Method of producing improved glyceride by lipase

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of producing an improved glyceride product by interesterification with lipase.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Interesterification and hydrogenation are techniques which have been useful in the preparation of glyceride products for use in the manufacture of butter and margarine. In the conventional interesterification reaction, interesterification is conducted in the presence of a catalyst such as sodium, sodium methylate, or the like. However, the conventional reaction is not selective with respect to esterification of a fatty acid substrate at a reactive position with glycerine. On the other hand, an interesterification process conducted in the presence of lipase as a catalyst (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 104506/1977) is know, however, this process requires the presence of water to activate the lipase. The presence of water causes hydrolysis of interesterified glycerides with resultant decreases in yield of the glyceride product. Therefore, a need continues to exist for a method of improving the yield of glyceride products by an interesterification reaction.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, one object of the present invention is to improve the yield of a glyceride product by interesterification of a glyceride mixture.
Another object of the present invention is to improve the quality of natural oils and fats by selective interesterification.
Briefly, these objects and other objects of the invention as hereinafter will become more readily apparent can be attained by providing a method of producing an improved glyceride product in a reaction which employs lipase as a catalyst by interesterifying a glyceride mixture in the presence of a lipase as a catalyst with a dihydric alcohol, a trihydric alcohol or a mixture thereof, said glyceride mixture being composed of at least two different glycerides, or at least one glyceride and at least one fatty acid.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The interesterification reaction of the present invention involving a glyceride mixture as the starting material is conducted in a medium in which there is a substantial absence of water. Suitable glyceride mixtures which may be used as starting materials in the present invention include animal oils and fats, vegetable oils and fats, and synthetic glycerides. Examples of vegetable oils and fats include palm oil and fat, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil and the like. Examples of animal oils and fats include lard oil, tallow, fish oil, whale oil and the like. Examples of synthetic glycerides include trilaurin, tristearin, triolein and the like.
Fatty acids consist of a single carboxyl group attached to the end of a straight hydrocarbon chain, and the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain ranges from 8 to 20. Suitable saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids which can be used in the present process include, for example, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and the like.
In the process of the present invention the glyceride mixture starting material contains one part of a raw glyceride mixture per 0.25.about.4 parts of fatty acid component and/or other glyceride component.
Suitable lipase enzymes which can be used in the present process include those produced from microorganisms such as Rhizopus japonicus, Aspergillus niger, Candida cylindracea, Geotrichum candidum and the like. Lipases produced by thermophiles such as Humicola lanuginosa and Thermomyces ibadanensis are more preferred. Some of these lipases are commercially available, and such lipases can be preferably used in the present invention. The amount of lipase employed in the reaction depends on the kind of glyceride to be produced, the reaction conditions, and the stability of the lipase used. In case of commercial lipase, a suitable amount which is used in the present process ranges from 0.025 to 5 weight % based on the raw glyceride mixture, which is equivalent to from 5 to 5000 units/g oil.
The dihydric alcohol and trihydric alcohol components of the present reaction mixture by definition consist of two and three hydroxyl groups attached to a hydrocarbon chain, respectively. Suitable examples of dihydric alcohols and trihydric alcohols include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerine and the like. Dihydric alcohols and trihydric alcohols can be used together as starting materials in the present process, and the amount of alcohol used in the reaction is more than 0.1 weight % based on the raw glyceride mixture, preferably from 0.1 to 10 weight %.
The activity of the particular lipase enzyme used can be stimulated when the lipase is adsorbed on a carrier. The carrier used in the present invention should be a material which is insoluble in the reaction mixture, which is capable of adsorbing the enzyme on its surface, and which does not adversely affect the activity of the lipase. Suitable carriers include Celite, active carbon, cellulose, ion-exchange resin, glass fiber, glass beads, silica-gel, florisil, calcium carbonate, saccharide, alumina and the like. Usually the carrier is immersed in glycerine prior to enzyme adsorption. The amount of carrier employed in the present invention preferably ranges from 2.5% to 25% of the raw glyceride.
