Patent Application
20190366275
The present invention relates to a method of producing a separation membrane in which a zeolite membrane is formed on an inorganic oxide porous substrate.
This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-5155, filed on Jan. 16, 2017, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Patent Literature 1 discloses a method of obtaining a separation membrane by treating a filmy material including a zeolite seed crystal, an organic structure directing agent, and silica with water vapor.
Patent Literature 2 discloses a method in which a dry gel obtained by mixing a zeolite raw material, an aluminum-containing material, and an organic structure directing agent in water and then drying them is reacted in water vapor to synthesize an aluminum-containing zeolite.
Patent Literature 3 discloses a method of forming a separation membrane, in which a substrate formed with a zeolite seed crystal on a surface thereof is immersed in a solution containing a zeolite precursor and a structure directing agent, and heat-treated in a pressure resistant container to grow a zeolite alignment membrane from the seed crystal.
Patent Literature 1: JP-A-2001-31416
Patent Literature 2: JP-A-2001-89132
Patent Literature 3: WO 2007/58388 A
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of producing a separation membrane in which a zeolite membrane is formed on an inorganic oxide porous substrate having amorphous SiO2 as a main component of a zeolite formation portion of the substrate, the method including: a first step of forming a zeolite seed crystal and an alkaline component including a structure directing agent on a surface of the substrate, and a second step of treating a formed product obtained in the first step under a heated steam atmosphere, in which the zeolite membrane is formed on the surface of the substrate.
In a hydrothermal synthesis method of the related art, a zeolite component is supplied from a solution side and a zeolite crystal grows from a surface with a seed crystal as a nucleus. Therefore, an oriented crystal membrane grows. In such a zeolite separation membrane having high orientation, since a separation factor becomes low due to a leak at a particle boundary, it is necessary to increase a membrane thickness in order to make the separation factor high. On the other hand, when the membrane thickness is increased, a permeation flux decreases. For this reason, a membrane structure in which both the permeation flux and a separation ratio are improved is required.
In a separation membrane formation by hydrothermal synthesis of the related art, since it is necessary to discard a non-reacted solution containing a structure directing agent, there is also a problem in terms of production costs. Furthermore, alumina is often used as a substrate, and the alumina may elute from the substrate during zeolite growth. There is a possibility that hydrophobicity of the zeolite membrane may be reduced.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method of producing a separation membrane, which is excellent in separability even with a thin thickness of the zeolite membrane and has a large permeation flux, by forming a dense non-oriented membrane, while being excellent in terms of manufacturing costs.
According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a method of producing a separation membrane, which is excellent in separability even with a thin thickness of the zeolite membrane and has a large permeation flux, by forming a dense non-oriented membrane, while being excellent in terms of manufacturing costs.
First, contents of an embodiment of the present invention will be listed and described.
A method of producing a separation membrane according to an embodiment of the present invention is as follows.
(1) A method of producing a separation membrane in which a zeolite membrane is formed on an inorganic oxide porous substrate having amorphous SiO2 as a main component of a zeolite formation portion of the substrate includes: a first step of forming a zeolite seed crystal and an alkaline component including a structure directing agent on a surface of the substrate, and a second step of treating a formed product obtained in the first step under a heated steam atmosphere, in which the zeolite membrane is formed on the surface of the substrate.
According to this configuration, it is possible to provide a method of producing a separation membrane, which is excellent in separability even with a thin thickness of the zeolite membrane and has a large permeation flux, by forming a dense non-oriented membrane, while being excellent in terms of manufacturing costs.
(2) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to (1), the alkaline component may be an aqueous solution including an organic ammonium hydroxide.
According to this configuration, since the zeolite membrane is formed of only a silica component and organic ammonium, a separation membrane with very few impurity components can be formed and it is possible to suppress elution of impurities from the substrate or the membrane.
(3) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to (1) or (2), the alkaline component may be an aqueous solution including an organic ammonium halogen salt and an alkali metal hydroxide.
According to this configuration, since the component is more stable than the organic ammonium hydroxide and an alkali concentration can be adjusted by a concentration of the alkali metal hydroxide, it is possible to construct a process in which substrate breakage or the like due to excess alkali is hard to occur.
