Patent Grant
6899831
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to eyeglass lenses. More particularly, the invention relates to a lens forming composition, system and method for making photochromic, ultraviolet/visible light absorbing, and colored plastic lenses by curing the lens forming composition using activating light.
2. Description of the Relevant Art
It is conventional in the art to produce optical lenses by thermal curing techniques from the polymer of diethylene glycol bis(allyl)-carbonate (DEG-BAC). In addition, optical lenses may also be made using ultraviolet (“UV”) light curing techniques. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,469 to Lipscomb et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,318 to Lipscomb et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,256 to Lipscomb et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,415,816 to Buazza et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,529,728 to Buazza et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,214 to Joel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,468 to Lipscomb, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,529,728 to Buazza et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,324 to Lossman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,575 to Buazza, U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,423 to Buazza, U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,498 to Buazza et al. and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/425,371 filed Oct. 26, 1989, 08/439,691 filed May 12, 1995, Ser. No. 08/454,523 filed May 30, 1995, Ser. No. 08/453,770 filed May 30, 1995, Ser. No. 08/853,134 filed May 8, 1997, Ser. No. 08/844,557 filed Apr. 18, 1997, and Ser. No. 08/904,289 filed Jul. 31, 1997, all of which are hereby specifically incorporated by reference.
Curing of a lens by ultraviolet light tends to present certain problems that must be overcome to produce a viable lens. Such problems include yellowing of the lens, cracking of the lens or mold, optical distortions in the lens, and premature release of the lens from the mold. In addition, many of the useful ultraviolet light-curable lens forming compositions exhibit certain characteristics that increase the difficulty of a lens curing process. For example, due to the relatively rapid nature of ultraviolet light initiated reactions, it is a challenge to provide a composition that is ultraviolet light curable to form an eyeglass lens. Excessive exothermic heat tends to cause defects in the cured lens. To avoid such defects, the level of photoinitiator may be reduced to levels below what is customarily employed in the ultraviolet curing art.
While reducing the level of photoinitiator addresses some problems, it may also cause others. For instance, lowered levels of photoinitiator may cause the material in regions near an edge of the lens and proximate a gasket wall in a mold cavity to incompletely cure due to the presence of oxygen in these regions (oxygen is believed to to inhibit curing of many lens forming compositions or materials). Uncured lens forming composition tends to result in lenses with “wet” edges covered by sticky uncured lens forming composition. Furthermore, uncured lens forming composition may migrate to and contaminate the optical surfaces of the lens upon demolding. The contaminated lens is then often unusable.
Uncured lens forming composition has been addressed by a variety of methods (see, e.g., the methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,529,728 to Buazza et al). Such methods may include removing the gasket and applying either an oxygen barrier or a photoinitiator enriched liquid to the exposed edge of the lens, and then re-irradiating the lens with a dosage of ultraviolet light sufficient to completely dry the edge of the lens prior to demolding. During such irradiation, however, higher than desirable levels of irradiation, or longer than desirable periods of irradiation, may be required. The additional ultraviolet irradiation may in some circumstances cause defects such as yellowing in the lens.
The low photoinitiator levels utilized in many ultraviolet curable lens forming compositions may produce a lens that, while fully-cured as measured by percentage of remaining double bonds, may not possess sufficient cross-link density on the lens surface to provide desirable dye absorption characteristics during the tinting process.
Various methods of increasing the surface density of such ultraviolet light curable lenses are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,529,728 to Buazza et al. In one method, the lens is demolded and then the surfaces of the lens are exposed directly to ultraviolet light. The relatively short wavelengths (around 254 nm) provided by some ultraviolet light sources (e.g., a mercury vapor lamp) tend to cause the material to cross-link quite rapidly. An undesirable effect of this method, however, is that the lens tends to yellow as a result of such exposure. Further, any contaminants on the surface of the lens that are exposed to short wavelengths of high intensity ultraviolet light may cause tint defects.
Another method involves exposing the lens to relatively high intensity ultraviolet radiation while it is still within a mold cavity formed between glass molds. The glass molds tend to absorb the more effective short wavelengths, while transmitting wavelengths of about 365 nm. This method generally requires long exposure times and often the infrared radiation absorbed by the lens mold assembly will cause premature release of the lens from a mold member. The lens mold assembly may be heated prior to exposure to high intensity ultraviolet light, thereby reducing the amount of radiation necessary to attain a desired level of cross-link density. This method, however, is also associated with a higher rate of premature release.
It is well known in the art that a lens mold/gasket assembly may be heated to cure the lens forming composition from a liquid monomer to a solid polymer. It is also well known that such a lens may be thermally postcured by applying convective heat to the lens after the molds and gaskets have been removed from the lens.
An embodiment of an apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens is described. The apparatus includes a coating unit and a lens curing unit. The coating unit may be configured to coat either mold members or lenses. In one embodiment, the coating unit is a spin coating unit. The lens curing unit may be configured to direct activating light to ward mold members. The mold members are part of a mold assembly that may be placed within the lens curing unit. Depending on the type of lens forming composition used the apparatus may be used to form photochromic and non-photochromic lenses. The apparatus may be configured to allow the operation of both the coating unit and the lens curing unit substantially simultaneously.
The coating unit may be a spin coating unit. The spin coating unit may comprise holder for holding an eyeglass lens or a mold member. The holder may be coupled to a motor that is configured to rotate the holder. An activating light source may be incorporated into a cover. The cover may be drawn over the body of the lens curing unit, covering the coating units. The activating light source, in one embodiment, is positioned, when the cover is closed, such that activating light may be applied to the mold member or lens positioned within the coating unit. An activating light source may be an ultraviolet light source, an actinic light source (e.g., a light source producing light having a wavelength between about 380 nm to 490 nm), a visible light source and/or an infra-red light source. In one embodiment, the activating light source is an ultraviolet light source.
The lens forming apparatus may include a postcure unit. The post-cure unit may be configured to apply heat and activating light to mold assemblies or lenses disposed within the post-cure unit.
The lens forming apparatus may also include a progranmuable controller configured to substantially simultaneously control the operation of the coating unit, the lens curing unit and the post-cure unit. The apparatus may include a number of light probes and temperature probes disposed within the coating unit, lens curing unit, and the post-cure unit. These probes preferably relay information about the operation of the individual units to the controller. The information relayed may be used to control the operation of the individual units. The operation of each of the units may also be controlled based on the prescription of the lens being formed.
The controller may be configured to control various operations of the coating unit, the curing unit, and the post cure unit.
Additionally, the controller provides system diagnostics and information to the operator of the apparatus. The controller may notify the user when routine maintenance is due or when a system error is detected. The controller may also manage an interlock to system for safety and energy conservation purposes. The controller may prevent the lamps from operating when the operator may be exposed to light from the lamps.
The controller may also be configured to interact with the operator. The controller preferably includes an input device and a display screen. A number of operations controlled by the controller, as described above, may be dependent on the input of the operator. The controller may prepare a sequence of instructions based on the type of lens (clear, ultraviolet/visible light absorbing, photochromic, colored, etc.), prescription, and type of coatings (e.g., scratch resistant, adhesion promoting, or tint) inputted by an operator.
A variety of lens forming compositions may be cured to form a plastic eyeglass lens in the above described apparatus. Colored lenses, photochromic lenses, and ultraviolet/visible light absorbing colorless lenses may be formed. The lens forming compositions may be formulated such that the conditions for forming the lens (e.g., curing conditions and post cure conditions) may be similar without regard to the lens being formed. In an embodiment, a clear lens may be formed under similar conditions used to form photochromic lenses by adding a colorless, non-photochromic ultraviolet/visible light absorbing compound to the lens forming composition. The curing process for forming a photochromic lens is such that higher doses of activating light than are typically used for the formation of a clear, non-ultraviolet/visible light absorbing lens may be required. In an embodiment, ultraviolet/visible light absorbing compounds may be added to a lens forming composition to produce a substantially clear lens under the more intense dosing requirements used to form photochromic lenses. The ultraviolet/visible light absorbing compounds may take the place of the photochromic compounds, making curing at higher doses possible for clear lenses. An advantage of adding the ultraviolet/visible light absorbers to the lens forming composition is that the clear lens formed may offer better protection against ultraviolet/visible light rays than a clear lens formed without such compounds.
In an embodiment, a composition that includes two or more photochromic compounds may further include a light effector composition to produce a lens that exhibits an activated color that differs from an activated color produced by the photochromic compounds without the light effector composition. The activated color is defined as the color a lens achieves when exposed to a photochromic activating light source (e.g., sunlight). A photochromic activating light source is defined as any light source that produces light having a wavelength that causes a photochromic compound to become colored. Photochromic activating light is defined as light that has a wavelength capable of causing a photochromic compound to become colored. The photochromic activating wavelength band is defined as the region of light that has a wavelength that causes coloring of photochromic compounds. The light effector composition may include any compound that exhibits absorbance of at least a portion of the photochromic activating wavelength band. Light effector compositions may include photoinitiators, ultraviolet/visible light absorbers, ultraviolet light stabilizers, and dyes. In this manner, the activated color of a lens may be altered without altering the ratio and or composition of the photochromic compounds. By using a light effector composition, a single lens forming composition may be used as a base solution to which a light effector may be added in order to alter the activated color of the formed lens.
The addition of a light effector composition that absorbs photochromic activating light may cause a change in the activated color of the formed lens. The change in activated color may be dependent on the range of photochromic activating light absorbed by the light effector composition. The use of different light effector compositions may allow an operator to produce photochromic lenses with a wide variety of activated colors (e.g., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, gray, or brown).
In an embodiment, an ophthalmic eyeglass lens may be made from an activating light curable lens forming composition comprising a monomer composition and a photoinitiator composition. The monomer composition preferably includes a polyethylenic functional monomer. Preferably, the polyethylenic functional monomer composition includes an aromatic containing polyether polyethylenic functional monomer. In one embodiment, the polyethylenic functional monomer is preferably an ethoxylated bisphenol A di(meth)acrylate.
The monomer composition may include additional monomers to modify the properties of the formed eyeglass lens and/or the lens forming composition. Monomers which may be used in the monomer composition include polyethylenic functional monomers containing groups selected from acrylyl or methacrylyl.
In another embodiment, an ophthalmic eyeglass lens may be made from an activating light curable lens forming composition comprising a monomer composition, a photoinitiator composition and a co-initiator composition. An activating light absorbing compound may also be present. An activating light absorbing compound is herein defined as a compound which absorbs at least a portion of the activating light. The monomer composition preferably includes a polyethylenic functional monomer. Preferably, the polyethylenic functional monomer is an aromatic containing polyether polyethylenic functional monomer. In one embodiment, the polyethylenic functional monomer is preferably an ethoxylated bisphenol A di(meth)acrylate.
The co-initiator composition preferably includes amine co-initiators. Preferably, acrylyl amines are included in the co-initiator composition. In one embodiment, the co-initiator composition preferably includes a mixture of CN-384 and CN-386.
Examples of activating light absorbing compounds includes photochromic compounds, UV stabilizers, UV absorbers, and/or dyes.
In another embodiment, the controller is preferably configured to run a computer software program which, upon input of the eyeglass prescription, will supply the identification markings of the appropriate front mold, back mold and gasket. The controller may also be configured to store the prescription data and to use the prescription data to determine curing conditions. The controller may be configured to operate the curing unit to produce the appropriate curing conditions.
In one embodiment, the lens forming composition may be irradiated with continuous activated light to initiate curing of the lens forming composition. Subsequent to initiating the curing, the lens forming composition may be treated with additional activating light and heat to further cure the lens forming composition.
In another embodiment, the lens forming composition may be irradiated with continuous activated light in a heated curing chamber to initiate curing of the lens forming composition. Subsequent to initiating the curing, the lens forming composition may be treated with additional activating light and heat to further cure the lens forming composition.
In another embodiment, a system for dispensing a heated polymerizable lens forming composition is described. The dispensing system includes a body configured to hold the lens forming composition, a heating system coupled to the body for heating the monomer solution, and a valve positioned proximate an outlet of the body for controlling the flow of the lens forming composition out of the body.
A high-volume lens curing apparatus includes at least a first lens curing unit and a second lens curing unit. The lens forming apparatus may, optionally, include an anneal unit. A conveyance system may be positioned within the first and/or second lens curing units. The conveyance system may be configured to allow a mold assembly to be transported from the first lens curing unit to the second lens curing unit. Lens curing units include an activating light source for producing activating light. Anneal unit may be configured to apply heat to at least partially relieve or relax the stresses caused during the polymerization of the lens forming material. A controller may be coupled to the lens curing units and, if present, an anneal unit, such that the controller is capable of substantially simultaneously operating the three units. The anneal unit may include a conveyor system for transferring the demolded lenses through the anneal unit.
The above brief description as well as further objects, features and advantages of the methods and apparatus of the present invention will be more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description of presently preferred but nonetheless illustrative embodiments in accordance with the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
a and 37b depict schematic perspective views of embodiments of indicators positioned on ophthalmic mold member storage locations;
a, 41b, 41c and 41d depict schematic perspective views of various 1 embodiments of cams that may be employed in a mold storage array;
Apparatus, operating procedures, equipment, systems, methods, and compositions for lens curing using activating light are available from Optical Dynamics Corporation in Louisville, Ky.
Referring now to
A coating unit for applying a coating composition to a lens or a mold member and then curing the coating composition is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,102 to Kachel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,494,326 to Upton, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,214 to Joel et al. (all of which are incorporated herein by reference). In addition, the apparatus shown in
Holder 108 may be coupled to a motor 112 via elongated member 109. Motor 112 may be configured to cause rotation of holder 108. In such a case, motor 112 may be configured to cause rotation of elongated member 109, that in turn causes the rotation of holder 108. The coating unit 102/104, may also include an electronic controller 140. Electronic controller 140 may be coupled to motor 112 to control the rate at which holder 108 is rotated by motor 112. Electronic controller 140 may be coupled to a programmable logic controller, such as controller 50, shown in FIG. 1. The programmable logic controller may send signals to the electronic controller to control the rotational speed of holder 108. In one embodiment, motor 112 is configured to rotate holder 108 at different rates. Motor 112 may be capable of rotating the lens or mold member at a rate of up to 1500 revolutions per minute (“RPM”).
In one embodiment, barrier 114 has an interior surface that may be made or lined with an absorbent material such as foam rubber. This absorbent material may be disposable and removable. The absorbent material may be configured to absorb any liquids that fall off a lens or mold member during use. Alternatively, the interior surface of barrier 114 may be substantially non-absorbent, allowing any liquids used during the coating process to move down barrier 114 into dish 115.
Coating units 20, in one embodiment, are positioned in a top portion 12 of lens forming apparatus 10, as depicted in
An advantage of using a spin coating unit is that lamps of a variety of shapes may be used (e.g., linear lamps) for the curing of the coating materials. In one embodiment, a coating material is preferably cured in a substantially uniform manner to ensure that the coating is formed uniformly on the mold member or lens. With a spin coating unit, the object to be coated may be spun at speeds high enough to ensure that a substantially uniform distribution of light reaches the object during the curing process, regardless of the shape of the light source. The use of a spin coating unit preferably allows the use of commercially available linear light sources for the curing of coating materials.
A switch may be incorporated into cover 22. The switch is preferably electrically coupled to light source 23 such that the switch must be activated prior to turning the light source on. Preferably, the switch is positioned such that closing the cover causes the switch to become activated. In this manner, the lights will preferably remain off until the cover is closed, thus preventing inadvertent exposure of an operator to the light from light source 23.
During use a lens or lens mold assembly may be placed on the lens holder 108. The lens holder 108 may include a suction cup connected to a metal bar. The concave surface of the suction cup may be attachable to a face of a mold or lens, and the convex surface of the suction cup may be attached to a metal bar. The metal bar may be coupled to motor 112. The lens holder may also include movable arms and a spring assembly that may be together operable to hold a lens against the lens holder with spring tension during use.
As shown in
As shown in
In one embodiment, the activating light sources may be turned on and off quickly between exposures. Ballasts 250, depicted in
Typically, when a fluorescent lamp is turned off the filaments in the lamp will become cool. When the lamp is subsequently turned on, the lamp intensity may fluctuate as the filaments are warmed. These fluctuations may effect the curing of a lens forming compositions. To minimize the intensity fluctuations of the lamps, a ballasts 250 may allow the startup of a fluorescent lamp and minimizes the time required to stabilize the intensity of the light produced by the fluorescent lamp.
A number of ballast systems may be used. Ballasts for fluorescent lamps typically serve two purposes. One function is to provide an initial high voltage arc that will ionize the gases in the fluorescent lamp (known herein as the “strike voltage”). After the gases are ionized, a much lower voltage will be required to maintain the ionization of the gases. In some embodiments, the ballast will also limit the current flow through the lamp. In some ballast systems, the filaments of a lamp may be preheated before the starting voltage is sent through the electrodes.
An instant start ballast typically provides a strike voltage of between 500-600 V. The electrodes of fluorescent lamps that are used with an instant start ballast are usually designed for starting without preheating. Instant start ballast allow the fluorescent lamp to be turned on quickly without a significant delay. However, the intensity of light produced by the fluorescent lamp may fluctuate as the temperature of the filaments increases.
Rapid start ballasts include a high voltage transformer for providing the strike voltage and additional windings that supply a low voltage (between about 2 to 4 V) to the filaments to heat the filaments before the lamp is started. Because the filaments are already heated, the strike voltage required to ionize the gases in the lamp are lower than those used with an instant start ballast. A rapid start ballast typically produces a strike voltage of 250 to 400 V. A rapid start ballast may be used to minimize fluctuations in the intensity of the light produced by the lamp. Since the filaments are preheated before the lamp comes on, the time required to heat up the filaments to their normal operating temperature is minimal.
Rapid start ballasts typically continually run the heating voltage through the filaments during operation of the lamp and when the lamps are switched off. Thus, during long periods when the lamps are not used, the filaments will be maintained in a heated state. This tends to waste power and increase the operating costs of the apparatus.
To allow more control over the heating of the filaments, a flasher ballast system may be used. A schematic drawing of an embodiment of a flasher ballast system is depicted in FIG. 7. In a flasher ballast system a fluorescent lamp 712 is electrically coupled to a high frequency instant start ballast 714 and one or more transformers 716. The high frequency instant start ballast 714 may provide the strike voltage and perform the current limiting functions once the lamp is lighted. High frequency instant start ballasts are available from many different manufacturers including Motorola, Inc. and Hatch Transformers, Inc. Tampa, Fla. The transformers 716 may be electrically coupled to one or both of the filaments 718 to provide a low voltage (between about 2 to about 4 V) to the filaments. This low voltage may heat the filaments 718 to a temperature that is close to the operating temperature of the filaments 718. By heating the filaments before turning the lamp on, the intensity of light produced by the lamp may be stable because the filaments of the lamp are kept close to the optimum operating temperature. Transformers are available from many different manufacturers. In one embodiment toroidal transformers may be used to supply low voltage to the filaments. Toroidal transformers may be obtained from Plitron Manufacturing Inc. Toronto, Ontario, Canada or Toroid Corporation of Maryland, Salisbury, Md.
Because the instant start ballast 714 and the transformers 716 are separate units they may be operated independently of each other. A controller 711 may be coupled to both the instant start ballast 714 and the transformers 716 to control the operation of these devices. The transformers 716 may be left on or off when the striking voltage is applied to the lamp. In some embodiments, controller 711 may turn off the transformers 716 just before the strike voltage is applied to the lamp. The controller 711 may also monitor the operation of the lamp. The controller 711 may be programmed to turn the transformers 716 on when the lamps are switched off, thus maintaining the lamps in a state of readiness. To conserve power, the filaments 718 may be warmed only prior to turning on the lamp. Thus, when the controller 711 receives a signal to turn the lamp on, the controller may turn on the transformers 716 to warm the filaments 718, and subsequently turn on the lamp by sending a striking voltage from the instant start ballast 714. The a controller may be configured to turn the transformer off after a predetermined amount of inactivity of the lamps. For example, the controller may be configured to receive signals when the lamps are used in a curing process. If no such signals are received, the controller may turn off the lamps (by turning off the instant start ballast), but leave the transformer on. The lamps may be kept in a state of readiness for a predetermined amount of time. If no signals are received by the controller to turn on the lamp, the controller may turn the transformer off to conserve energy.
In one embodiment, an upper light filter 254 may be positioned between upper light source 214 and lens drawer assembly 216, as depicted in
Conversely, in a an alternate arrangement for producing positive lenses, the upper light filter 254 includes a plate of Pyrex glass frosted on one or both sides and a plate of clear Pyrex glass resting upon the plate of frosted Pyrex glass with a device for reducing the intensity of activating light incident upon the edge portion in relation to the center portion of the mold assembly. The lower light filter 256 includes a plate of clear Pyrex glass frosted on one side resting upon a plate of clear Pyrex glass with a device for reducing the intensity of activating light incident upon the edge portion in relation to the center portion of the mold assembly. In this arrangement, in place of a device for reducing the relative intensity of activating light incident upon the edge portion of the lens, the diameter of the aperture 250 may be reduced to achieve the same result, i.e., to reduce the relative intensity of activating light incident upon the edge portion of the mold assembly.
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that each filter 254 or 256 could be composed of a plurality of filter members or include any other means or device effective to reduce the light to its desired intensity, to diffuse the light and/or to create a light intensity gradient across the mold assemblies. Alternately, in certain embodiments no filter elements may be used.
In one embodiment, upper light filter 254 or lower light filter 256 each include at least one plate of Pyrex glass having at least one frosted surface. Also, either or both of the filters may include more than one plate of Pyrex glass each frosted on one or both surfaces, and/or one or more sheets of tracing paper. After passing through frosted Pyrex glass, the activating light is believed to have no sharp intensity discontinuities. By removing the sharp intensity distributions a reduction in optical distortions in the finished lens may be achieved. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other means may be used to diffuse the activating light so that it has no sharp intensity discontinuities. In another embodiment, a plastic filter may be used. The plastic filter may be formed from a substantially clear sheet of plastic. The plastic filter may frosted or non-frosted. The substantially clear sheet of plastic is formed from a material that does not significantly absorb wavelengths of light that initiate the polymerization reaction. In one embodiment, the plastic filter may be formed from a sheet of polycarbonate. An example of a polycarbonate that may be used is LEXAN polycarbonate, commercially available from General Electric Corporation. In another embodiment, the filter may be formed from a borosilicate type glass.
In operation, the apparatus may be appropriately configured for the production of positive lenses which are relatively thick at the center or negative lenses which are relatively thick at the edge. To reduce the likelihood of premature release, the relatively thick portions of a lens are preferably polymerized at a faster rate than the relatively thin portions of a lens.
The rate of polymerization taking place at various portions of a lens may be controlled by varying the relative intensity of activating light incident upon particular portions of a lens. For positive lenses, the intensity of incident activating light is preferably reduced at the edge portion of the lens so that the thicker center portion of the lens polymerizes faster than the thinner edge portion of the lens.
It is well known by those of ordinary skill in the art that lens forming materials tend to shrink as they cure. If the relatively thin portion of a lens is allowed to polymerize before the relatively thick portion, the relatively thin portion will tend to be rigid at the time the relatively thick portion cures and shrinks and the lens will either release prematurely from or crack the mold members. Accordingly, when the relative intensity of activating light incident upon the edge portion of a positive lens is reduced relative to the center portion, the center portion may polymerize faster and shrink before the edge portion is rigid so that the shrinkage is more uniform.
The variation of the relative intensity of activating light incident upon a lens may be accomplished in a variety of ways. According to one method, in the case of a positive lens, a metal plate having an aperture disposed in a position over the center of the mold assembly may be placed between the lamps and the mold assembly. The metal plate is positioned such that the incident activating light falls mainly on the thicker center portion of the lens. In this manner, the polymerization rate of the center of a positive lens may be accelerated with respect to the outer edges of the positive lens, which receive less activating light. The metal plate may be inserted manually or may be inserted by an automatic device that is coupled to the controller. In one embodiment, the prescription entered into the controller determines whether the metal plate is placed between the lamps and the mold assembly.
As shown in
The mold members 378 may be formed of any suitable material that will permit the passage of activating light. The mold members 378 are preferably formed of glass. Each mold member 378 has an outer peripheral surface 384 and a pair of opposed surfaces 386 and 388 with the surfaces 386 and 388 being precision ground. Preferably the mold members 378 have desirable activating light transmission characteristics and both the casting surface 386 and noncasting surface 388 preferably have no surface aberrations, waves, scratches or other defects as these may be reproduced in the finished lens.
As noted above, the mold members 378 are preferably adapted to be held in spaced apart relation to define a lens molding cavity 382 between the facing surfaces 386 thereof. The mold members 378 are preferably held in a spaced apart relation by a T-shaped flexible annular gasket 380 that seals the lens molding cavity 382 from the exterior of the mold members 378. In use, the gasket 380 may be supported on a portion of the mold assembly holder 220 (shown in FIG. 4).
In this manner, the upper or back mold member 390 has a convex inner surface 386 while the lower or front mold member 392 has a concave inner surface 386 so that the resulting lens molding cavity 382 is preferably shaped to form a lens with a desired configuration. Thus, by selecting the mold members 378 with a desired surface 386, lenses with different characteristics, such as focal lengths, may be produced.
Rays of activating light emanating from lamps 240 preferably pass through the mold members 378 and act on a lens forming material disposed in the mold cavity 382 in a manner discussed below so as to form a lens. As noted above, the rays of activating light may pass through a suitable filter 254 or 256 before impinging upon the mold assembly 352.
The mold members 378, preferably, are formed from a material that will not transmit activating light having a wavelength below approximately 300 nm. Suitable materials are Schott Crown, S-1 or S-3 glass manufactured and sold by Schott Optical Glass Inc., of Duryea, Pa. or Corning 8092 glass sold by Corning Glass of Corning, N.Y. A source of flat-top or single vision molds may be Augen Lens Co. in San Diego, Calif.
The annular gasket 380 may be formed of vinyl material that exhibits good lip finish and maintains sufficient flexibility at conditions throughout the lens curing process. In an embodiment, the annular gasket 380 is formed of silicone rubber material such as GE SE6035 which is commercially available from General Electric. In another preferred embodiment, the annular gasket 380 is formed of copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate which are commercially available from E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. under the trade name ELVAX7. Preferred ELVAX7 resins are ELVAX7 350 having a melt index of 17.3-20.9 dg/min and a vinyl acetate content of 24.3-25.7 wt. %, ELVAX7 250 having a melt index of 22.0-28.0 dg/min and a vinyl acetate content of 27.2-28.8 wt. %, ELVAX7 240 having a melt index of 38.0-48.0 dg/min and a vinyl acetate content of 27.2-28.8 wt. %, and ELVAX7 150 having a melt index of 38.0-48.0 dg/min and a vinyl acetate content of 32.0-34.0 wt. %. In another embodiment, the gasket may be made from polyethylene. Regardless of the particular material, the gaskets 380 may be prepared by conventional injection molding or compression molding techniques which are well-known by those of ordinary skill in the art.
As shown in
A mold assembly consists of two mold members. A front mold member 526a and a back mold member 526b, as depicted in FIG. 11. The back mold member is also known as the convex mold member. The back mold member preferably defines the concave surface of a convex lens. Referring back to
However, within a class of mold sets there may be points along the outer curvature of a the back mold member where each member of a class of back mold members is shaped similarly. These points may be found at locations along gasket 510, oblique to the steep and flat axes of the mold members. In a preferred embodiment, these points are at about 45 degree angles to the steep and flat axes of the mold members. By using discrete projections 511 to space the mold members at these points, an individual gasket could be used with a variety of mold sets. Therefore, the number of gaskets that would have to be kept in stock may be greatly reduced.
In addition, gasket 510 may include a recession 518 for receiving a lens forming composition. Lip 520 may be pulled back in order to allow a lens forming composition to be introduced into the cavity. Vent ports 516 may be incorporated to facilitate the escape of air from the mold cavity as a lens forming composition is introduced.
Gasket 510 may also include a projection 540. Projection 540 may extend from the side of the gasket toward the interior of the mold cavity when a first and second mold are assembled with the gasket. The projection is positioned such that a groove is formed in a plastic lens formed using the mold assembly. The groove may be positioned near an outer surface of the formed lens. In this manner the groove is formed near the interface between the mold members and the formed lens.
After the gasket is been removed, the molds may adhere to the formed lens. In some instances a sharp object may be inserted between the mold members and the formed lens to separate the formed lens from the mold members. The groove 546 may facilitate the separation of the mold members from the formed lens by allowing the insertion of a sharp object to pry the molds away from the formed lens.
Gasket 530 preferably includes a fill port 538 for receiving a lens forming composition while gasket 530 is fully engaged to a mold set. Fill port 538 preferably extends from interior surface 532 of gasket 530 to an exterior surface 534 of gasket 530. Consequently, gasket 530 need not be partially disengaged from a mold member of a mold set in order to receive a lens forming composition. In order to introduce a lens forming composition into the mold cavity defined by a conventional mold/gasket assembly the gasket must be at least partially disengaged from the mold members. During the process of filling the mold cavity, lens forming composition may drip onto the backside of a mold member lens forming composition on the backside of a mold member may cause activating light used to cure the lens to become locally focused, and may cause optical distortions in the final product. Because fill port 538 allows lens forming composition to be introduced into a mold cavity while gasket 530 is fully engaged to a mold set, gasket 530 preferably avoids this problem. In addition, fill port 538 may be of sufficient size to allow air to escape during the introduction of a lens forming composition into a mold cavity; however, gasket 530 may also incorporate vent ports 536 to facilitate the escape of air.
A method for making a plastic eyeglass lenses using either gasket 510 or 530 is presented. The method preferably includes engaging gasket 510 with a first mold set for forming a first lens of a first power. The first mold set preferably contains at least a front mold member 526a and a back mold member 526b. A mold cavity for retaining a lens forming composition may be at least partially defined by mold members 526a and 526b and gasket 510. Gasket 510 is preferably characterized by at least four discrete projections 511 arranged on interior surface 512 for spacing the mold members. Engaging gasket 510 with the mold set preferably includes positioning the mold members such that each of the projections 511 forms an oblique angle with the steep and flat axis of the back mold member 526b. In a preferred embodiment, this angle is about 45 degrees. The method preferably further includes introducing a lens forming composition into mold cavity 528 and curing the lens forming composition. Curing may include exposing the composition to activating light and/or thermal radiation. After the lens is cured, the first mold set may be removed from the gasket and the gasket may then be engaged with a second mold set for forming a second lens of a second power. When using the gasket 530, the method further includes introducing a lens forming composition through fill port 538, wherein the first and second mold members remain fully engaged with the gasket during the introduction of the lens forming composition. The lens forming composition may then be cured by use of activating light and/or thermal radiation.
