Patent Application
20230210149
This application claims priority of Taiwan Patent Application No. 110149312, filed on Dec. 29, 2021, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.
The contents of the electronic sequence listing (9044K-A28672-US-sequence list st 26.xml; Size: 4,946 bytes; and Date of Creation: Oct. 23, 2022) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The disclosure relates to an isolated and purified novel Rhizopus microsporus strain, a method for preparing a fermented food by using the isolated and purified novel Rhizopus microsporus strain, and a fermented food prepared thereby.
For a long time, meat has been the main source of protein for human beings. With the growth of the economy and the increase of the global population, the demand for meat products is increasing. However, the carbon emissions produced from meat production are quite high, and the excrement of many livestock emits large amounts of greenhouse gases. In particular, when ruminants (such as cattle and sheep) ruminate, a large amount of methane gas is produced in the intestines. The effect of methane on global warming is about 20 times higher than that of carbon dioxide, which has a great impact on exacerbating the climate crisis.
In recent years, due to people's pursuit of a healthier diet and the increased attention given to animal welfare and environmental friendliness, the issue of seeking alternative sources of protein other than meat and diversifying protein sources has increasingly attracted worldwide attention. Alternative protein sources include, for example, plant-based protein, insect-derived protein, artificial meat developed using bioengineering technology, and protein produced by fungal fermentation etc. However, further development of alternative proteins with high nutritional value is still one of the research goals in related fields.
According to embodiments of the disclosure, an isolated and purified novel Rhizopus microsporus strain is provided. The deposit number of the isolated and purified novel Rhizopus microsporus strain is DSM 34400.
According to embodiments of the disclosure, a method for preparing a fermented food by using a Rhizopus microsporus strain is provided. The method includes the following steps: providing an isolated and purified Rhizopus microsporus strain, and its deposit number is DSM 34400; and inoculating the isolated and purified Rhizopus microsporus strain to a substrate for fermentation to form a fermented food, and the substrate includes a legume, a processing residue of a legume, or a combination thereof.
According to embodiments of the disclosure, a fermented food is provided. The fermented food is formed by fermentation of a substrate by using an isolated and purified Rhizopus microsporus strain. The deposit number of the isolated and purified Rhizopus microsporus strain is DSM 34400. The substrate includes a legume, a processing residue of a legume, or a combination thereof. In addition, the fermented food has a hardness of 6.48 N to 27.54 N, a springiness of 0.24 Nm to 0.70 Nm, a chewiness of 0.70 N to 5.00 N, a gumminess of 2.7 N to 10.05 N, a cohesiveness of 0.32 to 0.80, and a resilience of 0.14 to 0.50.
A detailed description is given in the following embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The isolated and purified novel Rhizopus microsporus strain, the method for preparing fermented food by using the Rhizopus microsporus strain, and the fermented food of the present disclosure are described in detail in the following description. It should be understood that in the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details and embodiments are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. The specific elements and configurations described in the following detailed description are set forth in order to clearly describe the present disclosure. It will be apparent that the exemplary embodiments set forth herein are used merely for the purpose of illustration and not the limitations of the present disclosure.
In the following description, the terms “about” and “substantially” typically mean +/−10% of the stated value, or typically +/−5% of the stated value, or typically +/−3% of the stated value, or typically +/−2% of the stated value, or typically +/−1% of the stated value or typically +/−0.5% of the stated value. The stated value of the present disclosure is an approximate value. When there is no specific description, the stated value includes the meaning of “about” and “substantially”. In addition, the term “in a range from the first value to the second value” or “in a range between the first value and the second value” means that the range includes the first value, the second value, and other values in between.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It should be appreciated that, in each case, the term, which is defined in a commonly used dictionary, should be interpreted as having a meaning that conforms to the relative skills of the present disclosure and the background or the context of the present disclosure, and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal manner unless so defined.