(4) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (3), the method may further include a third step of drying the alkaline component of the surface of the substrate, between the first step and the second step.
According to this configuration, it is possible to prevent the alkaline component from leaking out and it is possible to suppress irregularity in thickness of the membrane formed on the surface of the substrate.
(5) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (4), in the first step, the zeolite seed crystal is formed on the surface of the substrate, and then the alkaline component may be applied to the surface of the substrate.
According to this configuration, a position of a seed crystal can be controlled to improve compactness of the zeolite membrane.
(6) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to (5), the formation of the zeolite seed crystal on the surface of the substrate may be performed by electrophoresis in an organic solvent.
According to this configuration, a position and a density of the seed crystal can be controlled to further improve the compactness of the zeolite membrane.
(7) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (6), the substrate may be formed of an amorphous body including 90% by mass or more of SiO2.
According to this configuration, since the substrate is a high silica substrate, it is possible to suppress elution of alumina, an alkali element, boron, and the like present in the substrate, to maintain hydrophobicity of the membrane, and to exhibit excellent separability.
(8) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (7), the substrate may be formed of an amorphous body including 99% by mass or more of SiO2.
According to this configuration, since the substrate is a high Ica substrate, it is possible to suppress elution of alumina, an alkali element, boron, and the like present in the substrate, to maintain hydrophobicity of the membrane, and to exhibit excellent separability.
(9) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (8), the substrate may include less than 1% by mass of Al2O3.
According to this configuration, since the substrate is a high silica substrate, it is possible to further suppress elution of alumina, to maintain hydrophobicity of the membrane, and to exhibit excellent separability. In addition, since a slight amount of dissolved alumina makes it possible to improve alkali resistance of the silica substrate, during a treatment of forming a membrane of zeolite, it is possible to maintain strength of the substrate by suppressing the elution from the substrate.
(10) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (9), a specific surface area of the zeolite formation portion of the substrate may be 5 m2/g or larger and 400 m2/g or smaller.
When the specific surface area is 5 m2/g or larger, it is preferable in that the amount of the structure directing agent that can be supported on the surface is sufficient, and when the specific surface area is 400 m2/g or smaller, it is preferable in that the amount of supported structure directing material does not excessive.
(11) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (10), a concentration of the structure directing agent in the alkaline component may be 0.05 M or more.
Within this range, it is desirable in that the elution from the substrate is optimized and the crystal growth is caused to proceed.
(12) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (11), a concentration of the structure directing agent in the alkaline component may be 0.3 M or less.
Within this range, it is effective in that consumption of the substrate is suppressed. When it is more than the range, there are concerns that the elution from the substrate may occur due to the alkaline component and deterioration such as a decrease in strength may be caused.
(13) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (12), the amount of H2O used to set to the heated steam atmosphere may be twice or more the amount of saturated water vapor.
Within this range, it is preferable in that the amount of water vapor supplied to a membrane formation region is sufficient.
(14) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (13), the amount of H2O used to set to the heated steam atmosphere may be 20 times or less the amount of saturated water vapor.
Within this range, it is desirable in that the supply amount does not become excessive. When it is more than 20 times, there is a concern that tendency that a defect is likely to occur in a membrane structure may become stronger.
(15) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (14), the treating under the heated steam atmosphere in the second step may be performed for 4 hours or longer.
Within this range, it is desirable from a viewpoint of crystal growth. Furthermore, when it is 8 hours or longer, it is more preferable in that a zeolite crystal structure is stabilized.
(16) In the method of producing a separation membrane according to any one of (1) to (15), the treating under the heated steam atmosphere in the second step may be performed for 36 hours or shorter.
When it is longer than this range, the crystallinity may deteriorate due to factors such as elution of the crystal component, and there is a concern that production time may increase.
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
1. Separation Membrane
A separation membrane 20 has a substantially cylindrical shape and has an inorganic oxide porous substrate 21 having a central hole 24. A zeolite membrane 22 is formed on an outer periphery of the porous substrate 21. A shape of the separation membrane can be any shape such as a planar shape, but in order to make a contact area with a fluid wider in terms of separation efficiency, a tubular shape is adopted in the present embodiment.