After curing of the lens in lens curing unit 30, the lens may be de-molded and post-cured in the posture unit 40. Posture unit 40 is preferably configured to apply light, heat or a combination of light and heat to the lens. As shown in
As shown in
In one embodiment, the activating light source may be turned on and off quickly between exposures. A ballast may be used for this function. The ballast may be positioned beneath the posture unit. Alternatively, a ballast and transformer system, as depicted in FIG. 7 and described above may be used to control the activating light source.
Heat source 418 may be configured to heat the interior of the post-cure unit. Preferably, heat source 418 is a resistive heater. Heat source 418 may be made up of one or two resistive heaters. The temperature of heat source 418 may be thermostatically controlled. By heating the interior of the post-cure unit the lenses which are placed in post-cure unit 40 may be heated to complete curing of the lens forming material. Post-cure unit 40 may also include a fan to circulate air within the unit. The circulation of air within the unit may help maintain a relatively uniform temperature within the unit. The fan may also be used to cool the temperature of post-cure unit 40 after completion of the post cure process.
In an embodiment, a lens cured by exposure to activating light may be further processed by conductive heating. The use of a conductive heating post-cure procedure is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,575 to Buazza which is incorporated by reference.
In another embodiment, the edges of a lens may be treated to cure or remove incompletely cured lens forming material (see above description) before a post-cure heat is applied. Techniques for further curing of incompletely cured lens forming material are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,423 to Buazza which is incorporated by reference.
In another embodiment, a lens may be tinted after receiving conductive heat postcure treatment in a mold cavity. During tinting of the lens, the lens is preferably immersed in a dye solution.
The operation of the lens curing system may be controlled by a microprocessor based controller 50 (FIG. 1). Controller 50 preferably controls the operation of coating unit 20, lens curing unit 30, and post-cure unit 40. Controller 50 may be configured to substantially simultaneously control each of these units. In addition, the controller may include a display 52 and an input device 54. The display and input device may be configured to exchange information with an operator.
Controller 50 preferably controls a number of operations related to the process of forming a plastic lens. Many of the operations used to make a plastic lens (e.g., coating, curing and post-cure operations) are preferably performed under a predetermined set of conditions based on the prescription and type of lens being formed (e.g., ultraviolet/visible light absorbing, photochromic, colored, etc.). Controller 50 is preferably programmed to control a number of these operations, thus relieving the operator from having to continually monitor the apparatus.
In some embodiments, the lens or mold members may be coated with a variety of coatings (e.g., a scratch resistant or tinted coating). The application of these coatings may require specific conditions depending on the type of coating to be applied. Controller 50 is preferably configured to produce these conditions in response to input from the operator.
When a spin coating unit is used, controller 50 may be configured to control the rotation of the lens or mold member during the coating process. Controller 50 is preferably electronically coupled to the motor of the spin coating unit. The controller may send electronic signals to the motor to turn the motor on and/or off. In a typical coating process the rate at which the mold or lens is rotated is preferably controlled to achieve a uniform and defect free coating. The controller is preferably configured to control the rate of rotation of the mold or lens during a curing process. For example, when a coating material is being applied, the mold or lens is preferably spun at relatively high rotational rates (e.g., about 900 to about 950 RPM). When the coating material is being cured, however, a much slower rotational rate is preferably used (e.g., about 200 RPM). The controller is preferably configured to adjust the rotational rate of the lens or mold depending on the process step being performed.
The controller is also preferably configured to control the operation of lamps 24. The lamps are preferably turned on and off at the appropriate times during a coating procedure. For example, during the application of the coating material activating lights are typically not used, thus the controller may be configured to keep the lamps off during this process. During the curing process, activating light may be used to initiate the curing of the coating material. The controller is preferably configured to turn the lamps on and to control the amount of time the lamps remain on during a curing of the coating material. The controller may also be configured to create light pulses to affect curing of the coating material. Both the length and frequency of the light pulses may be controlled by the controller.
The controller is also preferably configured to control operation of the lens-curing unit. The controller may perform some and/or all of a number of functions during the lens curing process, including, but not limited to: (i) measuring the ambient room temperature; (ii) determining the dose of light (or initial dose of light in pulsed curing applications) required to cure the lens forming composition, based on the ambient room temperature; (iii) applying the activating light with an intensity and duration sufficient to equal the determined dose; (iv) measuring the composition's temperature response during and subsequent to the application of the dose of light; (v) calculating the dose required for the next application of activating light (in pulsed curing applications); (vi) applying the activating light with an intensity and duration sufficient to equal the determined second dose; (vii) determining when the curing process is complete by monitoring the temperature response of the lens forming composition during the application of activating light; (viii) turning the upper and lower light sources on and off independently; (ix) monitoring the lamp temperature, and controlling the temperature of the lamps by activating cooling fans proximate the lamps; and (x) turning the fans on/off or controlling the flow rate of an air stream produced by a fan to control the composition temperature. Herein, “dose” refers to the amount of light energy applied to an object, the energy of the incident light being determined by the intensity and duration of the light. A controller that is configured to alter the dose activating light applied to a lens forming composition in response to the temperature of lens forming composition is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,462 to Buazza et al. which is incorporated by reference.
In an embodiment, a shutter system may be used to control the application of activating light rays to the lens forming material. The shutter system preferably includes air-actuated shutter plates that may be inserted into the curing chamber to prevent activating light from reaching the lens forming material. The shutter system may be coupled to the controller, which may actuate an air cylinder to cause the shutter plates to be inserted or extracted from the curing chamber. The controller preferably allows the insertion and extraction of the shutter plates at specified time intervals. The controller may receive signals from temperature sensors allowing the time intervals in which the shutters are inserted and/or extracted to be adjusted as a function of a temperature of the lens forming composition and/or the molds. The temperature sensor may be located at numerous positions proximate the mold cavity and/or casting chamber.
In some embodiments, the lens may require a post-curing process. The post-cure process may require specific conditions depending on the type of lens being formed. The controller is preferably configured to produce these conditions in response to input from the operator.
The controller is preferably configured to control the operation of lamps in the post-cure unit. The lamps are preferably turned on and off at the appropriate times during the post-cure procedure. For example, in some post-cure operations the lights may not be required, thus the controller would keep the lights off during this process. During other processes, the lights may be used to complete the curing of the lens. The controller is preferably configured to turn the lights on and to control the amount of time the lights remain on during a post-cure procedure. The controller may also be configured to create light pulses during the post-cure procedure. Both the length and frequency of the light pulses may be controlled by the controller.
The controller is preferably configured to control operation of the heating device 418 during the post-cure operation. Heating device 418 is preferably turned on and off to maintain a predetermined temperature within the post-cure unit. Alternatively, when a resistive heater is used, the current flow through the heating element may be altered to control the temperature within the post-cure unit. Preferably both the application of light and heat are controlled by the controller. The operation of fans, coupled to the post-cure unit, is also preferably controlled by the controller. The fans may be operated by the controller to circulate air within or into/out of the post-cure unit.
Additionally, the controller may provide system diagnostics to determine if the system is operating properly. The controller may notify the user when routine maintenance is due or when a system error is detected. The system monitors the following conditions to warn the user when the machine has malfunctioned, requires standard maintenance, or is drifting out of its suggested operating envelope: I2C network errors; line voltage; top rack light intensity; bottom rack light intensity; post-cure rack light intensity; top activating light ballast current; bottom activating light ballast current; post-cure activating light ballast current; germicidal light ballast current; posture heater current; top activating light filament heat transformer current; bottom activating light filament heat transformer current; germicidal light filament heat transformer current; the number of times the top activating light is turned on; the number of times the bottom activating light is turned on; the number of times the post-cure activating light is turned on; the number of times the germicidal light is turned on; top activating light on time; bottom activating light on time; post cure activating light on time; germicidal light on time; top lamp temperature; bottom lamp temperature; spin board temperature; post-cure temperature.
For example, the controller may monitor the current passing through lamps of the coating, lens curing, or post-cure unit to determine if the lamps are operating properly. The controller may keep track of the number of hours that the lamps have been used. When a lamp has been used for a predetermined number of hours a message may be transmitted to an operator to inform the operator that the lamps may require changing. The controller may also monitor the intensity of light produced by the lamp. A photodiode may be placed proximate the lamps to determine the intensity of light being produced by the lamp. If the intensity of light falls outside a predetermined range, the current applied to the lamp may be adjusted to alter the intensity of light produced (either increased to increase the intensity; or decreased to decrease the intensity). Alternatively, the controller may transmit a message informing the operator that a lamp needs to be changed when the intensity of light produced by the lamp drops below a predetermined value.
When the machine encounters an error in these areas, the following error messages may be displayed:
The controller may also manage an interlock system for safety and energy conservation purposes. If the lens drawer assembly from the coating or post-cure units are open the controller is preferably configured to prevent the lamps from turning on. This may prevent the operator from inadvertently becoming exposed to the light from the lamps. Lamps 24 for the coating unit 20 are preferably positioned on cover 22 (See FIG. 1). In order to prevent inadvertent exposure of the operator to light from lamps 24 a switch is preferably built into the cover, as described above. The controller is preferably configured to prevent the lamps 24 from turning on when the cover is open. The controller may also automatically turn lamps 24 off if the cover is opened when the lenses are on. Additionally, the controller may conserve energy by keeping fans and other cooling devices off when the lamps are off.
The controller may display a number of messages indicating problems that prevent further operation of the lens forming apparatus. Process tips appear in the appropriate location on the display (over a button when related to that function, at the top and flashing when important, etc.). The controller uses the following list of tips to instruct the user during machine use. The list is in order of priority (i.e. the tip at the top of the list is displayed if both it and the second item need to be displayed simultaneously).
The controller may also be configured to interact with the operator. The controller preferably includes an input device 54 and a display screen 52. The input device may be a keyboard (e.g., a full computer keyboard or a modified keyboard), a light sensitive pad, a touch sensitive pad, or similar input device. A number the parameters controlled by the controller may be dependent on the input of the operator. In the initial set up of the apparatus, the controller may allow the operator to input the type of lens being formed. This information may include type of lens (clear, ultraviolet absorbing, photochromic, colored, etc.), prescription, and type of coatings (e.g., scratch resistant or tint).
Based on this information the controller is preferably configured to transmit information back to the operator. The operator may be instructed to select mold members for the mold assembly. The mold members may be coded such that the controller may indicate to the operator which molds to select by transmitting the code for each mold member. The controller may also determine the type of gasket required to properly seal the mold members together. Like the mold members, the gaskets may also be coded to make the selection of the appropriate gasket easier.
The lens forming compositions may also be coded. For the production of certain kinds of lenses a specific lens forming composition may be required. The controller may be configured to determine the specific composition required and transmit the code for that composition to the operator. The controller may also signal to the operator when certain operations need to be performed or when a particular operation is completed (e.g., when to place the mold assembly in the lens curing unit, when to remove the mold assembly, when to transfer the mold assembly, etc.).
The controller may also display Help functions to instruct the user on machine use and give general process guidance. The following paragraphs are examples of some of the help files that may be available to an operator:
4) TINTING TIPS
In some embodiments, the controller may be a computer system. A computer system may include a memory medium on which computer programs configured to perform the above described operations of the controller are stored. The term “memory medium” is intended to include an installation medium, e.g., a CD-ROM, or floppy disks, a computer system memory such as DRAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, Rambus RAM, etc., or a non-volatile memory such as a magnetic media, e.g., a hard drive, or optical storage. The memory medium may comprise other types of memory as well, or combinations thereof. In addition, the memory medium may be located in a first computer in which the programs are executed, or may be located in a second different computer that connects to the first computer over a network. In the latter instance, the second computer provides the program instructions to the first computer for execution. Also, the computer system may take various forms, including a personal computer system, mainframe computer system, workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA), television system or other device. In general, the term “computer system” can be broadly defined to encompass any device having a processor which executes instructions from a memory medium.
The memory medium preferably stores a software program for controlling the operation of a lens forming apparatus. The software program may be implemented in any of various ways, including procedure-based techniques, component-based techniques, and/or object-oriented techniques, among others. For example, the software program may be implemented using ActiveX controls, C++ objects, JavaBeans, Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), or other technologies or methodologies, as desired. A CPU, such as the host CPU, executing code and data from the memory medium comprises a means for creating and executing the software program according to the methods or flowcharts described below.
Various embodiments further include receiving or storing instructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon a carrier medium. Suitable carrier media include memory media or storage media such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or CD-ROM, as well as signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as networks and/or a wireless link.
The lens forming material may include any suitable liquid monomer or monomer mixture and any suitable photosensitive initiator. As used herein “monomer” is taken to mean any compound capable of undergoing a polymerization reaction. Monomers may include non-polymerized material or partially polymerized material. When partially polymerized material is used as a monomer, the partially polymerized material preferably contains functional groups capable of undergoing further reaction to form a new polymer. The lens forming material preferably includes a photoinitiator that interacts with activating light. In one embodiment, the photoinitiator absorbs ultraviolet light having a wavelength in the range of 300 to 400 nm. In another embodiment, the photoinitiator absorbs actinic light having a wavelength in the range of about 380 nm to 490 nm. The liquid lens forming material is preferably filtered for quality control and placed in the lens molding cavity 382 by pulling the annular gasket 380 away from one of the opposed mold members 378 and injecting the liquid lens forming material into the lens molding cavity 382 (See FIG. 8). Once the lens molding cavity 382 is filled with such material, the annular gasket 380 is preferably replaced into its sealing relation with the opposed mold members 378.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that once the cured lens is removed from the lens molding cavity 382 by disassembling the opposed mold members 378, the lens may be further processed in a conventional manner, such as by grinding its peripheral edge.
A polymerizable lens forming composition includes an aromatic-containing bis(allyl carbonate)-functional monomer and at least one polyethylenic-functional monomer containing two ethylenically unsaturated groups selected from acrylyl or methacrylyl. In a preferred embodiment, the composition further includes a suitable photoinitiator. In other preferred embodiments, the composition may include one or more polyethylenic-functional monomers containing three ethylenically unsaturated groups selected from acrylyl or methacrylyl, and a dye. The lens forming composition may also include activating light absorbing compounds such as ultraviolet light absorbing compounds and photochromic compounds. Examples of these compositions are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,462 to Buazza et al. which is incorporated by reference.
In another embodiment, an ophthalmic eyeglass lens may be made from a lens forming composition comprising a monomer composition and a photoinitiator composition.
The monomer composition preferably includes an aromatic containing polyethylenic polyether functional monomer. In an embodiment, the polyether employed is an ethylene oxide derived polyether, propylene oxide derived polyether, or mixtures thereof. Preferably, the polyether is an ethylene oxide derived polyether. The aromatic polyether polyethylenic functional monomer preferably has the general structure (V), depicted below where each R2 is a polymerizable unsaturated group, m and n are independently 1 or 2, and the average values of j and k are each independently in the range of from about 1 to about 20. Common polymerizable unsaturated groups include vinyl, allyl, allyl carbonate, methacrylyl, acrylyl, methacrylate, and acrylate.
R2—[CH2—(CH2)m—O]j—A1—[O—(CH2)n—CH2]k—R2
A1 is the divalent radical derived from a dihydroxy aromatic-containing material. A subclass of the divalent radical A1 which is of particular usefulness is represented by formula (II):
in which each R1 is independently alkyl containing from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, phenyl, or halo; the average value of each (a) is independently in the range of from 0 to 4; each Q is independently oxy, sulfonyl, alkanediyl having from 2 to about 4 carbon atoms, or alkylidene having from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms; and the average value of n is in the range of from 0 to about 3. Preferably Q is methylethylidene, viz., isopropylidene.
Preferably the value of n is zero, in which case A1 is represented by formula (III):
in which each R1, each a, and Q are as discussed with respect to Formula II. Preferably the two free bonds are both in the ortho or para positions. The para positions are especially preferred.
In an embodiment, when para, para-bisphenols are chain extended with ethylene oxide, the central portion of the aromatic containing polyethylenic polyether functional monomer may be represented by the formula:
where each R1, each a, and Q are as discussed with respect to Formula II, and the average values of j and k are each independently in the range of from about 1 to about 20.
In another embodiment, the polyethylenic functional monomer is an aromatic polyether polyethylenic functional monomer containing at least one group selected from acrylyl or methacrylyl. Preferably the aromatic polyether polyethylenic functional monomer containing at least one group selected from acrylate and methacrylate has the general structure (VI), depicted below where R0 is hydrogen or methyl, where each R1, each a, and Q are as discussed with respect to Formula II, where the values of j and k are each independently in the range of from about 1 to about 20, and where R2 is a polyrnerizable unsaturated group (e.g., vinyl, allyl, allyl carbonate, methacrylyl, acrylyl, methacrylate, or acrylate).
In one embodiment, the aromatic containing polyether polyethylenic functional monomer is preferably an ethoxylated bisphenol A di(meth)acrylate. Ethoxylated bisphenol A di(meth)acrylates have the general structure depicted below where each R0 is independently hydrogen or methyl, each R1, each a, and Q are as discussed with respect to Formula II, and the values of j and k are each independently in the range of from about 1 to about 20.
Preferred ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylates include ethoxylated 2 bisphenol A diacrylate (where j+k=2, and R0 is H), ethoxylated 2 bisphenol A dimethacrylate (where j+k=2, and R0 is Me), ethoxylated 3 bisphenol A diacrylate (where j+k=3, and R0 is H), ethoxylated 4 bisphenol A diacrylate (where j+k=4, and R0 is H), ethoxylated 4 bisphenol A dimethacrylate (where j+k=4, and R0 is Me), ethoxylated 6 bisphenol A dimethacrylate (where j+k=6, and R0 is Me), ethoxylated 8 bisphenol A dimethacrylate (where j+k=8, and R0 is Me), ethoxylated 10 bisphenol A diacrylate (where j+k=10, and R0 is H), ethoxylated 10 bisphenol A dimethacrylate (where j+k=10, and R0 is Me), ethoxylated 30 bisphenol A diacrylate (where j+k=30, and R0 is H), ethoxylated 30 bisphenol A dimethacrylate (where j+k=30, and R0 is Me). These compounds are commercially available from Sartomer Company under the trade names PRO-631, SR-348, SR-349, SR-601, CD-540, CD-541, CD-542, SR-602, SR-480, SR-9038, and SR-9036 respectively. Other ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylates include ethoxylated 3 bisphenol A dimethacrylate (where j+k=3, and R0 is Me), ethoxylated 6 bisphenol A diacrylate (where j+k=30, and R0 is H), and ethoxylated 8 bisphenol A diacrylate (where j+k=30, and R0 is H). In all of the above described compounds Q is C(CH3)2.
The monomer composition preferably may also include a polyethylenic functional monomer. Polyethylenic functional monomers are defined herein as organic molecules which include two or more polymerizable unsaturated groups. Common polymerizable unsaturated groups include vinyl, allyl, allyl carbonate, methacrylyl, acrylyl, methacrylate, and acrylate. Preferably, the polyethylenic functional monomers have the general formula (VII) or (VIII) depicted below, where each R0 is independently hydrogen, halo, or a C1-C4 alkyl group and where A1 is as described above. It should be understood that while general structures (VII) and (VIII) are depicted as having only two polymerizable unsaturated groups, polyethylenic functional monomers having three (e.g., tri(meth)acrylates), four (e.g., tetra(meth)acrylates), five (e.g., penta(meth)acrylates), six (e.g., hexa(meth)acrylates) or more groups may be used.
Preferred polyethylenic functional monomers which may be combined with an aromatic containing polyethylenic polyether functional monomer to form the monomer composition include, but are not limited to, ethoxylated 2 bisphenol A dimethacrylate, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, ethoxylated 10 bisphenol A dimethacrylate, ethoxylated 4 bisphenol A dimethacrylate, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, ethoxylated 6 trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and bisphenol A bis allyl carbonate.
According to one embodiment, the liquid lens forming composition includes ethoxylated 4 bisphenol A dimethacrylate. Ethoxylated 4 bisphenol A dimethacrylate monomer, when cured to form an eyeglass lens, typically produces lenses that have a higher index of refraction than comparable lenses produced using DEG-BAC. Lenses formed from such a mid-index lens forming composition which includes ethoxylated 4 bisphenol A dimethacrylate may have an index of refraction of about 1.56 compared to the non-ethoxylated monomer compositions which tend to have an index of refraction of about 1.51. A lens made from a higher index of refraction polymer may be thinner than a lens made from a lower index of refraction polymer because the differences in the radii of curvature between the front and back surface of the lens do not have to be as great to produce a lens of a desired focal power. Lenses formed from a lens forming composition which includes ethoxylated 4 bisphenol A dimethacrylate may also be more rigid than lenses formed from non-ethoxylated monomer based compositions.
The monomer composition may include additional monomers, which, when combined with ethoxylated 4 bisphenol A dimethacrylate, may modify the properties of the formed eyeglass lens and/or the lens forming composition. Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate triacrylate, available from Sartomer under the trade name SR-368, is a triacrylate monomer that may be included in the composition to provide improved clarity, high temperature rigidity, and impact resistance properties to the finished lens. Ethoxylated 10 bisphenol A dimethacrylate, available from Sartomer under the trade name SR-480, is a diacrylate monomer that may be included in the composition to provide impact resistance properties to the finished lens. Ethoxylated 2 bisphenol A dimethacrylate, available from Sartomer under the trade name SR-348, is a diacrylate monomer that may be included in the composition to provide tintability properties to the finished lens. Dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate, available from Sartomer under the trade name SR-399, is a pentaacrylate monomer that may be included in the composition to provide abrasion resistance properties to the finished lens. 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, available from Sartomer under the trade name SR-239, is a diacrylate monomer that may be included in the composition to reduce the viscosity of the lens forming composition. Isobomyl acrylate, available from Sartomer under the trade name SR-506, is an acrylate monomer that may be included in the composition to reduce the viscosity of the lens forming composition and enhance tinting characteristics. Bisphenol A bis allyl carbonate may be included in the composition to control the rate of reaction during cure and also improve the shelf life of the lens forming composition. Pentaerythritol triacrylate, available from Sartomer under the trade name SR-444, is a triacrylate monomer that may be included in the composition to promote better adhesion of the lens forming composition to the molds during curing. Ethoxylated 6 trimethylolpropane triacrylate, available from Sartomer under the trade name SR-454, may also be added.
Photoinitiators which may be used in the lens forming composition have been described in previous sections. In one embodiment, the photoinitiator composition preferably includes phenyl bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (IRG-819) which is commercially available from Ciba Additives under the trade name of Irgacure 819. The amount of Irgacure 819 present in a lens forming composition preferably ranges from about 30 ppm by weight to about 2000 ppm by weight. In another embodiment, the photoinitiator composition may include a mixture of photoinitiator. Preferably, a mixture of Irgacure 819 and 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, commercially available from Ciba Additives under the trade name of Irgacure 184 (IRG-184), is used. Preferably, the total amount of photoinitiators in the lens forming composition ranges from about 50 ppm to about 1000 ppm.
In another embodiment, an ophthalmic eyeglass lens may be made from lens forming composition comprising a monomer composition, a photoinitiator composition, and a co-initiator composition. The lens forming composition, in liquid form, is preferably placed in a mold cavity defined by a first mold member and a second mold member. It is believed that activating light which is directed toward the mold members to activate the photoinitiator composition causes the photoinitiator to form a polymer chain radical. The co-initiator may react with a fragment or an active species of either the photoinitiator or the polymer chain radical to produce a monomer initiating species. The polymer chain radical and the monomer initiating species may react with the monomer to cause polymerization of the lens forming composition.
The monomer composition preferably includes an aromatic containing polyethylenic polyether functional monomer having a structure as shown above. Preferably, the polyethylenic functional monomer is an aromatic polyether polyethylenic functional monomer containing at least one group selected from acrylyl or methacrylyl.
More preferably, the polyethylenic functional monomer is an ethoxylated bisphenol A di(meth)acrylate. The monomer composition may include a mixture of polyethylenic functional monomers, as described above. The photoinitiators which may be present in the lens forming composition have been described above.
The lens forming composition preferably includes a co-initiator composition. The co-initiator composition preferably includes amine co-initiators. Amines are defined herein as compounds of nitrogen formally derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacement of the hydrogens of ammonia with organic substituents. Co-initiators include acrylyl amine co-initiators commercially available from Sartomer Company under the trade names of CN-381, CN-383, CN-384, and CN-386, where these co-initiators are monoacrylyl amines, diacrylyl amines, or mixtures thereof. Other co-initiators include ethanolamines. Examples of ethanolarnines include but are not limited to N-methyidiethanolamine (NMDEA) and triethanolamine (TEA) both commercially available from Aldrich Chemicals. Aromatic amines (e.g., aniline derivatives) may also be used as co-initiators. Example of aromatic amines include, but are not limited to, ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (E-4-DMAB), ethyl-2-dimethylaminobenzoate (E-2-DMAB), n-butoxyethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, and octyl-p-(dimethylamino)benzoate commercially available from Aldrich Chemicals or The First Chemical Group of Pascagoula, Miss.
Preferably, acrylated amines are included in the co-initiator composition. Acrylyl amines may have the general structures depicted in
An advantage to lens forming compositions which include a co-initiator is that less photoinitiator may be used to initiate curing of the lens forming composition. Typically, plastic lenses are formed from a lens forming composition which includes a photoinitiator and a monomer. To improve the hardness of the formed lenses the concentration of photoinitiator may be increased. Increasing the concentration of photoinitiator, however, may cause increased yellowing of the formed lens, as has been described previously. To offset this increase in yellowing, a permanent dye may be added to the lens forming composition. As the amount of yellowing is increased the amount of dye added may also be increased. Increasing the concentration of the dye may cause the light transmissibility of the lens to decrease.
A lens forming composition that includes a co-initiator may be used to reduce the amount of photoinitiator used. To improve the hardness of the formed lenses a mixture of photoinitiator and co-initiator may be used to initiate curing of the monomer. The above-described co-initiators typically do not significantly contribute to the yellowing of the formed lens. By adding co-initiators to the lens forming composition, the amount of photoinitiator may be reduced. Reducing the amount of photoinitiator may decrease the amount of yellowing in the formed lens. This allows the amount of dyes added to the lens forming composition to be reduced and light transmissibility of the formed lens may be improved without sacrificing the rigidity of the lens.
The lens forming composition may also include activating light absorbing compounds. These compounds may absorb at least a portion of the activating light which is directed toward the lens forming composition during curing. One example of activating light absorbing compounds are photochromic compounds. Photochromic compounds which may be added to the lens forming composition have been previously described. Preferably, the total amount of photochromic compounds in the lens forming composition ranges from about 1 ppm to about 1000 ppm. Examples of photochromic compounds which may be used in the lens forming composition include, but are not limited to Corn Yellow, Berry Red, Sea Green, Plum Red, Variacrol Yellow, Palatinate Purple, CH-94, Variacrol Blue D, Oxford Blue and CH-266. Preferably, a mixture of these compounds is used. Variacrol Yellow is a napthopyran material, commercially available from Great Lakes Chemical in West Lafayette, Ind. Corn Yellow and Berry Red are napthopyrans and Sea Green, Plum Red and Palatinate Purple are spironaphthoxazine materials commercially available from Keystone Aniline Corporation in Chicago, Ill. Variacrol Blue D and Oxford Blue are spironaphthoxazine materials, commercially available from Great Lakes Chemical in West Lafayette, Ind. CH-94 and CH-266 are benzopyran materials, comunercially available from Chroma Chemicals in Dayton, Ohio. The composition of a Photochromic Dye Mixture which may be added to the lens forming composition is described in Table 1.
The lens forming composition may also include other activating light absorbing compounds such as UV stabilizers, UV absorbers, and dyes. UV stabilizers, such as Tinuvin 770 may be added to reduce the rate of degradation of the formed lens caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. UV absorbers, such as 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)phenol, may be added to the composition to provide UV blocking characteristics to the formed lens. Small amounts of dyes, such as Thermoplast Blue 684 and Thermoplast Red from BASF may be added to the lens forming composition to counteract a yellowing. These classes of compounds have been described in greater detail in previous by sections.
In an embodiment, a UV absorbing composition may be added to the lens forming composition. The UV absorbing composition preferably includes a photoinitiator and a UV absorber. Photoinitiators and UV absorbers have been described in greater detail in previous sections. Typically, the concentration of UV absorber in the lens forming composition required to achieve desirable UV blocking characteristics is in the range from about 0.1 to about 0.25% by weight. For example, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)phenol may be added to the lens forming composition as a UV absorber at a concentration of about 0.17%.
By mixing a photoinitiator with a UV absorbing compound the combined concentration of the photoinitiator and the UV absorber required to achieve the desired UV blocking characteristics in the formed lens may be lower than the concentration of UV absorber required if used alone. For example, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)phenol may be added to the lens forming composition as a UV absorber at a concentration of about 0.17% to achieve the desired UV blocking characteristics for the formed lens. Alternatively, a UV absorbing composition may be formed by a combination of 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with the photoinitiator 2-isopropyl-thioxanthone (ITX), commercially available from Aceto Chemical in Flushing, N.Y. To achieve similar UV blocking characteristics in the formed lens, significantly less of the UV absorbing composition may be added to the lens forming composition, compared to the amount of UV absorber used by itself. For example, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)phenol at a concentration of about 700 ppm, with respect to the lens forming composition, along with 150 ppm of the photoinitiator 2-isopropyl-thioxanthone (2-ITX) may be used to provide UV blocking characteristics. Thus, a significant reduction, (e.g., from 0.15% down to less than about 1000 ppm), in the concentration of UV absorber may be achieved, without a reduction in the UV blocking ability of the subsequently formed lens. An advantage of lowering the amount of UV absorbing compounds present in the lens forming composition is that the solubility of the various components of the composition may be improved.
Tables 2-6 list some examples of mid-index lens forming compositions. The UV absorber is 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3,-tetramethylbutyl)phenol.
