaction container filled with the catalyst. However, in the upflow type, there is a problem that the catalyst becomes flowable due to a supply pressure of the material fluid, and thus it is difficult to obtain a constant excellent reaction. In addition, when the steam to be reacted with the hydrocarbon contained in the material fluid is condensed, dew condensation water is accumulated at a bottom portion of the reaction container. Therefore, the upflow type is considered to be difficult to be applied to the catalytic reactor for performing the partial oxidation reaction.
In addition, when ruthenium is used as catalyst, in the actual contact partial oxidation reaction process, production conditions of the volatile RuO3 and RuO4 change in relation to an amount of natural gas supply, an amount of oxygen supply, an amount of steam supply, and a reaction temperature. However, for operating a conventional ruthenium catalyst reactor, marginal conditions in which ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst volatilizes (scatters) have not been understood.
Though ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst rarely volatilizes in the normal operation, when abnormality occurs in the ruthenium catalyst reactor by troubles, such as reduction in the amount of natural gas supply, it is assumed that the scattering of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst becomes notable. If ruthenium scatters, a problem arises that the activity of the catalyst is reduced.
The present invention was made with the view toward solving the above-described problems, and an object is to provide a method of using a ruthenium catalyst reactor that can be stably used even when the catalyst in the reaction container shrinks or even when ruthenium is used as catalyst, and specifically, that can prevent a space from being formed in the reaction container even when the catalytic layer formed of the catalyst in the reaction container shrinks, and that can allow the partial oxidation reaction to excellently proceed. The present invention was made also by understanding the condition of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst for scattering, and an object is to provide the method that can prevent scattering of ruthenium in advance during the operation of the ruthenium catalyst reactor, by utilizing such a condition.
The feature of the method of operating a ruthenium catalyst reactor according to the present invention to attain the above-described object is that the method includes steps of: supplying hydrocarbon gas, steam and oxygen-containing gas to a reaction container having a ruthenium catalyst therein; allowing a partial oxidation reaction to proceed in the presence of the ruthenium catalyst; and producing synthetic gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and the method further includes steps of: monitoring a molar ratio (C/O2) of carbon contained in the hydrocarbon gas and oxygen contained in the oxygen-containing gas which are supplied to the reaction container, and stopping the supply of the oxygen-containing gas to the reaction container before the molar ratio (C/O2) is reduced below a critical molar ratio at which scattering of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst is generated.
According to the method of operating a ruthenium catalyst reactor of the present configuration, the molar ratio (C/O2) of “carbon contained in the hydrocarbon gas” and “oxygen contained in the oxygen-containing gas” supplied to the reaction container having the ruthenium catalyst therein is monitored. In addition, the molar ratio at which the scattering of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst occurs is defined as “critical molar ratio”. The critical molar ratio is newly established parameter as the result of intensive and extensive studies by the present inventors. Herein, during the operation of the ruthenium catalyst reactor, when the molar ratio (C/O2) is reduced to become close to the critical molar ratio, the supply of oxygen-containing gas to the reaction container is stopped, before the molar ratio (C/O2) falls below the critical molar ratio. Accordingly, the molar ratio (C/O2) is increased (in other words, a reductive atmosphere is obtained), and ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst is prevented from being oxidized to a volatile ruthenium oxide (RuO3 or RuO4). As a result, the scattering of ruthenium during the operation of the ruthenium catalyst reactor can be prevented, and thus it is not necessary to replace the ruthenium catalyst in the reaction container with a fresh catalyst, and thus the ruthenium catalyst can be continuously used as-is.
Another feature of the method is that the method includes steps of: filling a reaction container of the catalytic reactor with a ruthenium catalyst formed of an inorganic oxide carrier and ruthenium supported thereon, with a filling height level of the catalyst filled in the reaction container being adjusted above a height level at which a material fluid is fed from an introduction part to inside the reaction container; supplying a mixed gas mainly containing hydrocarbon, oxygen-containing gas and steam as the material fluid to the reaction container; allowing a partial oxidation reaction to proceed in the presence of the ruthenium catalyst; and producing synthetic gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and the method further includes steps of: monitoring a molar ratio (C/O2) of carbon contained in the hydrocarbon gas and oxygen contained in the oxygen-containing gas which are supplied to the reaction container, and stopping the supply of the oxygen-containing gas to the reaction container before the molar ratio (C/O2) is reduced below a critical molar ratio at which scattering of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst is generated.
In other words, with such a configuration, in addition to the effects described above, the reduction of the apparent volume of the catalyst in the reaction container, including the shrink of the catalyst in the catalytic reactor, can be comprehensively monitored, and thus deterioration of the catalyst and an abnormal reaction in the reaction container can be efficiently prevented.