The temperature at which the interesterification reaction is conducted is determined by the activity of lipase. The preferred range is from 20.degree. C. to 80.degree. C., more preferably from 20.degree. C. to 50.degree. C. While side reactions do not occur at low temperatures, the reaction, however is very slow. In the range of from 20.degree. C. to 35.degree. C. a triglyceride which is mainly composed of palmitic acid is produced. In the range of from 35.degree. C. to 80.degree. C. a triglyceride which is mainly composed of stearic acid is produced. A suitable range of time for the interesterification reaction is 1 day to 3 days.
Since the reaction mixture is not very fluid because of the low reaction temperature employed, an inert organic solvent which dissolves the glyceride and fatty acid starting materials can be added to the reaction mixture to increase the fluidity of the same. Suitable examples of inert organic solvents include petroleum benzine, petroleum ether, n-hexane, and the like. The amount of inert organic solvent employed in the present invention preferably ranges from one part to 10 parts of raw glyceride and the addition of the inert organic solvent to the reaction mixture promotes the same.
In order to avoid the contamination of the reaction mixture with water the reaction is preferably performed in a closed vessel. The presence of water in the reaction mixture reduces the efficiency of the interesterification reaction. Accordingly, prior to reaction, the water present in the raw glyceride mixture, fatty acids, dihydric alcohol and trihydric alcohol, the inert organic solvents, and the carrier should be removed. Because the present reaction is performed under conditions in which water is essentially absent, the yield of the exchanged glycerine product obtained is greater by 5% to 10% in comparison to the cases when significant quantities of water are present in the reaction mixture.
The reaction mixture obtained in the present process contains fatty acids, and small amounts of mono-glyceride, di-glyceride, and other impurities. These impurities can be removed by the usual separation and refining processes such as the liquid-liquid extraction, alkaline neutralization and distillation. If required, the glycerine product obtained is subjected to solvent separation or hydrogenation.
One of the merits of the present invention is that interesterification promoted by lipase is selective, while chemical esterification is not selective. For example, Rhizopus lipase reacts selectively with fatty acids at the 1 and 3 positions of glycerine and does not react at the 2-position of glycerine. On the other hand, Geotrichum lipase reacts selectively with the fatty acids which have a double bond at the 9-position such as oleic acid and linoleic acid. Then, depending upon the raw glyceride and fatty acid selected, various kinds of glycerides can be produced. For example, valuable cocoa butter can be prepared from palm oil which is available at a reasonable price.
In order to produce a triglyceride which resembles cocoa butter, it is possible to produce a glyceride mixture which resembles natural oils and fats by controlling the time at which the fatty acid is added. In this case side reactions are not a significant problem.

Having generally described this invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLE 1
A 10 g amount of olive oil, 10 g of stearic acid, 1 g of Celite, the amount of glycerin shown in Table I, 40 mg of the commercial lipase of Rhizopus delemar produced by Seikagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. Japan, and 40 ml of petroleum benzine were mixed, and the mixture was stirred in a closed container for 3 days at 40.degree. C. For comparative purposes the reaction was performed by substituting water for glycerin. After the reaction was terminated, the precipitate, a mixture of Celite, glycerin, and lipase, was separated by filtration, and washed with 40 ml of petroleum benzine. The above filtrates(oil phase) were mixed to petroleum benzine and evaporated to dryness. The dried glyceride product obtained was purified by florisil column chromatography using ethyl ether (20%) and n-hexane (80%) as the developing solvent. The purified glyceride was subjected to preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The triglyceride content was measured by the TLC technique. The triglyceride fractions were collected, and the yield of triglyceride was measured. The fatty acid content in the obtained triglyceride was measured by gas chromatography according to the technique described in: "Official and Tentative Methods of the Japan Oil Chemists' Society" (2.4.20.2-77). The results are shown in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________The PresentInvention (glycerin) Comparison (water) Stearic acid Yield of Stearic acid Yield ofGlycerine cont. in Tri- Triglycer- cont. in tri- triglycer-added (g) glyceride (%) ide (%) glyceride (%) ide (%)______________________________________0 3.2 96.5 3.2 96.50.01 4.1 2.60.02 11.4 4.90.05 36.5 87.0 36.2 77.00.1 41.2 77.5 39.0 68.70.2 40.2 39.10.5 39.5 61.1 39.3 50.2______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
A 10 g amount of olive oil (containing 2.9% stearic acid) and 10 g of stearic acid, were mixed with 40 ml of petroleum benzine, 20 mg of the commercial lipase of Rhizopus delemar, 0.05 ml of glycerine and 1.0 g of the carrier listed in Table 2. Each mixture was stirred in a closed container for 3 days at 30.degree. C.