In one embodiment, plastic lenses may be formed by disposing a mid-index lens forming composition into the mold cavity of a mold assembly and irradiating the mold assembly with activating light. Coating materials may be applied to the mold members prior to filling the mold cavity with the lens forming composition.
After filing the mold cavity of the mold assembly the mold assembly is preferably placed in the lens curing unit and subjected to activating light. Preferably, actinic light is used to irradiate the mold assembly. A clear polycarbonate plate may be placed between the mold assembly and the activating light source. The polycarbonate plate preferably isolates the mold assembly from the lamp chamber, thus preventing airflow from the lamp cooling fans from interacting with the mold assemblies. The activating light source may be configured to deliver from about 0.1 to about 10 milliwatts/cm2 to at least one non-casting face, preferably both nonasting faces, of the mold assembly. Depending on the components of the lens forming composition used the intensity of activating light used may be <1 milliwatt/cm2. The intensity of incident light at the plane of the lens curing unit drawer is measured using an International Light IL-1400 radiometer equipped with an XRL140A detector head. This particular radiometer preferably has a peak detection wavelength at about 400 nm, with a detection range from about 310 nm to about 495 nm. The International Light IL-1400 radiometer and the XRL140A detector head are both commercially available International Light, Incorporated of Newburyport, Mass.
After the mold assembly is placed within the lens curing unit, the mold assemblies are preferably irradiated with activating light continuously for 30 seconds to thirty minutes, more preferably from one minute to five minutes. Preferably, the mold assemblies irradiated in the absence of a cooling air stream. After irradiation, the mold assemblies were removed from the lens curing unit and the formed lens demolded. The lenses may be subjected to a post-cure treatment in the post-cure unit.
In general, it was found that the use of a photoinitiator (e.g., IRG-819 and IRG-184) in the lens forming composition produces lenses with better characteristics than lens formed using a co-initiator only. For example, formula 15, described in the Table 4, includes a monomer composition (a mixture of SR-348 and SR-454) and a co-initiator (CN-386). When this lens forming composition was exposed to activating light for 15 min. there was no significant reaction or gel formation. It is believed that the co-initiator requires an initiating species in order to catalyze curing of the monomer composition. Typically this initiating species is produced from the reaction of the photoinitiator with activating light.
A variety of photoinitiators and photoinitiators combined with co-initiators may be used to initiate polymerization of the monomer composition. One initiator system which may be used includes photoinitiators IRG-819 and 2-ITX and a co-initiator, see Formulas 17-18. Such a system is highly efficient at initiating polymerization reactions. The efficiency of a polymerization catalyst is a measurement of the amount of god photoinitiator required to initiate a polymerization reaction. A relatively small amount of an efficient photoinitiator may be required to catalyze a polymerization reaction, whereas a greater amount of a less efficient photoinitiator may be required to catalyze the polymerization reaction. The IRG-819/2-ITX/co-initiator system may be used to cure lenses forming compositions which include a UV absorbing compound. This initiator system may also be used to form colored lenses.
An initiator system that is less efficient than the IRG-819/2-ITX/co-initiator system includes a mixture of the photoinitiators IRG-819 and 2-ITX, see Formula 31. This system is less efficient at initiating polymerization of lens forming compositions than the IRG-819/2-ITX/co-initiator system. The IRG-819/2-ITX system may be used to cure very reactive monomer compositions. An initiator system having a similar efficiency to the IRG-819/2-ITX system includes a mixture of IRG-819 and co-initiator, see Formulas 1-6, 8-9, 11, 14-15, 19-22, and 25-26. The IRG-819/co-initiator system may be used to cure clear lenses which do not include a UV blocking compound and photochromic lens forming compositions.
Another initiator system which may be used includes the photoinitiator 2-ITX and a co-initiator. This initiator system is much less efficient at initiating polymerization reactions than the IRG-819/co-initiator system. The 2-ITX/co-initiator system is preferably used for curing monomer compositions which include highly reactive monomers.
The use of the above described mid-index lens forming compositions may minimize or eliminate a number of problems associated with activating light curing of lenses. One problem typical of curing eyeglass lenses with activating light is pre-release. Pre-release may be caused by a number of factors. If the adhesion between the mold faces and the shrinking lens forming composition is not sufficient, pre-release may occur. The propensity of a lens forming composition to adhere to the mold face, in combination with its shrinkage, determine how the process variables are controlled to avoid pre-release. Adhesion is affected by such factors as geometry of the mold face (e.g., high-add flat-top bifocals tend to release because of the sharp change in cavity height at the segment line), the temperature of the mold assembly, and the characteristics of the in-mold coating material. The process variables which are typically varied to control pre-release include the application of cooling fluid to remove exothermic heat, controlling the rate of heat generation by manipulating the intensities and timing of the activating radiation, providing differential light distribution across the thin or thick sections of the mold cavity manipulating the thickness of the molds, and providing in-mold coatings which enhance adhesion. An advantage of the above described mid-index lens forming compositions is that the composition appears to have enhanced adhesion characteristics. This may allow acceptable lenses to be produced over a greater variety of curing conditions. Another advantage is that higher diopter lenses may be produced at relatively low pre-release rates, broadening the achievable prescription range.
Another advantage of the above described mid-index lens forming compositions is that they tend to minimize problems associated with dripping during low intensity curing of lenses (e.g., in the 1 to 6 milliwatt range). Typically, during the irradiation of the lens forming composition with activating light, small amounts of monomer may be squeezed out of the cavity and run onto the non-casting faces of the molds. Alternatively, during filling of the mold assembly with the lens forming composition, a portion of the lens forming composition may drip onto the non-casting faces of the mold assembly. This “dripping” onto the non-casting faces of the mold assembly tends to cause the activating light to focus more strongly in the regions of the cavity located underneath the drippings. This focusing of the activating light may affect the rate of curing. If the rate of curing underneath the drippings varies significantly from the rate of curing throughout the rest of the lens forming composition, optical distortions may be created in the regions below the drippings.
It is believed that differences in the rate of gelation between the center and the edge regions of the lens forming composition may cause dripping to occur. During the a curing of a lens forming composition, the material within the mold cavity tends to swell slightly during the gel phase of the curing process. If there is enough residual monomer around the gasket lip, this liquid will tend to be forced out of the cavity and onto the non-casting faces of the mold. This problem tends to be minimized when the lens forming composition undergoes fast, uniform gelation. Typically, a fast uniform gelation of the lens forming composition may be achieved by manipulating the timing, intensities, and distribution of the activating radiation. The above described mid-index lens forming compositions, however, tend to gel quickly and uniformly under a variety of curing conditions, thus minimizing the problems caused by dripping.
Another advantage of the above described mid-index lens forming compositions is that the compositions tend to undergo uniform curing under a variety of curing conditions. This uniform curing tends to minimize optical aberrations within the formed lens. This is especially evident during the formation of high plus power flattop lenses which tend to exhibit optical distortions after the lens forming composition is cured. It is believed that the activating radiation may be reflected off of the segment line and create local differences in the rate of gelation in the regions of the lens forming composition that the reflected light reaches. The above described mid-index lens forming compositions tend to show less optical distortions caused by variations of the intensity of activating radiation throughout the composition.
Other advantages include drier edges and increased rigidity of the formed lens. An advantage of drier edges is that the contamination of the optical faces of the lens by uncured or partially cured lens forming composition is minimized.
In an embodiment, a lens forming composition may be cured into a variety of different lenses. The lens forming composition includes an aromatic containing polyether polyethylenic functional monomer, a co-initiator composition configured to activate curing of the monomer, and a photoinitiator configured to activate the co-initiator composition in response to being exposed to activating light. The lens forming composition may include other components such as ultraviolet light absorbers and photochromic compounds. Lenses which may be cured using the lens forming composition include, but are not limited to, spheric single vision, aspheric single vision lenses, flattop bifocal lenses, and asymmetrical progressive lenses.
One lens forming composition, includes a mixture of the following monomers.
Another lens forming composition includes a mixture of the following monomers. The presence of photochromic compounds in this composition allows the composition to be used to form photochromic lenses.
A lens forming composition which includes an aromatic containing polyether polyethylenic functional monomer, a co-initiator composition and a photoinitiator may be used to form a variety of prescription eyeglass lenses, including eyeglass lenses which have a sphere power ranging from about +4.0 diopter to about −6.0 diopter. The lenses formed from this lens forming composition are substantially free of distortions, cracks, patterns and striations, and that have negligible yellowing, in less than thirty minutes by exposing the lens forming composition to activating light and heat. An advantage of the lens forming composition is that it exhibits increased adhesion to the molds. This may reduce the incidence of premature release of the formed lens from the molds. Additionally, the use of adhesion promoting agents, typically applied to the molds to prevent premature release; may no longer be necessary.
The increased adhesion of the lens forming composition to the molds allows curing of the lens forming composition at higher temperatures. Typically, control of the temperature of the lens forming composition may be necessary to prevent premature release of the lens from the molds. Premature release may occur when the lens forming composition shrinks as it is cured. Shrinkage typically occurs when the lens forming composition is rapidly heated during curing. Lens forming compositions which include an aromatic containing polyether polyethylenic functional monomer, a co-initiator composition and a photoinitiator may reduce the incidence of premature release. The increased adhesion of this lens forming composition may allow higher curing temperatures to be used without increasing the incidence of premature release. It is also believed that this lens forming composition may exhibit less shrinkage during curing which may further reduce the chance of premature release.
An advantage of curing at higher temperatures is that an eyeglass lens having a high crosslink density may be formed. The crosslink density of an eyeglass lens is typically related to the curing temperature. Curing a lens forming composition at a relatively low temperature leads to a lower crosslink density than the crosslink density of a lens cured at a higher temperature. Lenses which have a higher crosslink density generally absorb tinting dyes substantially evenly without blotching or streaking. Lenses which have a high crosslink density also may exhibit reduced flexibility.
Plastic lenses may be formed by disposing a lens forming composition into the mold cavity of a mold assembly and irradiating the mold assembly with activating light. Coating materials may be applied to the mold members prior to filling the mold cavity with the lens forming composition. The lens may be treated in a post-cure unit after the lens-curing process is completed.
The operation of the above described system to provide plastic lenses involves a number of operations. These operations are preferably coordinated by the controller 50, which has been described above. After powering the system, an operator is preferably signaled by the controller to enter the prescription of the lens, the type of lens, and the type of coating materials for the lens. Based on these inputted values the controller will preferably indicate to the operator which molds and gaskets will be required to form the particular lens.
The formation of lenses involves: 1) Preparing the mold assembly; 2) Filling the mold assembly with the lens forming composition; 3) Curing the lens; 4) Post-curing the lens; and 5) Annealing the lens. Optionally, the lens may be coated before use. The formation of lenses may be accomplished using the plastic lens curing apparatus described above.
The preparation of a mold assembly includes selecting the appropriate front and back molds for a desired prescription and lens type, cleaning the molds, and assembling the molds to form the mold assembly. The prescription of the lens determines which front mold, back mold, and gasket are used to prepare the mold assembly. In one embodiment, a chart which includes all of the possible lens prescriptions may be used to allow a user to determine the appropriate molds and gaskets. Such a chart may include thousands of entries, making the determination of the appropriate molds and gaskets somewhat time consuming.
In an embodiment, the controller 50 of the plastic lens curing apparatus 10 (see
When initially powered, the controller will preferably display a main menu, such as the menu depicted in FIG. 17. If the main menu is not displayed, a user may access the main menu by pressing button 650, which may be labeled Main Menu. In response to activating the Main Menu button 650, the controller will cause the main menu screen to be displayed. As depicted in
Selection of the NEW Rx menu item will cause the display screen to change to a prescription input menu, depicted in FIG. 18. The prescription input menu will preferably allow the user to enter data pertaining to a new lens type. The default starting position will be the lens monomer selection box. Once the area is highlighted, the selection knob 620 is rotated to make a choice among the predetermined selections. When the proper selection is displayed, the selection knob may be pushed down to enter the selection. Entry of the selection may also cause the cursor to move to the next item on the list. Alternatively, a user may select the next item to be entered using the scrolling arrows 630.
Each of the menu items allows entry of a portion of the lens prescription. The lens prescription information includes 1) the monomer type; 2) the lens type; 3) lens a location (i.e., left lens or right lens); 4) spherical power; 5) cylindrical power, 6) axis; and 7) add power. The monomer selection may include choices for either clear or photochromic lenses. The lens type item may allow selection between spheric single vision, aspheric single vision lenses, flattop bifocal lenses, and asymmetrical progressive lenses. The sphere item allows the sphere power of the lens to be entered. The cylinder item allows the cylinder power to be entered. The axis item allows the cylinder axis to be entered. The add item allows the add power for multifocal prescriptions to be added. Since the sphere power, cylinder power, cylinder axis, and add power may differ for each eye, and since the molds and gaskets may be specific for the location of the lens (i.e., right lens or left lens), the controller preferably allows separate entries for right and left lenses. If an error is made in any of the entry fields, the scrolling arrows 630 preferably allow the user to move the cursor to the incorrect entry for correction.
After the data relating to the prescription has been added, the controller may prompt the user to enter a job number to save the prescription type. This preferably allows the user to recall a prescription type without having to renter the data. The job number may also be used by the controller to control the curing conditions for the lens. The curing conditions typically vary depending on the type and prescription of the lens. By allowing the controller access to the prescription and type of lens being formed, the controller may automatically set up the curing conditions without further input from the user.
After the job is saved, the display screen will preferably display information which allows the user to select the appropriate front mold, back mold and gasket for preparing the lens, as depicted in FIG. 19. This information is preferably generated by the use of a stored database which correlates the inputted data to the appropriate lenses and gasket. The prescription information is also summarized to allow the user to check that the prescription has been entered correctly. The mold and gasket information may be printed out for the user. A printer may be incorporated into the controller to allow print out of this data. Alternatively, a communication port may be incorporated into the controller to allow the data to be transferred to a printer or personal computer. Each of the molds and gaskets has a predetermined identification marking. Preferably, the identification markings are alphanumeric sequences. The identification markings for the molds and gasket preferably correspond to alphanumeric sequences for a library of mold members. The user, having obtained the mold and gasket identification markings, may then go to the library and select the appropriate molds and gaskets.
The controller is preferably configured to run a computer software program which, upon input of the eyeglass prescription, will supply the identification markings of the appropriate front mold, back mold and gasket. The computer program includes a plurality of instructions configured to allow the controller to collect the prescription information, determine the appropriate front mold, back mold, and gasket required to a form a lens having the inputted prescription, and display the appropriate identification markings for the front mold, back mold and gasket. In one embodiment, the computer program may include an information database. The information database may include a multidimensional array of records. Each records may include data fields corresponding to identification markings for the front mold the back mold, and the gasket. When the prescription data is entered, the computer program is configured to look up the record corresponding to the entered prescription. The information from this record may be tranmitted to the user, allowing the user to select the appropriate molds and gasket.
In one embodiment the information database may be a three dimensional array of records. An example of a portion of a three dimensional array of records is depicted in Table 7. The three dimensional array includes array variables of sphere, cylinder, and add. A record of the three dimensional array includes a list of identification markings. Preferably this list includes identification markings for a front mold (for either a left or light lens), a back mold and a gasket. When a prescription is entered the program includes instructions which take the cylinder, sphere and add information and look up the record which is associated with that information. The program obtains from the record the desired information and transmits the information to the user. For example, if a prescription for left lens having a sphere power of +1.00, a cylinder power of −0.75 and an add power of 2.75 is entered, the front mold identification marking will be FT-34, the back mold identification marking will be TB-101, and the gasket identification marking will be G25. These values will be transmitted to the user via an output device. The output device may include a display screen or a printer. It should be understood that the examples shown in Table 97 represent a small portion of the entire database. The sphere power may range from +4.00 to −4.00 in 0.25 diopter increments, the cylinder power may range from 0.00 diopters to −2.00 diopters in 0.25 diopter increments, and the add power may range from +1.00 to +3.00 in 0.25 diopter increments.
A second information database may include information related to curing the lens forming composition based on the prescription variables. Each record may include information related to curing clear lenses (i.e., non-photochromic lenses) and photochromic lenses. The curing information may include filter information, initial curing dose information, postcure time and conditions, and anneal time. An example of a portion of this database is depicted in Table 8. Curing conditions typically depend on the sphere power of a lens, the type of lens being formed (photochromic or non-photochromic), and whether the lens will be tinted or not. Curing information includes type of filter being used, initial dose conditions, postcure time, and anneal time. A filter with a 50 mm aperture (denoted as “50 mm”) or a clear plate filter (denoted as “clear”) may be used. Initial dose is typically in seconds, with the irradiation pattern (e.g., top and bottom, bottom only) being also designated. The postcure time represents the amount of time the mold assembly is treated with activating light and heat in the postcure unit. The anneal time represents the amount of time the demolded lens is treated with heat after the lens is removed from the mold assembly. While this second database is depicted as a separate database, the database may be incorporated into the mold and gasket database by adding the lens curing information to each of the appropriate records.
The controller may also be configured to warn the user if the lens power is beyond the range of the system or if their mold package does not contain the necessary molds to make the desired lens. In these cases, the user may be asked to check the prescription information to ensure that the proper prescription was entered.
The controller may also be used to control the operation of the various components of the plastic lens curing apparatus. A series of input devices 640 may allow the operation of the various components of the system. The input devices may be configured to cause the commencement of the lens coating process (640a), the cure process (640b), the postcure process (640c), and the anneal process (640d).
In an embodiment, activating any of the input devices 640 may cause a screen to appear requesting a job number corresponding to the type of lenses being formed. The last job used may appear as a default entry. The user may change the displayed job number by cycling through the saved jobs. When the proper job is displayed the user may enter the job by depressing the selection knob.
After the job has been entered, the system will be ready to commence the selected function. Activating the same input device again (e.g., depressing the button) will cause the system to commence the selected function. For example, pressing the cure button a second time may cause a preprogrammed cure cycle to begin. After the selected function is complete the display screen may display a prompt informing the user that the action is finished.
The controller may be configured to prevent the user from using curing cycles other than those that have been prescribed by the programmer of the controller. After a prescription is entered, the job enters the work stream where the controller allows only the prescribed curing conditions. Timers (set by the algorithm picked at prescription input) may run constantly during the lens cycle to monitor doses and deliver both audible and visible prompts to the user of at times of transition in the process. The system tracks job completion and status and gives visual representation of job status in the view job screen. Boxes at the bottom of the screen are checked as the necessary steps are competed. In sensitive parts of the lens cycle, no deviation from the established method is allowed. Operator discretion is allowed when the process is not time critical. The software warns the user during procedures that will interrupt jobs during their execution, erase jobs that are not finished, rerun jobs that are not finished, etc.
The system may be configured to prevent a new cure cycle from being started until the previous job's cure is finished. This “gatekeeper” function ensures post cure chamber availability during time sensitive transitions. When the cure stage is finished, both audible and visual prompts instruct the user to place the cavities in the post cure area.
The main menu may also include selections allowing a saved job to be edited. Returning to the main menu screen, depicted in
Once the desired mold and gasket information has been obtained, the proper molds and gasket are selected from a collection of molds and gaskets. The molds may be placed into the gasket to create a mold assembly. Prior to placing the molds in the gasket, the molds are preferably cleaned. The inner surface (i.e., casting surface) of the mold members may be cleaned on a spin coating unit 20 by spraying the mold members with a cleaning solution while spinning the mold members. Examples of cleaning solutions include methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or a water based detergent cleaner. Preferably, a cleaning solution which includes isopropyl alcohol is used to clean the mold members. As the mold member is contacted with the cleaning solution, dust and dirt may be removed and transferred into the underlying dish 115 of the curing unit. After a sufficient amount of cleaning solution has been applied the mold members may be dried by continued spinning without the application of cleaning solution.
In an embodiment, the inner surface, i.e., the casting face, of the front mold member may be coated with one or more hardcoat layers before the lens forming composition is placed within the mold cavity. Preferably, two hardcoat layers are used so that any imperfections, such as pin holes in the first hardcoat layer, are covered by the second hardcoat layer. The resulting double hardcoat layer is preferably scratch resistant and protects the subsequently formed eyeglass lens to which the double hardcoat layer adheres. The hardcoat layers are preferably applied using a spin coating unit 20. The mold member is preferably placed in the spin coating unit and the coating material applied to the mold while spinning at high speeds (e.g., between about 900 to 1000 RPM). After a sufficient amount of coating material has been applied, the coating material may be cured by the activating light source disposed in the cover. The cover is preferably closed and activating light is preferably applied to the mold member while the mold member is spinning at relatively low speeds (e.g., between about 150 to 250 RPM). Preferably control of the spinning and the application of activating light is performed by controller 50. Controller 50 is preferably configured to prompt the operator to place the mold members on the coating unit, apply the coating material to the mold member, and close the cover to initiate curing of the coating material.
In an embodiment, the eyeglass lens that is formed may be coated with a hydrophobic layer, e.g. a hardcoat layer. The hydrophobic layer preferably extends the life of the photochromic pigments near the surfaces of the lens by preventing water and oxygen molecules from degrading the photochromic pigments.
In a preferred embodiment, both mold members may be coated with a cured adhesion-promoting composition prior to placing the lens forming composition into the mold cavity. Providing the mold members with such an adhesion-promoting composition is preferred to increase the adhesion between the casting surface of the mold and the lens forming composition. The adhesion-promoting composition thus reduces the possibility of premature release of the lens from the mold. Further, it is believed that such a coating also provides an oxygen and moisture barrier on the lens which serves to protect the photochromic pigments near the surface of the lens from oxygen and moisture degradation. Yet further, the coating provides abrasion resistance, chemical resistance, and improved cosmetics to the finished lens.
In an embodiment, the casting face of the back mold member may be coated with a material that is capable of being tinted with dye prior to filling the mold cavity with the lens forming composition. This tintable coat preferably adheres to the lens forming composition so that dyes may later be added to the resulting eyeglass lens for tinting the lens. The tintable coat may be applied using the spin coating unit as described above.
The clean molds are placed on the gasket to form a mold assembly. The front mold is preferably placed on the gasket first. For single vision prescriptions, the front mold does not have to be placed in any particular alignment. For flat-top bifocal or progressive front molds, the molds are preferably aligned with alignment marks positioned on the gasket. Once the front mold has been placed into the gasket, the back mold is placed onto the gasket. If the prescription calls for cylinder power, the back mold must be aligned with respect to the front mold. If the prescription is spherical (e.g., the lens has no cylinder power), the back mold may be placed into the gasket without any special alignment. Once assembled the mold assembly will be ready for filling.
The controller may prompt the user to obtain the appropriate lens forming composition. In one embodiment, the controller will inform the user of which chemicals and the amounts of each chemical that is required to prepare the lens forming composition. Alternatively, the lens forming compositions may be preformed. In this case the controller may indicate to the operator which of the preformed lens forming compositions should be used.
In an embodiment, dyes may be added to the lens forming composition. It is believed that certain dyes may be used to attack and encapsulate ambient oxygen so that the oxygen may be inhibited from reacting with free radicals formed during the curing process. Also, dyes may be added to the composition to alter the color of an unactivated photochromic lens. For instance, a yellow color that sometimes results after a lens is formed may be “hidden” if a blue-red or blue-pink dye is present in the lens forming composition. The unactivated color of a photochromic lens may also be adjusted by the addition of non-photochromic pigments to the lens forming composition.
In a preferred technique for filling the lens molding cavity 382, the annular gasket 380 is placed on a concave or front mold member 392 and a convex or back mold member 390 is moved into place. The annular gasket 380 is preferably pulled away from the edge of the back mold member 390 at the uppermost point and a lens forming composition is preferably injected into the lens molding cavity 382 until a small amount of the lens forming composition is forced out around the edge. The excess is then removed, preferably, by vacuum. Excess liquid that is not removed could spill over the face of the back mold member 390 and cause optical distortion in the finished lens.
The lens forming composition is typically stored at temperatures below about 100° F. At these temperatures, however, the lens forming composition may be relatively viscous. The viscosity of the solution may make it difficult to fill a mold cavity without creating bubbles within the lens forming composition. The presence of bubbles in the lens forming composition may cause defects in the cured eyeglass lens. To reduce the viscosity of the solution, and therefore reduce the incidence of air bubbles during filling of the mold cavity, the lens forming composition may be heated prior to filling the mold cavity. In an embodiment, the lens forming composition may be heated to a temperature of about 80° F. to about 220° F., preferably from about 130° F. to about 170° F. prior to filing the mold cavity. Preferably, the lens forming composition is heated to a temperature of about 150° F. prior to filling the mold cavity.
The lens forming composition may be heated by using an electric heater, an infrared heating system, a hot air system, a hot water system or a microwave heating system. Preferably, the lens forming composition is heated in a monomer heating system, such as depicted in
In another embodiment, the fluid container 1560 may include a self sealing cap 1562 coupled to the fluid container body 1569. A cross sectional view of the fluid container 1560 with a self sealing cap is depicted in FIG. 23. The self sealing cap 1562 may be configured to fit within the opening 1506 in the body. The self sealing cap 1562 may be couplable to the fluid container body 1569 via a threaded fit (e.g., screwed onto the fluid container) or, alternatively, may be fastened to the fluid container body using a suitable adhesive. In another embodiment, the cap 1562 may be fastened to the fluid container body by both a threaded fit and the use of a suitable adhesive.
The cap 1562 includes, in one embodiment, a fluid control member 1564 and an elastic member 1566. The fluid control member 1564 may have a size and shape to substantially fit against an inner surface of the top of cap 1562 such that the fluid control member inhibits the passage of fluid out of the fluid container. The elastic member 1566 may be coupled to the fluid control member 1564 such that the elastic member exerts a force on the fluid control member such that the fluid control member is forced against the top inner surface of the cap. In one embodiment, the elastic member may be a spring while the fluid control member may be a substantially spherical object. In a normal resting position, the elastic member 1566 exerts a force against the fluid control member 1564, forcing it against the top inner surface 1568 of the cap. The top of the cap is sized to inhibit the passage of the spherical object 1564 through the top 1568 of the cap. Thus, when not is use, the fluid control member 1564 is forced against the top 1568 of the cap 1562, forming a seal that inhibits the flow of a fluid through the cap.
When the monomer heating station is to be filled, the fluid container 1560 may be inserted into opening 1506 of the body 1500. If a self sealing cap is used, as depicted in
A heating system 1510 is preferably coupled to the body. The heating system 1510 is preferably configured to heat the lens forming composition to a temperature of razz between about 80° F. to about 220° F. Preferably a resistive heater is used to heat the lens forming composition. Other heating systems such as hot air system, hot water systems, and infrared heating systems may also be used. In one embodiment, the heating system may include a silicon pad heater. A silicon pad heater includes one or more of resistive heating elements embedded within a silicon rubber material.
The heating system is preferably disposed within the body, as depicted in FIG. 22. In an embodiment, the body may be divided into a main chamber 1512 and a heating system chamber 1514. The lens forming composition may be disposed within the main chamber 1512, while the heating system 1510 is preferably disposed within the heating system chamber 1514. The heating system chamber 1514 preferably isolates the heating system 1510 from the main chamber 1512 such that the lens forming composition is inhibited from contacting the heating system. Typically, the heating system 1510 may attain temperatures significantly higher than desired. If the heating system 1510 were to come into contact with the lens forming composition, the higher temperature of the heating system may cause the contacted lens forming composition to become partially polymerized. By isolating the heating system 1510 from the lens forming composition such partial polymerization may be avoided. To further prevent partial polymerization, the heating system is preferably insulated from the bottom surface of the main chamber. An insulating material may be placed between the heating system and the bottom of the main chamber. Alternatively, an air gap may be formed between the heating system and the bottom of the main chamber to prevent overheating of the bottom of the main chamber.
A thermostat or thermocouple 1530 may be placed within the chamber, in contact with either the lens forming composition and/or the heating system chamber. In another embodiment, the thermostat may be placed in the heating system chamber between the main chamber and the heating element. When positioned in this manner, the thermostat may be more responsive to changes in the temperature of the monomer. The thermostat 1530 preferably monitors the temperature of the lens forming composition. In an embodiment, the thermostat may be a bi-metal immersion temperature switch. Such thermostats may be obtained from Nason, West Union, S.C. The temperature switch may be configured for a specific temperature by the manufacturer. For example, the optimal monomer composition may be about 150° F. The temperature switch may be preset by the manufacturer for about 150° F. When the monomer solution is below 150° F., the switch may be in an “on” state, which causes the heating system to continue operating. Once the temperature of the monomer solution reaches about 150° F., the temperature switch may change to an “off” state. In the off state the heating system may be switched off. As the temperature of the monomer solution cools to below 150° F., the switch may cause the heating system to turn back on.
Alternatively, a controller 1570 may be coupled to a thermocouple 1530 and the heating system 1510. The thermocouple 1530 may provide a signal to the controller that indicates a temperature determined by the thermocouple. The thermocouple may be positioned within an aluminum block disposed within the main chamber and adjacent to the heating system chamber. The temperature detected by the thermocouple may be a combination of the temperature of the heating system chamber wall and the lens forming composition. The controller 1570 may monitor the temperature of the lens forming composition via the signals produced by thermocouple 1530 and controls the heating system 1510 to keep the lens forming composition at a predetermined temperature. For example, as the lens forming composition becomes cooler the controller may activate the heating system 1510 to heat the lens forming composition back to the desired temperature. The controller 570 may be a computer, programmable logic controller, or any of other known controller systems known in the art. These systems may include a proportional-integral (“PI”) controller or a proportional-integral-derivative (“PID”) controller.
A body 1500 may be in the form of a small volume conduit for transferring the lens forming composition out of the body. The use of a small volume conduit may minimize the amount of monomer solution that is in contact with the heating system at any given time. Monomer solution passes through the body and exits the body via the outlet valve 1520.