The separation membrane 20 can be used in a gas separation membrane that utilizes a molecular sieving effect or hydrophilic/hydrophobicity, a pervaporation membrane, a membrane separation reactor, and the like. In particular, it can be suitably used as a separation membrane for ethanol/water separation.
1-1. Inorganic Oxide Porous Substrate
As the inorganic oxide porous substrate 21 used in the present embodiment, a main component of a portion (a surface portion of the substrate) in which the zeolite membrane 22 is formed according to the present embodiment may be amorphous SiO2. For example, a substrate in which amorphous SiO2 is formed on a surface of the substrate such as alumina, or a substrate in which a whole substrate is formed of amorphous SiO2 can be used. In addition, the substrate 21 is preferably formed of an amorphous body including 90% by mass or more of SiO2. The substrate 21 is further preferably an amorphous body including 99% by mass or more of SiO2. The substrate 21 particularly preferably includes Al2O3 at less than 1% by mass.
When a content ratio of SiO2 of the substrate increases and a content ratio of Al2O3 and impurities decreases, the elution of Al2O3, an alkali element, boron, and the like present in the substrate to the zeolite membrane 22 is suppressed and it is possible to maintain hydrophobicity of the separation membrane 20. In addition, since a slight amount of dissolved alumina makes it possible to improve alkali resistance of the silica substrate, during a treatment of forming a membrane of zeolite, it is possible to maintain strength of the substrate by suppressing the elution from the substrate.
Since the porous substrate 21 supports the thin membrane without substantially interfering fluid permeation in the zeolite membrane 22, a porosity of the porous substrate 21 may be 35% to 70%, and an average pore size may be 250 nm to 600 nm. The “porosity” can be calculated as a proportion of a pore volume per unit volume.
Furthermore, a thickness of the porous substrate 21 is not particularly limited, and is preferably 0.2 mm to 5 mm, and more preferably 0.5 mm to 3 mm, in view of a balance between mechanical strength and gas permeability.
In addition, the specific surface area of the zeolite formation portion of the porous substrate 21 may be 5 m2/g or larger and 400 m2/g or smaller. When it is smaller than 5 m2/g, since a surface area is small, there is a concern that the amount of the structure directing agent that can be supported on a particle surface may be insufficient. In addition, an elution amount of the silica component by the alkaline component is insufficient, so there is a concern that complete conversion to zeolite may not be possible. On the other hand, when the specific surface area is larger than 400 m2/g, there is a concern that a supported amount of the structure defining material may be excessive. In addition, the silica component may be excessively eluted more than necessary due to the permeation of the alkaline component into the substrate and a substrate strength may decreases, in some cases.
From the viewpoint of the former, it is desirable that an appropriate specific surface area is 10 m2/g or larger in which a size of the particle present in the surface of the porous substrate 21 is 0.5 μm or smaller. From the viewpoint of the latter, it is desirable that the appropriate specific surface area is 100 m2/g or smaller, in which the size of the particle is 50 nm or more.
1-2. Zeolite Membrane
The zeolite membrane 22 formed on the porous substrate 21 obtained according to the present embodiment is a compact membrane compared to a zeolite membrane obtained by a hydrothermal synthesis method of the related art. Therefore, even when a membrane thickness of the zeolite membrane 22 of the present embodiment is thin, it is possible to provide a separation membrane, which is excellent in separability and has a large permeation flux.
In a diffraction pattern obtained by X-ray diffraction measurement using a CuKα ray as an X-ray source, when, as a standard, using an intensity of a diffraction peak appearing at diffraction angles of 7.3° to 8.4° at which a crystal lattice plane belongs to 011 and/or 101 planes, in the zeolite membrane 22, an intensity of a diffraction peak appearing at diffraction angles of 8.4° to 9.0° at which a crystal lattice plane belongs to 200 and/or 020 planes is preferably 0.3 or more and more preferably 0.4 or more.