In the method of operating a ruthenium catalyst reactor according to the present invention, it is preferable that the partial oxidation reaction is performed with a condition in which a temperature around an outlet of the reaction container is in a range of 900-1,100° C.
According to the method of operating a ruthenium catalyst reactor, the partial oxidation reaction which is allowed to proceed in the presence of the ruthenium catalyst is performed with a preferred condition in which the temperature around the outlet of the reaction container becomes 900-1,100° C., and thus the synthetic gas can be efficiently produced from the hydrocarbon gas as raw material.
In the method of operating a ruthenium catalyst reactor according to the present invention, it is preferable that the critical molar ratio is set in accordance with a type of the hydrocarbon gas.
According to the method of operating a ruthenium catalyst reactor of the present configuration, the critical molar ratio is set in accordance with a type of the hydrocarbon gas, and thus various kind of hydrocarbon gas can be used as raw material for the synthetic gas.
Hereinbelow, embodiments of the present invention will be described. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the configurations described in the following embodiments and drawings, and the present invention should be construed to include equivalents of the configurations of the present invention.
The catalytic reactor 100 of the present embodiment includes a reaction container 10, an introduction nozzle (introduction part) 20 and a supplementary container (supplementary part) 30 as main components. As shown in
As shown in
It should be noted that, for the purpose of simplifying the explanation in the present specification, in the catalytic reactor 100 of a vertical type shown in
The lower portion 3 is connected to a synthetic gas discharge pipe 32, and a catalyst receiver 4 having gas permeability is provided inside the lower portion 3. The catalyst receiver 4 may be formed of, for example, a porous metallic plate or firebrick which has sufficient strength to support the catalyst or the like placed thereabove. They are generally built up in a shape of an arch, as shown in
The barrel portion 2 and the upper portion 1 are filled with a catalyst 6 with a high catalytic activity suitable for the partial oxidation reaction of the material gas. For the catalyst 6, for example, there can be mentioned a catalyst including an inorganic oxide as catalyst carrier and a noble metal in a metallic state supported on a surface of the inorganic oxide by an impregnation process or the like. Examples of the inorganic oxide include alumina, titania, zirconia, and silica. For the noble metal, ruthenium may be used. Ruthenium is preferable since the catalytic activity is especially high in the partial oxidation reaction. The noble metals may be used alone or in combination. The catalyst carrier may be in any shape, such as sphere, pellet, ring and tube, and even in amorphous shape.
It should be noted that the entire catalyst 6 filled in the reaction container 10 herein is referred to as “catalytic layer 7”.
To an inclined face 1a forming a side face of the upper portion 1, the introduction nozzle 20 for introducing the material gas to the reaction container 10 is connected. It should be noted that, in
The introduction nozzle 20 includes: a double pipe 11 formed of an outer pipe 11a and an inner pipe 11b; and a blender 12 joined to the double pipe 11. As described above, in the catalytic reactor 100, the partial oxidation reaction of the material fluid containing natural gas, oxygen, and steam, as material gas, is performed in the presence of the catalyst 6, and for example in the double pipe 11, the natural gas is introduced to the outer pipe 11a, and the oxygen is introduced to the inner pipe 11b. The steam may be introduced in a form of a mixture with the natural gas flowing through the outer pipe 11a, in a form of a mixture with the oxygen flowing through the inner pipe 11b, or in a form of mixtures with both. The natural gas, the oxygen, and the steam which have passed through the double pipe 11 then pass through the blender 12, during which the three components are mixed to thereby obtain a homogeneous material gas. Examples of the blender 12 include a static blender having a spiral element incorporated therein, and a baffle type blender formed by alternately combining baffle plates having pores at different positions.
As shown in
In addition, as shown in
It should be noted that, in
When the material gas is fed from the introduction nozzle 20 to the reaction container 10 and the catalyst 6 is brought into contact with the material gas to allow the partial oxidation reaction to proceed, a temperature of the reaction container 10 is raised due to heat of reaction. As the temperature is raised, the reaction container 10 undergoes thermal expansion. Accordingly, an internal volume of the reaction container 10 increases and thus the entire catalyst 6 filled therein may be moved downward. In other words, the catalytic layer 7 formed of the catalyst 6 shrinks. As a result, in the upper portion 1 of the reaction container 10, a space may be generated, for example, around the supply opening of the introduction nozzle 20, due to the reduction in a filling height level of the catalyst 6.
Also in a case where the reaction container 10 is not filled with the catalyst 6 in a close packed state at the beginning, the catalytic layer 7 shrinks during the operation of the catalytic reactor 100, and the filling height level of the catalyst 6 is reduced, which may leads to the generation of a space.