A fluid monitor 1580 may be used to monitor the level of fluid in the body 1500. A fluid monitor 1580 may be positioned within the body 1500. Fluid monitors are commercially available from Gems Sensors Inc., Plainville, Conn. In one embodiment model ELS-1100HT from Gems Sensors may be used. The fluid monitor may be configured to monitor the level of fluid in the body 1500. If the fluid level drops below a preselected minimum, the fluid sensor may produce a signal to a controller. A controller may be coupled to the monomer heating system (e.g., controller 1570) or may be part of the lens forming apparatus (e.g., controller 50). In one embodiment, the controller may produce a warning message when a low fluid level signal is received from the fluid sensor. Alternatively, the controller may determine when a fluid level may be low in the body by monitoring the number of fills. For example, a sensor may be coupled to the body and may send a signal to the controller each time a fill is completed. The warning message may be an alphanumeric readout on a controller output device (e.g., and LCD screen) or the warning message may involve causing a light to turn on signifying the low fluid level. The controller may also be configured to turn the heating system 1510 off when the fluid level within the body is too low. The warning message may also be an alphanumeric readout on the monomer heating system. In addition, warning messages may also be generated by the controller computer to signify a ready state of the fill unit or a warning up state of the fill unit.
Outlet valve 1520 is positioned near the outlet of the body. The outlet valve includes an elongated member 1522 and a movable member 1524 for altering the position of the elongated member, as depicted in FIG. 22. The elongated member 1522 preferably inhibits the flow of lens forming composition through the conduit when the elongated member is in a closed position. The elongated member may be moved into an open position such that the lens forming composition may flow through the conduit.
As depicted in
In a closed position, the elongated member 1522 may extend to the bottom surface 1502 near the outlet. Preferably, the elongated member 1522 extends past the outer surface of the bottom of the body proximate the outlet, when in the closed position. Configuring the elongated member 1522 such that it extends past the outer surface of the conduit may inhibit any residual lens forming composition from building up near the outlet. As the elongated member 1522 is extended toward the outlet any lens forming composition present may be forced out, leaving the outlet substantially clear of lens forming composition. The outlet may be subsequently cleaned by removing the excess lens forming composition from the outer surface of the conduit and the elongated member.
The interaction of the elongated member 1522 with the movable member 1524 allows the elongated member to be positioned in either a closed or open position. The top of the body 1504 preferably includes a plurality of threads that interact with complimentary threads along the elongate member 1522. Rotation of the movable member may cause the elongated member to move away from or toward the outlet, depending on the direction of rotation of the movable member.
A mold assembly holder 1540 may be coupled to the body of the monomer heating system, as depicted in FIG. 21. The mold assembly holder 1540 is configured to hold the mold assembly at a preferred location with respect to the outlet of the body 1500. The mold assembly holder may secure the mold assembly during filling. In one embodiment, the mold assembly holder is spring mounted to the bottom surface of the monomer heating system. The mold assembly holder includes an arm 1542 that is coupled to the body 1500 by hinge 1544. The hinge allows the mold assembly holder to be rotated away from or toward the body 1500 of the monomer heating solution. Hinge 1544 may be spring loaded such that a constant force is exerted on the arm, forcing the arm toward the bottom of the body 1500. To place the mold assembly 1550 on the mold assembly arm 1544, the arm may be rotated away from the body and the mold assembly placed onto a portion of the arm configured to hold the mold assembly. The portion of the arm configured to hold the mold assembly may include a clamping system secure the mold assembly.
To fill the mold assembly, the mold assembly is placed on the mold assembly holders and positioned proximate to the outlet. The monomer solution is preferably introduced into the body of the fill station and heated to a temperature of about 150° F. After the mold assembly is in place, the valve of the mold fill station is aligned with a fill port of the mold assembly. The lens forming composition is now flowed through the valve and into the mold assembly. The movable member 1524, may be adjusted to control the flow rate of the monomer.
After the mold assembly is filled, any monomer which may have spilled on the surface of the molds is removed using a lint free wipe. Excess monomer that may be around the edge of the filling port may be removed by using a micro vacuum unit. The mold assembly may be inspected to insure that the mold cavity is filled with monomer. The mold assembly is also inspected to insure that no air bubbles are present in the mold cavity. Any air bubbles in the mold cavity may be removed by rotating the mold assembly such that the air bubbles rise to the top of the assembly.
The heating of the monomer solution may be coordinated with the entry of a prescription using a controller. In one embodiment, the monomer heating system may be electrically coupled to a lens forming apparatus, such as the apparatus depicted in FIG. 1. The monomer heating system may have ports that are appropriate for using standard data transfer cables to couple to ports that are disposed on the lens forming apparatus. The operation of the monomer heating system may thus coordinate with the operation of the lens forming apparatus. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to minimize the amount of time a monomer solution is heated. In these instances it may be desirable to heat the monomer solution just before filling the mold assembly. The controller 50 of the lens forming apparatus may be configured to coordinate the filling operation with operator.
When forming a prescription lens, an operator may first enter the prescription into the controller 50 as described above. Once the prescription has been entered, the operator typically spends some time finding and cleaning the appropriate molds for the prescription and assembling the molds with a gasket. In one embodiment, the controller may signal a monomer heating system to begin heating the monomer solution when a prescription is entered. By the time the mold assembly has been assembled, the monomer solution may be at or near the desired temperature. This may minimize the amount of time required by the operator to prepare and fill the mold assembly. In some instances the operator may, after preparing a first prescription enter additional prescriptions to process. In this case, the monomer heating system may be left in an “on” state. If a prescription is not entered after a predetermined amount of time, the controller may turn off the monomer heating system, so that the monomer in the system does not remain in a heated state for long periods of time. In some embodiments, the predetermined amount of time may be about 10 or more minutes.
After filing the mold assembly, the lens forming composition may be cured using a lens curing apparatus. In one embodiment, the curing of the lens forming composition may be accomplished by a procedure involving the application of heat and activating light to the lens forming composition. Initially, activating light is directed toward at least one of the mold members. The activating light is directed for a sufficient time to initiate curing of the lens forming composition. Preferably, the activating light is directed toward at least one of the mold members for a time of less than about 2 minutes. In some embodiments, the activating light is directed toward at least one of the mold members for a time of less than about 25 seconds. In other embodiments, the activating light is directed toward at least one of the mold members for a time of less than about 10 seconds. The activating light is preferably stopped before the lens forming composition is completely cured.
After the curing is initiated, the mold assembly may be transferred to a post cure unit. In the post cure unit the mold assembly is preferably treated with additional activating light and heat to further cure the lens forming composition. The activating light may be applied from the top, bottom, or from both the top and bottom of the curing chamber during the post cure process. The lens forming composition may exhibit a yellow color after the curing is initiated. It is believed that the yellow color is produced by the photoinitiator. As the lens forming composition cures, the yellow color may gradually disappear as the photoinitiator is used up. Preferably, the mold assembly is treated in the post cure unit for a time sufficient to substantially remove the yellow color from the formed eyeglass lens. The mold assembly may be treated in the post cure unit for a time of up to about 15 minutes, preferably for a time of between about 10 minutes to 15 minutes. After the lens is treated in the post cure unit, the formed eyeglass lens may be demolded and placed back into the post cure unit.
The post-cure and anneal times given in Table 9 are strictly exemplary of the particular system described herein. It should be understood that the time for the post-cure and anneal process may vary if the intensity of the lamps or the temperature of the process is altered. For example, increasing the intensity of light used during the post-cure process may allow a shorter post-cure time. Similarly, reducing the temperature of the post-cure unit during the annealing process may cause an increase in the anneal time. Generally, the post-cure process is believed to be related to the time required to substantially complete curing of the lens forming composition. The anneal process is believed to be related to the amount of time required to bring the formed lens to its final resting power.
In some instances, it may be desirable to subject the lens to an anneal process. When a lens, cured by the activating light, is removed from a mold assembly, the lens may be under a stressed condition. It is believed that the power of the lens can be more rapidly brought to a final resting power by subjecting the lens to an anneal treatment to relieve the internal stresses developed during the cure. Prior to annealing, the lens may have a power that differs from the desired final resting power. The anneal treatment is believed to reduce stress in the lens, thus altering the power of the lens to the desired final resting power. Preferably, the anneal treatment involves heating the lens at a temperature between about 200° F. to 225° F. for a period of up to about 10 minutes. The heating may be performed in the presence or absence of activating light.
The use of a lens forming composition which includes an aromatic containing polyether polyethylenic functional monomer, a co-initiator composition and a photoinitiator allows much simpler curing conditions than other lens forming compositions. While pulsed activated light curing sequences may be used to cure the lenses, continuous activating light sequences may also be used, as described in Table 9. The use of continuous activating light sequences allows the lens curing equipment to be simplified. For example, if continuous activating light is used, rather than pulsed light, equipment for generating light pulses is no longer required. Thus, the cost of the lens curing apparatus may be reduced. Also, the use of such a lens forming composition allows more general curing processes to be used. As shown in Table 9, seven different processes may be used to cure a wide variety of lenses. This greatly simplifies the programming and operation of the lens curing unit.
Furthermore, the use a lens forming composition which includes an aromatic containing polyether polyethylenic functional monomer, a co-initiator composition and a photoinitiator may alleviate the need for cooling of the lens forming composition during curing. This may further simplify the procedure since cooling fans, or other cooling systems, may no longer be required. Thus, the lens curing apparatus may be further simplified by removing the mold apparatus cooling systems.
Table 9 shows the preferable curing conditions for a variety of lenses. The sphere column refers to the sphere power of the lens. The monomer type is either clear (i.e., non-photochromic) or photochromic. Note that the lens type (e.g., spheric single vision, aspheric single vision lens, flat-top bifocal lens or progressive multifocal lens) does not significantly alter the lens curing conditions. Tinted refers to whether the formed eyeglass lens will be soaked in a dye bath or not.
Based on the prescription information the lens curing conditions may be determined. There are four curing variables to be set. The type of light filter refers to the filter placed between the lamps and the mold assembly in the curing unit and the post cure unit. The initial dose refers to the time that activating light is applied to the lens forming composition in the curing unit. The irradiation pattern (e.g., irradiation of the front mold only, the back mold only, or both molds) is also dependent on the lens being formed. After the initial dose is applied the mold assembly is transferred to the post cure unit where it is treated with activating light and heat. The chart lists the preferred time spent in the post cure chamber. After treatment in the post cure chamber the formed eyeglass lens is removed from the mold assembly. The lens may undergo an annealing process, for the time listed, in which the lens is heated either in the presence or absence of activating light. It should be noted that all of the lens curing processes recited are preferably performed without any cooling of the mold apparatus.
To further illustrate this procedure, the method will be described in detail for the production of a clear, non-tinted lens having sphere power of +3.00. A mold assembly is filled with a non-photochromic monomer solution. The mold assembly is placed in a lens curing unit to apply the initial dose to the lens forming composition. The curing of the lens forming composition is preferably controlled by controller 50. As shown in
After determining the appropriate lens forming conditions, the controller may inform the user of the type of filters to be used. The controller may pause to allow the proper filters to be installed within the lens curing unit. Typically, two types of filters may be used for the initial cure process. The filters are preferably configured to distribute the light so that the activating light which is imparted to the lens molds is properly distributed with respect to the prescription of the lens. A clear plate filter refers to a plate that is substantially transparent to activating light. The clear plate may be composed of polycarbonate or glass. A 50 mm filter refers to filter which includes a 50 mm aperture positioned in a central portion of the filter. The 50 mm aperture is preferably aligned with the mold assembly when the filter is placed in the curing unit. Preferably, two filters are used, the first being placed between the top lamps and the mold assembly, the second being placed between the bottom lamps and the mold assembly.
After the filters have been placed, the user may indicate to the controller that the filters are in place. Alternatively, the controller may include a sensor disposed within the lens curing unit which informs the controller when a filter is placed within the curing unit. After the filters are placed in the curing unit, the controller may prompt the user to ensure that the mold assembly is in the curing unit prior to commencing the curing process. When the filters and mold are in place, the initial dose may be started by the controller. For a clear, non-tinted lens having sphere power of +3.00 the initial dose will be 90 seconds of activating light applied to both the front and back molds. A 50 mm filter is preferably positioned between the top and bottom lamps.
After the initial cure process is completed, the mold assembly is transferred to the post cure unit. The completion of the initial cure process may cause the controller to alert he operator that the process is completed. An alarm may go off to indicate that the process is completed. To initiate the post cure process, the post cure button 640c may be pressed. Pressing the post cure button may cause the controller to prompt the user to enter a reference code corresponding to the saved prescription information. The controller is preferably configured to analyze the prescription information and set up the appropriate post cure conditions. For a clear, non-tinted lens having sphere power of +3.00 the post cure conditions will include directing activating light toward the mold assembly in a heated post cure unit for 13 minutes. The post cure unit is preferably heated to a temperature of about 200° F. To about 225° F. during the post cure process.
After the post cure process is completed, the mold assembly is disassembled and the formed lens is removed from the mold members. The completion of the post cure process may cause the controller to alert the operator that the process is completed. An alarm may go off to indicate that the process is completed. After the molds are removed from the post cure unit, the gasket is removed and the molds placed in a demolding solution. A demolding solution is commercially available as “Q-Soak Solution” commercially available from Optical Dynamics Corporation, Louisville, Ky. The demolding solution causes the lens to separate from the molds. The demolding solution also aids in the subsequent cleaning of the molds. After the lens has been demolded, the lens is preferably cleaned of dust particles using a solution of isopropyl alcohol and water.
In some instances it is desirable that the formed lens undergoes an anneal process. To initiate the anneal process the anneal button 640d may be pressed. Pressing the anneal button will set the conditions for the anneal process. For a clear, non-tinted lens having sphere power of +3.00 the anneal conditions will include heating the lens in the post cure unit, in the absence of activating light, for about 7 minutes. The post cure unit is preferably heated to a temperature of about 200° F. to about 225° F. during the anneal process.
In one embodiment, the drawer of the post cure unit includes a front row of mold assembly holders and a back row of lens holders. For the post cure process, the mold assemblies are preferably placed in the front row. The front row is preferably oriented under the post cure lamps when the post cure drawer is closed. For the anneal process the lenses are preferably placed in the back row of the post-cure drawer. The back row may be misaligned with the lamps such that little or no activating light reaches the back row.
After the anneal process, the lens may be coated in the coating unit with a scratch resistant hard coat. The lens may also be tinted by placing in a tinting bath. It is believed that tinting of the lens is influenced by the crosslink density of the lens. Typically, a lens having a relatively high crosslink density exhibits more homogenous absorption of the dye. Problems such as blotching and streaking of the dye are typically minimized by highly crosslinked lenses. The crosslink density of a lens is typically controlled by the temperature of curing of the lens. A lens which is cured at relatively high temperatures typically exhibits a crosslink density that is substantially greater than a low temperature cured lens. The curing time may also influence the hardness of a lens. Treating a lens for a long period of time in a post cure unit will typically produce a lens having a greater crosslink density than lenses treated for a shorter amount of time. Thus, to produce lenses which will be subsequently treated in a tinting bath, the lens forming composition is treated with heat and activating light in the post cure unit for a longer period of time than for the production of non-tinted lenses. As shown in Table 9, non-tinted clear lenses are treated in the postcure unit for about 13 minutes. For clear lenses, which will be subsequently tinted, the post cure time is extended to about 15 minutes, to produce a lens having a relatively high crosslink density.
The formation of flat-top bifocal lenses may also be accomplished using the above described procedure. One problem typical of curing flat-top bifocal eyeglass lenses with activating light is premature release. Flat-top bifocals include a far vision correction zone and a near vision correction region. The far vision correction zone is the portion of the lens which allows the user to see far away objects more clearly. The near vision correction zone is the region that allows the user to see nearby objects clearer. The near vision correction zone is characterized by a semicircular protrusion which extends out from the outer surface of an eyeglass lens. As seen in
To reduce the incidence of premature release in flat-top bifocal lenses, it is preferred that polymerization of the lens forming composition in the front portion of the near vision correction zone 1610 is initiated before the portion of the lens forming composition in the far vision correction zone proximate the back mold member 1640 is substantially gelled. Preferably, this may be achieved by irradiating the front mold 1630 with activating light prior to irradiating the back mold 1640 with activating light. This causes the polymerization reaction to begin proximate the front mold 1630 and progress toward the back mold 1640. It is believed that irradiation in this manner causes the lens forming composition in the front portion of the near vision correction zone 1610 to to become gelled before the lens forming composition proximate the back mold 1640 becomes gelled. After the polymerization is initiated, activating light may be directed at either mold or both molds to complete the polymerization of the lens forming composition. The subsequent post cure and anneal steps for the production of flat-top bifocal lenses are substantially the same as described above.
Alternatively, the incidence of premature release may also be reduced if the front portion of the near vision correction zone 1610 is gelled before gelation of the lens forming composition extends from the back mold member 1640 to the front mold member 1630. In this embodiment, the polymerization of the lens forming composition may be initiated by irradiation of the back mold 1640. This will cause the gelation to begin proximate the back mold 1640 and progress toward the front mold 1630. To reduce the incidence of premature release, the front mold 1630 is irradiated with activating light before the gelation of the lens forming composition in the far vision correction zone 1620 reaches the front mold. After the polymerization is initiated in the front portion of the near vision correction zone 1610, activating light may be directed at either mold or both molds to complete the polymerization of the lens forming composition. The subsequent post cure and anneal steps for the production of flat-top bifocal lenses are substantially the same as described above.
In another embodiment, a single curing unit may be used to perform the initial curing process, the post cure process, and the anneal process. A lens curing unit is depicted in FIG. 25 and FIG. 26. The curing unit 1230 may include an upper light source 1214, a lens drawer assembly 1216, and a lower light source 1218. Lens drawer assembly 1216 preferably includes a mold assembly holder 1220 (see FIG. 26), more preferably at least two mold assembly holders 1220. Each of the mold assembly holders 1220 is preferably configured to hold a pair of mold members that together with a gasket form a mold assembly. Preferably, the lens drawer assembly may also include a lens holder 1221 (see FIG. 26), more preferably at least two lens holders 1221. The lens holders 1221 are preferably configured to hold a formed eyeglass lens. The lens drawer assembly 1216 is preferably slidingly mounted on a guide 1217. During use, mold assemblies and/or lenses may be placed in the mold assembly holders 1220 or lens holders 1221, respectively, while the lens drawer assembly is in the open position (i.e., when the drawer extends from the front of the lens curing unit). After the holders have been loaded, the drawer may be slid into a closed position, with the mold assemblies directly under the upper light source 1214 and above the lower light source 1218. The lens holders and lenses disposed upon the lens holders may not be oriented directly under the upper and lower light sources. As depicted in
The light sources 1214 and 1218, preferably generate activating light. Light sources 1214 and 1218 may be supported by and electrically connected to suitable fixtures 1242. Lamps 1214 may generate either ultraviolet light, actinic light, visible light, and/or infrared light. The choice of lamps is preferably based on the monomers and photoinitiator system used in the lens forming composition. In one embodiment, the activating light may be generated from a fluorescent lamp. The fluorescent lamp preferably has a strong emission spectra in the 380 to 490 nm region. A fluorescent lamp emitting activating light with the described wavelengths is commercially available from Philips as model TLD-15W/03. In another embodiment, the lamps may be ultraviolet lights.
In one embodiment, an upper light filter 1254 may be positioned between upper light source 1214 and lens drawer assembly 1216, as depicted in
Alternatively, a heat barrier 1260 may be disposed within the curing chamber. The heat barrier may insulate the lamps from the curing chamber, while allowing the activated light generated by the lamps to pass into the chamber. In one embodiment, the heat barrier may include a borosilicate plate of glass (e.g., PYREX glass) disposed between the light sources and the mold assembly. In one embodiment, a pair of borosiliate glass plates 1264 and 1262 with an intervening air gap between the plates 1263 serves as the heat barrier. The use of borosilicate glass allows the activating radiation to pass from the light sources to the lamps without any signification intensity.
Along with the heat barrier 1260 and filter 1254, an opaque plate 1270, may be placed between the light sources and the mold assembly. The opaque plate is substantially opaque toward the activating light. Apertures are preferably disposed in the opaque plate to allow light to pass through the plate onto the mold assemblies.
In order to allow post cure and annealing procedures to be performed, a heating system 1250 is preferably disposed within the curing unit, as depicted in FIG. 26. The heating system 1250 may be a resistive heating system, a hot air system, or an infrared heating system. The heating system 1250 may be oriented along the back side of the curing chamber. The heating system 1250 is preferably disposed at a position between the two filters, such that the heating system is partially insulated from the light sources 1214 and 1218. Preferably, the heating system is configured to heat the curing chamber to a temperature of about 200° F. to about 225° F.
The incorporation of a heating system into a system which allows irradiation of a mold assembly from both sides will allow many of the above described operations to be performed in a single curing unit. The use of lamps in the front portion of the curing unit, while leaving the back portion of the curing chamber substantially free of lamps, allows both activating light curing steps and annealing steps to performed in the same unit at the same time. Thus the curing conditions described in Table 9 may be performed in a single unit, rather than the two units as described above.
In another embodiment, the method of producing the lenses may be modified such that all of the initial curing process is performed while heat is applied to the lens forming composition. Table 10 shows alternate curing conditions which may be used to cure the lens forming compositions.
After the mold assembly is filled with the appropriate monomer solution the mold assemblies are placed in the mold assembly holders of the drawer of the curing unit. The drawer is slid back into the curing unit. The curing unit may be preheated to a temperature of about 225° F. prior to placing the mold assemblies in the curing unit. The curing conditions include applying activating light to one or both of the mold members while substantially simultaneously applying heat to the mold assemblies. As shown in Table 10 the light curing conditions are similar to the previously described conditions. However, the initial dose and the postcure processes have been combined into a single process. Thus, for the formation of a photochromic lens having a sphere power of +1.50, the mold assemblies are placed in the lens curing unit and irradiated with activating light from the bottom of the unit for about 15 seconds. The curing unit is preferably at a temperature of about 225° F. while the activating light is applied. After 15 seconds, the bottom light is turned off and the mold assemblies are treated with activating light from the top lamps for about 13 minutes. This subsequent treatment with activating light is also performed at a curing chamber temperature of about 225° F. After the 13 minutes have elapsed, the lights be turned off, the lens removed from the molds and an anneal process begun.
The anneal process may be performed in the same unit that the cure process is performed. The demolded lens is preferably placed in the lens holders of the curing unit drawer. The curing unit is preferably at a temperature of about 225° F., when the lens placed in the curing unit. Preferably, the lens holders are positioned away from the lamps, such that little activating light reaches the lenses when the lamps are on. This allows anneal processed to be performed at the same time that curing processes are performed and within the same curing unit. Lenses that have been formed with a mixture of heating and light typically exhibit crosslink density that are greater than lenses which are cured using combinations of light only curing with light and heat curing.
The mold assembly, with a lens forming composition disposed within the mold cavity, is preferably placed within the lens curing unit. Curing of the lens forming composition is preferably initiated by the controller after the lens curing unit drawer is closed. The curing conditions are preferably set by the controller based on the prescription and type of lens being formed.
After the curing cycle has been completed, the controller preferably prompts the user to remove the mold assembly from the lens curing unit. In an embodiment, the cured lens may be removed from the mold apparatus. The cured lens may be complete at this stage and ready for use.
In another embodiment, the cured lens may require a post cure treatment. After the lens is removed from the mold apparatus the edges of the lens may be dried and scraped to remove any uncured lens forming composition near the edges. The controller may prompt the user to place the partially cured lens into a post-cure unit. After the lens has been placed within the post-cure unit the controller may apply light and/or heat to the lens to complete the curing of the lens. In an embodiment, partially cured lenses may be heated to about 115° C. while being irradiated with activating light. This post-treatment may be applied for about 5 minutes.
It has been determined that in some embodiments the finished power of an activating light polymerized lens may be controlled by manipulating the curing temperature of the lens forming composition. For instance, for an identical combination of mold members and gasket, the focusing power of the produced lens may be increased or decreased by changing the intensity of activating light across the lens mold cavity or the faces of the opposed mold members. Methods for altering the power of a formed lens are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,462 to Buazza which is incorporated by reference.
In certain applications, all of the lens forming composition may fail to completely cure by exposure to activating light when forming the lens. In particular, a portion of the lens forming composition proximate the gasket often remains in a liquid state following formation of the lens. It is believed that the gaskets may be often somewhat permeable to air, and, as a result, oxygen permeates them and contacts the portions of the lens forming material that are proximate the gasket. Since oxygen tends to inhibit the polymerization process, portions of the lens forming composition proximate the gasket tend to remain uncured as the lens is formed. The wet edge problem has been addressed by a variety of methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,529,728 to Buazza et. al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,462 to Buazza et al. which are incorporated by reference.
Methods for curing a lens forming composition by the use of pulses of ultraviolet light are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,498 which is incorporated by reference.
Materials (hereinafter referred to as “activating light absorbing compounds”) that absorb various degrees of ultraviolet/visible light may be used in an eyeglass lens to inhibit ultraviolet/visible light from being transmitted through the eyeglass lens. Such an eyeglass lens advantageously inhibits ultraviolet/visible light from being transmitted to the eye of a user wearing the lens. Curing of an eyeglass lens using activating light to initiate the polymerization of a lens forming composition that includes activating light absorbing compositions is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,989,462 which is incorporated by reference.
Referring now to
The lens forming apparatus may be configured to form an eyeglass lens in less than approximately one hour. In addition, the lens forming apparatus may be configured to form at least 25 prescription cast eyeglass lenses per hour by application of activating light to cure a liquid forming composition into a prescription cast eyeglass lens. For example, the system may be configured to form approximately 100 prescription cast eyeglass lenses per hour by application of activating light to cure a liquid forming composition into a prescription cast eyeglass lens. Such a rate of production may also include a time required to anneal a prescription cast eyeglass lens.
Lens curing units 810 and 820 include an activating light source for producing activating light. The activating light sources disposed in units 810 and 820 are preferably configured to direct light toward a mold assembly. Anneal unit 830 may be configured to apply heat to at least partially relieve or relax the stresses caused during the polymerization of the lens forming material. Anneal unit 830, in one embodiment, includes a heat source. A controller 840 may be a programmable logic controller, e.g., a computer. Controller 840 may be coupled to lens curing units 810 and 820 and, if present, an anneal unit 830, such that the controller is capable of substantially simultaneously operating the three units 810, 820, and 830.
As shown in
The lamps may be supported by and electrically connected to suitable fixtures 811. Light sources 812 and 814 may generate either ultraviolet light, actinic light, visible light, and/or infrared light. The choice of lamps is preferably based on the monomers used in the lens forming composition. In one embodiment, the activating light may be generated from a fluorescent lamp. The fluorescent lamp preferably has a strong emission spectra in the 380 to 490 nm region. A fluorescent lamp emitting activating light with the described wavelengths is commercially available as model number FB290D15/ACT/2PC from LCD Lighting, Inc. in Orange Conn.
In some embodiments, the activating light sources may be turned on and off frequently during use. Fixture 811 may also include electronic hardware to allow a fluorescent lamp to be frequently turned on and off. Ballasts systems, such as the ones previously described, may be used to operate the lamps. In some embodiments, a barrier 815 may be placed between the lamps 811. The barrier may be configured to inhibit the passage of activating light from one set of lamps to the other. In this manner, the lamp sets may be optically isolated from each other. The lamps may be connected to separate ballast systems and a controller. In addition, the lamps may be coupled separately to fans. Thus, the lamps may be operated independently of each other. In addition, operation of the fans may be controlled by a controller to coincide with operation of the lamps. For example, if a lamp is turned on by a controller, a fan may also be turned on by a controller. This may be useful when lenses that require different initial curing sequences are being processed at the same time. The barrier 815 may inhibit the passage of light from one set of lamps to a mold assembly positioned below the other set of lamps.
In some embodiments, at least four independently controllable lamps or sets of lamps may be disposed in the first curing unit. The lamps may be disposed within the first curing unit with a sliding rack which may maintain a position of the lamps within the first curing unit. The lamps may be disposed in left and right top positions and left and right bottom positions. As shown in Table 10, a variety of different initial curing conditions may be required depending on the prescription. In some instances the left eyeglass lens may require initial curing conditions that are substantially different from the initial curing conditions of the right eyeglass lens. To allow both lenses to be cured substantially simultaneously, the four sets of lamps may be independently controlled. For example, the right set of lamps may be activated to apply light to the back face of the mold assembly only, while, at the same time, the left set of lamps may be activated to apply light to both sides of the mold assembly. In this manner a pair of eyeglass lenses whose left and right eyeglass prescriptions require different initial curing conditions may be cured at substantially the same time. Since the lenses may thus advantageously remain together in the same mold assembly holder throughout the process, the production process is simpler with minimized job tracking and handling requirements.
To facilitate the positioning and the conveyance of mold assemblies, a mold assembly holder may be used. An isometric view of a mold assembly holder 900 is depicted in FIG. 30. The mold assembly holder includes at least one, preferably two, portions 910 and 912 configured to hold a mold assembly 930. In one embodiment, the portions 910 and 912 are indentations machined into a plastic or metal block that is configured to hold a standard mold assembly. The mold assembly may be placed in the indentation. An advantage of such indentations, is that the mold assemblies may be positioned in the optimal location for curing in the first and second curing units 810 and 820.
The indentations 910 and 912 may be sized to hold the mold assembly such that substantially all of the molds may be exposed to activating light when the mold assembly is positioned above or below an activating light source. The mold assembly holder may include an opening extending through the mold assembly holder. The opening may be positioned in the indentations 910 and 912 such that activating light may be shone through the mold assembly holder to the mold assembly. In some embodiments, the opening may be of a diameter that is substantially equal to the diameter of the molds. The opening will therefore allow substantially all of the surface area of the mold to be irradiated with activated light. In another embodiment, the diameter of the opening may be substantially less than a diameter of the molds. In this respect the opening may serve as an aperture which reduces the amount of light that contacts the outer edges of the molds. This may be particularly useful for curing positive lenses in which curing is initiated with more activating light being applied to the central portion of the molds than the edges. The indentations may extend in the body to a depth such that the mold assemblies, when placed in the indentations is even with or below the upper surface of the mold assembly holder. This imparts a low vertical profile to the mold assembly holder and allows the curing units of the high volume system to be constructed with a low vertical profile. In this manner, the size of the unit may be minimized.