Furthermore, in the diffraction pattern obtained by the X-ray diffraction measurement using the CuKα ray as the X-ray source, when, as a standard, using the intensity of the diffraction peak appearing at diffraction angles of 7.3° to 8.4° at which the crystal lattice plane belongs to 011 and/or 101 planes, in the zeolite membrane 22, an intensity of a diffraction peak appearing at diffraction angles of 22.7° to 23.5° at which a crystal lattice plane belongs to 501 and/or 051 planes is preferably 0.5 or more and more preferably 0.6 or more.
In the diffraction pattern obtained by the X-ray diffraction measurement using the CuKα ray as the X-ray source, when, as a standard, using the intensity of the diffraction peak appearing at diffraction angles of 7.3° to 8.4° at which the crystal lattice plane belongs to 011 and/or 101 planes, in the zeolite membrane 22, an intensity of a diffraction peak appearing at diffraction angles of 12.9° to 13.5° at which a crystal lattice plane belongs to 002 plane is preferably 0.25 or less.
In the diffraction pattern obtained by the X-ray diffraction measurement using the CuKα ray as the X-ray source, when, as a standard, using the intensity of the diffraction peak appearing at diffraction angles of 7.3° to 8.4° at which the crystal lattice plane belongs to 011 and/or 101 planes, in the zeolite membrane 22, an intensity of a diffraction peak appearing at diffraction angles of 26.8° to 27.2° at which a crystal lattice plane belongs to 104 plane is preferably 0.2 or less.
For the X-ray diffraction measurement, for example, the measurement can be performed using a powder X-ray diffractometer D8 ADVANCE (manufactured by BRUKER Corporation), under an acceleration voltage of 40 KV, a current of 40 mA, a light source of CuKα, and a measurement angle of 5° to 80°.
A thickness of the zeolite membrane 22 is not particularly limited, and is preferably 0.5 μm to 30 μm. When the thickness is smaller than 0.5 μm, there are concerns that a pinhole is likely to be generated in the zeolite membrane 22 and sufficient separability cannot be obtained. In addition, when the thickness is more than 30 μm, a permeation rate of the fluid may too decrease, and it may be difficult to obtain practically sufficient permeation performance, in some cases.
2. Method of Producing Separation Membrane
As shown in a flowchart in
2-1. First Step
In the first step, the zeolite seed crystal and the alkaline component including the structure directing agent are formed on the surface of the inorganic oxide porous substrate 21 by the method such as application. The zeolite seed crystal is a zeolite particle produced by a method of producing standard zeolite particle. A particle size of the zeolite seed crystal is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 5 μm or smaller, and preferably 3 μm or smaller.
The structure directing agent is an agent of an organic compound forming a hole of zeolite, and for example, a quaternary ammonium salt such as tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide, tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide, tetrapropyl ammonium bromide, and tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide, and trimethyl adamantan ammonium salt are used.
The alkaline component represents an alkaline aqueous solution, and is preferably an aqueous solution including an organic ammonium hydroxide and/or an organic ammonium halogen salt and an alkali metal hydroxide. Examples of the organic ammonium hydroxide include tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide (TPAOH). Examples of the organic ammonium halogen salt include tetrapropyl ammonium bromide (TPABr). Examples of the alkali metal hydroxide include sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
In a case of using the aqueous solution including the organic ammonium hydroxide as the alkaline component, since the zeolite membrane is formed of only the silica component and the organic ammonium, a separation membrane with very few impurity components can be formed and it is possible to suppress elution of impurities from the substrate or the membrane. In addition, in a case of using the aqueous solution including the organic ammonium halogen salt and the alkali metal hydroxide as the alkaline component, since the component is more stable than the organic ammonium hydroxide and the alkali concentration can be adjusted by a concentration of the alkali metal hydroxide, it is possible to construct a process in which substrate breakage or the like due to excess alkali is hard to occur.
In addition, the concentration of the structure directing agent in the alkaline component is preferably 0.05 M or more, in terms of proceeding of crystal growth. Furthermore, it is effective and preferable that the concentration of the structure directing agent in the alkaline component is 0.3 M or less, in terms of suppression of consumption of the substrate.
