Patent Grant
7584778
The present invention relates generally to a method for producing an aluminum alloy suitable for elevated temperature applications by controlled solidification that combines composition design and solidification rate control to enhance the aluminum alloy performance.
Gas turbine engine components are commonly made of titanium, iron, cobalt and nickel based alloys. During use, many components of the gas turbine engine are subjected to elevated temperatures. Lightweight metals, such as aluminum and magnesium and alloys of these metals, are often used for some components to enhance performance and to reduce the weight of engine components. A drawback to employing conventional aluminum alloys is that the strength of these alloys drops rapidly at temperatures above 150 ° C., making these alloys unsuitable for certain elevated temperature applications. Current aluminum alloys, either wrought or cast, are intended for applications at temperatures below approximately 180° C. (355° F.) in the T6 condition (solution treated, quenched and artificially aged).
Several high temperature aluminum alloys have been developed, but few product applications exist despite the weight benefits. This is partially because of the slow acceptance of any new alloy in the aerospace industry and also because high temperature aluminum alloys have fabrication limitations that can counter their adoption for production uses. Many of the potential components for which high temperature alloys could be used are produced using welding, brazing or casting. Fabrication of these components using wrought high temperature aluminum alloys (including powder metallurgy routes) may be possible, but the cost often becomes prohibitive and limits production to very simple parts. Conversely, it is difficult to develop high temperature property improvements in aluminum alloys that are fabricated into complex shapes by conventional casting, the least expensive process.
Recently, there have been improvements in the casting technology of aluminum alloys, e.g., aluminum-silicon based alloys such as D-357. These improvements have allowed for “controlled solidification” of aluminum-silicon alloys, similar to those improvements achieved in the liquid-metal cooling of directional/single crystal superalloys. This can provide considerable refinement and uniformity of grain and precipitate morphologies to improve the combined strength and ductility consistently throughout the casting. This provides a robust quality to the properties that component designers need in current alloy compositions, such as D-357. However, these alloys do not meet the level of properties needed for higher temperature applications. New composition designs are needed that combine synergistically with controlled solidification technology to significantly increase the high temperature capabilities.
Hence, there is a need in the art for a method for producing an aluminum alloy by controlled solidification that combines composition design and solidification rate control, that is designed to synergistically enable the production of complex cast components for high temperature applications (e.g., gas turbine and automotive engine components and structures) and that overcomes the other shortcomings and drawbacks of the prior art.
Certain components of a gas turbine engine can be made of a high temperature aluminum-rare earth element alloy. One example aluminum alloy includes approximately 1.0 to 20.0% by weight of rare earth elements, including any combination of one or more of ytterbium, gadolinium, yttrium, erbium and cerium. The aluminum alloy also includes approximately 0.1 to 15% by weight of minor alloy elements including any combination of one or more of copper, nickel, zinc, silver, magnesium, strontium, manganese, tin, calcium, cobalt and titanium. The remainder of the alloy composition is aluminum.
During solidification, the aluminum matrix excludes the rare earth elements from the aluminum matrix, forming eutectic rare earth-containing insoluble dispersoids that strengthen the aluminum matrix. The optimal composition and solidification rate of the aluminum alloy is determined by analyzing the resulting structure and the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy at different compositions and solidification conditions. Controlled solidification combines composition design and solidification rate control of the aluminum alloy to synergistically produce suitable structures for high temperature use. The aluminum alloy is then formed into the desired shape by casting, including investment casting, die casting and sand casting.
In one example, complex shapes can be cast with good details by investment casting. Molten aluminum alloy having the desired composition is poured inside an investment casting shell. The investment casting shell is then lowered into a quenchant, e.g., a solution of water and a water soluble material that is heated to approximately 100° C., to rapidly cool the molten aluminum alloy. The solidification rate can be controlled by controlling the rate that the investment casting shell is lowered into the quenchant. The aluminum alloy at the bottom of the investment casting shell begins to cool first. As the aluminum alloy cools, the solidified aluminum alloy helps to extract heat from the molten aluminum alloy above the cool solidified alloy, quickly and uniformly extracting heat from the molten aluminum alloy. The solidification propagates vertically to the top of the investment casting shell until the molten aluminum alloy is completely solid.