The triglyceride was separated from the resultant reaction mixture according to the manner of Example 1. The stearic acid content in the triglyceride was measured by gas chromatography.
As shown in Table 2, the interesterification reaction was promoted by adding the carrier.
TABLE 2______________________________________ Stearic acid cont.Carrier used in triglyceride (%)______________________________________none 10.5Celite 28.8CaCO.sub.3 30.3Quartz sand 27.9Glucose 27.9Alumina 27.6Silicic acid 25.5Active carbon 26.4K.sub.2 CO.sub.3 22.7Cellulose 11.5Florisil 17.3______________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
A 10 g amount of safflower oil (containing 2.8% of stearic acid) and 10 g of stearic acid, were mixed with 40 mg of the commercial lipase of Rhizopus delemar, 0.1 ml of glycerin, 1.0 g of Celite, and the amount of n-hexane shown in Table 3. The mixture was stirred in a closed container for 3 days at 30.degree. C. A triglyceride product was separated from the resultant reaction mixture by the manner described in Example 1. The stearic acid content of the triglyceride was measured by gas chromatography.
The results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________ Stearic acid cont.n-Hexane added (ml) in triglyceride (%)______________________________________ 0 16.110 23.020 26.140 31.9______________________________________
EXAMPLE 4
A 10 g amount of olive oil and 10 g of stearic acid were mixed with 40 mg of the commercial lipase of Rhizopus delemar, the amount of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol shown in Table 4, 1.0 g of Celite, and 40 ml of n-hexane. The mixture was stirred in a closed vessel for 3 days at 20.degree. C. or 30.degree. C. The triglyceride product was separated from the resultant reaction mixture by the manner described in Example 1. The stearic acid content of the triglyceride was measured by gas chromatography.
The results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________ Stearic acid cont. in triglyceride (%) Ethylene glycol Propylene glycolGlycol used(g) (temo. 30.degree. C.) (temp. 20.degree. C.)______________________________________0 3.3 3.40.05 29.1 10.20.10 32.3 11.5______________________________________
EXAMPLE 5
A 0.1 g amount of glycerin and 1.0 g of Celite were mixed with 10 g of coconut oil, olive oil and 60 mg of the commercial lipase of Candida cylindracea produced by SIGMA CHEMICAL COMPANY. The mixture was stirred in a closed container for 3 days at 30.degree. C. The resultant reaction mixture was centrifuged, the oil phase was separated by decantation, and the insoluble matter was washed with 40 ml of petroleum benzine. The washed liquid (petroleum benzine) was added to the oil phase, and the solvents in the oil phase were removed by reduced pressure distillation. The triglyceride content of the product was determined using a preparative silica-gel thin layer plate. The yield of triglyceride was 81%. The triglyceride was fractionated by gas chromatography in accordance with the carbon number of the triglyceride.
The results are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5______________________________________Carbon number Content of triglyceride (%)of triglyceride* Before the reaction After the reaction______________________________________26.about.38 32.1 17.240.about.48 10.5 58.750.about.56 57.4 24.1______________________________________ *The carbon number of glycerine was not counted.
The results show that the reaction is selective.