The mold assembly holder 900 may also include further machined indentations for holding the unassembled pieces of the mold assembly (e.g., the molds and the gasket). For example, the mold assembly holder may be configured to hold at least two molds. During the assembly of the mold assembly, an operator typically will find and clean the molds and gasket before assembly. To minimize the possibility of mixing up the molds and gaskets, and to help minimize recontamination after the molds are cleaned, the mold assembly holder 900 includes sections to hold the various components. As depicted in
The mold assembly holder may also include a location for holding a job ticket 940. Job ticket may be placed in a holder mounted to a side of the mold assembly holder. Alternatively, the job ticket may have an adhesive that allows the ticket to be attached to the side of the mold assembly. The job ticket may include information such as: the prescription information, the mold ID numbers, the gasket ID numbers, the time, date, and type of lens being formed. The job ticket may also include a job number, the job number may correspond to a job number generated by the controller when the prescription is entered into the controller. The job number may also be depicted using a bar coding scheme. Use of a bar code on the job ticket may allow the use of bar-code scanners to determine the job number corresponding to the mold assemblies placed on the mold assembly holder.
The mold assembly holder may also include at least one indicia or an identifying mark. An indicia may include a color, at least one alphanumeric character, at least one graphical character, a barcode, or a radio frequency emitter. The indicia of a mold assembly holder may vary depending on the intended use of the mold assembly holder. For example, the color of a mold assembly holder may vary depending on the type of lens which may be formed within the mold assembly holder. For example, a mold assembly holder having a first color may be suitable for forming a photochromic lens, and a mold assembly holder having a second color may be suitable for forming a non-photochromic lens. In addition, alphanumeric characters formed in, printed on, or attached to the mold assembly unit may include, for example, “PHOTOCHROMIC LENS” or “NON-PHOTOCHROMIC LENS” depending on the type of lens which may be formed within the mold assembly holder. A graphical character may also vary depending on the type of lens which may be formed within the mold assembly holder.
A radio frequency emitter may be commonly referred to as an “RF tag.” A radio frequency emitter may be formed within or coupled to a mold assembly holder. A radio frequency emitter may be configured to generate a radio frequency signal at least periodically. The generated radio frequency signal may include a signature which may be characteristic of the type of lens which may be formed within the mold assembly holder. A radio frequency detector may be coupled to a lens forming apparatus and may be configured to detect a radio frequency signal generated by the radio frequency emitter. The type of lens which may be formed with the mold assembly holder may then be determined from the detected radio frequency signal. In addition, a system may include a lens forming apparatus and mold assemblies of at least two different forms of at least one of the indicia described above.
The mold assembly holder 900 may be used in combination with a conveyor system 850 to transfer mold assemblies from the first curing unit to the second curing unit. The second curing unit is configured to apply activating light and heat to the mold assemblies after the curing is initiated by the first curing unit. The use of two curing units in this manner facilitates the application of curing sequences such as the sequences outlined in Table 9. In these embodiments, the mold assembly is subjected to an initiating dose of activating light, followed by a post-cure dose of activating light and heat. The initial dose may last from about 7 to 90 seconds. After the initial dose is applied the mold assembly is subjected to a combination of activating light and heat for about 5 to 15 minutes. In many instances, subjecting the mold assembly to longer times under the postcure conditions does not significantly effect the quality of the formed lens. Thus, the second curing unit is designed such that the amount of time that the mold assemblies spend in the second unit is not less than about 5 minutes.
During operation a mold assembly or mold assembly holder is placed on the conveyor system and the mold assembly is moved to a position within the first curing unit 810. In the first curing unit 810, the mold assemblies receive the initial dose of light based on the prescription of the lens, e.g., as outlined in Table 9. After the mold assemblies receive their initial dose, the 63S mold assemblies are moved by the conveyor system 850 to the second curing unit. In the second curing unit, the mold assemblies are treated with activating light and heat. The time it takes for the mold assembly to pass entirely through the second curing unit may be equal to or greater than the post-cure time.
In one embodiment, the conveyor system may be a single continuous system extending from the first curing unit through the second curing unit. During the operation of the lens forming apparatus 800, it is envisioned that a continuous stream of mold assemblies may be placed on the apparatus.
In one embodiment, the mold assemblies are placed on a mold assembly holder 900 as described above. The mold assembly holder may have a predetermined length (LH). After the mold assemblies are loaded onto the mold assembly holder, the mold assembly holder may be placed on the conveyor system 850 and advanced to the first curing unit. The mold assembly holder will remain in the first curing unit for a predetermined minimum amount of time, i.e., the initiation time (TI). For example, for most of the lens forming compositions and prescriptions outlined above, this maximum time will be about 90 sec. After the initial cure is performed, the mold assembly holder is advanced to the second curing unit and another mold assembly holder is advanced to the first curing unit. To properly cure lens forming composition, the mold assemblies may need to remain in the second curing unit for a minimum amount of time, i.e., the post-cure time (TP). The required minimum length of the second curing unit (LSC) may, therefore be calculated by these predetermined values using the following equation.
LSC=LHX(TP/TI)
By constructing the second curing unit to have a length based on this equation, the mold assembly holder will exit from the second curing unit after the correct amount of post-curing has occurred. This will ensure that the mold assembly will remain in a post-cure situation even if the minimal initiation times are used.
In practice there is a wide variation in the initiation times based on the prescription and the type of lenses being formed. For example, Table 9 discloses some typical initiation times that range from about 7 sec. to about 90 sec. In order to optimize the system, the length of the second curing unit may be altered based on the maximum predetermined initiation time. For example, the (TI) rather than being the minimum time will be the maximum time possible for initiation of the curing. In practice, the conveyor system may be configured to advance a mold assembly holder from the first curing unit to the second curing unit at time intervals equal to the maximum possible initial curing cycle (e.g., about 90 sec. for the above-described compositions). To accommodate the different initial curing cycles, a controller may be coupled to the lamps of the first curing unit. The controller may be configured to turn on the lamps such that the initial curing cycle ends at the end of the maximum initial curing time. For example, if the maximum initial curing time is 90 sec., however the prescription and lens type calls for only a 7 sec.; cure; the lamps are kept off until 7 sec. before the end of the 90 sec. time interval (i.e., for 83 seconds). The lamps are, therefore, only activated for the last 7 sec. This may ensure that the time interval between the end of the completion of the initial cure and the entry into the second curing unit is the same regardless of the actual initiation dosage. The length of the second curing unit may be adjusted accordingly to accommodate this type of curing sequence.
In another embodiment, the conveyor system may include two independently operated conveyors. The first conveyor may be configured to convey the mold assembly holder or mold assemblies from the first curing unit to the second curing unit. A second conveyor may be positioned within the second curing unit. The second conveyor may be configured to convey the mold assemblies or the mold assembly holder through the second curing unit. As such, a speed of the first and second conveyors may be substantially different. For example, a speed of the first conveyor may be variable and a speed of the second conveyor may be substantially constant. In this manner, the second curing unit may be designed independently of the initial curing times. Instead the length of the second curing unit may be based on the time required for a typical post-cure sequence. Thus the length of the second curing unit may be determined by the rate at which the second conveyor system is operated and the amount of time required for a post-cure. This also allows an operator to operate the curing units independently of the other.
The conveyor system may be configured to convey either mold assemblies or a mold assembly holder (e.g., mold assembly holder 900) through the first and second curing units. A view of the conveyor system in which the curing units have been removed from the lens forming apparatus is depicted in FIG. 31. The conveyor system includes a platform for conveying a mold assembly holder. The platform may be configured to support the mold assembly holder 900 as it passes through the first and second curing units. In one embodiment, the platform is formed from two rails 852 that extend the length of the lens forming apparatus. The rails; 852 may be any width, however should be spaced apart from each other at a distance that allows activating light to pass past the rails 852 and to the mold assemblies on the mold assembly holder 900.
The conveyor system includes a flexible member 854 (e.g., a belt or chain) that is configured to interact with the mold assembly holder 900. The flexible member will interact with the mold assembly holder and pull or push the mold assembly holder along the platform.
The flexible member 854 may be coupled to a pair of wheels or gears disposed at opposite ends of the lens forming apparatus.
The second curing unit may be configured to apply heat and activating light to a mold assembly as it passes through the second curing unit. The second curing unit may be configured to apply activating light to the top, bottom, or both top and bottom of the mold assemblies. As depicted in
In some embodiments, an anneal unit may also be coupled to the lens forming apparatus. As depicted in
In the embodiment depicted in
The anneal unit may have a length that is determined by the rate at which the mold assembly holders are transported through the anneal unit and the time required for the anneal process. For example, in some of the compositions listed above, an anneal time of about 10 min. may be used to bring the lens to its final resting power. The conveyor system of the anneal unit may therefore be configured such that the demolded lenses spend about 10 minutes within the anneal unit as the lenses traverse the length of the unit. A conveyor system similar to the system described above for the first and second curing units may be used. The conveyor system in the anneal unit may also be configured to move through the anneal unit continuously.
The controller 840 may be configured to control operation of the lens-curing units. The controller may perform some and/or all of a number of functions during the lens curing process, including, but not limited to: (i) determining the initial dose of light required for the first curing unit based on the prescription; (ii) applying the activating light with an intensity and duration sufficient to equal the determined dose; (iii) applying the activating light with an intensity and duration sufficient to equal the determined second curing unit dose; (iv) turning the lamps sources on and off independently and at the appropriate times; and (v) triggering the movement of the proper light filters into the proper position based on the prescription. These functions may be performed in response to information read by the bar code reader from the job ticket positioned on the mold assembly holder. This information may include the prescription information and may be correlated with the initial curing conditions by the controller 840.
The controller may also control the flow of the mold assembly holder through the system. The controller may include a monitoring device for determining the job number associated with a mold assembly holder.
Another advantage of the monitoring of the job number is that accidental usage of the lamps may be avoided. If the monitoring device is positioned within the first cure unit, the controller may prevent the activation of the first cure unit lamps, until a job ticket is detected. The detection of a job ticket may indicate that a mold assembly holder is placed in the proper position within the first curing unit. Once the mold assembly holder is placed within the first curing unit, the lamps of the first curing unit may be activated to initiate curing and the conveyance system may begin to move. If no job ticket is detected, the apparatus may wait in a stand-by mode until the mold assembly holder is inserted into the first curing unit. In this manner, the lifetime of a lamp of a lens forming apparatus may be extended.
Alternatively, a monitoring device positioned within the first cure unit may include a photosensor which may commonly be referred to as a “photoeye”. The photosensor may be configured to determine if a mold assembly holder is placed at the entrance of an initialization unit within the curing unit. The photosensor may, for example, monitor an intensity of a light beam. If a mold assembly holder is in front of the photosensor, then an intensity of the light beam may be reduced. Such a reduction in intensity may be detected by the photosensor and may be processed to determine that a mold assembly holder may have been placed in the curing unit. As described above, once a mold assembly holder may be detected within the first curing unit, the lamps of the first curing unit may be activated to initiate curing and the conveyance system within the first curing unit may begin to move.
In addition, a speed of the conveyance system may increase upon detection of a mold assembly holder within the first curing unit. In this manner, a mold assembly holder may be moved into position quickly once the mold assembly holder has been placed in the curing unit. Furthermore, the photosensor may be configured to monitor an intensity of the light beam periodically. In this manner, the photosensor may determine how long a mold assembly holder may be located at a position in the lens forming apparatus. In addition, if a mold assembly holder is moved out of the light beam of the photosensor, the photosensor may detect an increase in an intensity of the light beam. The photosensor may be further configured to send the detected intensity of the light beam to a controller computer. The controller computer may be configured to control the conveyor system in response to the detected intensity of the light beam. In this manner, the controller computer may be configured to prevent a mold assembly holder from entering the lens forming apparatus until an increase in an intensity of a light beam is received from the photosensor by controlling the conveyor system.
Furthermore, multiple photosensors may be positioned at various locations throughout a curing unit. In this manner, a presence of the mold assembly holder may be detected at various positions through a curing unit. In addition, the output of the multiple photosensors may be used to monitor the operation of the curing unit. Such a photosensor, or a plurality of photosensors, may also be positioned within the second cure unit and may also be configured to determine a presence of a mold assembly holder in the second cure unit. Position of a tray within a curing unit may also be used to determine when light may be applied to the mold assembly holder in an initialization chamber. For example, the controller may determine delay time for applying initialization light from a speed of the conveyance system. In this manner, application of initialization light may be delayed until a last portion of the time in which the mold assembly holder may be in the initialization unit. Minimization of the delay between application of initialization light and curing light may increase the consistency of resulting eyeglass lenses because each lens forming composition in each processed mold assembly holder may get the same treatment.
It should be understood, that the above-described lens curing system may be used in combination with any of the features of the previously described embodiments.
Additional embodiments relate to systems and method for the location, storage, and identification of ophthalmic mold members to be used in the production of ophthalmic lenses. The system may employ a two-dimensional or three-dimensional ophthalmic mold member storage system (also called a storage array) that may allow a user to store and retrieve mold members in an organized fashion. The storage array may be configured as a horizontal, vertical or angled array. The mold members may be organized within the storage array such that mold members with similar properties may be arranged near one another. A controller computer may be coupled to the mold member storage array. Additionally, an indicator or indicators may be coupled to the mold member storage array to assist a user in locating a desired mold member.
a and 37b depicts several embodiments of mold member storage locations 1821 and 1822. In the embodiment of
If the stored mold members are lens molds, as shown in
In the embodiment of
Once a mold member has been used and cleaned it may be ready for storage. The cleaned mold member may be returned to storage by placing the mold member in the designated restocking location. The restocking location may be the same as the dispensing location, or it may be different. For example, in the case where the mold member is a lens mold, and the mold member storage array is a vertical array, the mold member storage array may be configured to allow the user to remove a desired mold from a first point. The array may further be configured to allow the user to restock the array at a second point. The second point may be on the opposite side of the array from the first point, or it may be on a side adjacent to the side of first point. In the embodiment of
Controller computer 1801, as depicted in
Controller computer 1801 may utilize user input to establish some control parameters. For example, the controller computer may allow the user to input information regarding the lens to be formed. This information may include type of lens (clear, ultraviolet absorbing, photochromic, colored, etc.), lens prescription, type of coatings (e.g., scratch resistant or tint) or other such information as may be desired to describe the lens to be formed. Based on this information controller computer 1801 may preferably be configured to send information back to the operator. For example, controller computer 1801 may inform the user of appropriate mold members to use in forming the desired lens, the location of the mold members, or process parameters. Controller computer 1801 may also signal an operator when certain operations may need to be performed or when a particular operation may be completed (e.g., when to place the mold assembly in the lens curing unit, when to remove the mold assembly, when to transfer the mold assembly, etc.).
In an embodiment, controller computer 1801 may be a computer system including display screen 1803 to view data, input device 1805 such as a keyboard, keypad or scanning device to input data, and a CPU to store and process data, and run software applications. The controller computer may be configured to send an activation signal to individual indicators 1802 as appropriate to instruct the user as to the location of a desired mold member, or the appropriate storage location for a mold member being placed into storage array 1806.
Mold members may be marked for identification. The mark may include a symbol, bar code, human readable code, text, or other identifying mark. In an embodiment, each mold member may be coded such that controller computer 1801 may indicate to a user which mold members to select by conveying the code for each mold member. In an embodiment, after mold member 1809 is selected, identifying mark 1808 on mold member 1809 may be sent to controller computer 1801. Controller computer 1801 may be configured to provide feedback to the user confirming or rejecting the selection. In an embodiment, when mold member 1809 is to be placed back into storage array 1806, identifying mark 1808 may be sent to controller computer 1801. Controller computer 1801 may be configured to notify a user of designated storage location 1804 for mold member 1809 by activating indicators 1802 proximate to that location 1804.
In an embodiment, the controller computer may be manipulated by utilizing software applications as described above. The software may include applications for classifying certain ophthalmic molds for the production of prescription eyeglass lenses. The logic controller and the software may also be configured to accept data pertaining to certain parameters that characterize an ophthalmic mold for lens production. In a preferred embodiment, the desired parameters may be recognized by the controller computer and a signal may be sent from controller computer 1801 to indicators 1802 proximate mold member storage location 1804, where the mold member possessing the desired parameters for production may be stored. In this manner, indicators 1802 may be activated to call a user's attention to the desired mold member.
As depicted in
In an alternate embodiment, device 1807 may include a peripheral device that may be configured to process data by way of voice recognition. The peripheral device may include a microphone configured to recognize voice input from the user. Once controller computer 1801 recognizes the input data, it may send a signal to mold member storage array 1806 or mold member storage location 1804 to indicate the proper storage location for an ophthalmic mold member.
Additional embodiments relate to a system and a computer-implemented method for the collection and transmission of eyeglass lens information over a computer network. The system may also include at least one controller computer coupled to a lens forming apparatus. The system, in some embodiments, includes computer hardware and software operable to send and receive data over a computer network to and from a client computer system. In an embodiment, the computer-implemented method may be implemented by program instructions which may be computer-executable and may be incorporated into a carrier medium.
Eyeglass lens information may generally refer to any data representative of an eyeglass lens prescription, an eyeglass lens composition, operating conditions configured to produce an eyeglass lens, and/or other appropriate characteristics of an eyeglass lens such as tint. The eyeglass lens composition information may include, for example, an identity of a monomer-containing fluid which may be polymerized to form an eyeglass lens. Such information may be in the form of raw data, including binary or alphanumeric, formatted data, or reports. In some embodiments, eyeglass lens information relates to data collected from a client or customer. More specifically, eyeglass lens information may take the form of data collected from a doctor examining a patient and/or prescribing an eyeglass lens for a patient, an optician, an optometrist, an ophthalmologist, a retailer of eyeglass lenses, an optical lab, or a wholesaler of eyeglass lenses. The information may be encrypted for security purposes.
The term “computer system” as used herein generally describes the hardware and software components that in combination allow the execution of computer programs. The computer programs may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. Computer system hardware generally includes a processor, memory media, and input/output (I/O) devices. As used herein, the term “processor” generally describes the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that operate a computer system. The term “memory medium” includes an installation medium, e.g., a CD-ROM, floppy disks; a volatile computer system memory such as DRAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, Rambus RAM, etc.; or a non-volatile memory such as optical storage or a magnetic medium, e.g., a hard drive. The term “memory” is used synonymously with “memory medium” herein. The memory medium may include other types of memory or combinations thereof. In addition, the memory medium may be located in a first computer in which the programs are executed, or may be located in a second computer that connects to the first computer over a network. In the latter instance, the second computer provides the program instructions to the first computer for execution. In addition, the computer system may take various forms, including a personal computer system, mainframe computer system, workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA), television system or other device. In general, the term “computer system” can be broadly defined to encompass any device having a processor that executes instructions from a memory medium.
The memory medium preferably stores a software program or programs for the daily reception, storage, analysis, and transmittal of eyeglass lens information. The software program(s) may be implemented in any of various ways, including procedure-based techniques, component-based techniques, and/or object-oriented techniques, among others. For example, the software program may be implemented using ActiveX controls, C++ objects, JavaBeans, Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), or other technologies or methodologies, as desired. A central processing unit (CPU), such as the host CPU, for executing code and data from the memory medium includes a means for creating and executing the software program or programs according to the methods, flowcharts, and/or block diagrams described below.
A computer system's software generally includes at least one operating system such as Windows NT, Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows ME (all available from Microsoft Corporation); or Mac OS and Mac OS X Server (Apple Computer, Inc.), MacNFS (Thursby Software), PC MACLAN (Miramar Systems), or real time operating systems such as VXWorks (Wind River Systems, Inc.), QNX (QNX Software Systems, Ltd.), etc. The foregoing are all examples of specialized software programs that manage and provide services to other software programs on the computer system. Software may also include one or more programs configured to perform various tasks on the computer system and various forms of data to be used by the operating system or other programs on the computer system. Software may also be operable to perform the functions of an operating system (“OS”). The data may include, but is not limited to, databases, text files, and graphics files. A computer system's software generally is stored in non-volatile memory or on an installation medium. A program may be copied into a volatile memory when running on the computer system. Data may be read into volatile memory as the data is required by a program.
A server program may be defined as a computer program that, when executed, provides services to other computer programs executing in the same or other computer systems. The computer system on which a server program is executing may be referred to as a server, though it may contain a number of server and client programs. In the client/server model, a server program awaits and fulfills requests from client programs in the same or other computer systems. Examples of computer programs that may serve as servers include: Windows NT (Microsoft Corporation), Mac OS X Server (Apple Computer, Inc.), MacNFS (Thursby Software), PC MACLAN (Miramar Systems), etc
A web server is a computer system which maintains a web site browsable by any of various web browser software programs. As used herein, the term ‘web browser’ refers to any software program operable to access web sites over a computer network.
An intranet is a network that may be contained within an enterprise. An intranet may include many interlinked local area networks (LANs) and may use data connections to connect LANs in a wide area network (WAN). An intranet may also include connections to the Internet. An intranet may use TCP/IP, HTRP, and other Internet protocols.
An extranet, or virtual private network, is a private network that uses Internet protocols and public telecommunication systems to securely share part of a business' information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. An extranet may be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users outside the company. An extranet may require security and privacy. Companies may use an extranet to exchange large volumes of data, share product catalogs exclusively with customers, collaborate with other companies on joint development efforts, provide or access services provided by one company to a group of other companies, and to share news of common interest exclusively with partner companies.
Connection mechanisms included in a network may include copper lines, optical fiber, radio transmission, satellite relays, or any other device or mechanism operable to allow computer systems to communicate.
As used herein, a lens forming apparatus may refer to any device or instrument operable to form an eyeglass lens. More particularly, a lens forming apparatus may includes a first curing unit, which may be configured to direct light to an eyeglass lens mold, a second curing unit, which may be configured to direct light and heat to an eyeglass lens, and an anneal unit, which may be configured to direct heat to an eyeglass lens, as described herein.
As illustrated in
Controller computer 2002 may operable to connect to a computer network 2004 such as a local area network which may include an Ethernet device. As used herein, “computer network” may also refer to any type of intranet or extranet network which connects computers and/or networks of computers together, thereby providing connectivity between various systems for communication there between, using various network communication protocols, such as TCP/IP, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, etc. Controller computer 2002 may execute software to communicate with other computer systems connected to network 2004. In addition, a plurality of controller computers may be connected to network 2004. Each controller computer may be coupled to a lens forming apparatus that may be configured as described in above embodiments.
A receiver computer 2006 may also be connected to network 2004. Receiver computer 2006 may be configured to receive an eyeglass lens order from a user. The user may enter the eyeglass lens order by using a user input device such as a keyboard coupled to receiver computer 2006. Alternatively, receiver computer 2006 may be configured to receive an eyeglass lens order from a client. For example, a client may include a doctor, an optician, an optometrist, an ophthalmologist, a retailer of eyeglass lenses, an optical lab, or a wholesaler of eyeglass lenses, a franchise of a national or local retail chain, or another enterprise which supplies eyeglass lenses. Therefore, the client may be located remotely from receiver computer 2006. A user at a client site such as an employee of a doctor or an employee of a franchise may enter an eyeglass lens order into computer system 2008 located at the client site. The eyeglass lens order may include eyeglass lens information as described above. Computer system 2008 at the client site may be configured to send the eyeglass lens order to the receiver computer.
Computer system 2008 may be a computer system, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA) or other system. Computer system 2008 may execute software to communicate with receiver unit 2006, thus facilitating transmission of eyeglass lens data from computer system 2008 to receiver computer 2006 and vice versa. For example, computer system 2008 may be coupled to receiver computer 2006 by connection mechanism 2007 as described above. In one embodiment, computer system 2008 may execute software operable to transmit eyeglass lens data via any of various communication protocols over a network to one or more recipient computer systems and to receive responses from the recipient computers. These protocols may include, but are not limited to, TCP/IP, FTP, HTTP, and HTTPS. For example, computer system 2008 at the client site may be coupled to receiver computer 2006 by computer network 2010 such as an extranet as described above. Alternatively, computer system 2008 at the client site may be coupled to receiver computer 2006 by computer network 2004 as described above. In addition, the information may be encrypted for security purposes as described above.
Receiver computer 2006 may store the received eyeglass lens order in a database. In addition, the database may be stored in memory of receiver computer 2006, controller computer 2002, and/or client computer system 2008. Therefore, the database may include a plurality of eyeglass lens orders. Each eyeglass lens order may include eyeglass lens information as described above. For example, each eyeglass lens order may include a patient name, a priority classification, a job type such as right and/or left lens, a lens type such as aspheric, flat top, and paradigm progressive, a monomer or tint type, and an eyeglass lens prescription. The database may also include a sorted list of the plurality of eyeglass lens orders. For example, the receiver computer may be configured to sort the database by patient name, priority classification, or job type. In addition, the receiver computer may be configured to send such a database through network 2004 such that the database may be stored on controller computer 2002 or client computer system 2008.
Receiver computer 2006 may also be configured to generate a job ticket in response to the received eyeglass lens information. For example, a job ticket may include a barcode representative of the received eyeglass lens information. The barcode may be generated by the receiver computer. The job ticket may also include a portion or any of the received eyeglass lens information as described above. Receiver computer 2006 may also be configured to store the generated barcode in the database as a field associated with the received eyeglass lens information. In this manner, the database may include a look-up-table that may be searched by barcode or by any of the eyeglass lens information as described above. In addition, receiver computer 2006 may be further configured to send the generated job ticket to printer 2009. Printer 2009 may be configured to print job tickets in addition to any other type of document. A printed job ticket may be attached to a mold assembly holder by a user. The mold assembly holder may be configured to support an eyeglass lens mold during a process performed by the lens forming apparatus.
Lens forming apparatus 2000 may include first barcode reader 2012. First barcode reader 2012 may be configured to scan a barcode printed on a job ticket. For example, first barcode reader 2012 may include a light source and a detector. The light source may be configured to scan a beam of light across a barcode. The detector may be configured to detect light reflected from the barcode. The job ticket may be generated by the receiver computer 2006 as described above. First barcode reader 2012 may be coupled to controller computer 2002 and may be configured to send information representative of the barcode such as the detected light to controller computer 2002 over a serial line connection; The controller computer may be configured to send the information representative of the barcode to receiver computer 2006 over network 2004.
In addition, receiver computer 2006 may be configured to search the database of eyeglass lens orders using the information representative of the barcode as described above. Alternatively, the receiver computer may process the information representative of the barcode to determine information representative of an eyeglass lens order. For example, the receiver computer may search a first database with the barcode to determine information representative of an eyeglass lens order associated with the barcode. In addition, the receiver computer may use the determined information representative of an eyeglass order to search a second database. Furthermore, receiver computer 2006 may be configured to send results of searching the database to controller computer 2002 over computer network 2004. Results of searching the database may include any of the information representative of an eyeglass lens order as described above and a barcode associated with the eyeglass lens order. For example, results of searching the database may include a job number, a patient name, a mold assembly holder number, a priority, a bin location, a lens location (i.e., left lens or right lens), a lens type, a monomer type and/or tint, a spherical power, a cylindrical power, axis, an add power, curing conditions. In addition, controller computer 2002 may be configured to at least temporarily store the information in a memory coupled to controller computer 2002.
In a further embodiment, receiver computer 2006 may be configured to determine a front mold member identity and a back mold member identity from the information representative of the eyeglass lens order. In addition, receiver computer 2006 may be configured to send the determined front mold member identity and the determined back mold member identity to controller computer 2002. Alternatively, controller computer 2002 may be configured to determine the front mold member identity and the back mold member identity from information representative of an eyeglass lens order, which may be received from receiver computer 2006.
Controller computer 2002 may be further coupled to mold member storage array 2014. In addition, controller computer 2002 may be configured to send the determined front mold member identity and the determined back mold member identity to mold member storage array 2014. Mold member storage array 2014 may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. For example, the mold member storage array may be configured to hold a plurality of eyeglass lens molds. In addition, the mold member storage array may be configured to determine a location of a front mold member and a back mold member and to generate a signal to indicate the determined locations. Alternatively, the location of front and back mold members may be determined by the controller computer. The mold member storage array may also be configured to display the generated signal to a user. The signal may be a visual and/or audible signal suitable for detection by a user. The mold member storage array may also be configured to generate and/or display the signal sequentially as described in above embodiments. As such, a generated signal may indicate an appropriate mold member to a user. The user may remove the appropriate mold member from the mold member storage array and may assemble an eyeglass lens mold in the mold assembly holder as described above. Assembly of the eyeglass lens mold may also include filling a space between two mold members with a lens forming composition. The lens forming composition may include any of the lens forming compositions as described in above embodiments.
Lens forming apparatus 2000 may be configured to receive a mold assembly holder and an assembled eyeglass lens mold in a first curing unit (not shown) as described in any of the above embodiments. For example, the first curing unit may be configured to direct light to the eyeglass lens mold to at least partially cure the lens forming composition. In addition, first curing unit may include second barcode reader 2016. Second barcode reader 2016 may be configured to scan a barcode on a job ticket as described in above embodiments. The job ticket may be attached to a mold assembly holder as described in above embodiments. In addition, the second barcode reader may be disposed within the first curing unit proximate to a location at which the mold assembly holder may be placed into the first curing unit by a user. Additional barcode readers may be disposed within the first curing unit proximate to a location at which the mold assembly holder may be removed from the first curing unit by a user and at various location through the first curing unit. As such, the second barcode reader may be configured to scan a barcode of job ticket on a mold assembly holder containing an assembled eyeglass lens mold prior to, during, or subsequent to at least partial curing of a lens forming composition disposed within the assembled eyeglass lens mold. In addition, second barcode reader 2016 may be coupled to controller computer 2002 and may configured to send information representative of the barcode such as detected light to controller computer 2002 over a serial line connection. In addition, controller computer 2002 may be configured to monitor the progress of mold assembly units through the first curing unit from output from at least one barcode reader. Further more, the controller computer may be configured to determine a throughput of the first curing unit from the output from at least one barcode reader.
The controller computer may be configured to determine an eyeglass lens order and/or eyeglass lens information from the information received from the second barcode reader as described in above embodiments. For example, the controller computer may be configured to search a database of eyeglass lens information, which may be sent to controller computer by the receiver computer. In addition, the controller computer may be configured to send the information received from the second barcode reader to receiver computer 2006 over network 2004. Receiver computer 2006 may be configured to determine an eyeglass lens order and/or eyeglass lens information from the information received from the second barcode reader as described in above embodiments. Receiver computer 2006 may be configured to send the determined eyeglass lens order and/or the determined eyeglass lens information to controller computer 2002.
In addition, controller computer 2002 may be configured to alter a parameter of an instrument coupled to lens forming apparatus 2000 in response to the determined eyeglass lens order and/or the determined eyeglass lens information. For example, controller computer 2002 may be coupled to a first curing unit of lens forming apparatus 2000. In addition, controller computer 2002 may be configured to alter a parameter of an instrument coupled to the first curing unit of lens forming apparatus 2000 to alter a duration of a light pulse generated by the first curing unit. In this manner, the duration of the light pulse which is provided to an assembled eyeglass lens mold by a first curing unit may vary depending on the eyeglass lens being formed.