These and other features of the present invention will be best understood from the following specification and drawings.
The various features and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the currently preferred embodiment. The drawings that accompany the detailed description can be briefly described as follows:
Certain components of the gas turbine engine 10 can be made of an aluminum-rare earth element alloy. One example aluminum alloy includes approximately 1.0 to 20.0% by weight of rare earth elements, including any combination of one or more of ytterbium (Yb), gadolinium (Gd), yttrium (Y), erbium (Er) and cerium (Ce). The aluminum alloy also includes approximately 0.1 to 15% by weight of minor alloy elements including any combination of one or more of copper, nickel, zinc, silver, magnesium, strontium, manganese, tin, calcium, cobalt and titanium. The remainder of the alloy composition is aluminum.
During solidification, the aluminum matrix excludes the rare earth elements, forming eutectic rare earth-containing insoluble dispersoids that contribute to the elevated temperature strength of the aluminum alloy. The minor alloy elements provide different functions to the primary eutectic. Zinc, magnesium and to a lesser extent nickel, copper and silver contribute to precipitation hardening the aluminum alloy up to approximately 180° C. The precipitates are re-solutionized at ˜260° C. and contribute little to elevated temperature strength, other than solid solution hardening. Strontium and calcium are added for chemical modification of the eutectic, but this can be overridden by significant physical modification obtained with higher solidification rates.
In one embodiment, the aluminum alloy includes approximately 1.0 to 20.0% by weight of a rare earth element selected from ytterbium and gadolinium and approximately 0.1 to 10.0% by weight of at least one second rare earth element selected from gadolinium, ytterbium, yttrium, erbium and cerium. Preferably, the aluminum alloy includes approximately 12.5 to 15.0% ytterbium and approximately 3.0 to 5.0% yttrium. More preferably, the aluminum alloy includes approximately 12.9 to 13.2% ytterbium and approximately 3.0 to 4.0% yttrium.
In another embodiment, the aluminum alloy includes minor alloy elements including by weight approximately 0.5 to 5.0% copper (Cu), approximately 0.1 to 4.5% nickel (Ni), approximately 0.1-5.0% zinc (Zn), approximately 0.1 to 2.0% magnesium (Mg), approximately 0.1 to 1.5% silver (Ag), approximately 0.01 to 1.0% strontium (Sr), zero to approximately 0.05% manganese (Mg) and zero to approximately 0.05% calcium (Ca). Preferably, the aluminum alloy includes approximately 1.0 to 3.0% copper, approximately 0.5 to 1.5% nickel, approximately 2.0 to 3.0% zinc, approximately 0.5 to 1.5% magnesium, approximately 0.5 to 1.0% silver, and approximately 0.02 to 0.05% strontium.
One example aluminum alloy includes approximately 2.5 to 15.0% ytterbium, approximately 3.0 to 5.0% yttrium, approximately 0.5 to 5.0% copper, approximately 0.1 to 4.5% nickel, approximately 0.1 to 5.0% zinc, approximately 0.1 to 2.0% magnesium, approximately 0.1 to 1.5% silver, approximately 0.01 to 1.0% strontium, zero to approximately 0.05% manganese and zero to approximately 0.05% calcium. More preferably, the aluminum alloy includes approximately 1.0 to 3.0% copper, approximately 0.5 to 1.5% nickel, approximately 2.0 to 3.0% zinc, approximately 0.5 to 1.5% magnesium, approximately 0.5 to 1.0% gold, and approximately 0.02 to 0.05% strontium.
The castability of an aluminum alloy relates primarily to the composition and the solidification rate of the aluminum alloy. Selective control of the composition and the solidification rate maximizes the formation of fine, uniform eutectic structures in the aluminum alloy casting. The optimum structure and properties can be obtained for several casting conditions, including sand casting, investment casting, permanent mold-casting and die casting. A castable high temperature aluminum (CHTA) alloy can be provided that can form complex castings having good higher temperature performance capabilities.