The formation of the zeolite seed crystal on the surface of the inorganic oxide porous substrate 21 can be performed, for example, by a method of immersing the inorganic oxide porous substrate 21 in an aqueous dispersion of the zeolite seed crystal and withdrawing. In this case, it is also possible to form the alkaline component to the surface of the inorganic porous substrate 21 by application simultaneously with the seed crystal, by adding the alkaline component to the aqueous dispersion of the zeolite seed crystal.
In addition, the formation of zeolite seed crystal can be performed also by preparing a zeolite-dispersed polymer membrane, winding the zeolite-dispersed membrane on a support outer surface, and baking off the polymer portion. In this case, dried zeolite powder is dispersed in a chloroform or an acetone solvent, and then polymethyl methacrylate is added and stirred. Thereafter, a polymer membrane in which the zeolite seed crystal is dispersed is prepared by a casting method. This membrane on the inorganic oxide porous substrate 21 is wound and bonded and then baked at 550° C. in air. Accordingly, a seed crystal layer can be formed on the surface of the inorganic oxide porous substrate 21.
In the present embodiment, the zeolite seed crystal may be formed on the inorganic oxide porous substrate 21 by electrophoresis. According to this method, a position and a density of the seed crystal can be controlled, and it is possible to further improve the compactness of the zeolite membrane 22 finally obtained. The electrophoresis is performed in a manner that, an inside of the porous substrate 21 whose upper and lower sides are sealed is filled with an organic solvent such as acetone, and an outside thereof is filled with an organic solvent in which the zeolite seed crystal is dispersed, and a voltage is applied to an electrode inside the porous substrate 21 and electrode on a container side, accordingly, the seed crystal is attached to the surface of the substrate 21. The electrophoresis is performed, for example, by applying 50 V of a voltage for 5 minutes. After attaching the seed crystal, the substrate 21 is pulled out of the solution and dried. Thereafter, formation of the seed crystal on the substrate 21 is completed, for example, by heat treatment at 300° C. for 6 hours.
After the seed crystal is attached by the electrophoresis, the upper and lower sides of the seed crystal-attached porous substrate are sealed, and dipped in TPAOH aqueous solution and then pulled up. Accordingly, an alkaline component can be formed on the surface by application. The TPAOH aqueous solution is preferably 0.05 M or more and 0.5 M or less, and for example, 0.1 M TPAOH aqueous solution can be used.
In addition, when the alkaline component on the substrate 21 is dried, the thickness and the concentration unevenness of the alkaline component on the substrate 21 can be suppressed, which is preferable.
3-2. Second Step
The formed product obtained in the first step is placed in a hydrothermal treatment container including 0.5% to 5% by volume of water per a container volume, and heat treatment is performed at 140° C. to 180° C. for a predetermined time, for example, 24 hours. Accordingly, the zeolite membrane can be formed on a periphery of the seed crystal.
In addition, the amount of water to be contained in the hydrothermal treatment container and used to set to the heated steam atmosphere is preferably twice or more the amount of saturated water vapor, because the water vapor supply to the membrane formation region is sufficiently performed. When the amount of water to be contained in the hydrothermal treatment container is more than 20 times the amount of saturated water vapor, there is a concern that a defect is likely to occur in a membrane structure. The amount of saturated water vapor (WH2O-S) is water vapor mass at a saturated water vapor pressure (Ps) at a heat treatment temperature (T) at a unit volume (1 m3), and a unit thereof is g/m3. In a case of the mass in the container volume (V), it becomes WH2O-S×V (g). The amount of saturated water vapor can be obtained by determining a saturated water vapor pressure (P(t)) at a predetermined temperature using an approximation, and converting it into the water vapor amount from a gas equation.
As approximation of the saturated water vapor pressure, there is a Wagner equation, which is as follows.
P(t)=Pc·exp[(Ax+Bx1.5+Cx3+Dx6)/(1−x)] [Equation 1]
Here, Pc=221200 [hPa]: critical pressure, Tc=647.3 [K]: critical temperature, x=1−(t+273.15)/Tc, A=−7.76451, B=1.45838, C=−2.7758, D=−1.23303 (A to D: coefficients).