EXAMPLE 6
A 10 g amount of oleic safflower oil (containing 5.7% of palmitic acid) and 10 g of palmitic acid were mixed with 20 mg of each one of the commercial lipases shown in Table 6, 0.1 g of glycerine, 1.0 g of powdered calcium carbonate, and 40 ml of petroleum benzine. The mixtures were stirred in a closed container for 3 days at 40.degree. C. The triglyceride product was separated from the resultant reaction mixture by the manner described in Example 1. The palmitic acid content of the triglyceride was measured by gas chromatography. The results are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6______________________________________ Palmitic acid cont. in tri-Lipase Source Producer glyceride (%)______________________________________Rhizopus delemar SEIKAGKU KOGYO 43.3 CO., LTD.Phizopus japonicus OSAKA SAIKIN LABO- 43.7 RATORIES CO., LTD.Asperigillus niger AMANO SEIYAKU 40.2 CO., LTD.Candida cylindracea MEITO SANGO 46.8 CO., LTD.Geotrichum candidum SEIKAGAKU KOGYO 37.6 CO., LTD.Alcaligenes sp. MEITO SANGYO 38.5 CO., LTD.Pancreatin lipase SIGMA CHEMICAL 40.0 COMPANY______________________________________
EXAMPLE 7
A 10 g amount of natural oil shown in Table 7 and 10 g of stearic acid were mixed with 40 mg of the commercial lipase of Rhizopus delemar, 40 ml of n-hexane, 0.1 g of glycerin, and 1.0 g of Celite. The mixture was stirred in a closed container for 3 days at 30.degree. C. The triglyceride product was separated from the resultant reaction mixture by the manner described in Example 1. The stearic acid content of the triglyceride was measured by gas chromatography.
The results are shown in Table 7.
TABLE 7______________________________________ Stearic acid cont. (%) in reactantRaw oil used in raw triglyceride triglyceride______________________________________Fractionated palm oil 6.3 34.9(liquid phase)Cocunut oil 3.7 37.5Oleic safflower oil 2.2 36.9Olive oil 2.9 31.8Soybean oil 4.1 33.5Rapeseed oil 2.3 31.1Linseed oil 3.0 32.3Safflower oil 2.8 31.7Rice oil 1.8 28.7Camellia oil 2.1 31.6Peanut oil 4.9 33.0Sesame oil 5.3 34.5Sunflower oil 3.2 34.3Cottonseed oil 3.3 32.2Corn oil 2.8 35.4Tallow 24.5 43.5Lard 15.3 41.2______________________________________
EXAMPLE 8
A 1.0 g amount of one of the synthetic triglycerides shown in Table 8 and 1.0 g of a fatty acid were mixed with 4 mg of the commercial lipase of Rhizopus delemar, 4.0 ml of petroleum benzine, 0.01 g of glycerine, and 0.1 g of Celite. The mixture was stirred in a closed container for 3 days at 30.degree. C.
The triglyceride was separated from the resultant reaction mixture by the manner described in Example 1. The fatty acid contents of the triglyceride were measured by gas chromatography.
The results are shown in Table 8.
TABLE 8______________________________________Synthetic Fatty acid* cont.Trigly- in triglyceride (mol %)ceride Fatty acid C.sub.12:0 C.sub.14:0 C.sub.16:0 C.sub.18:0 C.sub.18:1 C.sub.18:2______________________________________Trilaurin -- 98.1 1.1 --Trilaurin Stearic acid 60.5 -- 0.7 31.9 6.9Trimyristin -- 1.3 97.8 0.9Trimyristin Stearic acid 56.0 0.5 43.1 0.5Tripalmitin -- 2.1 90.5 7.4Tripalmitin Stearic acid 73.7 26.4Tristearin -- 0.5 99.5Tristearin Palmitic acid 37.2 62.8Triolein -- 0.5 99.1 0.3Triolein Stearic acid 0.9 31.4 67.8______________________________________ *C.sub.12:0 Lauric acid *C.sub.14:0 Myristic acid C.sub.16:0 Palmitic acid *C.sub.18:0 Stearic acid *C.sub.18:1 Oleic acid *C.sub.18:2 Linoleic acid
EXAMPLE 9
A 10 g amount of oleic safflower oil or 10 g of coconut oil, and 10 g of one of the fatty acids shown in Table 9 were mixed with 40 ml of petroleum benzine, 20 mg of the commercial lipase of Rhizopus delemar, 0.05 g of glycerine, and 1.0 g of Celite. The mixture was stirred in a closed container for 3 days at 34.degree. C.
The triglyceride was separated from the resultant reaction mixture by the manner described in Example 1. The fatty acid content of the triglyceride was measured by gas chromatography.