The optimal composition of the aluminum alloy for a given application is determined by analyzing the resulting structure and the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy at different solidification conditions. First, the mechanical properties of a specific composition of the aluminum alloy are evaluated at a fixed solidification rate. The composition of the aluminum alloy is changed, and the mechanical properties are evaluated until the composition with the optimal mechanical properties is obtained. Once the optimal composition is obtained, the solidification rate of the aluminum alloy is changed until the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy are further improved. This determines the optimal solidification rate for the aluminum alloy composition. From these two characteristics, further minor adjustments to the composition and/or the solidification rate may be made to maximize their synergistic effects in a robust, high temperature aluminum alloy.
The composition of the aluminum alloy is also tailored to the particular solidification conditions prevalent for the casting. An essentially richer composition with an increased amount of transition metals such as copper and nickel can be used at high solidification rates (such as rates typical of investment casting and die casting) to maximize strength properties. A leaner composition with a decreased amount of transition metals such as copper and nickel to compensate for matrix strength loss in coarser structures can be used at slower solidification rates (such as rates typical of sand casting).
The aluminum alloy with the desired composition is then cast at the desired solidification rate. For example, the aluminum alloy can be cast by sand casting (˜5-50° C./min), investment casting (˜50-200° C./min) and die casting (˜5000-50,000° C./min).
Controlled solidification of the aluminum alloy provides microstructural uniformity, refinement and synergistic improvements to the structure and the properties of the suitably designed aluminum alloy. The performance, versatility, thermal stability and strength of the aluminum alloy are enhanced for a large range of elevated temperature applications up to approximately 375° C., beyond the scope of the current aluminum alloys. The aluminum alloy castings can extend the performance and reduce the weight and the cost of components generally manufactured from current materials (including aluminum, titanium, iron, nickel based alloys, etc). The combination of compositional design and casting process control produces structural refinement and uniform distribution of the eutectic rare earth-containing insoluble dispersoids. This synergism reduces the level of stress-raising structural features and provides improved ductility and notch sensitivity. Therefore, a basis for improved creep resistance and structural stability is formed. Similarly, the structural refinement and uniform eutectic phase distribution allows corrosion attack to be dispersed more evenly across the aluminum alloy surface, thereby providing better pitting resistance than conventional aluminum alloys.
In one example, after the optimal composition and the solidification rate of the aluminum alloy are determined, the aluminum alloy is investment cast using the controlled solidification process. Investment casting allows complex shapes to be cast with good details at a relatively fast solidification rate of ˜50-100° C./min, producing the desired structural refinement. In investment casting, a wax form having the shape of the final part is first formed. A coating of ceramic, e.g., slurry and stucco, is then applied to the wax form. The number of layers of ceramic depends on the thickness of ceramic needed, and one skilled in the art would know how many layers to employ. The ceramic coated wax form is then heated in a furnace to melt and remove the wax, leaving the ceramic investment casting shell.
The investment casting shell is heated, and molten aluminum alloy is poured into the heated investment casting shell. The investment casting shell is then lowered into a quenchant, such as a liquid solution of water and a water soluble material (such as polyethylene glycol) heated to approximately 100° C., to rapidly cool the molten aluminum alloy. The solidification rate is controlled by controlling the rate that the investment casting shell is lowered into the quenchant. The slower the investment casting shell is lowered into the quenchant, the slower the solidification rate. The faster the investment casting shell is lowered into the quenchant, the faster the solidification rate.
The molten aluminum alloy at the bottom of the investment casting shell starts to cool first. The cooled solid alloy under and in contact with the above molten aluminum alloy helps to extract heat from the molten aluminum alloy. As the shell is immersed in the liquid, the solidification propagates vertically towards the top of the investment casting shell until the molten alloy is completely solid to extract heat quickly and uniformly from the molten aluminum alloy. The solution of water and the water soluble material extracts heat more rapidly from the aluminum alloy than cooling the molten aluminum alloy in air.