According to embodiments of the disclosure, a novel Rhizopus microsporus strain was isolated and purified from the banana leaves of the banana planted in Qishan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The Rhizopus microsporus strain has been deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSMZ), and its deposit number is DSM 34400. The Rhizopus microsporus strain also has been deposited in the Food Industry Research and Development Institute, and its deposit number is BCRC 930226. Furthermore, in according to embodiments of the disclosure, by using beans or their processing residues as a culture substrate, and using the aforementioned Rhizopus microsporus strain to carry out a fermentation process, the fermented food produced has an improved protein content and is easy to digest in human intestinal tract. Moreover, the fermented food produced is also easy to process into a textured vegetable protein (TVP) additive. In addition, the fermented food can serve as a plant-based protein to replace livestock, poultry and seafood. The fermented food has the characteristics of low calorie, low cholesterol and high-quality protein, providing a diversified source of healthy food, and it also contributes to a considerable degree of net zero carbon emissions for the environment.
As described above, an isolated and purified novel Rhizopus microsporus strain is provided in the present disclosure, whose deposit number is DSM 34400 (deposited in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH on Sep. 29, 2022); and BCRC 930226 (deposited in the Bioresource Collection and Research Center of the Food Industry Research and Development Institute on Sep. 23, 2021). Specifically, this strain was obtained from banana leaves in the banana production area of Qishan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan through the steps of microbial screening, cultivation, isolation and purification. This strain has been identified as Rhizopus microsporus TB55 strain. In accordance with some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of the isolated and purified novel Rhizopus microsporus strain has at least about 95% similarity with the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, for example, they may have 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% similarity. In accordance with some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of the isolated and purified novel Rhizopus microsporus strain is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
A method for preparing a fermented food by using a Rhizopus microsporus strain is also provided in the present disclosure. The method includes the following steps: (a) providing the aforementioned isolated and purified Rhizopus microsporus strain, and its deposit number is DSM 34400 (BCRC 930226); and (b) inoculating the isolated and purified Rhizopus microsporus strain to a substrate for fermentation to form a fermented food. In addition, the substrate may include, but is not limited to, a legume, a processing residue of a legume, another suitable substrate, or a combination thereof.
In accordance with some embodiments, the isolated and purified Rhizopus microsporus strain is provided in the form of a freeze-dried powder or a bacterial broth.
In accordance with some embodiments, the legume may include soybean, black bean, red bean, mung bean, edamame, kidney bean, red kidney bean, pinto bean, pea, pigeon pea, cowpea, broad bean, chickpea, lentil, hyacinth bean, peanut, lupine, grass pea, carob, or a combination thereof, but it is not limited thereto.
In accordance with some embodiments, the processing residue of the legume may include dregs of the legumes, but it is not limited thereto. In accordance with some embodiments, a processing may be performed on the legume to obtain the aforementioned processing residue, and the processing may include a cooking step, a pressing step, a drying step, a grinding step, or a combination thereof, but it is not limited thereto. In accordance with some embodiments, the water content of the processing residue may be less than about 15%, for example, less than 14%, less than 13%, less than 12%, less than 11%, less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6% or less than 5%.
In accordance with some embodiments, the substrate used for fermentation may be the dregs of legumes, i.e. bean dregs (okara). Bean dregs are by-products of the processing of beans, and the processing of beans usually produces a large amount of bean dregs. Bean dregs contain many functional components, such as isoflavone, phenolic acid and phytosterol etc. However, bean dregs can usually only be discarded or used as feed or fertilizer due to the high moisture content during production, which can easily lead to spoilage and odor. In particular, in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, bean dregs can be reused in a circular economy manner, the protein content and nutritional value of bean dregs can be increased through the fermentation process, and the amount of discarded bean dregs can be reduced and the load on the environment can be reduced.
In accordance with some embodiments, the fermentation of the Rhizopus microsporus strain in the substrate may include a solid-state fermentation process, a liquid-state fermentation process or a combination thereof. In accordance with some embodiments, the temperature of the fermentation may be between about 20° C. and about 40° C., e.g., 25° C., 30° C., or 35° C. In accordance with some embodiments, the fermentation may be performed for between about 20 hours and about 50 hours, or between about 24 hours and about 48 hours, e.g., 28 hours, 32 hours, 36 hours, 40 hours, or 44 hours.