The results are shown in Table 9 and Table 10.
TABLE 9______________________________________INTERESTERIFICATION OF OLEIC SAFFLOWER OIL Fatty acid* cont. in triglyceride (mol %)Fatty acid C.sub.10:0 C.sub.12:0 C.sub.14:0 C.sub.16:0 C.sub.18:0 C.sub.18:1 C.sub.18:2______________________________________Capric acid 20.9 0.4 3.8 2.1 0.9 56.5 15.1Lauric acid 0.2 26.9 1.5 3.4 1.2 51.2 15.6Myristic acid 0 0.3 28.5 3.3 1.1 52.8 13.9Palmitic acid 0 0 0.1 28.3 1.6 56.1 14.2Stearic acid 0 0 0 3.9 23.3 57.9 14.9(raw oil) 0 0 0 5.7 1.9 74.3 18.1______________________________________ *C.sub.10:0 Capric acid
TABLE 10______________________________________INTERESTERIFICATION OF COCONUT OIL Fatty acid cont. in triglyceride (mol %)Fatty acid C.sub.10:0* C.sub.12:0 C.sub.14:0 C.sub.16:0 C.sub.18:0 C.sub.18:1 C.sub.18:2______________________________________Oleic acid 11.7 40.9 14.0 8.3 2.4 21.0 1.8Linoleic acid 10.3 37.1 15.3 9.7 3.0 7.1 17.5(raw oil) 14.2 38.9 17.9 10.3 3.7 8.3 6.6______________________________________ *C.sub.10:0 This symbol indicates a fatty acid mixture which includes capric acid, caprylic acid caproic acid, and butyric acid. (The carbon atom number is not larger than 10.)
EXAMPLE 10
A 10 g amount of oleic safflower oil and 10 g of palmitic acid were mixed with 40 ml of petroleum benzine, 40 mg of one of the commercial lipases shown in Table 11, 1.0 g of Celite, and 0.05 ml of glycerin. This mixture was stirred in a closed container for 3 days at 30.degree. C. The resulting triglyceride product was separated from the resultant reaction mixture by the manner described in Example 1. The fatty acid content of the triglyceride product was measured by gas chromatography.
The results are shown in Table 11.
TABLE 11______________________________________ Fatty acid cont. in triglyceride (mol %)Lipase C.sub.16:0 C.sub.18:0 C.sub.18:1 C.sub.18:2______________________________________ -- 6.2 2.2 75.5 17.0Rhizopus delemar 40.1 0.8 48.4 21.1Aspergillus niger 40.2 1.2 47.3 11.2Candida cylindracea 47.0 2.0 42.2 9.1______________________________________
The fatty acid content at the 2-position of the triglyceride product was analyzed by the method written in the "Yukagaku", vol. 20, page 284 (1971) published by the Japan Oil Chemists, Society.
The results are shown in Table 12.
TABLE 12______________________________________ Fatty acid cont. in 2-position of triglycerideLipase C.sub.16:0 C.sub.18:0 C.sub.18:1 C.sub.18:2______________________________________ -- 0.2 0.5 77.2 23.2Rhizopus delemar 2.1 0.1 75.0 23.0Asperigillus niger 14.1 0.1 67.8 18.2Candida cylindracea 34.0 0.1 54.1 13.2______________________________________
As shown in Table 12, when the lipase of Rhizopus delemar was used, palmitic acid reacted almost entirely at the 1 and 3 positions, and did not react at the 2-position. On the other hand, when the lipase from Aspergillus niger was used, about a tenth of the palmitic acid reacted at the 2-position. When the lipase from Candida cylindracea was used, the interesterification reaction was not selective.
EXAMPLE 11
A 0.1 ml amount of glycerine, 40 mg of the commercial lipase of Rhizopus delemar, and 5.0 ml of ethanol were added to 1.0 g of Celite, and the mixture was stirred sufficiently. Ethanol was removed under reduced pressure. The lipase adhered to the Celite carrier.