Investment casting can be utilized for engine housing manufacturing and for other parts having complex shapes, allowing for more design flexibility. Although relatively expensive because of the tooling and the process of shell molds, investment casting is beneficial for making engine parts having a complex geometry, allowing parts to be cast with greater precision and complexity.
Although investment casting has been described, it is to be understood that any type of casting can be used. For example, the component of aluminum alloy can be formed by die casting or sand casting. One skilled in the art would know what type of casting to employ.
During casting, solidification conditions are controlled to promote desirable eutectic-based microstructures and to provide high temperature performance. These features are also related to the type of growth front (the movement of the liquid and solid interface as the aluminum alloy solidifies) of the solidifying alloy. A solute-rich zone may build-up ahead of the advancing solidification front, leading to constitutional super-cooling of the melt due to solute rejection on solidification. Constitutional super-cooling is calculated by the ratio G/R, where G equals the temperature gradient of the liquid ahead of the front and R equals the front growth rate. The steep thermal gradient in the liquid phase promotes a planar solidification front with reduced diffusion distances and suppresses the degree of constitutional super-cooling, which is the main factor that measures the stability of the growth conditions and controls the type of growth front.
The steep temperature gradient causes rapid solidification, reducing the grain size and dendrite arm spacing (DAS) in the resultant part. The dendrite arm spacing or the phase interparticle spacing (λ) and the solidification rate (R) are related by the equation λ2R =constant. As the solidification rate increases, the interparticle spacing of the dispersed rare earth phase decreases logarithmically, resulting in structure refinement and desirable mechanical property improvements. The steep temperature gradient reduces interdendritic micro-porosity formation, which is advantageous given the high shrinkage ratio of typical high temperature alloy compositions.
When an alloy deviates from the eutectic composition, it is still possible to maintain a eutectic-like microstructure if solidification is carried out in a sufficiently steep temperature gradient or at a sufficiently slow rate. Alloying elements can, therefore, be added to modify the chemistry of the phases and their volume fractions to develop a complex high temperature eutectic alloy. In ternary and higher-order eutectics, the total volume fraction of eutectic phases generally increases, leading to a finer structure in the resultant eutectic composition. When these compositions are combined with controlled solidification, synergistic improvements in structure and properties are possible.
The aluminum alloy of the present invention has both a primary eutectic structure (αAl—Al3(REM)) and a different secondary eutectic structure (αAl—CuAl2/Cu3NiAl6). The secondary eutectic structure solidifies last around and between the primary eutectic dendrite arms. At the appropriate composition, the solidified structure is fully eutectic. As the residual interdentritic liquid freezes during solidification, there is some beneficial synergism between the controlled solidification casting process and the secondary eutectic alloy composition, producing a refinement in size and morphology and an improved distribution of the CuAl2-based phase. The secondary eutectic is shown as black script-like structures between the primary eutectic grains in
In the present invention, the stress-raising structural features in the eutectic and the relatively coarser, angular morphologies present in non-eutectic alloys (specifically hyper-eutectic primary Al3(REM) phases) observed in conventional sand castings are reduced, and their deleterious effects on ductility and notch-sensitivity are moderated.
The synergism allows complex castings, such as the fan housing shown in
The dispersed eutectic particles and the structural refinement in the aluminum alloy also have a significant beneficial effect on the fatigue properties of the aluminum alloy. For a given test temperature, the fatigue/endurance ratio (i.e., the fatigue strength at 107 cycles (endurance limit) divided by the ultimate tensile strength) is a measure of fatigue performance.