In accordance with some embodiments, after the isolated and purified Rhizopus microsporus strain is inoculated to the substrate to carry out fermentation, the substrate may be further subjected to a uniaxial wet extrusion process or a biaxial wet extrusion process, to form the fermented food. In accordance with some embodiments, the fermented food prepared by the foregoing method may include tempeh, a texturized vegetable protein (TVP) additive, a functional beverage, or a combination thereof, but it is not limited thereto. In accordance with some embodiments, the fermentation broth produced by the fermentation can directly serve as a functional beverage.
In addition, the embodiments of the disclosure also provide a fermented food. The fermented food is formed by fermentation of a substrate by using the aforementioned isolated and purified Rhizopus microsporus strain. The hardness of the fermented food may be between about 6.48 N to about 27.54 N. The springiness of the fermented food may be between about 0.24 Nm to about 0.70 Nm. The chewiness of the fermented food may be between about 0.7 N to about 5.00 N. The gumminess of the fermented food may be between about 2.7 N to about 10.05 N. The cohesiveness of the fermented food may be between about 0.32 and about 0.80. The resilience of the fermented food may be between about 0.14 and about 0.50. In accordance with some embodiments, the aforementioned parameters such as hardness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess, cohesiveness, and resilience are the measurement results obtained by a texture analyzer (Horn Instruments co., ltd., model: UniversalTA).
As described above, the substrate may include, but is not limited to, a legume, a processing residue of a legume, another suitable substrate, or a combination thereof.
In accordance with some embodiments, the legume may include soybean, black bean, red bean, mung bean, edamame, kidney bean, red kidney bean, pinto bean, pea, pigeon pea, cowpea, broad bean, chickpea, lentil, hyacinth bean, peanut, lupine, grass pea, carobs, or a combination thereof, but it is not limited thereto.
In accordance with some embodiments, the processing residue of the legume may include dregs of the legumes, but it is not limited thereto. Furthermore, in accordance with some embodiments, the fermented food may include tempeh, a texturized vegetable protein (TVP) additive, a functional beverage, or a combination thereof, but it is not limited thereto.
It should be noted that the fermented food prepared by the method for preparing fermented food by using the Rhizopus microsporus strain provided by the embodiments of the present disclosure can have improved content of protein and water-soluble dietary fiber, and can regulate blood sugar, lower cholesterol, delay the absorption of glucose in the small intestine, and enhance intestinal peristalsis. In addition, the resulting fermented food (e.g., tempeh) can improve the digestion and absorption rate of protein, making it easy to digest and not easy to cause flatulence, thereby meeting the protein needs of the elderly, the infirm, and those with weak digestive systems.
Specifically, in accordance with some embodiments, the protein content of the resulting fermented food may be increased by about 2% to about 10% compared to that of the unfermented substrate. Specifically, in accordance with some embodiments, the protein content of the resulting fermented food may be between about 22% to about 28%, based on the total weight of the fermented food. In accordance with some embodiments, the water-soluble dietary fiber content of the resulting fermented food may be between about 2.70% to about 5.67%, based on the total weight of the fermented food.
In order to make the above-mentioned and other purposes, features and advantages of the present disclosure more thorough and easy to understand, a number of examples and comparative examples are given below, and are described in detail as follows, but they are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
The banana leaves planted in the Qishan area of Kaohsiung, Taiwan were collected. After cleaning and drying, cover the peeled soy beans with the banana leaves for fermentation and growth. The filamentous fungi attached to banana leaves were taken, followed by culture, screening, isolation, purification and identification.