Furthermore, controller computer 2002 may be configured to monitor a parameter of at least one instrument coupled to the first curing unit during curing of a lens forming composition in the first curing unit. In addition, the controller computer may be configured to compare the monitored parameter to an acceptable range for the parameter and to display an error message if the monitored parameter is outside of the acceptable range. In this manner, the controller computer may be configured to monitor a curing process in situ and to provide real-time information to a user of the lens forming apparatus.
Lens forming apparatus 2000 may also be configured such that an assembled eyeglass lens mold may be transported from the apparatus subsequent to being treated in the first curing unit. For example, lens forming apparatus 2000 may include a conveyor system (not shown) configured to transport mold assembly holders which may contain eyeglass lens molds through a first curing unit as described in above embodiments. Therefore, subsequent to treatment in a first curing unit, a user may remove the mold assembly holder and the assembled eyeglass lens mold contained within the mold assembly holder from a conveyor system. Furthermore, the user may place the mold assembly holder into a second curing unit (not shown) of lens forming apparatus 2000.
In addition, second curing unit may include third barcode reader 2018. Third barcode reader 2018 may be configured to scan a barcode on a job ticket as described in above embodiments. The job ticket may be attached to a mold assembly holder as described in above embodiments. In addition, the third barcode reader may be disposed within the second curing unit proximate to a location at which the mold assembly holder may be placed into the second curing unit by a user. An additional barcode reader may also be disposed within the second curing unit proximate to a location at which the mold assembly holder may be removed from the second curing unit by a user or at various locations within the second curing unit.
As such, the third barcode reader may be configured to scan a barcode on a job ticket attached to a mold assembly holder containing an assembled eyeglass lens mold prior to, during, or subsequent to curing of a lens forming composition disposed within the assembled eyeglass lens mold. In addition, third barcode reader 2018 may be coupled to controller computer 2002 and may be configured to send information representative of the barcode such as detected light to controller computer 2002 over a serial line connection. In addition, controller computer 2002 may be configured to monitor the progress of mold assembly units through the second curing unit from output from at least one barcode reader. The controller computer may also be configured to alter a parameter of an instrument coupled to the first curing unit from output from at least the one barcode reader. In this manner, the controller computer may be configured to control the first curing unit based on conditions present in the second curing unit. As such, curing of a lens forming composition in the first and the second curing unit may be synchronized and/or optimized by the controller computer. Furthermore, the controller computer may be configured to determine a throughput of the second curing unit from the output from at least one barcode reader.
The controller computer may be configured to determine an eyeglass lens order and/or eyeglass lens information from the information received from the third barcode reader as described in above embodiments. In addition, the controller computer may be configured to send the information received from the third barcode reader to receiver computer 2006 over network 2004. Receiver computer 2006 may be configured to determine an eyeglass lens order and/or eyeglass lens information from the information received from the third barcode reader as described in above embodiments. Receiver computer 2006 may be configured to send the determined eyeglass lens order and/or the determined eyeglass lens information to controller computer 2002.
In addition, controller computer 2002 may be configured to alter a parameter of an instrument coupled to lens forming apparatus 2000 in response to the determined eyeglass lens order and/or the determined eyeglass lens information. For example, controller computer 2002 may be coupled to a second curing unit of lens forming apparatus 2000. In addition, controller computer 2002 may be configured to alter a parameter of an instrument coupled to the second curing unit of lens forming apparatus 2000 to alter an intensity of light or a temperature of heat generated by the second curing unit. As such, the intensity of light or the temperature of heat which may be provided to an assembled eyeglass lens mold by a second curing unit may vary depending on the eyeglass lens being formed.
As described above, controller computer 2002 may be configured to monitor a parameter of at least one instrument coupled to the second curing unit during curing of a lens forming composition in the second curing unit. For example, the controller computer may be configured to monitor a temperature of a second curing unit. In addition, the controller computer may be configured to alter a speed of the conveyor system in response to the monitored temperature. In this manner, the controller computer may be configured to prevent a mold assembly holder from being introduced into the second curing unit until the temperature is within an acceptable range for curing a lens forming composition disposed within the mold assembly holder. In addition, the controller computer may be configured to compare the monitored parameter to an acceptable range for the parameter and to display an error message if the monitored parameter is outside of the acceptable range. In this manner, the controller computer may be configured to monitor a curing process in situ and to provide real-time information to a user of the lens forming apparatus.
Lens forming apparatus 2000 may also be configured such that an eyeglass lens may be transported from the apparatus subsequent to being treated in the second curing unit. For example, lens forming apparatus 2000 may include a conveyor system configured to transport mold assembly holders which may contain at least partially cured lens forming compositions through a second curing unit as described in above embodiments. Therefore, subsequent to treatment in a second curing unit, a user may remove the mold assembly holder from a conveyor system and the eyeglass lens contained within the mold assembly holder. A user may also disassemble the eyeglass lens mold assembly and may remove the at least partially cured lens forming composition from the eyeglass lens mold assembly. In addition, the user may place the at least partially cured lens forming composition into the mold assembly holder from which the at least partially cured lens forming composition was removed.
The user may place the at least partially cured lens forming composition contained within the mold assembly holder into an anneal unit. At least one barcode reader may be disposed within the anneal unit as described in any of the above embodiments. In addition, at least one barcode reader within the anneal unit may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. Each barcode reader within the anneal unit may also be coupled to a controller computer. The controller computer may also be configured as described in any of the above embodiments.
In addition, the controller computer may be configured to alter operation of the lens forming apparatus in response to a predetermined signal. A predetermined signal may include login by an operator or an engineer, a predetermined time, or reception of an eyeglass lens order. For example, an operator or an engineer may login at the beginning of a work shift. Upon receiving the login data, the controller computer may alter an operation of the lens forming apparatus. In this manner, upon receiving login data, a controller computer may supply power to lamps of a curing unit and may supply power to a monomer heating unit. Similarly, a controller computer may be configured to supply power to lamps of a curing unit or a monomer heating unit at a predetermined time at which a work shift may begin. The predetermined time may be set by an operator or an engineer using the controller computer. Alternatively, a controller computer may be configured to supply power to lamps of a curing unit or a monomer heating unit upon reception of an eyeglass lens order. In this manner, the supplied power may vary depending on the eyeglass lens which may be formed in response to the order. As such, the controller computer may be configured to “warm up” a lens forming apparatus which may increase throughput and decrease cost.
Lens forming apparatus 2000 may also include mold reader 2020. Mold reader 2020 may be configured to scan a mold member and to determine a mold member identity. For example, a user may disassemble an eyeglass lens mold subsequent to removing the eyeglass lens mold from the second curing unit as described above. In addition, a user may use mold reader 2020 to scan a front mold member and a back mold member of the disassembled eyeglass lens mold. For example, mold reader 2020 may include a light source and a detector. The light source may be configured to scan a beam of light across an eyeglass lens mold. The detector may be configured to detect light reflected from the eyeglass lens mold.
Mold reader 2020 may be coupled to controller computer 2002 and may configured to send information representative of a mold member identity such as detected light to controller computer 2002 over a serial line connection. Controller computer 2002 may be configured to determine an identity of the front mold member and the back mold member from the sent information. Alternatively, controller computer 2002 may be configured to send information generated by mold reader 2020 to receiver computer 2006 over a computer network. Receiver computer 2006 may be configured to determine an identity of the front mold member and the back mold member and to send the determined identities to the controller computer over the computer network. Alternatively, mold reader 2020 may be configured to determine an identity of a front mold member and an identity of a back mold member. In this manner, mold reader 2020 may also be configured to send determined identities of the front and back mold members to the controller computer.
Controller computer 2002 may be coupled to mold member storage array 2014 as described above. Controller computer 2002 may be configured to send the determined front mold member identity and the determined back mold member identity to mold member storage array 2014. In addition, the mold member storage array may be configured to determine an appropriate location for a mold member within the mold member storage array from a mold member identity and to generate a signal to indicate to the determined location. The mold member storage array may also be configured to display the generated signal to a user. The signal may be visual and/or audible such that the signal may be detected by a user. The mold member storage array may also be configured to generate and/or display the signal sequentially as described in above embodiments. As such, a generated signal may indicate, to a user, an appropriate location for an eyeglass mold member having the determined identity. In this manner, a user may place a mold member into an appropriate location in a mold member storage array until an eyeglass lens order is received which requires use of the mold member.
Various embodiments further include receiving or storing instructions and/or data implemented in accordance with the foregoing description upon a carrier medium. Suitable carrier media include memory media or storage media such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk or CD-ROM, as well as signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals, conveyed via a communication medium such as networks and/or a wireless link.
In an alternate embodiment, the receiver computer may be operable to upload eyeglass lens data directly to the controller computer, for example, by a communications link such as a serial data connection, wireless data link, modem, floppy drive, etc. The controller computer may be connected to a computer network, as may be the client computer system. In addition, the controller computer may have software executable to transmit eyeglass lens information to the client computer system and to receive response information back from the client computer system, and the client computer system may have software executable to receive eyeglass lens information and to transmit a response back to the controller computer or to one or more receiver computers.
In a further embodiment, the receiver computer may connect to a server (not shown), either directly, as with a communication link, or remotely, via a computer network. The server may be operable to receive and store eyeglass lens information and to make the eyeglass lens information available to client computer systems also connected to a network. The server may be any of a variety of servers. For example, the server may be a web server such that the server may be operable to maintain a web site accessible by the client computer systems with browser software. A use of the client computer system may include viewing and/or downloading eyeglass lens information from a server using the browser software. As another example, the server may be an FTP server, in which case a user of a client computer system may be able to transfer the eyeglass lens information from the server to the client computer system using an FTP software program. As yet another example, a server may allow remote login to an account by a client computer system. The account may have been established for use by a user of the client computer system. The user of the client computer system may then view, edit, or transfer eyeglass lens information as needed. The client computer system may also optionally transmit a response back to the server, which may then be accessed by the receiver computer. A client computer system may also transmit the response information to one or more additional client computer systems. In all of these embodiments, security measures may be employed to protect the identity of the users, as well as the privacy and integrity of the information. Such security measures may include secure login, encryption, private communication lines, and other security measures.
In one embodiment, a server may be a web server operable to maintain a web site. When a client computer system accesses the web site of the web server, the web server may provide various data and information to a client browser on a client computer system, possibly including a graphical user interface (GUI) that displays the information, descriptions of the information, and/or other information that might be useful to the users of the system.
In some embodiments, the receiver computer may include an electronic controller, as described herein. The electronic controller may allow the receiver computer to be operated by a client computer system that is coupled to the electronic controller. The client computer system may include software that provides the user information regarding the operation of the receiver computer. The software may allow the user of the client computer to issue commands that allow operation of the receiver computer from the electronic controller. The issued commands may be converted to control signals. The control signals may be received by the electronic controller. The electronic controller may operate components of the receiver computer in response to the received control signals.
The client computer system may be coupled directly to the receiver computer. Attentively, the client computer system may be coupled to the receiver computer via a computer network. In this embodiment, an operator may be in a different location than the location of the receiver system. By sending control signals over the computer network, the operator may remotely control the operation of the receiver system. The receiver system may also be configured to transmit the obtained eyeglass lens information back to the client computer system via the computer network.
As illustrated in
A computer system located remotely at a client site may be coupled to a receiver computer via a server as described above. The client computer system may be configured to receive and/or transmit information to the receiver computer. In one embodiment, the receiver computer may be configured to receive control signals from the client computer system via the server. The operation of the receiver system and subsequently the controller computer and the lens forming apparatus may, therefore, be controlled via a client computer through a server. As discussed before, the receiver computer may also transmit eyeglass lens information back to the client computer system via the server. The eyeglass lens information may be encrypted as described in above embodiments.
The method may also include storing the received eyeglass lens order in a database. The database may be stored by a receiver computer as described in above embodiments. Alternatively, the database may be stored by the controller computer as described above. The database may include a plurality of eyeglass lens orders. Each eyeglass lens order may include eyeglass lens information as described above. The method may also include sorting the plurality of eyeglass lens orders such that the database may include a sorted list of the plurality of eyeglass lens orders.
The method may also include generating a job ticket in response to the received eyeglass lens information as shown in step 2102. A job ticket may include a barcode representative of the received eyeglass lens information as described in above embodiments. The barcode may be generated by a receiver computer or a controller computer. The method may also include storing the barcode in the database as a field associated with the received eyeglass lens information. In this manner, the database may include a look-up-table that may be searched by barcode or by any of the eyeglass lens information as described above. In addition, the method may include printing the generated job ticket. A printed job ticket may be attached to a mold assembly holder by a user. The mold assembly holder may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments.
As shown in step 2104, the method may include scanning a barcode printed on a job ticket. The method may also include sending information resulting from scanning the barcode to a controller computer over a serial line connection. The controller computer may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. The method may further include sending the information representative of the barcode to a receiver computer.
In addition, the method may include determining information associated with an eyeglass lens order associated with the scanned bar code. For example, the method may include searching a database of eyeglass lens orders using the information representative of the barcode. Alternatively, the method may include processing the information representative of the barcode to determine information representative of an eyeglass lens order. For example, the method may include searching a first database with the barcode to determine information representative of an eyeglass lens order associated with the barcode. In addition, the method may include searching a second database with the determined information representative of an eyeglass order. Furthermore, the method may include sending results of searching the database from a receiver computer to a controller computer over a computer network. Results of searching the database may include any of the information representative of an eyeglass lens order as described above and a barcode associated with the eyeglass lens order.
The method may also include determining a front mold member identity and a back mold member identity from the information representative of the eyeglass lens order, as shown in step 2106. In addition, the method may include sending the determined front mold member identity and the determined back mold member identity to a controller computer. The method may further include sending the determined front mold member identity and the determined back mold member identity to a mold member storage array. A mold member storage array may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. In addition, the method may include generating a signal to indicate locations of mold members having the determined mold member identifies. The method may also include displaying the generated signal to a user. For example, the generated signal may be displayed as a visual and/or audible signal suitable for detection by a user. Furthermore, the method may include generating and/or displaying the signal sequentially to indicate a location of a first mold member and a location of a second mold member. As such, a generated signal may indicate a location of an appropriate mold member to a user. The user may remove the appropriate mold member from the mold member storage array and may assemble an eyeglass lens mold containing a lens forming composition in a mold assembly holder as described above. The lens forming composition may include any of the lens forming compositions as described in above embodiments.
The method may further include scanning a bar code on a job ticket subsequent to placing a mold assembly holder including an assembled eyeglass lens mold in a first curing unit of a lens forming apparatus, as shown in step 2108. Scanning the bar code may include scanning the barcode with a second barcode reader, which may be configured as described in above embodiments. For example, the second barcode reader may be disposed within a first curing unit proximate to a location at which the mold assembly holder may be placed into the first curing unit by a user. The second barcode reader, however, may also be disposed within the first curing unit proximate to a location at which the mold assembly holder may be removed from the first curing unit or throughout the first curing unit. As such, step 2108 may include scanning a barcode of job ticket on a mold assembly holder containing an assembled eyeglass lens mold prior to, during, or subsequent to curing at least a portion of a lens forming composition disposed within the assembled eyeglass lens mold. In addition, the method may include sending information representative of the barcode to a controller computer over a serial line connection.
As shown in step 2110, the method may include determining parameters of an instrument of the first curing unit from information representative of the barcode. The parameters of the instrument of the first curing unit may define operating conditions for at least partial curing of a lens forming composition. In addition, the method may include altering a parameter of an instrument coupled to a first curing unit in response to the determined parameters. For example, altering a parameter of an instrument may include altering a duration of a light pulse generated by the first curing unit. In this manner, the duration of the light pulse, which may be provided to an assembled eyeglass lens mold by a first curing unit, may vary depending on the eyeglass lens being formed.
Subsequent to treatment in a first curing unit, a user may remove the mold assembly holder and the assembled eyeglass lens mold contained within the mold assembly holder from a conveyor system. Furthermore, the user may place the mold assembly holder into a second curing unit of a lens forming apparatus.
In addition, the method may include scanning a barcode on a job ticket with a third barcode reader subsequent to placing a mold assembly holder in a second curing unit, as shown in step 212. The job ticket may be attached to a mold assembly holder as described in above embodiments. The second curing unit and a third barcode reader may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. In addition, the third barcode reader may be disposed within the second curing unit proximate to a location at which the mold assembly holder may be placed into, moved through, or removed from the second curing unit by a user. As such, the method may include scanning a barcode on a job ticket attached to a mold assembly holder containing an at least partially cured lens forming composition prior to, during, or subsequent to curing of a lens forming composition. In addition, the method may include sending information representative of the barcode such as detected light to a controller computer over a serial line connection.
In addition, the method may include determining an eyeglass lens order and/or eyeglass lens information from the information received from the third barcode reader with a controller computer. In addition, the method may include sending the information received from the third barcode reader to a receiver computer over a computer network. The method may include determining an eyeglass lens order and/or eyeglass lens information from the information received from the third barcode reader with a receiver computer. As such, the method may include sending the determined eyeglass lens order and/or the determined eyeglass lens information from the receiver computer to a controller computer.
In addition, the method may include determining a parameter of an instrument coupled to a second curing unit in response to the determined eyeglass lens order and/or the determined eyeglass lens information, as shown in step 2114. For example, the method may include determining parameters of an instrument coupled to a second curing unit, which may define operating conditions for post curing of a lens forming composition. In addition, the method may include altering a parameter of an instrument coupled to a second curing unit in response to the determined eyeglass lens order and/or the determined eyeglass lens information. For example, altering a parameter of an instrument coupled to a second curing unit may include altering a temperature of heat generated by the second curing unit. As such, the temperature of heat, which may be provided to an at least partially cured lens forming composition, by a second curing unit may vary depending on the eyeglass lens being formed.
A user may disassemble the eyeglass lens mold and may remove the at least partially cured lens forming composition. In addition, the user may place the at least partially cured lens forming composition into the mold assembly holder from which the at least partially cured lens forming composition was removed. The user may also place the at least partially cured lens forming composition disposed within the mold assembly holder into an anneal unit. At least one barcode reader may also be coupled to the anneal unit as described in any of the above embodiments. In addition, at least the one barcode reader may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. Furthermore, a controller computer may be coupled to at least the one barcode reader coupled to the anneal unit. The controller computer may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments.
The method may also include scanning a mold member as shown in step 2116. The mold member may include a mold member which may have been disassembled by a user subsequent to removing the eyeglass lens mold from the second curing unit as described above. In addition, the method may include scanning a front mold member and a back mold member of a disassembled eyeglass lens mold. For example, a mold member may be scanned with a mold reader.
In an alternative embodiment, the method may also include determining a mold member identity with the mold reader. The method may also include sending information representative of a mold member identity from a mold reader to a controller computer over a serial line connection. In addition, the method may include determining an identity of the front mold member and the back mold member with the controller computer. Alternatively, the method may include sending information representative of a mold member identity from a controller computer to a receiver computer over a computer network. In this manner, the method may include determining an identity of the front mold member and the back mold member with the receiver computer and sending the determined identities from the receiver computer to a controller computer over a computer network. The method may also include determining an identity of a front mold member and an identity of a back mold member.
In addition, the method may include sending the determined front mold member identity and the determined back mold member identity to a mold member storage array. A controller computer may be coupled to a mold member storage array as described above. A mold member storage array may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. For example, the mold member storage array may include a plurality of drawers or locations configured to hold a mold member. In addition, the method may include determining an appropriate location for a mold member in a mold member storage array, as shown in step 2118. The method may further include generating a signal to indicate the determined location. In addition, the method may include displaying the generated signal to a user. The signal may be visual and/or audible such that the signal may be detected by a user. The method may also include generating multiple signals sequentially as described in above embodiments. As such, a generated signal may indicate, to a user, an appropriate location for an eyeglass mold member having the determined identity. In this manner, a user may place a mold member into an appropriate location in a mold member storage array until an eyeglass lens order is received which requires use of the mold member.
GUI 2200 may include a main menu and may be displayed by a controller computer or a receiver computer when initially powered. If the main menu is not displayed, a user may access the main menu by clicking a button, which may be labeled Main Menu, on a displayed GUI with a mouse. In response to activating the Main Menu button, the controller and/or receiver computer may cause the main menu screen to be displayed. As depicted in
GUI 2200 may also display machine status-related information on the main menu. For example, GUI 2200 may include a graphical icon or a display listing properties of a lens forming apparatus in graphic and/or alphanumeric format A graphical icon or a display may appear or may be altered on GUI 2200 in response to a change in status of lens forming apparatus 2000. For example, as shown in
In addition, an icon may be altered in color to indicate a change in status of a lens forming apparatus. For example, an icon, which may represent a signal tower of a lens forming apparatus, may include series of icons 2222 of different colors. Upon a change in status of the apparatus or in an alarm coupled to the apparatus, a color of one of series of icons 2222 may be altered on GUI 2200. For example, in
As shown in
As depicted in
For example, upon login by an operator, GUI 2200 may be displayed on a controller computer or on a receiver computer. Upon login by a client, however, GUI 2228 may be displayed on a client computer system to provide a limited number of options such as Job Entry 2202, View Jobs 2204, Con
Selection of Job Entry 2202 may cause the display screen to change to prescription input GUI 2230, an embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 47. GUI 2230 may be displayed on a controller computer, a receiver computer, and/or a client computer system. The controller computer, the receiver computer, and the client computer system may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. Prescription input GUI 2230 may preferably allow a user to enter data pertaining to a new lens order. The prescription input menu may include a number of menu items which may be configured to collect information from a user. For example, the prescription input menu may include a number of input windows 2232 which may be configured to receive alphanumeric input from a user. In addition, the system may be configured to generate and display a signal to the user upon an invalid entry in an input window.
In addition, the prescription input menu may include a number of selection menus which may include radio buttons 2234 and/or pull-down menus 2236. A radio button may be an item that may be selected or deselected, and which displays its state to a user. In addition, in a menu of radio buttons, typically only one radio button may be selected at a time. For example, upon selection of one radio button in a menu, each of the other radio buttons in the menu may be shaded to indicate that these selections are unavailable. Furthermore, additional menu items displayed on a GUI may be altered upon selection of a radio button. For example, if a user selects a radio button to indicate that a new lens order includes a right lens and a left lens, then pull down menus may appear on the GUI to accept prescription information for both the right and the left lens. A pull down menu may include a number of options which may be viewed by selecting the pull down menu. In addition, a user may select one of the number of options from the pull down menu. A selected option may appear in a text box of the pull-down menu subsequent to selection by a user. Additional pull down menus may be altered upon a selection from a pull down menu. For example, upon selection of zero cylindrical power, a pull down menu for a cylinder axis power may be removed from GUI 2230 or may be shaded to indicate that the pull down menu is currently inactive (i.e., the menu may not accept input from a user).
Each of the menu items allows entry of a portion of the lens prescription. The lens prescription information may include, but is not limited to, job number, patient name, mold assembly holder number, priority, bin location, lens location (i.e., left lens or right lens), lens type, monomer type and/or tint, spherical power, cylindrical power, axis, and add power. The monomer selection may include choices for example, either clear or photochromic lenses. The lens type item may allow selection between spheric single vision, aspheric single vision lenses, flattop bifocal lenses, and asymmetrical progressive lenses. The sphere item allows the sphere power of the lens to be entered. The cylinder item allows the cylinder power to be entered. The axis item allows the cylinder axis to be entered. The add item allows the add power for multifocal prescriptions to be added. Since the sphere power, cylinder power, cylinder axis, and add power may differ for each eye, and since the molds and gaskets may be specific for the location of the lens (i.e., right lens or left lens), the GUI preferably allows separate entries for right and left lenses.
A user may cancel a new lens order at any time by selecting an option such as Cancel Entry 2238 which may be displayed on prescription input GUI 2230. In addition, a user may submit a new lens order by selecting an option such as Create Job 2240 which may also be displayed on prescription input GUI 2230. Upon selection of Create Job 2240, the new lens order submitted by the user may be sent to a receiver computer or a controller computer. In addition, the new lens order may be stored in a database of eyeglass lens orders as described in above embodiments. Furthermore, each entry of the new lens order may be compared to valid entries for an eyeglass lens order. If any of the entries do not match valid entries, GUI 2230 may display an error message to the user. For example, a new lens order submitted by a user may not be filled by a lens forming apparatus if the lens forming apparatus does not include appropriate molds to form the ordered lens. In this manner, GUI 2230 may display an error message to the user such as “Prescription Not Available”. In addition, an entry may be determined to be invalid if the entry may have been left blank by a user. An appearance of an invalid entry may be altered on GUI 2230 to indicate the invalid entry to a user. For example, if a mold is not available for the left lens, pull down menus for prescription information for this lens may be highlighted, may be indicated with a graphical icon, or may be indicated by alphanumeric characters. GUI 2230 may also be configured to allow a user to alter the invalid entry and to provide a user with additional options such as Cancel Entry 2238 and Create Job 2240.
After the data relating to the prescription has been added, the controller computer, the receiver computer, or the client computer system may prompt the user to enter a job number to save the prescription type. The job number preferably allows the user to recall a prescription type without having to reenter the prescription data. The job number may also be used by the controller computer to control the curing conditions for the lens. The curing conditions typically vary depending on the type and prescription of the lens. By allowing the controller computer access to the prescription and type of lens being formed, the controller computer may automatically set up the curing conditions without further input from the user.
Selection of Job Viewer or View Jobs 2204 may cause the display screen to change to an embodiment of prescription viewer GUI 2242, an embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 48. GUI 2242 may be displayed on a controller computer, a receiver computer, and/or a client computer system. The controller computer, the receiver computer, and the client computer system may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. Prescription viewer GUI 2242 may preferably allow a user to select an eyeglass lens order and to view data pertaining to the selected eyeglass lens order. For example, GUI 2242 may include input windows, radio buttons, and/or pull down menus as described in above embodiments to allow a user to enter information which may be associated with an eyeglass lens order. For example, GUI 2242 may include pull down menu 2244. The pull down menu may include a list of job numbers which may be viewed by selecting the pull down menu. In addition, a user may select one of the job numbers from the pull down menu. A selected job number may appear in a text box on of the pull-down menu subsequent to selection by a user. In addition, GUI 2242 may include input window 2246 which may be configured to receive alphanumeric characters representative of an eyeglass lens order. For example, a user may enter a patient's name into an input window on GUI 2242. GUI 2242 may also be configured such that additional information related to an eyeglass lens order may be entered by a user.
The information entered by the user may be used to determine additional information related to the eyeglass lens order. The additional information may be determined by a client computer system, a receiver computer, or a controller computer, all of which may be configured as described in above embodiments. For example, the additional information may be determined by processing the input from the user and searching a database of information stored on the client computer system, the receiver computer, or the controller computer. The additional information may be displayed on GUI 2242 such that a user may view the additional information. In addition, GUI 2242 may include a number of options which may be available to the user. For example, GUI 2242 may include options such as Re-Print 2248 and Close 2250. In this manner, the user may select to print the information displayed in GUI 2242 or to close GUI 2242 and return to the previous menu displayed on the user's computer.
Selection of Alarm Log 2206 may cause the display screen to change to an embodiment of alarm viewer GUI 2252, an embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 49. GUI 2252 may be displayed on a controller computer and/or a receiver computer. The controller computer and the receiver computer may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. Alarm viewer GUI 2252 may preferably allow a user to view information related to alarms which may have occurred during operation of a lens curing apparatus. Information related to alarms may be presented in tabular format and may include several columns. For example, as shown in
A user may also select one of the alarms displayed in GUI 2252. Selection of one of the displayed alarms may cause the GUI to display additional information related to the alarm or to display additional options related to the alarm and/or operation of the lens forming apparatus. For example, upon selection of a displayed alarm, a user may further select to delete the selected alarm or to restart the lens forming apparatus. GUI 2252 may also include a number of options which may be available to the user. For example, GUI 2252 may include options such as Purge Log 2258 and Close 2260. In this manner, the user may select to delete all of the information displayed in GUI 2252 or to close GUI 2252 and return to the previous menu displayed on the user's computer.
Selection of Maintenance 2214 may cause the display screen to change to an embodiment of maintenance viewer GUI 2262, an embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 50. GUI 2262 may be displayed on a controller computer and/or a receiver computer. The controller computer and the receiver computer may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. Maintenance viewer GUI 2262 may preferably allow a user to view information related to operational status of a lens curing apparatus. Operational status of a lens curing apparatus may be determined by parameters of a number of instruments coupled to the lens curing apparatus. For example, instruments coupled to the lens curing apparatus may include, but are not limited to, thermocouples, timing devices, light detection devices such as photodiodes, and electrical measurement devices. Therefore, parameters of an instrument may include, for example, output of a thermocouple, a timing device, a light detection device, or an electrical measurement device. In this manner, information related to operational status of lens curing apparatus may include, but may not be limited to, temperatures of a post-cure chamber, time, light intensity, and electrical currents being drawn by lamps coupled to the lens curing apparatus. As such, information which may be displayed on the maintenance viewer may include lamp current draws, current upper and lower limits for the current draw, and lamp life remaining.
Information related to operational status of a lens curing apparatus may be displayed in alphanumeric and graphical format. For example, as shown in
GUI 2262 may also include a number of options which may be available to the user. For example, GUI 2262 may include options such as More . . . 2268 and Close 2270. In this manner, the user may select to view more digital inputs as described above by selecting More . . . 2268 or to close GUI 2262 and return to the previous menu displayed on the user's computer by selecting Close 2270.