A 10 g amount of palm fractionated oil, 10 g of stearic acid, and 40 ml of petroleum benzine were mixed with the carrier, and the mixture was stirred in a closed container for 3 days at 30.degree. C. The carrier was removed from the resultant reaction mixture by filtration and was washed with 40 ml of petroleum benzine. The washed solution was added to the oil phase, and petroleum benzine was removed under reduced pressure. Thereafter, with the molecular distillation of the fatty acid, monoglycerides, diglycerides, and the like were removed, and oil A was produced. (Yield: 89%).
A mixture of 10 g of oleic safflower oil, 5 g of palmitic acid, and 5 g of stearic acid, and a mixture of 10 g of olive oil, 10 g of palmitic acid, and 10 g of stearic acid were each treated by the process described above. Oil products B and C were respectively produced. (Yield: oil B; 88%, oil C; 90%).
The fatty acid contents in oil A, oil B and oil C are shown in Table 13.
TABLE 13__________________________________________________________________________ Fatty acid cont. in Fatty acid cont. in 2-position triglyceride (mol %) of the triglyceride (mol %)Oil C.sub.16:0 C.sub.18:0 C.sub.18:1 C.sub.18:2 C.sub.16:0 C.sub.18:0 C.sub.18:1 C.sub.18:2__________________________________________________________________________Raw palm oil 38.9 6.0 33.7 11.8 15.8 0.5 64.1 19.7Oil A 25.2 34.9 31.5 8.5 11.4 0.5 71.1 17.0Raw oleicsafflower oil 5.7 1.1 76.2 16.8 0 0 77.3 22.7Oil B 24.7 35.1 31.2 8.0 10.8 0 71.5 17.7Raw olive oil 14.1 2.9 76.0 6.9 1.8 0 91.9 6.1Oil C 27.1 32.3 39.0 1.7 7.3 6.5 81.6 4.6Naturalcocoabutter 24-30 30-38 30-39 2-4 4-16 3-8 70-84 6-9__________________________________________________________________________
The fatty acid content in the oils and the fatty acid contents in the 2-position of the triglyceride of oil A, oil B, and oil C resemble natural cocoa butter.
EXAMPLE 12
A 10 g amount of olive oil, and 20 g of stearic acid were mixed with 40 ml of n-hexane, 40 mg of the commercial lipase of Rhizopus delemar, 0.1 ml of glycerin, and 1 g of Celite. The mixture was stirred in a closed container at 30.degree. C. A 10 g amount of palmitic acid was added 22 hours thereafter. The mixture was stirred in a closed container at 30.degree. C. for 24 hours more. The resultant reaction mixture was subjected to filtration, and the remaining insoluble material was washed with 40 ml of n-hexene. The filtrate (oil phase) and n-hexene were mixed and evaporated to dryness under a reduced pressure at 45.degree. C. (Oil A).
For comparative purposes the mixture to which 10 g of palmitic acid was added previously was treated in the same manner (Oil B).
The fatty acid content in the triglyceride and in the 2-position of the triglyceride was measured. The slip melting point was measured according to the method described in: "Official and Tentative Methods of the Japan Oil Chemists' Society" (2.3.4.2-71). The saturated triglyceride was analyzed by the peak area of the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) pattern.
The results are shown in Table 14.
TABLE 14______________________________________Fatty acid cont. in Fatty acid cont. in 2-triglyceride (mol %) position of the triglycerideOil C.sub.16:0 C.sub.18:0 C.sub.18:1 C.sub.18:2 C.sub.16:0 C.sub.18:0 C.sub.18:1 C.sub.18:2______________________________________Oil A 28.2 32.3 39.4 4.1 7.2 5.8 82.1 4.3Oil B 35.1 19.4 46.7 4.9 13.2 7.8 62.2 4.9Naturalcocoabutter 27.1 33.4 36.2 4.3 6.0 4.0 83.0 7.0______________________________________ Slip melting point (.degree.C.) Saturated triglyceride______________________________________Oil A 30.1 --Oil B 39.8 ++Naturalcocoabutter 29.6 --______________________________________
Having now fully described the invention, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth herein.

Number	Name	Date	Kind
4032405	Tatsumi et al.	Jun 1977
4056442	Huang et al.	Nov 1977

Method of producing improved glyceride by lipase

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