First, 100 μl of the broth (Potato dextrose broth, STBIO MEDIA, INC.) for culturing the filamentous fungi were taken, and 900 μl of secondary water was added and coated on a PDA medium plate (Potato Dextrose Agar Broth; Becton, Dickinson and Company, USA) and incubated at 30° C. for 24 hours. Afterwards, the colonies on the medium were picked and again streaked on the same PDA medium plate for strain purification. After culturing at 30° C. for 24 hours, the hyphae were picked out, stained using the Gram stain method and observed with electron microscope, and several rounds of screening were repeated until a single bacterial phase strain was observed by electron microscope. Refer to
According to the instructions of the QIAGEN DNeasy Plant Kit, the DNA of the aforementioned strain was extracted. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was performed by polymerase chain reaction using the fungal universal primer pair ITS4 (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2) and ITS5 (as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3) (MISSION BIOTECH CO., LTD.). Applied Biosystem™ (ABI) BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit and the sequencing machine ABI 3730XL DNA Analyzer were used to sequence the DNA extraction sample of strain Tp-1, and the obtained nucleotide sequence was as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
Next, alignment of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the known biological sequence database (National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI) was performed using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool). The program aligns nucleotide or protein sequences with the sequence database and calculates statistical significance, combined with verification of physiological and biochemical characteristics. It was identified that the aforementioned isolated and purified strain Tp-1 was more than 99% similar to the Rhizopus microspores isolate TB55 in the database.
The sequence alignment result of SEQ ID NO: 1 and Rhizopus microspores isolate TB55 (gene bank: MF445290.1) is as shown in
After the identification was completed, the isolated and purified novel Rhizopus microsporus strain Tp-1 was deposited and preserved in the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH, and the deposit number was DSM 344006. The isolated and purified novel Rhizopus microsporus strain Tp-1 was also deposited and preserved in the Bioresource Collection and Research Center of the Food Industry Research and Development Institute, and the deposit number was BCRC 930226.
An appropriate amount of mold spores was collected from the Tp-1 strain sample to a PDA medium plate (Difco™ Potato dextrose agar) using an inoculation loop, cultured at 30° C., and photographed at regular intervals (8 to 12 hours). Since the morphology of Rhizopus is filamentous, it grows in a staggered and irregular shape on the solid PDA medium plate. Therefore, the area percentage calculation method was used for quantitative analysis, and the growth curve was plotted using the relation between the area percentage of the growth strain and the time. The life cycle of the strain Tp-1 in the fermentation process can be known, thereby assessing the conditions of subsequent fermentation (e.g., the fermentation time).
Refer to
An appropriate amount of mold spores was collected from the Tp-1 strain sample to a PDA medium plate (Difco™ Potato dextrose agar) containing 0%, 5%, 6% and 7% (w/v %) bean dregs respectively using an inoculation loop, cultured at 30° C., and photographed at regular intervals (8 to 12 hours). The area percentage calculation method was used for quantitative analysis, and the growth curve was plotted using the relation between the area percentage of the growth strain and the time.
Refer to
An appropriate amount of mold spores was collected from the Tp-1 strain sample to PDB broth (Potato dextrose broth, STBIO MEDIA) containing 0%, 5%, 6% and 7% (w/v %) bean dregs respectively using an inoculation loop. The fermentation culture was performed at 30° C. and 120 rpm for 4 days. After the culture was completed, the culture medium was centrifuged at 20° C. and 9900 rpm for 40 minutes, and the supernatant and the precipitate were stored separately. Next, the precipitate was freeze-dried for 2 days and ground into powder, and the crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, water-soluble dietary fiber and water-insoluble dietary fiber content of the fermented product were analyzed. The measurement methods were as follows. Experimental results are shown in Table 1.
1. Analysis of Crude Protein Content
The total nitrogen content was determined using the Kjeldahl nitrogen method. 0.5 g of the sample was taken and added together with 5 g of catalyst (K2SO4:CuSO4·H2O=9:1) and 13 mL of 18N concentrated sulfuric acid to a decomposition tube, and it was put in a protein decomposition furnace, heated to 200° C. for 1 hour. After the sample was carbonized into a black liquid, it was heated to 400° C. for 2 hours. Until decomposed into a light blue and clear state, it was taken out and cooled down, and then 70 mL of distilled water and 50 mL of 40% NaOH were added. Nitrogen was distilled out with a nitrogen distiller, and a 4% boric acid solution containing methyl blue and methyl red indicators received the distilled nitrogen to make the liquid turn red. Finally, 0.1N HCl was used for titration until the liquid turned to slightly red (that is, the titration is completed), and the amount of titrated liquid was recorded. The crude protein content (%)=[hydrochloric acid titration amount (ml)×hydrochloric acid concentration (N)×1.4007×1]/sample weight (g)×nitrogen content factor (nitrogen conversion factor) 6.25.