Accordingly, above the reaction container 10 in the catalytic reactor 100 of the present embodiment, the supplementary container 30 is provided in which a supplementary catalyst 6a is stocked which is used for replenishing a reduced volume generated by the reduction in the filling height level of the catalyst 6 in the reaction container 10 due to the factors as described above. As shown in
In order to rapidly and surely replenishing the supplementary catalyst 6a inside the supplementary container 30 to the reaction container 10 when the catalytic layer 7 shrinks, as shown in
It should be noted that the weight 33 is formed of a member which does not react with the material gas (e.g., ceramic block, and metal covering ceramic). An upper side of the weight 33 is sealed with a lid 34 so as to prevent the material gas from leaking on the upper side.
Alternatively, instead of the weight 33, for example, a back face of the lid 34 may be provided with an elastic body (not shown) formed of a material which does not react with the material gas, and the supplementary catalyst 6a may be biased to the reaction container 10, by an elastic force of the elastic body.
The catalytic reactor 200 of the present embodiment includes the reaction container 10 and the introduction nozzle (introduction part) 20 as main components. As shown in
As shown in
The barrel portion 2 is filled with the catalyst 6 which has a high catalytic activity suitable for the partial oxidation reaction of the material gas. The material for forming the catalyst 6, the shapes of the catalyst 6, the production method of the catalyst 6, and the like are the same as those described for the first embodiment.
In addition, in order to introduce the material gas to the reaction container 10, the introduction nozzle 20 which is the same as described in the first embodiment is connected to a side face 2a of the barrel portion 2. Herein, the introduction nozzle 20 is connected to the side face 2a of the barrel portion 2 in the horizontal direction or the direction inclined downward from above the horizontal plane. The filling height level H1 of the catalyst 6 filled in the reaction container 10 is adjusted above the height level H2 at which the material fluid is fed from the introduction nozzle 20 to inside the reaction container 10 (in
In addition, since the introduction nozzle 20 is connected to the reaction container 10 in the horizontal direction or the direction inclined downward from above the horizontal plane, the catalyst 6 in the reaction container 10 does not flow, allowing the partial oxidation reaction to proceed with stability.
The catalytic reactor 100 according to the present invention has been described above. Hereinbelow, an example in which the catalytic reactor 100 utilizing the ruthenium catalyst is used in the partial oxidation reaction of hydrocarbon will be described. First, experiments performed by the present inventors with respect to “critical molar ratio” as referred to in the present invention will be explained, and next an actual operation will be described.
During the operation of a ruthenium catalyst reactor, in order to prevent scattering of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst in advance, it is necessary to grasp a condition of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst for scattering, which had not been elucidated. Therefore, first, an experiment was performed for examining how the ruthenium catalyst behaves when a temperature condition changes in an oxidative atmosphere.
Next, an experiment was performed for examining to what degree the scattering of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst can be suppressed, when hydrogen as an example of reduction gas is added to the nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere. The experiment was performed in the same nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere at 800° C. at which ruthenium nearly completely scattered as described in
Further, also with respect various hydrocarbon gases used as reducing gas, similar confirmatory experiments to the experiment shown in
In addition, a proportion of hydrocarbon gas in an atmosphere is represented by a C/O2 ratio. A flow rate of each gas was as follows: 120 cc/min for oxygen, 120 cc/min for steam, 24 cc/min for hydrogen, 0-180 cc/min for hydrocarbon gas, and the balance of the flow rate for nitrogen, with a total gas flow rate of 833.3 cc/min.
As shown in (a), in the case of methane, with respect to the ruthenium catalyst retained at 800° C., as a proportion of methane in an atmosphere became larger, the relative Ru intensity was raised, and when the C/O2 ratio became 0.8, the relative Ru intensity became approximately 1. It was found that the ruthenium catalyst in this condition during usage was nearly the same as the fresh catalyst.
As shown in (b), in the case of natural gas (in this case, prepared as simulated natural gas containing methane (88%), ethane (6%), propane (4%), and butane (2%)), with respect to the ruthenium catalyst retained at 800° C., as a proportion of natural gas in an atmosphere became larger, the relative Ru intensity was raised, and when the C/O2 ratio became 0.4, the relative Ru intensity became nearly 1. It was found that the ruthenium catalyst in this condition during usage was nearly the same as the fresh catalyst.
As shown in (c), in the case of propane, with respect the ruthenium catalyst retained at 800° C., as a proportion of propane in an atmosphere became larger, the relative Ru intensity was increased, and when the C/O2 ratio became 0.1, the relative Ru intensity became nearly 1. It was found that the ruthenium catalyst in this condition during usage was nearly the same as the fresh catalyst.