At elevated temperatures such as 260° C., the zinc-magnesium-based precipitates of the aluminum alloy are re-solutioned, leaving the copper and nickel based (˜538° C.) and ytterbium/yttrium-based (˜632° C.) eutectics as the primary strengthening phases. Nickel provides high temperature strength and stability to the copper based eutectic to toughen the precipitate to time/temperature effects and reduce the coefficient of expansion, which is relatively high based on shrinkage observations. The solid solubility limit of nickel in aluminum is ˜0.04%, above which it forms insoluble intermetallics. However, nickel has complete solid solubility in copper and can alloy with and strengthen the CuAl2 eutectic phase to form a Cu3NiAl6 based eutectic phase. Atomic nickel substitutions in the copper lattice effectively improve the high temperature strength of the copper based eutectic. There is an inter-dependence of these elements, driven by respective solubility levels and atomic substitution in the CuAl2 lattice.
The quantity of copper and nickel has an effect on the microstructure of the aluminum alloy.
Table 1 shows the effects of the copper/nickel ratio and the copper plus nickel sum on alloys A and B, which have essentially the same composition except for the copper and nickel levels. The strength/ductility and the microstructure of alloy A are preferable to alloy B. For an aluminum alloy cast under higher solidification rate conditions typical of investment casting (˜50-200° C./min, e.g., ˜100 ° C./min) and die casting (˜5000-50,000° C./min, e.g. ˜10,000° C./min), the copper/nickel ratio parameter of the aluminum alloy should be greater than approximately 1.0, and the copper plus nickel sum parameter of the aluminum alloy should be less than approximately 4.5%. More preferably, the copper/nickel ratio parameter is greater than approximately 1.5, and the copper plus nickel sum parameter is less than approximately 4.0%.
For an aluminum alloy cast under slow solidification rates such as sand casting (˜5-50° C./min, e.g., ˜10° C./min), the copper/nickel ratio parameter should be greater than approximately 1.0, and the copper plus nickel sum parameter should be less than approximately 4.0%. Preferably, the copper/nickel ratio parameter is greater than approximately 2.0, and the copper plus nickel sum parameter is less than approximately 3.5%.
The effects of zinc based precipitation at lower temperatures and nickel toughening the copper-based eutectic to high temperature exposure are illustrated in Table 2 and
Nickel strengthens the alloy at intermediate temperatures to a much lesser extent than zinc-based precipitates, but is intended to toughen the copper based eutectic by increasing its resistance to resolutionizing at higher temperature/time combinations. This essentially extends the stability of the secondary (i.e., copper based) eutectic and contributes to the major stabilizing effect obtained from the primary (i.e., ytterbium/yttrium based) eutectic particles. An alloy is designed that maintains long-term strength at high temperatures.
The aluminum alloy cast under controlled solidification also has an increased pitting resistance. Aluminum alloys of the present invention (C and D) and several commercial alloys (1, 2 and 3) were subjected to standard potentiodynamic polarization tests (in 3.5% NaCl solution at RT using ASTM G3-89 and G102-89) to measure corrosion rates. Samples of the same alloys were subjected to an extended, accelerated salt spray test involving combinations of spray, humidity and dry-off cycles using a test solution of 3.5%NaCl +0.35%(NH4)2SO4. The samples were examined at time intervals up to 630 hours and then sectioned for pit depth measurements.
Table 3 shows that the general corrosion rate of the aluminum alloys E and F, investment cast using controlled solidification, is slightly higher than commercial alloys 1, 2 and 3. However, the maximum pit depth decreases. Pitting attack in the commercial alloys occurs via grain boundary penetration and is the major cause of structural failure from corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking. Typically, the precipitate density is high relative to the grain interior, exacerbating the galvanic attack between the precipitate and the αAl matrix. In the aluminum alloy produced by the present invention, the eutectic phases αAl and the adjacent Al3(Yb,Y) or (Cu,Ni)Al2 are in a fine alternating array and uniformly dispersed either within primary eutectic grains or intergranular secondary eutectic. The net effect of the structural refinement and uniform eutectic phase distribution disperses corrosion attack evenly across the aluminum alloy. Anodizing is typically used to improve the corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys. Preliminary trials on aluminum alloys have demonstrated that their resistance to corrosion is improved by anodizing.
The foregoing description is exemplary of the principles of the invention. Many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. The preferred embodiments of this invention have been disclosed, however, so that one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of this invention.
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