2. Analysis of Crude Fat Content
3 g of the sample was taken in the filter paper, and it was placed in a filter thimble after wrapping. It was then put into a Soxhlet extractor connected with a fat collection bottle, and 170 mL of n-hexane was added from the upper end of the extractor. After the extractor was connected to a condenser tube, reflux in a constant temperature water bath at 50-60° C. for 16 hours. After the extraction, the fat collection bottle was removed, and the n-hexane in the Soxhlet extractor was recovered. The fat collection bottle was placed in an oven at 105° C. to dry, taken out and placed in a drying dish to cool until the fat collection bottle had a constant weight. Crude fat (%)=[(weight of fat collection bottle after fat extraction−fat collection bottle weight)]/sample weight×100%.
3. Analysis of Total Carbohydrate Content
The total carbohydrate content is obtained by subtracting the percentage of moisture, ash, crude protein and crude fat from 100%.
4. Analysis of Water-Soluble Dietary Fiber Content
According to the above-mentioned extraction process, the water-insoluble dietary fiber was separated from the filtrate, and the filtrate was poured into a beaker with 300 mL of 95% alcohol, so that the water-soluble dietary fiber was precipitated, and it was placed for one day for complete precipitation. The filter paper was weighed and recorded to the fourth decimal place. The liquid was slowly poured into a magnetic funnel for suction filtration, rinsed with 20 mL of 78% alcohol three times, then rinsed with 10 mL of 95% alcohol twice, and finally rinse with 10 mL of acetone twice. The filter and residues were put into a weighing bottle together, put into a 105° C. oven and dried to constant weight, and the weight of the weighing bottle and filter paper was subtracted from the constant weight to obtain a total residue weight. Water-soluble dietary fiber content (%)=[total residue net weight−protein weigh in the sample (g)−ash weight in the sample (g)]/sample weight (g)×100%.
5. Analysis of Water-Insoluble Dietary Fiber Content
The constant temperature water bath was preheated to 95° C., and about 1 g of powdery sample was weighed and recorded to the fourth decimal place. The sample was put into a beaker, 50 mL of phosphate buffer was added and mixed evenly, and then 100 μl of α-amylase was added and shaken lightly. The beaker was covered with aluminum foil, put into a 95° C. constant temperature water bath, shaken gently every 5 minutes for about 15 minutes, cooled to room temperature, and then 10 mL of 0.275N NaOH was added and shaken gently. The constant temperature water bath was preheated to 60° C., 0.05 g of protease was added to 1 mL of phosphate buffer, mixed evenly, and 100 μl of protease phosphate buffer solution was added to the beaker. The beaker was covered with aluminum foil, and put into a 60° C. constant temperature water bath, shaken gently every 5 minutes for about 30 minutes, cooled to room temperature, and then 10 mL of 0.325N HCl was added and shaken gently. The constant temperature water bath was preheated to 60° C., and 100 μl of amyloglucosidase was added to the beaker. The beaker was covered with aluminum foil, and put into a 60° C. constant temperature water bath, shaken gently every 5 minutes for about 30 minutes, and then cooled to room temperature. The filter paper was weighed and recorded to the fourth decimal place, and the liquid was slowly poured into a magnetic funnel for suction filtration. The filter and residues were put into a weighing bottle together, put into a 105° C. oven and dried to constant weight, and the weight of the weighing bottle and filter paper was subtracted from the constant weight to obtain a total residue weight. Water-insoluble dietary fiber content (%)=[total residue net weight−protein weight in the sample (g)−ash weight in the sample (g)]/sample weight (g)×100%.
According to the results of Table 1, after Tp-1 was inoculated in the medium of containing different proportions of bean dregs (0%, 5%, 6%, 7% (w/v %)) and fermented for 96 hours, the crude protein content of the mediums containing the bean dregs increased. Compared with the group without bean dregs, the protein content of the group containing 7% bean dregs increased by about 4%, the glycolysis conversion rate was about 6%, and the water-soluble dietary fiber increased by about 2.1%.