Selection of Machine Setup 2216 may cause the display screen to change to an embodiment of machine setup menu GUI 2272, an embodiment of which is shown in FIG. 51. GUI 2272 may be displayed on a controller computer and/or a receiver computer. The controller computer and the receiver computer may be configured as described in any of the above embodiments. Machine Setup GUI 2272 may preferably allow a user to view information related to setpoints and upper and lower limits for parameters of a number of instruments coupled to the lens curing apparatus. As described above, instruments coupled to the lens curing apparatus may include, but are not limited to, thermocouples, timing devices, light detection devices such as photodiodes, and electrical measurement devices. A thermocouple may be configured to measure a temperature of a curing unit or an anneal unit. For example, a thermocouple may be disposed in an air intake vent of a curing unit or an anneal unit. Therefore, parameters of an instrument may include, for example, output of a thermocouple, a timing device, a light detection device, and an electrical measurement device. In this manner, information related to setpoints and limits for parameters of a number of instruments coupled to the lens curing apparatus may include, but may not be limited to, a temperature of a cure unit, a temperature of an anneal unit, time, light intensity, and electrical currents being drawn by lamps coupled to the lens curing apparatus. For example, a user may use the machine setup menu to enter a setpoint and upper and lower alarm limits for lamp current draws. A temperature of a curing unit may have upper and lower alarm limits of, for example, approximately 225° F. and approximately 200° F., respectively. A temperature of an anneal unit may have upper and lower alarm limits of, for example, approximately 250° F. and approximately 200° F., respectively.
The machine setup menu may include a number of menu items which may be configured to collect information from a user. For example, the machine setup menu may include a number of input windows 2274 which may be configured to receive alphanumeric input from a user. In addition, the system may be configured to generate and display a signal to the user upon an invalid entry in an input window. As such, a user may view and alter setpoints and upper and lower limits for a number of instruments coupled to the lens curing apparatus.
In addition, the machine setup menu may include a number of input boxes 2276 which may selected by the user. Upon selection of an input box, a “check” may appear in the input box to indicate to a user that the input box has been selected. The input boxes may include a number of maintenance operations which may be performed by an operator. In this manner, after performing a maintenance operation such as replacing top initialization lamps, replacing bottom initialization lamps, and/or replacing post-cure lamps, a user may access the machine setup menu and may select an appropriate input box. In addition, the system may be configured to store a date and a time at which an input box is selected and the maintenance operation corresponding to the selected input box in a memory. The stored information may also be stored in a database such as a maintenance log, which may also be viewed by a user through an appropriate GUI.
GUI 2272 may also include a number of options which may be available to the user. For example, GUI 2272 may include options such as Save Changes 2278 and Cancel Changes 2280. A user may submit changes to setpoints and upper and lower limits by selecting an option such as Save Changes 2278. Upon selection of Save Changes 2278, the changes to the setpoints and upper and lower limits may be sent to a receiver computer or a controller computer. In addition, the changes to the setpoints and upper and lower limits may be stored in a database as described in above embodiments. Furthermore, each change to a setpoint or an upper and lower limit may be compared to valid entries for the setpoint or the upper and lower limit. If any of the entries do not match valid entries, GUI 2272 may display an error message to the user. In this manner, GUI 2272 may display an error message to the user such as “Setpoint Out Of Range”. In addition, an appearance of an invalid entry may be altered on GUI 2272 to indicate the invalid entry to a user. For example, if a temperature setpoint for an anneal conveyor is out of range, an appearance of an input window for this information may be altered, may be indicated with a graphical icon, or may be indicated with alphanumeric characters. GUI 2272 may also be configured to allow a user to alter the invalid entry and to provide a user with additional options such as Cancel Changes 2280 and Save Changes 2278. A user may cancel changes to setpoints and upper and lower limits at any time by selecting the Cancel Changes option.
Selection of Configuration or Con
The GUI may also include additional windows which may include a numeric characters which may define a Ticket Poll Rate 2292, a Ticket Print Scale 2294, and a frequency for archiving jobs. Ticket Poll Rate 2292 may serve to define a frequency at which a system may be checked for new files such as job tickets. Ticket Print Scale 2294 may serve to define a size of a printed job ticket. In this manner, a size of a printed job ticket may be defined as a percentage of a page on which the job ticket may be printed.
As depicted in
Antireflective Coatings for Plastic Eyeglass Lenses
For plastic eyeglass lenses, formed from the materials described above, a portion of the light incident upon the lenses may be reflected from the eyeglass lens rather than transmitted through the eyeglass lens. For plastic eyeglass lenses up to about 15% of the incident light may be reflected off the eyeglass lens surfaces. To reduce the reflection of light from a plastic eyeglass lens, a thin film may be applied to the lens. Such films may be referred to as antireflective coating films. Antireflective coatings may reduce the reflectance of light from a surface (i.e., increase light transmittance through the film/substrate interface).
While numerous approaches to reducing the reflective losses for glass materials have been developed, few techniques are available for producing antireflective coatings on plastics. Vapor deposition techniques have been used commercially to form antireflective coatings on plastic materials, however these techniques suffer from a number of drawbacks. Some of the disadvantages of using vapor deposition include relatively large capital expenditure for deposition equipment, significant space requirements, and relatively long cycle times.
Reactive liquid compositions for forming antireflective coatings on lenses have been previously studied. Many of the previously disclosed solutions require heating of the antireflective film to a high temperature after its application to a substrate. In some instances the temperature to cure such solutions may be greater than about 200° C. Such temperatures may be suitable for the coating of glass substrates, but are higher than most plastic lens substrates are capable of withstanding.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,929,278 and 4,966,812 describe a process for depositing antireflective films on a plastic substrate by first synthesizing an ethanol gel in a SiO2—B2O3—Al2O3—BaO system followed by reliquifying the gel. This material may be applied to a plastic substrate and thermally dried to form a porous film having a low refractive index. Such films, however, may exhibit poor abrasion resistance and can take weeks to form.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,819 and 5,744,243 disclose a composition for producing coatings and a process for preparing single-layer broad band anti reflective coatings on a solid substrate, such as glass, ceramics, metals and organic polymeric materials. The process involves applying an acid-catalyzed sol-gel coating composition and a water soluble metal salt to the surface of a solid substrate and curing the applied coating with an aqueous electrolyte solution for a time sufficient to produce a coating. The two step preparation of the coating composition, however, may be time consuming since the treatment with the aqueous electrolyte may take several days.
The use of ultraviolet light curable liquid compositions for forming antireflective coatings on substrates offers a number of advantages over the deposition techniques described above. In particular, the equipment cost tends to be minimal and the application techniques tend to minimize alterations to the shape or clarity of the plastic item being coated. Additionally, the liquid compositions of the present invention, may be cured in a time of less than about 10 minutes. Finally, the liquid compositions, of the present invention, may be applied to a variety of visible light transmitting substrates. Such substrates may be composed of glass or plastic. It should be understood that the liquid compositions for forming an antireflective coating described herein may be applied to a number of visible light transmitting substrates including windows and the outer glass surface of television screens and computer monitors. The liquid composition may be used to form an antireflective coating on a lens, preferably on plastic lenses, and more preferably on plastic eyeglass lenses.
In an embodiment, a single layer coating may be formed on a plastic lens by coating the substrate with an ultraviolet light curable liquid composition and curing the composition. While the below described procedures refer to the coating of plastic lenses, it should be understood that the procedures may be adapted to coat any of the above described substrates. The cured composition may form a thin layer (e.g., less than about 500 nm) on the substrate. The cured composition layer may have antireflective properties if the thin layer has an index of refraction that is less than the index of refraction of the substrate. This may be sufficient for many applications where a limited increase in visible light transmission is acceptable. Single layer antireflective coatings, however, may exhibit poor adhesion to the plastic lens. Attempts to increase the adhesion to the plastic lens by altering the composition, may cause the index of refraction of the single layer antireflective coating to increase and reduce the effectiveness of such layers.
Better antireflective properties and adhesion may be achieved by use of multi-layer antireflective coatings. In one embodiment, a two layer stack of coating layers may be used as an anti-reflective coating. A first coating layer may be formed on the surface of a plastic lens. The first coating layer may be formed by dispensing a first composition on the surface of the lens and subsequently curing the first composition. The first coating layer may be formed from a material that has an index of refraction that is greater than the index of refraction of the plastic lens. A second coating layer may be formed upon the first coating layer. The second coating layer may be formed by dispensing a second composition onto the first coating layer and curing the second composition. The second coating layer may be formed from a material that has an index of refraction that is less than the index of refraction of the first coating layer. Together the first coating layer and the second coating layer form a stack that may act as an antireflective coating. The first and second coating layers, together, may form a stack having a thickness of less than about 500 nm.
In one embodiment, the first coating layer may be formed from a coating composition that includes a metal alkoxide or a mixture of metal alkoxides. Metal alkoxides have the general formula M (Y)p wherein M is titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, tin, indium, antimony, or zinc, Y is a C1-C10 alkoxy or acetylacetonate, and p is an integer equivalent to the valence of M. In some embodiments, M is titanium, aluminum, boron, or zirconium, and Y is C1-C5 alkoxy (e.g., methoxy or ethoxy). Examples of metal alkoxides include, but are not limited to aluminum tri-sec-butoxide, titanium (IV) isopropoxide, titanium (IV) butoxide, zirconium (IV) propoxide, titanium allylacetoacetate triisopropoxide, and trimethyl borate. The first coating layer may be formed by using a sol-gel (i.e., solution-gelation) process. Metal alkoxides, when reacted with water or an alcohol, undergo hydrolysis and condensation reactions to form a polymer network. As the polymer network is formed the solvent may be expelled. The polymer network will continue to grow until a gel is formed. Upon heating or the application of ultraviolet light, the metal alkoxide gel densifies to become a hardened coating on the plastic lens.
The hardened first coating layer, when formed from a sol-gel reaction of a metal alkoxide may have an index of refraction that is greater than the plastic lens. For example, most plastic lenses have an index of refraction from about 1.5 to about 1.7. The first coating layer may have an index of refraction that is greater than 1.7 when formed from a metal alkoxide. The use of metal alkoxides has the advantage of allowing a high index of refraction coating on the surface of the lens. Another advantage attained from the use of metal alkoxides is increased adhesion to the underlying substrate. A general problem for many antireflective coatings is poor adhesion to the underlying substrate. This is particularly true for coatings formed on plastic substrates, although adhesion may also be a problem for glass substrates. The use of metal alkoxides increases the adhesion of the coating material to both plastic and glass substrates. The use of metal alkoxides, therefore, increases the durability of the antireflective coating.
The metal alkoxide may be dissolved or suspended in an organic solvent and subsequently applied to a plastic lens. The coating composition may include a metal alkoxide dissolved or suspended in an organic solvent. The coating composition may include up to about 10% by weight of a metal alkoxide with the remainder of the composition being composed of the organic solvent and other additive compounds described below. In one embodiment, suitable organic solvents are capable of mixing with water and are substantially unreactive toward the metal alkoxide. Examples of such solvents include, but are not limited to ethyl acetate, ethers (e.g., tetrahydrofuran and dioxane), C1-C6 alkanol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol), alkoxyalcohols (e.g., 2-ethoxyethanol-2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-(2-ethoxymethoxy) ethanol, and 1-methoxy-2-propanol), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketones, or mixtures of any of these compounds.
In another embodiment, the first composition may include a silane monomer. Silane monomers have the general structure RmSiX4-m, where R may be C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 haloalkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, C2-C20 haloalkenyl, phenyl, phenyl(C1-C20)alkyl, C1-C20 alkylphenyl, phenyl (C2-C20)alkenyl, C2-C20 alkenylphenyl, glycidoxy (C1-C20) alkyl, epoxycyclohexyl(C1-C20)alkyl, morpholino, amino(C1-C20)alkyl, amino(C2-C20)alkenyl, mercapto(C1-C20)alkyl, mercapto(C2-C20)alkenyl, cyano(C1-C20) alkyl, cyano(C2-C20)alkenyl, acryloxy, methacryloxy, or halogen. The halo or halogen substituents may be bromo, chloro, or fluoro. Preferably, R1 is a C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 haloalkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, phenyl, phenyl(C1-C10)alkyl, C1-C10 alkylphenyl, glycidoxy(C1-C10)alkyl, epoxycyclohexyl(C1-C10)alkyl, morpholino, amino(C1-C10) alkyl, amino(C2-C10) alkenyl, mercapto(C1-C10)alkyl, mercapto(C2-C10) alkenyl, cyano(C1-C10) alkyl, cyano(C2-C10)alkenyl, or halogen and the halo or halogen is chloro or fluoro. X may be hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C1-C5 alkoxy, (C1-C5)alkoxy(C1-C5)alkoxy, C1-C4 acyloxy, phenoxy, C1-C3 alkylphenoxy, or C1-C3 alkoxyphenoxy, said halo or halogen being bromo, chloro or fluoro; m is an integer from 0 to 3. The first coating composition may include up to about 5% by weight of a silane monomer.
Examples of silane monomers include, but are not limited to glycidoxymethyltriethoxysilane, α-glycidoxyethyltrimethoxysilane, α-glycidoxyethyltriethoxysilane, β-glycidoxyethyltriethoxysilane, β-glycidoxyethyltriethoxysilane, α-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, α-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, β-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltr imethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyldimethylethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxyethoxysilane, methyltriacetoxysilane, methyltripropoxysilane, methyltributoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, chloromethyltrimethoxysilane, chloromethytriethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, γ-chloropropylmethyidimethoxysilane, γ-chloropropyl methyldiethoxysilane, tetramethylorthosilicate, tetraethylorthosilicate, hydrolyzates of such silane monomers, and mixtures of such silane monomers and hydrolyzates thereof.
Silane monomers, along with colloidal silica, may form low index of refraction silicon-based coatings. In some instances, silane monomers and colloidal silica may be used to form a single layer low index of refraction coating layer on a lens. The use of silicon monomers and colloidal silica, however, tends to produce silicon-based coatings that have poor adhesion to the underlying substrate. The addition of a metal alkoxide to a composition that also contains a silane monomer or colloidal silica may improve the adhesion of the layer. In another embodiment, the adhesion of a silicon-based coating may be improved by the formation of a multi-layer stack. The stack may include a first coating layer which is formed from a metal alkoxide. A second layer may be formed upon the first layer, the second layer being formed from a silane monomer or colloidal silicon. The metal alkoxide based first layer acts as an adhesion layer that helps keep the stack bound to the underlying lens.
In addition the silane monomers and colloidal silica may be mixed with metal alkoxides to alter the index of refraction of the coating composition. Typically, a mixture of a silane monomer with a metal alkoxide when cured onto a lens, will have a lower index of refraction than a coating formed from a metal alkoxide.
In some embodiments, one or more ethylenically substituted monomers may be added to the first composition. The ethylenically substituted group of monomers include, but are not limited to, C1-C20 alkyl acrylates, C1-C20 alkyl methacrylates, C2-C20 alkenyl acrylates, C2-C20 alkenyl methacrylates, C5-C8 cycloalkyl acrylates, C5-C8 cycloalkyl methacrylates, phenyl acrylates, phenyl methacrylates, phenyl(C1-C9)alkyl acrylates, phenyl(C1-C9)alkyl methacrylates, substituted phenyl (C1-C9)alkyl acrylates, substituted phenyl(C1-C9)alkyl methacrylates, phenoxy(C1-C9)alkyl acrylates, phenoxy(C1-C9)alkyl methacrylates, substituted phenoxy(C1-C9)alkyl acrylates, substituted phenoxy(C1-C9)alkyl methacrylates, C1-C4 alkoxy(C2-C4)alkyl acrylates, C1-C4 alkoxy (C2-C4)alkyl methacrylates, C1-C4 alkoxy(C1-C4)alkoxy(C2-C4)alkyl acrylates, C1-C4 alkoxy(C1-C4)alkoxy(C2-C4)alkyl methacrylates, C2-C4 oxiranyl acrylates, C2-C4 oxiranyl methacrylates, copolymerizable di-, tri- or tetra- acrylate monomers, copolymerizable di-, tri-, or tetra- methacrylate monomers. The first composition may include up to about 5% by weight of an ethylenically substituted monomer.
Examples of such monomers include methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, nonyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, isodecyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, isodecyl acrylate, ethylene methacrylate, propylene methacrylate, isopropylene methacrylate, butane methacrylate, isobutylene methacrylate, hexene methacrylate, 2-ethylhexene methacrylate, nonene methacrylate, isodecene methacrylate, ethylene acrylate, propylene acrylate, isopropylene, hexene acrylate, 2-ethylhexene acrylate, nonene acrylate, isodecene acrylate, cyclopentyl methacrylate, 4-methyl cyclohexyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, o-bromobenzyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, nonylphenyl methacrylate, benzyl acrylate, o-bromobenzyl phenyl acrylate, nonylphenyl acrylate, phenethyl methacrylate, phenoxy methacrylate, phenylpropyl methacrylate, nonylphenylethyl methacrylate, phenethyl acrylate, phenoxy acrylate, phenylpropyl acrylate, nonylphenylethyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethoxymethyl acrylate, ethoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-ethoxyethoxymethyl acrylate, ethoxyethoxyethyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, glycidyl acrylate, 2,3-epoxybutyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxybutyl acrylate, 3,4-epoxybutyl acrylate, 3,4-epoxybutyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate, 2,3-epoxypropyl acrylate 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-butoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-butoxyethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol-A-dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,2-propane diol diacrylate, 1,3-propane diol diacrylate, 1,2-propane diol dimethacrylate, 1,3-propane diol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butane diol diacrylate, 1,3-butane diol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butane diol dimethacrylate, 1,5 pentane diol diacrylate, 2,5-dimethyl-1,6-hexane diol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, dipropylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, glycerol triacrylate, glycerol trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetracrylate, pentaerythritol tetramethacrylate.
The first composition may also include amines. Examples of amines suitable for incorporation into an antireflective coating composition include tertiary amines and acrylated amines. The presence of an amine tends to stabilize the antireflective coating composition. The antireflective coating composition may be prepared and stored prior to using. In some embodiments, the antireflective coating composition may slowly gel due to the interaction of the various components in the composition. The addition of amines tends to slow down the rate of gelation without significantly affecting the antireflective properties of subsequently formed coatings. The first composition may include up to about 5% by weight of amines.
The first composition may also include colloidal silica. Colloidal silica is a suspension of silica particles in a solvent. The silica particles may have a particle size of about 1 nanometer to about 100 nanometers in diameter. Amorphous silica particles may be dispersed in water, a polar solvent, or combinations of water and a polar solvent. Some polar solvents that may be used include, but are not limited to methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, and mixtures of these solvents. One example of colloidal silica is commercially available from Nissan Chemical Houston Corp., Houston, Tex., and sold under the trade name Snowtex. The first composition may include up to about 5% by weight of colloidal silica.
The first composition may also include a photoinitiator and/or a co-initiator. Examples of photoinitiators and co-initiators have been previously described. Up to about 1% by weight of the first coating composition may include a photoinitiator or a combination of a photoinitiator and a co-initiator.
The first composition may also include a fluorinated ethylenically substituted monomer. Fluorinated ethylenically substituted monomers have the general structure:
CH2═CR1CO—O—(CH2)p—CnF2+1
Where R1 is H or —CH3; p is 1 or 2; and n is an integer from 1 to 40. Examples of fluorinated ethylenically substituted monomer include, but are not limited to, trihydroperfluoroheptyl acrylate and trihydroperfluoroheptyl acrylate. The addition of a fluorinated ethylenically substituted monomer to a composition to be applied to a plastic lens may increase the hydrophobicity of the coating. Hydrophobicity refers to the ability of a substrate to repel water. The addition of a fluorinated ethylenically substituted monomer to the composition may increase the ability of the coated substrate to resist degradation due to exposure to water.
The first composition may be applied to one or both surfaces of a plastic lens. The antireflective coating composition may be applied using a coating unit such as the one described previously. The antireflective coating composition may be applied to the eyeglass lens as the lens is rotated within the coating unit. The plastic lens may be rotated at speeds up to about 2000 rpm as the first composition is added to the plastic lens. Less than 1 mL of the antireflective coating composition may be applied to the eyeglass lens. More than 1 ml may also be applied, however, this amount may be excessive and much of the antireflective coating composition may be flung from the surface of the lens.
The thickness of the applied antireflective coating composition may also depend on the speed of rotation of the eyeglass lens, the viscosity of the antireflective coating composition, the amount of composition added to the eyeglass lens, and the volatility of the solvent used to dissolve the components of the composition. As an antireflective coating composition is added to a rotating eyeglass lens, the antireflective coating is spread evenly across the surface of the eyeglass lens. The solvent used to dissolve the components of the antireflective coating composition may evaporate as the composition is applied to the eyeglass lens surface, leaving a thin film of the antireflective coating components. As additional antireflective coating material is added, the thickness of the antireflective coating layer will gradually be increased. The rate at which the thickness increases is related to the speed of rotation of the eyeglass lens, the viscosity of the antireflective coating composition, and the volatility of the solvent used to form the composition.
When the composition is applied to a surface of the lens by a human operator, the thickness of the first coating composition may vary due to the operator's inability to consistently add the composition to the lens at the same rate each time. To overcome this variability, the composition may be added to the plastic lens with an automated dispensing system. The automated dispensing system may include a syringe for holding the composition and a controller drive system for automatically moving the plunger of the syringe. Such systems are commercially available as syringe pumps. A syringe pump may be coupled to a syringe that includes the composition to be added to the lens. The syringe pump may be configured to dispense the composition at a preselected rate. In this manner the rate at which the composition is added to the surface may be accurately controlled. In another embodiment, the dispenser system may include a conveyor for drawing the syringe and syringe pump across the surface of the lens. As the composition is dispensed by the syringe, the conveyor system may draw the syringe across the surface of the lens. In this manner the rate of application and the distribution path of the composition may be performed in a consistent manner.
Assuming a constant speed of rotation of the eyeglass and a constant dispensing rate, as the viscosity of the antireflective coating composition is increased, the rate at which the thickness of the applied antireflective coating composition increases may increase. Alternatively, the rate at which the thickness of the antireflective coating composition increases may be altered by adjusting the rotation speed of the eyeglass lens. Assuming a constant viscosity of the antireflective coating composition, as the rotational speed of the eyeglass lens is increased, less of the antireflective coating composition will remain on the eyeglass lens as the composition is applied. By slowing down the rotational speed of the eyeglass lens, the thickness of the antireflective coating layer may be increased.
Alternatively, the viscosity of the first composition may be changed by altering the amount of metal alkoxide and other components present in the first composition. For example, a first composition that includes a metal alkoxide at a concentration of about 5% by weight, will have a greater viscosity than a composition that has a metal alkoxide concentration of about 2.5%. The more viscous composition will leave a thicker film on the surface of the lens than the less viscous composition. When the composition is cured a thicker first coating layer may be obtained. The viscosity may also be altered by changing the organic solvent that the metal alkoxide is dissolved or suspended in. Each solvent may have an inherent viscosity that may effect the overall viscosity of the first composition. By changing the solvent this inherent viscosity may be altered, thus altering the viscosity of the overall composition.
As an antireflective coating composition is added to a rotating eyeglass lens, the antireflective coating is spread evenly across the surface of the eyeglass lens. If a solvent used to dissolve the components of the antireflective coating composition has a relatively low boiling point (e.g., below about 80° C.) the solvent will evaporate and allow the more viscous components of the antireflective coating composition (e.g., the silane, organic monomers, metal alkoxide, etc.) to form a coating on the lens. As more composition is added to the eyeglass lens, the thickness of the antireflective coating may increase. By changing solvent used in the antireflective coating composition to a more volatile solvent, the rate at which the thickness of the antireflective coating grows may increase. Generally, a low boiling point solvent will give a thicker coating layer than a higher boiling point solvent.
In general, the ability to control the thickness of the applied first composition may be important for achieving antireflective properties. In some embodiments, a low viscosity and/or low concentration composition may be used to form the first coating layer. Such compositions may form relatively thin films on the surface of the plastic lens. In some embodiments, the thickness of the formed film may be too thin for the desired application. In an alternate procedure, the first coating layer may be formed by repeatedly applying the first composition to the plastic lens and curing the deposited composition. Each iteration of this process will create a thicker first coating layer. When the first coating layer reaches a preselected thickness the procedure may be stopped and the second coating layer may be formed.
After applying the first composition to the plastic lens, the first composition may be cured to form the first coating layer. Curing of the first composition may be accomplished by a variety of methods. In one embodiment, the first composition may be cured by spinning the lens until the composition forms a gel. Alternatively, the composition may be allowed to sit at room temperature for a time sufficient to allow the composition to gel. The gelled composition has a higher index of refraction than the underlying plastic lens, and may therefore serve as the first coating layer. Additionally, at least a portion of the gelled composition may be sufficiently adhered to the plastic lens such that a portion of the gelled composition may remain on the lens during the application of the second composition, thus providing antireflective properties to the lens subsequent to formation of the second coating layer.
Alternatively, the first composition may be cured by the application of heat to the composition. After the first composition is deposited on the lens and spin dried, the first composition may be in a gelled state. The gelled composition may be heated for a period of about 1-10 minutes at a temperature in the range from about 40° C. to about 120° C., preferably about 100° C. Heating of the gelled composition in this matter may cause the composition to be converted from a gelled state to a hardened state. The heat cured first coating layer may exhibit good adhesion to the underlying lens. In some cases, however, the flow characteristics of the second composition when applied to a heat cured first composition may exhibit a non-uniform distribution across the surface of the cured first composition. Furthermore, the first coating layer may have an index of refraction that is greater than the index of refraction of the plastic lens.
In another embodiment, the first composition may be cured by the application of ultraviolet light. As described above, the first composition is applied to the lens and dried to form a gelled composition. The gelled composition may be treated with ultraviolet light for a time sufficient to convert the gelled composition to a hardened state. In some embodiments, the gelled composition is treated with ultraviolet light for a time of about 60 seconds or less. In one embodiment, the ultraviolet light source may be a germicidal lamp, as described above in the spin coating unit (See FIGS. 2 and 3). It should be noted that germicidal lamps produce no significant heat energy. Thus, it is believed that the accelerated curing of the first composition is due to the presence of the ultraviolet light, rather than from any heat produced by the lamps. Advantageously, it has been found that the use of ultraviolet light to cure the first composition may provide a surface that allows a uniform distribution of a subsequently applied composition. In comparison, the use of heating to cure the first composition may provide a surface that causes a subsequently applied composition to be unevenly dispersed. Thus the use of ultraviolet light may offer an advantage over heat curing with regard to forming multilayer antireflective coatings.
It is believed that the ultraviolet light accelerates the condensation reaction of the metal alkoxide. The ultraviolet light may interact with the metal alkoxide and excite the electrons of the metal alkoxide, which in turn may accelerate the polymerization of the metal alkoxide. It is believed that most metal alkoxides have a strong absorbance in the ultraviolet region, specifically at wavelengths below about 300 nm. For example, titanium isopropoxide has a maximum absorbance at 254 nm. In some embodiments, the application of ultraviolet light to the metal alkoxide may be directed toward the coated surface rather than through the substrate. Many visible light transmitting media e.g., borosilicate glasses and plastics, may not allow sufficient amounts of light to pass through to the coating composition at the appropriate wavelength.
After the first coating layer has been applied and cured, a second coating layer may be formed upon the first coating layer. The second coating layer may be formed by applying a second composition to the exposed surface of the first coating layer. In some embodiments, the second coating layer, after curing, is composed of a material that has an index of refraction that is substantially less than the first coating layer.
The second composition, in an embodiment, may be composed of an initiator and an ethylenically substituted monomer. The ethylenically substituted monomers that may be used have been described previously. The initiator may be a photoinitiator, such as was described earlier. Alternatively, the initiator may be a metal alkoxide. It is believed that both photoinitiators and metal alkoxides interact with ultraviolet light and this interaction causes the initiation of polymerization of the ethylenically substituted monomer. The second composition may be applied to the first coating layer in a manner similar to those described earlier. The second composition may include other monomers such as silane monomers, colloidal silica, coinitiators, and fluorinated ethylenically substituted monomer.
The combination of a second low index of refraction coating layer formed upon a first high index of refraction coating material may provide improved light transmission through the underlying substrate. The use of metal alkoxides in one or both layers tends to improve the adhesion of the coating material to the underlying substrate.
Antireflective coatings are thin films that are formed upon the surface of the eyeglass lens. Such films have an optical thickness that is herein defined as the index of refraction of the film times the mechanical thickness of the film. The most effective films typically have an optical thickness that is a fraction of a wavelength of incident light. Typically the optical thickness is one-quarter to one-half the wavelength. Thus for visible light (having a wavelength approximately between 400 nm and 700 nm) an ideal antireflective coating layer should have a thickness between about 100 and 200 nm. Thicknesses that are less than 100 nm or greater than 200 nm may also be used, although such thickness may not provide an optimal transmittance. In the embodiments cited herein, the combined optical thickness of the coating material may be up to about 1000 nm, more particularly up to about 500 nm.
The ideal thickness of an antireflective coating should be about one-quarter the wavelength of the incident light. For light entering the film at normal incidence, the wave reflected from the second surface of the film will be exactly one-half wavelength out of phase with the light reflected from the first surface, resulting in destructive interference. If the amount of light reflected from each surface is the same, a complete cancellation will occur and no light will be reflected. This is the basis of the “quarter-wave” low-reflectance coatings which are used to increase transmission of optical components. Such coatings also tend to eliminate ghost images as well as the stray reflected light.
Because visible light includes a range of wavelengths from about 400 nm to about 700 nm, a quarter-wave coating will only be optimized for one wavelength of light. For the other wavelengths of light the antireflective coating may be either too thick or too thin. Thus, more of the light having these wavelengths may be reflected. For example, an antireflective coating that is designed for interior lights (e.g., yellow light) will have a minimum reflectance for yellow light, while the reflectance for blue or red light will be significantly higher. This is believed to be the cause of the characteristic purple color of single layer low-reflectance coatings for many camera and video lenses. In one embodiment, the thickness of the antireflective coating layers of an eyeglass lens may be varied or the indices of refraction may be altered to produce lenses which have different visible light reflective characteristics. Both of these variations will alter the optical thickness of the coating layers and change the optimal effective wavelength of light that is transmitted. As the optical thickness of the coating layers is altered the reflected color of the lens will also be altered. In an iterative manner, the optimal reflected color of the eyeglass lens may be controlled by the manufacturer.
While two layer antireflective coatings have been described, it should be understood that multi-layer systems that include more than two layers may also be used. In a two-layer system, a substrate is coated with a high index of refraction layer. The high index of refraction layer is then coated with a low index of refraction layer. In an embodiment, a third high index of refraction (e.g., at least higher than the underlying second coating layer) may be formed on the second coating layer. A fourth low index of refraction layer (e.g., at least lower than the index of refraction of the third coating layer) may also be formed. The four layer stack may exhibit antireflective properties. The four layer stack may have an optical thickness of less than about 1000 nm, and more particularly less than about 500 nm. Additional layers may be formed upon the stack in a similar manner with the layers alternating between high and low index of refraction materials.