From the results above, it was elucidated that in any hydrocarbon gas, when a molar ratio (C/O2) of carbon and oxygen contained in hydrocarbon gas is less than a predetermined value, the scattering of ruthenium occurs due to oxidization of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst to hexavalent RuO3 or octavalent RuO4; but when the molar ratio is retained at or above the predetermined value, the relative ruthenium intensity can be retained at approximately 1, and thus ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst can be prevented from scattering. Such a condition of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst for scattering (in other words, condition for preventing ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst from scattering) is a novel fact elucidated for the first time by intensive and extensive studies by the present inventors.
Accordingly, the present inventors have utilized this condition of ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst for scattering and established the method of operating the ruthenium catalyst reactor which can prevent ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst from scattering in advance.
In addition, a temperature of the ruthenium catalyst 6 in the ruthenium catalyst reaction container 10 is measured with a temperature measurement unit 60. Herein, the temperature measurement unit 60 is configured to measure the temperature of the ruthenium catalyst 6, especially around an outlet of the ruthenium catalyst reaction container 10, as shown in
The molar ratio and the temperature of the ruthenium catalyst 6 described above are continuously or intermittently monitored by the control unit 50, as criterion for state change of the ruthenium catalyst 6.
The control unit 50 is configured to compare the molar ratio (C/O2 or H2/O2), which has been obtained based on the flow rate of each gas and sent from the flow rate measurement unit 40, with a critical molar ratio stored in a storage unit 70.
Based on the confirmatory experiments described above with reference to
For example, in a case where natural gas is used as reaction gas to be introduced to the ruthenium catalyst reaction container 10, the control unit 50 may be configured to continuously or intermittently monitor the molar ratio (C/O2) of “carbon contained in the natural gas” and “oxygen” supplied to the ruthenium catalyst reaction container 10 having the ruthenium catalyst 6 therein. In this case, during the operation of the ruthenium catalyst reactor 100, when the molar ratio (C/O2) is reduced to become close to the critical molar ratio (0.4) based on the amount of each gas supply, the control unit 50 closes a valve 21b of the oxygen introduction part 20b so as to stop the oxygen supply to the ruthenium catalyst reaction container 10, before the molar ratio (C/O2) falls below the critical molar ratio (0.4). Accordingly, the molar ratio (C/O2) is increased (in other words, a reductive atmosphere is obtained), and ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst 6 is prevented from being oxidized to a volatile ruthenium oxide (RuO3 or RuO4). As a result, the scattering of ruthenium during the operation of the ruthenium catalyst reactor 100 can be prevented, and the partial oxidation reaction can be allowed to proceed with stability.
In an application in which the synthetic gas having a H2/CO ratio of approximately 2 is desired (e.g., GTL production and methanol production), it is preferred that the partial oxidation reaction performed using the ruthenium catalyst reactor 100 of the present embodiment is performed in a condition in which the temperature around the outlet of the ruthenium catalyst reaction container 10 (this temperature is approximately the same as that of the synthetic gas discharged from the ruthenium catalyst reaction container 10) becomes 900-1,100° C. The temperature below 900° C. is not preferable since the H2/CO ratio becomes high. To the contrary, the temperature above 1,100° C. is not preferable since the H2/CO ratio becomes low.
In the present embodiment, the partial oxidation reaction which is allowed to proceed in the presence of the ruthenium catalyst 6 is performed in a temperature range of 900-1,100° C. which is a preferable temperature condition, and thus the synthetic gas can be efficiently produced from the hydrocarbon gas as raw material.
In the ruthenium catalyst reactor 100 according to the embodiment described above, the ruthenium catalyst reaction container 10 is configured to be supplied with hydrocarbon gas, steam and oxygen. Alternatively, the ruthenium catalyst reaction container 10 may be configured to be supplied with hydrocarbon gas, steam and air. To put it another way, a source for supplying oxygen to the ruthenium catalyst reaction container 10 may be any source as long as it is oxygen-containing gas and thus other than pure oxygen, for example, air may be used as oxygen source. In this case, the molar ratio (C/O2) of carbon contained in hydrocarbon gas and oxygen contained in air is obtained and the supply of air to the ruthenium catalyst reaction container 10 is stopped before the molar ratio (C/O2) is reduced and falls below the critical molar ratio at which the scattering of the ruthenium in the ruthenium catalyst 6 is generated.
Moreover, the control unit 50 may be also configured to close and open a valve 21a of the hydrocarbon gas introduction part 20a, a valve 21c of the steam introduction part 20c, a valve 21d of the hydrogen introduction part 20d, or a valve 21e of the nitrogen introduction part 20e, in appropriate timing, based on information obtained from the flow rate measurement unit 40 or the temperature measurement unit 60.
It should be noted that, as the ruthenium catalyst reactor, the above-described catalytic reactor (see
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008-156926 | Jun 2008 | JP | national |
| 2008-156927 | Jun 2008 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2009/060674 | 6/11/2009 | WO | 00 | 3/7/2011 |