The tempeh bacteria of deposit number BCRC 31750 was used to carry out a comparative experiment. The tempeh bacteria BCRC 31750 was inoculated to PDB broth (Potato dextrose broth, STBIO MEDIA) containing 0%, 5%, 6% and 7% (w/v %) bean dregs respectively using an inoculation loop. The fermentation culture was performed at 30° C. and 120 rpm for 4 days.
In addition, after the culture was completed, the culture medium was centrifuged at 20° C. and 9900 rpm for 40 minutes, and the supernatant and the precipitate were stored separately. The precipitate was freeze-dried for 2 days and ground into powder, and the crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, water-soluble dietary fiber and water-insoluble dietary fiber content of the fermented product were analyzed. The measurement methods were as described in Example 4. The results are shown in Table 2.
According to the results of Table 2, after BCRC 31750 tempeh bacteria was inoculated in the medium of containing different proportions of bean dregs (0%, 5%, 6%, 7% (w/v %)) and fermented for 96 hours, the crude protein content of the medium containing bean dregs did not increase significantly. Compared with the group without bean dregs, the glycolysis in the groups containing bean dregs was not significant, while the water-soluble dietary fiber was slightly increased by about 1.6%. Comparing the results of Table 1 and Table 2, it can be seen that compared with BCRC 31750 tempeh bacteria, the novel Rhizopus microsporus strain Tp-1 provided by the present disclosure has the effects to improve the protein and water-soluble dietary fiber content of the fermentation product, and to improve the glycolysis conversion rate.
The strain Tp-1 was inoculated to different bean dregs and carried out solid-state fermentation to produce bean-dreg tempeh and the physical properties of the bean-dreg tempeh were measured with a texture analyzer (Horn Instruments co., ltd., model: UniversalTA). The bean source of bean-dreg tempeh A, B and E was provided by Taiwan Taoyuan Tofu Association (imported soybeans); the bean source of bean-dreg tempeh X was provided by PEACE VEGAN CO., LTD. (Taiwan organic soybeans).
The solid-state fermentation process was performed on the bean dregs of above-mentioned different sources. First, 1 kg of bean dregs was taken, dried in the oven at 60° C. to 65° C. for 24 hours, and sterilized with steam. After being cooled to room temperature, about 10 to 20 grams of Tp-1 strain powder or bacterial liquid was sprinkled into the bean dregs, stirred evenly, and then placed in a 30° C. fermentation chamber to obtain a fermented product after 24 to 48 hours. A 2 cm3 square of the fermentation product was taken as a sample for texture analyzer measurement, and its physical properties such as hardness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess, cohesiveness, and resilience were analyzed.
The data of texture analyzer of the bean-dreg tempeh A (sample 1), bean-dreg tempeh B (sample 2), bean-dreg tempeh E (sample 3), and bean-dreg tempeh X (sample 4) of the different sources produced as described above are shown in Table 3. In addition, the data was compared with commercially available soybean tempeh (purchased from XiangHehJia-Biotech CO., LTD.) (sample 5), commercially available wheat TVP (provided by GOLDENCROPS CORPORATION) (sample 6), commercially available pea TVP (provided by GOLDENCROPS CORPORATION) (sample 7).
As shown in the results of Table 3, the hardness of the fermented product (bean-dreg tempeh) produced by the fermentation of the strain Tp-1 was comparable to that of pea TVP, while other parameter values were lower. It can be seen that the texture of bean-dreg tempeh is relatively soft and easy to chew. With appropriate seasoning and simple hygienic processing, it can be used as a ready-to-eat conditioning package, which is quite suitable for providing high-protein nutrition to patients who need medical care or the elderly. Moreover, in the production of vegetable meat and semi-finished products for vegetarian food, bean-dreg tempeh can also serve as a natural protein raw material or an ingredient additive to increase the ingredient diversity or taste of the food.
Although some embodiments of the present disclosure and their advantages have been described as above, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. In addition, each claim constitutes an individual embodiment, and the claimed scope of the present disclosure also includes the combinations of the claims and embodiments. The scope of protection of the present disclosure is subject to the definition of the scope of the appended claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 110149312 | Dec 2021 | TW | national |