In another embodiment, the second coating layer may be formed as a combination of two chemically distinct compositions. The second coating layer may be formed by forming a silicon layer upon the first coating layer. The silicon layer may be formed from colloidal silica or a silane monomer. The silicon layer is applied to the first coating layer and at least partially cured. The silicon layer may be cured by drying, heating, or the application of ultraviolet light.
To complete formation of the second coating layer, a second composition is deposited onto the silicon layer. The second composition may include an ethylenically substituted monomer and an initiator. The ethylenically substituted monomers that may be used have been described previously. The initiator may be a photoinitiator, such as was described earlier. Alternatively, the initiator may be a metal alkoxide. The second composition may be applied to the silicon layer in a manner similar to those described earlier. The second composition may include other monomers such as silane monomers, colloidal silica, coinitiators, and fluorinated ethylenically substituted monomers. The second composition may be cured by the application of ultraviolet light.
The silicon layer, when partially cured or fully cured, tends to exhibit a porous structure. It is believed that the addition of the second composition to a substantially porous silicon layer may allow better chemical interaction between the second composition and the silicon layer. In general, good antireflective properties are seen when a silicon layer is placed upon a first coating layer, when the first coating layer includes a metal alkoxide. The silicon layer, however, may exhibit poor adhesion to a metal alkoxide containing underlying layer. The adhesion of the silicon layer may be improved by the addition of a metal alkoxide to the composition used to form the silicon layer. Silicon containing compositions, such as compositions that include colloidal silica or silane monomers, tend to be unstable in the presence of a metal alkoxide. Generally, it was observed that the mixture of silicon containing compounds with metal alkoxides produces a cloudy composition, and in some cases gelation, prior to the application of the composition to the first coating layer. Such gelation tends to increase the haze observed in the coated lens. The reactivity of metal alkoxides with silicon containing compositions tends to reduce the shelf life of such compositions, making it difficult to store the composition for extended periods of time.
By separating the metal alkoxide from the silicon containing compositions and applying the compositions in a sequential manner, many of the above-described problems may be reduced. It is believed that the addition of a metal alkoxide containing composition to an at least partially cured silicon layer, causes the second composition to interact with the underlying silicon composition such that a composite layer is formed. This composite layer may exhibit properties that are similar to the properties found for single layers formed from compositions that include silicon compounds and metal alkoxides. Since the silicon containing composition and metal alkoxide containing compounds are applied at different times, the compositions may be stored separately, effectively overcoming the shelf life problems.
In one embodiment, a hardcoat composition may be applied to the plastic lens prior to the application of the antireflective coating stack. Curing of the hardcoat composition may create a protective layer on the outer surface of the plastic lens. Typically, hardcoat compositions are formed from acrylate polymers that, when cured, may be resistant to abrasive forces and also may provide additional adhesion for the antireflective coating material to the plastic lens.
In another embodiment, a hydrophobic coating may be placed onto the antireflective coating. Hydrophobic coatings may include fluorinated ethylenically substituted monomers. Curing of the hydrophobic coating may create a water protective layer on the outer surface of the antireflective coating. The hydrophobic layer may help prevent degradation of the lens due to the interaction of atmospheric water with the lens.
In the above described procedures, the antireflective coating may be formed onto a preformed lens. Such a method may be referred to as an out-of-mold process. An alternative to this out-of-mold process is an in-mold process for forming anti reflective coatings. The “in-mold” process involves forming an antireflective coating over an eyeglass lens by placing a liquid lens forming composition in a coated mold and subsequently curing the lens forming composition. The in-mold method is advantageous to “out-of-mold” methods since the in-mold method exhibits less occurrences of coating defects manifested as irregularities on the anterior surface of the coating. Using the in-mold method produces an antireflective coating that replicates the topography and smoothness of the mold casting face.
The application of an antireflective coating to a plastic lens requires that the first and second coating layers (or more if a multi layer stack is used) be formed onto the mold. In particular, the second coating layer is placed onto the mold prior to forming the first coating layer. In this manner the stack is built backwards. The top of the stack on the casting surface of the mold may be the first coating layer which is to contact the underlying lens in the in-mold process.
In an embodiment, a second coating layer may be formed by applying a second composition upon a casting surface of a mold and curing the second composition. The second composition, in an embodiment, includes a photoinitiator and an ethylenically substituted monomer. The ethylenically substituted monomers that may be used have been described previously. The initiator may be a photoinitiator, such as was described earlier. The second composition may include other additives such as coinitiators and fluorinated ethylenically substituted monomer. The second composition may, in some embodiments, be substantially free of metal alkoxides. It is believed that metal alkoxides disposed within a composition may interact with the glass and inhibit the removal of the lens from the molds. The second monomers and other additives of the second composition may be dissolved or suspended in an organic solvent. The organic solvent may be used to aid in the application of the monomer to the mold surface.
To apply the second composition to the mold member, the mold member may be spun so that the second composition becomes distributed over the casting face. The mold member is preferably rotated about a substantially vertical axis at a speed up to about 2000 revolutions per minute, preferably at about 850 revolutions per minute. Further, a dispensing device may be used to direct the composition onto the casting face while the mold member is spinning. The dispensing device may move from the center of the mold member to an edge of the mold member.
After applying the second composition to the mold member, ultraviolet light may be directed at the mold member to cure at least a portion of the second composition. The ultraviolet light may be directed toward either surface (i.e., the casting or non-casting faces) of the mold to cure the second composition.
After the second composition is at least partially cured, a first coating layer may be formed on the second composition by applying a first composition to the second composition. The first composition may include a metal alkoxide. The first composition may also include other additives such as photoinitiators, coinitiators, silane monomers, colloidal silica, ethylenically substituted monomers, and fluorinated ethylenically substituted monomers. The metal alkoxide and other additives may be dissolved in an organic solvent. All of these compounds have been described previously.
The first composition may be cured by a variety of methods. In one embodiment, the first composition may be cured by spinning the mold member until the composition forms a gel. Alternatively, the composition may be allowed to sit at room temperature for a time sufficient to allow the composition to gel. In another embodiment, the first composition may be cured by the application of heat to the composition. After the first composition is deposited on the mold member and spin dried, the first composition may be in a gelled state. The gelled composition may be heated for a period of about 1-10 minutes at a temperature in the range from about 40° C. to about 120° C. Heating of the gelled composition in this matter may cause the composition to be converted from a gelled state to a hardened state. In another embodiment, the first composition may be cured by the application of ultraviolet light. As described above, the first composition is applied to the mold member and dried to form a gelled composition. The gelled composition may be treated with ultraviolet light for a time sufficient to convert the gelled composition to a hardened state. In some embodiments, the gelled composition is treated with ultraviolet light for a time of about 60 seconds or less. In one embodiment, the ultraviolet light source may be a germicidal lamp.
After the formation of the first and second coating layers on the casting surface of the mold member, the mold member may be assembled with a second mold member by positioning a gasket between the members to seal them. The second mold member may also include an antireflective coating on the second molds casting surface. The antireflective coating on the second mold may have an identical composition as the antireflective coating on the first mold. Alternatively, the antireflective coatings may have different compositions. The combination of the two molds and gasket form a mold assembly having a cavity defined by the two mold members. The casting surfaces, and therefore the antireflective coatings, may be disposed on the surface of the formed mold cavity.
After the mold assembly has been constructed, a lens forming composition may be disposed within the mold assembly. An edge of the gasket may be displaced to insert the lens forming composition into the mold cavity. Alternatively, the gasket may include a fill port that will allow the introduction of the lens forming composition without having to displace the gasket. This lens forming composition includes a photoinitiator and a monomer that may be cured using ultraviolet light. Examples of lens forming compositions that may be used include, but are not limited to, OMB-99 and PhasesII monomers, as described above. When disposed within the mold cavity, the lens forming composition, in some embodiments, is in contact with the antireflective coating formed on the casting surfaces of the molds.
In some embodiments, an adhesion coating layer may be formed on the partially cured first composition. The coating adhesion layer may be formed from an adhesion composition that is applied to the first coating layer and cured. The adhesion composition may include an ethylenically substituted monomer and a photoinitiator. It is believed that curing of the first composition may reduce the adhesion of the first coating layer to a subsequently formed plastic lens. The adhesion coating layer may therefore improve the adhesion between the first coating composition and the subsequently formed lens. The adhesion layer composition, in some embodiments, includes monomers similar to the monomers included in the lens forming composition. This may improve the adhesion between the adhesion layer and a lens formed from the lens forming composition. The adhesion layer may have an index of refraction that is similar, or less than, the index of refraction of the formed lens. Thus, the adhesion layer may have little, if any, affect on the antireflective properties of the first and second coating layers.
While two layer antireflective coatings have been described for an in-mold process, it should be understood that multi-layer systems that include more than two layers may also be used. In a two layer system, a mold is coated with a low index of refraction layer. The low index of refraction layer is then coated with a high index of refraction layer. In an embodiment, a third low index of refraction layer (e.g., at least lower than the underlying first coating layer) may be formed on the first coating layer. A fourth high index of refraction layer (e.g., at least higher than the index of refraction of the third coating layer) may also be formed. The four layer stack may exhibit antireflective properties. The four layer stack may have an optical thickness of less than about 1000 nm, and more particularly less than about 500 nm. Additional layers may be formed upon the stack in a similar manner with the layers alternating between high and low index of refraction materials.
In another embodiment, the second coating layer may be formed as a combination of two chemically distinct compositions. The second coating layer may be formed by forming an organic containing layer upon the casting surface of the mold. The organic containing layer includes an ethylenically substituted monomer and an initiator. The ethylenically substituted monomers that may be used have been described previously. The initiator may be a photoinitiator, such as was described earlier. Alternatively, the initiator may be a metal alkoxide. The organic containing layer may be applied to the casting surface in a manner similar to those described earlier. The organic containing layer may include other monomers such as silane monomers, colloidal silica, coinitiators, and fluorinated ethylenically substituted monomers. The organic containing layer may be cured by the application of ultraviolet light.
The second coating layer may be completed by applying a silicon layer upon the organic containing layer. The silicon layer may be formed from colloidal silica or a silane monomer. The silicon layer is applied to the organic containing layer and at least partially cured. The silicon layer may be cured by drying, heating, or the application of ultraviolet light.
Additional coating materials may be placed onto the antireflective coating. In one embodiment, a hardcoat composition may be applied to the antireflective coating formed on the casting surface of a mold. Curing of the hardcoat composition may create a protective layer on the outer surface of a subsequently formed plastic eyeglass lens. Typically hardcoat compositions are formed from acrylate polymers that, when cured, are resistant to abrasive forces. The subsequently formed hardcoat layer may help to prevent abrasions to the plastic lens. Other coatings that may be formed include hydrophobic coatings and tinted coatings. Such coatings may be formed on the casting surface of the mold, prior to the formation of the antireflective coatings. These coatings, in some embodiments, may allow the formed lens to be removed more easily from the mold assembly. As discussed above, the antireflective coatings may adhere to the molds, making removal of the lens from the mold assembly difficult. The use of hydrophobic coatings may reduce the adhesion between the mold assemblies and the antireflective coating layer.
A plastic eyeglass lens was made according to the process described above from the OMB-99 monomer solution. The lens was then coated with two antireflective coating compositions. In all of the examples, the following abbreviations are used:
In Table 11, Layer 1 refers to the first antireflective coating layer, Layer 2 refers to the second antireflective coating layer. Solutions of each of the components were prepared and used to form the antireflective coatings. For all of the compositions listed in Table 11, the remainder of the composition is made up of 1-methoxy-2-propanol. For example, a listing of 5% Ti, should be understood to mean 5% by weight of Ti and 95% by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
The plastic eyeglass lens was coated using two different coating compositions. The “Layer 1” composition was added to a surface of the eyeglass lens and the eyeglass lens was rotated on a lens spin-coating apparatus. After the L1 composition was spread onto the eyeglass lens surface the solvent was allowed to substantially evaporate and the remaining composition was subjected to ultraviolet light from the germicidal lamp from the previously described coating unit for about 60 seconds. In some instances, more or less UV light was applied. Alternate times are noted in parenthesis. The “Layer 2” composition was added to the eyeglass lens after the Layer 1 composition was cured. The eyeglass lens was spun on a lens spin-coating apparatus until the solvent was substantially evaporated. Layer 2 was then cured by the application of ultraviolet light from the germicidal lamp from the previously described coating unit. Curing time of the second layer is 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted. The % transmittance refers to the amount of light transmitted through the lens after the Layer 2 composition was cured. The transmittance was measured in a BYK Gardner Haze Guard Plus Meter, available from BYK Gardner, Silver Springs, Md. Transmission readings were taken of an uncoated lens to use as a control standard. The visible light transmittance of an uncoated lens measured with the convex face of the lens positioned against the haze port of the BYK Gardner Haze Guard Plus Meter is about 92%. Color refers to the color of the light reflected from the coated lens.
In Table 12, Layer 1 refers to the first antireflective coating layer, Layer 2 refers to the second antireflective coating layer. HR-200 refers to a hydrophobic coating layer formed upon Layer 2. Solutions of each of the components were prepared and used to form the antireflective coatings. For all of the compositions listed in Table 12, the remainder of the composition is made up of 1-methoxy-2-propanol. For example, a listing of 5% Ti, should be understood to mean 5% by weight of Ti and 95% by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
The application of the compositions to the lenses, and the measurement of the transmittance was performed in substantially the same manner as recited above for Table 11. Curing times are 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted.
In Table 13, multiple coating layers are formed on the plastic lens. For all of the compositions listed in Table 13, the remainder of the composition is made up of 1-methoxy-2-propanol. For example, a listing of 5% Ti, should be understood to mean 5% by weight of Ti and 95% by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
The application of the compositions to the lenses, and the measurement of the transmittance was performed in substantially the same manner as recited above for Table 11. Curing times are 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted.
In Table 14, three coating layers are formed on the plastic lens. For all of the compositions listed in Table 14, the remainder of the composition is made up of 1-methoxy-2-propanol. For example, a listing of 5% Ti, should be understood to mean 5% by weight of Ti and 95% by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
In Table 15, Layer 1 refers to the first antireflective coating layer, Layer 2 refers to an intermediate silicon layer, and Layer 3 refers to the second antireflective coating layer. Solutions of each of the components were prepared and used to form the antireflective coatings. For all of the compositions listed in Table 15, the remainder of the composition is made up of 1-methoxy-2-propanol. For example, a listing of 5% Ti, should be understood to mean 5% by weight of Ti and 95% by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
The plastic eyeglass lens was coated using different coating compositions. The “Layer 1” composition was added to a surface of the eyeglass lens and the eyeglass lens was rotated on a lens spin-coating apparatus. After the Layer 1 composition was spread onto the eyeglass lens surface the solvent was allowed to substantially evaporate and the remaining composition was subjected to ultraviolet light from the germicidal lamp from the previously described coating unit for about 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted. Layer 2 (the silicon layer) was added to the eyeglass lens after the Layer 1 composition was cured. Curing time of the second layer is 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted. The Layer 2 composition was spread onto the eyeglass lens surface and the eyeglass lens was spun until the solvent was substantially evaporated. The Layer 3 composition was added to the eyeglass lens after the Layer 2 composition was dried. The eyeglass lens was spun on a lens spin-coating apparatus until the solvent was substantially evaporated. Layer 3 was then cured by the application of ultraviolet light from the germicidal lamp from the previously described coating unit. Curing time for the third layer is 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted. From one to four additional layers were added to the top of the antireflective stack. The % transmittance refers to the amount of light transmitted through the lens after the final layer was cured. The transmittance was measured as described above.
In Table 16, Layer 1 refers to the first antireflective coating layer, Layer 2 refers to an intermediate silicon layer, and Layer 3 refers to the second antireflective coating layer. Solutions of each of the components were prepared and used to form the antireflective coatings. For all of the compositions listed in Table 16, the remainder of the composition is made up of 1-methoxy-2-propanol. For example, a listing of 5% Ti, should be understood to mean 5% by weight of Ti and 95% by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
The plastic eyeglass lens was coated using different coating compositions. The “Layer 1” composition was added to a surface of the eyeglass lens and the eyeglass lens was rotated on a lens spin-coating apparatus. The first coating layer was formed by a two step procedure. In the first step, a solution of Ti was added to the plastic lens and allowed to dry. In the second step, an additional solution of Ti was added to the plastic lens and allowed to dry. The % of Ti used for the first and second steps are respectively listed in the “Layer 1” column. The Layer 1 composition was allowed to substantially evaporate and the remaining composition was subjected to ultraviolet light from the germicidal lamp from the previously described coating unit for about 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted. Layer 2 (the silicon layer) was added to the eyeglass lens after the Layer 1 composition was cured. The Layer 2 composition was spread onto the eyeglass lens surface and the eyeglass lens was spun until the solvent was substantially evaporated. The Layer 3 composition was added to the eyeglass lens after the Layer 2 composition was dried. The eyeglass lens was spun on a lens spin-coating apparatus until the solvent was substantially evaporated. Layer 3 was then cured by the application of ultraviolet light from the germicidal lamp from the previously described coating unit. Curing time was 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted. From one to four additional layers were added to the top of the antireflective stack. The % transmittance refers to the amount of light transmitted through the lens after the final layer was cured. The transmittance was measured as described above.
In Table 17, Layer 1 refers to the first antireflective coating layer, Layer 2 refers to an intermediate silicon layer, and Layer 3 refers to the second antireflective coating layer. Solutions of each of the components were prepared and used to form the antireflective coatings. For all of the compositions listed in Table 17, the remainder of the composition is made up of 1-methoxy-2-propanol. For example, a listing of 5% Ti, should be understood to mean 5% by weight of Ti and 95% by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
The application of the compositions to the plastic lens, and the measurement of the transmittance was performed in substantially the same manner as recited above for Table 11. Curing time was 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted.
Table 18 refers to a series of experiments using an in-mold curing process. In the in-mold process the layers are built in the opposite manner than they are built upon the plastic lens. Layer 1, thus, refers to the second antireflective coating layer, Layer 2 refers to the first antireflective coating layer, and Layer 3 refers to an adhesion layer. Solutions of each of the components were prepared and used to form the antireflective coatings. For all of the compositions listed in Table 18, the remainder of the composition is made up of 1-methoxy-2-propanol. For example, a listing of 5% Ti, should be understood to mean 5% by weight of Ti and 95% by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
A casting face of a mold was coated using the different coating compositions. The “Layer 1” composition was added to a surface of the mold and the mold was rotated on a lens spin-coating apparatus. The Layer 1 composition was allowed to substantially evaporate and the remaining composition was subjected to ultraviolet light from the germicidal lamp from the previously described coating unit for about 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted. Layer 2 was added to the eyeglass is mold after the Layer 1 composition was cured. The Layer 2 composition was spread onto the mold surface and the eyeglass mold was spun until the solvent was substantially evaporated. Layer 2 was then cured by the application of ultraviolet light from the germicidal lamp from the previously described coating unit. Curing time was 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted. Layer 3 was then added to the antireflective stack. Layer 3 was added to the mold, spun dried and cured. Curing time was 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted.
A pair of coated molds was then used to in a mold assembly to form a plastic lens. After the lens was formed, the lens was removed from mold assembly and the % transmittance of the plastic lens measured. The transmittance was measured as described above.
In Table 19, multiple coating layers are formed on the casting surface of the molds prior to use. For all of the compositions listed in Table 19, the remainder of the composition is made up of 1-methoxy-2-propanol. For example, a listing of 5% Ti, should be understood to mean 5% by weight of Ti and 95% by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol.
The application of the compositions to the lenses, and the measurement of the transmittance was performed in substantially the same manner as recited above for Table 18. Curing times were 60 seconds, unless otherwise noted.
Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention shown and described herein are to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Elements and materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention. Changes may be made in the elements described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the following claims.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2479935 | Johnson | Aug 1949 | A |
| 2524862 | White | Oct 1950 | A |
| 2525664 | Gadsby et al. | Oct 1950 | A |
| 2542386 | Beattie | Feb 1951 | A |
| 3056166 | Weinberg | Oct 1962 | A |
| 3240854 | Ewers | Mar 1966 | A |
| 3485765 | Newland | Dec 1969 | A |
| 3494326 | Upton | Feb 1970 | A |
| 3530075 | Wiebe | Sep 1970 | A |
| 3555611 | Reiterman | Jan 1971 | A |
| 3851801 | Roth | Dec 1974 | A |
| 3871803 | Beattie | Mar 1975 | A |
| 3942686 | Roth | Mar 1976 | A |
| 3968306 | Yoshihara et al. | Jul 1976 | A |
| 4077858 | Costanza et al. | Mar 1978 | A |
| 4095772 | Weber | Jun 1978 | A |
| 4113224 | Clark et al. | Sep 1978 | A |
| 4118853 | Mignen | Oct 1978 | A |
| 4132518 | Rips | Jan 1979 | A |
| 4138538 | Kaetsu et al. | Feb 1979 | A |
| 4166088 | Neefe | Aug 1979 | A |
| 4190621 | Greshes | Feb 1980 | A |
| 4220708 | Heller | Sep 1980 | A |
| 4246207 | Spycher | Jan 1981 | A |
| 4252753 | Rips | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4257988 | Matos et al. | Mar 1981 | A |
| 4273809 | LaLiberte et al. | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4284399 | Newcomb et al. | Aug 1981 | A |
| 4287337 | Guglielmetti et al. | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4297616 | Corona | Oct 1981 | A |
| 4298005 | Mutzhas | Nov 1981 | A |
| 4308400 | Felder et al. | Dec 1981 | A |
| 4329622 | Corona et al. | May 1982 | A |
| 4355135 | January | Oct 1982 | A |
| 4369298 | Kida et al. | Jan 1983 | A |
| 4390482 | Feurer | Jun 1983 | A |
| 4396737 | Leatherman | Aug 1983 | A |
| 4440699 | Smid et al. | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4441795 | Lobdell | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4511209 | Skutnik et al. | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4512340 | Buck | Apr 1985 | A |
| 4534915 | Neefe | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4542201 | Kanemura et al. | Sep 1985 | A |
| 4544572 | Sandvig et al. | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4557980 | Hodnett, III | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4561951 | Neckers | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4576766 | Baskerville et al. | Mar 1986 | A |
| 4586996 | Shinohara et al. | May 1986 | A |
| 4594288 | Dobigny et al. | Jun 1986 | A |
| 4613656 | Tang | Sep 1986 | A |
| 4622376 | Misura et al. | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4623497 | Waters | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4640489 | Larsen | Feb 1987 | A |
| 4666952 | Henne et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 4685783 | Heller et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4687707 | Matsuo et al. | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4693446 | Orlosky | Sep 1987 | A |
| 4707076 | Skutnik et al. | Nov 1987 | A |
| 4711379 | Price | Dec 1987 | A |
| 4720356 | Chu | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4728469 | Danner et al. | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4731264 | Lin et al. | Mar 1988 | A |
| 4746716 | Oates | May 1988 | A |
| 4758448 | Sandvig et al. | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4774035 | Carmelite et al. | Sep 1988 | A |
| 4780393 | Frommeld | Oct 1988 | A |
| 4784467 | Akatsuka et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4786444 | Hwang | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4800122 | Sallavanti et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4842782 | Portney et al. | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4851530 | Rickwood | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4852974 | Melzig et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4879318 | Lipscomb et al. | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4889664 | Kindt-Larsen et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4895102 | Kachel et al. | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4902725 | Moore | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4913544 | Rickwood et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4919850 | Blum et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4929278 | Ashley et al. | May 1990 | A |
| 4939423 | Ruby | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4955804 | Martell et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4959429 | Misura et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4965294 | Ohngemach et al. | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4966812 | Ashley et al. | Oct 1990 | A |
| 4968454 | Crano et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4983335 | Matsuo et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4985186 | Nose et al. | Jan 1991 | A |
| 4988274 | Kenmochi | Jan 1991 | A |
| 5015523 | Kawashima et al. | May 1991 | A |
| 5028358 | Blum | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5049321 | Galic | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5061355 | Rose, Jr. | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5061769 | Aharoni | Oct 1991 | A |
| 5104692 | Belmares | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5105126 | Girard, Jr. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5110514 | Soane | May 1992 | A |
| 5116644 | Asai et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5118142 | Bish | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5135686 | Masuhara et al. | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5147585 | Blum | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5153027 | Spagnoli | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5154861 | McBrierty et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5158718 | Thakrar et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5173368 | Belmares | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5178955 | Aharoni et al. | Jan 1993 | A |
| 5219497 | Blum | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5224957 | Gasser et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5225244 | Aharoni et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5238981 | Knowles | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5268196 | Boulos | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5274132 | VanGemert | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5316791 | Farber et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5357024 | Leclaire et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
| 5364256 | Lipscomb et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5369158 | Knowles | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5377032 | Fergason et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5384077 | Knowles | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5385955 | Tarshiani et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5391327 | Ligas et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5405958 | VanGemert | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5411679 | Kumar | May 1995 | A |
| 5412016 | Sharp | May 1995 | A |
| 5415816 | Buazza et al. | May 1995 | A |
| 5422046 | Tarshiani et al. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5424611 | Moriarty, Jr. | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5429774 | Kumar | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5448136 | Fischer | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5451344 | Knowles et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5458814 | Kumar et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5458815 | Knowles | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5464567 | Knowles et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5466398 | Van Gemert et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5470892 | Gupta et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5476717 | Floch | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5514214 | Joel et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5516468 | Lipscomb et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5529728 | Buazza et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5531940 | Gupta et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5580819 | Li et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5585186 | Scholz et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5589396 | Frye et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5597519 | Martin et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5619288 | White, Jr. et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5621017 | Kobayakawa et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5622784 | Okaue et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5623184 | Rector | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5627434 | Sekiya et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5632936 | Su et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5639517 | Floch et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5644014 | Schmidt et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5662839 | Magne | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5667735 | Bae et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5681871 | Molock et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5685908 | Brytsche et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5689324 | Lossman et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5693366 | Mase et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5698266 | Floch et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5699189 | Murphy | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5716679 | Krug et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5719705 | Machol | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5744243 | Li et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5747102 | Smith | May 1998 | A |
| 5753301 | Brytsche et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5762081 | Keene et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5766680 | Schmidt et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5789015 | Gupta et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5836323 | Keene et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5849209 | Kindt-Larsen et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5851328 | Kohan | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5861934 | Blum et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5880171 | Lim et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5903105 | Lee et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5910516 | Imura et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5914074 | Martin et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5914174 | Gupta et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5914193 | Ono et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5928575 | Buazza | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5949518 | Belmares et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5976423 | Buazza | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5989462 | Buazza et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6022498 | Buazza et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6042754 | Yang et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6060125 | Fuji | May 2000 | A |
| 6074579 | Greshes | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6082987 | Su et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6086799 | Buazza et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6099283 | Soane et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6102543 | Melzig | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6103148 | Su et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6105925 | Lossman et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6171525 | Effer et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6171528 | Buazza et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6174155 | Buazza et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6174465 | Buazza et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6200124 | Buazza et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6201037 | Lipscomb et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6206673 | Lipscomb et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6218494 | White, Jr. et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6228289 | Powers et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6241505 | Buazza et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6245428 | Port et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6253957 | Messerly et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6280171 | Buazza | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6284159 | Lossman et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| 6328445 | Buazza | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6331058 | Lipscomb et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6367928 | Buazza et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6368523 | Buazza et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6416307 | Buazza et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6419873 | Buazza et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6439870 | Marceau et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6451226 | Buazza | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6464484 | Powers et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6478990 | Powers et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 20010035929 | Nakamura et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010038890 | Buazza et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010047217 | Buazza et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20010048002 | Buazza et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020018824 | Buazza et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 1 224 182 | Jul 1987 | CA |
| 40 10 784 | Oct 1991 | DE |
| 196 10 563 | Sep 1997 | DE |
| 0 226 123 | Jun 1987 | EP |
| 0 227 337 | Jul 1987 | EP |
| 0 245 020 | Nov 1987 | EP |
| 0 245 022 | Nov 1987 | EP |
| 0 274 595 | Jul 1988 | EP |
| 0 297 871 | Jan 1989 | EP |
| 0 314 417 | May 1989 | EP |
| 0318 164 | May 1989 | EP |
| 0 322 353 | Jun 1989 | EP |
| 0 341 534 | Nov 1989 | EP |
| 533 030 | Mar 1993 | EP |
| 0 658 072 | Jul 1995 | EP |
| 0 941 829 | Sep 1999 | EP |
| 1334376 | Dec 1993 | FR |
| 872421 | Jul 1961 | GB |
| 1029335 | May 1966 | GB |
| 1086114 | Oct 1967 | GB |
| 2 184 734 | Jul 1987 | GB |
| 49031768 | Mar 1974 | JP |
| 550132221 | Oct 1980 | JP |
| 57085002 | May 1982 | JP |
| 560135032 | Oct 1982 | JP |
| 58045445 | Oct 1983 | JP |
| 59086603 | May 1984 | JP |
| 59086615 | May 1984 | JP |
| 590187819 | Oct 1984 | JP |
| 60-213901 | Oct 1985 | JP |
| 62025162 | Jun 1987 | JP |
| 93000478 | Nov 1987 | JP |
| 620288030 | Dec 1987 | JP |
| 630207632 | Aug 1988 | JP |
| 01 286808 | Nov 1989 | JP |
| 60-231901 | May 1992 | JP |
| 04-232706 | Aug 1992 | JP |
| 05 147110 | Jun 1993 | JP |
| 08 157546 | Jun 1996 | JP |
| 09 005501 | Jan 1997 | JP |
| 9739880 | Oct 1987 | WO |
| 9005629 | May 1990 | WO |
| 9212851 | Aug 1992 | WO |
| 9217536 | Oct 1992 | WO |
| 9404345 | Mar 1994 | WO |
| 9513567 | May 1995 | WO |
| 9709170 | Mar 1997 | WO |
| 9811998 | Mar 1998 | WO |
| 0018567 | Apr 2000 | WO |
| 0018569 | Apr 2000 | WO |
| 0046016 | Aug 2000 | WO |
| 0064655 | Nov 2000 | WO |