From the obtained saturated water vapor pressure P(t), the molar number of water vapor per unit volume is determined by the gas equation P/RT=n/V, and the amount of saturated water vapor is obtained from the molecular weight of water.
In addition, it is preferable that the treatment under the heated steam atmosphere in the second step is performed for 4 hours or longer from the viewpoint of crystal growth. Furthermore, when it is 8 hours or longer, it is more preferable in that a zeolite crystal structure is stabilized. Here, when the treatment time is longer than 36 hours, crystallinity may deteriorate due to factors such as elution of the crystal component, and there is a concern that production time may increase.
The formed product obtained through the first and second steps is washed and then dried and baked at 350° C. to 600° C. for a predetermined time, for example, baked for 12 hours. Accordingly, the structure directing agent is burnt out to form the separation membrane 20.
According to the production method of the present embodiment, by using a small amount of the structure directing agent, it is advantageous compared to the hydrothermal synthesis method of the related art, from the viewpoint that it is possible to obtain a separation membrane having excellent separability and large permeation flux, and a viewpoint of costs.
Hereinafter, results of the evaluation test using examples according to the present invention are shown, and the present invention will be described in more detail. The present invention is not limited to these Examples.
(Porous Silica Substrate)
A porous silica tube with an outer diameter of 10 mm, an inner diameter of 8.4 mm, a length of 300 mm, a porosity of 64%, and an average pore size of 500 nm was created by an external CVD method and a tube obtained by cutting the porous silica tube into 30 mm of length was used as the porous silica substrate.
(Seed Crystal Attached Porous Silica Substrate)
Using colloidal silica, TPABr, sodium hydroxide, and distilled water, as raw materials, and these were mixed such that a molar ratio of SiO2:TPABr:NaOH:H2O becomes 1:0.2:0.1:40, and were stirred at a room temperature for 60 minutes to obtain a sol for generating a seed crystal. This sol was reacted in a container made of polypropylene under stirring conditions for 144 hours at 100° C., to synthesize MIDI-type zeolite crystal (Silicalite-1). The zeolite crystal was collected by suction filtration, washed with hot water, and subjected to drying for 10 hours at 60° C. to obtain a high silica zeolite seed crystal with a particle size of approximately 1 μm. As the colloidal silica, Cataloid SI-30 (registered trademark) (SiO2 30.17%, N2O 0.4%, H2O 69.43%) manufactured by Catalysts & Chemical Industries, Co. Ltd. was used.
0.5 g of high silica zeolite seed crystal was added to 100 mL of an acetone solvent and ultrasonically dispersed for 30 minutes. An inside of the porous silica substrate whose upper and lower sides were sealed was filled with only an acetone solvent, and an outside thereof was filled with an acetone solvent in which the high silica zeolite seed crystal was dispersed, and a 50 V of a voltage was applied to an electrode inside the substrate and an electrode on a container side for 5 minutes, accordingly, the seed crystal was attached to the surface of the substrate. This was pulled out of the solution, dried in air for 30 minutes, and heat treated at 344° C. for 6 hours to prepare a seed crystal attached porous silica substrate.
Upper and lower sides of the seed crystal attached porous silica substrate were sealed, and the entire substrate was immersed in 0.1 M TPAOH aqueous solution and then pulled up. This was dried at 60° C. for 1 hour. Thereafter, the substrate was installed in a hydrothermal treatment container (in-container volume: 120 cc) containing water in a range of 1 g to 12 g, without touching the water, and heat treated at 160° C. for 24 hours to form a zeolite membrane on the surface of the substrate. After heat treatment, the formed product was washed, and dried at 60° C. for 10 hours, and then baked at 375° C. for 40 hours. Accordingly, the structure directing agent was removed to obtain separation membranes of Examples 1-1 to 1-5. The separation membranes in Examples 1-1 to 1-5 respectively represent separation membranes in which the amounts of water contained in the hydrothermal treatment container were 1 g, 3 g, 6 g, 9 g, and 12 g, respectively.
A structure of the surface of each of the obtained separation membranes was analyzed using a BRUKER powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) apparatus D8 ADVANCE. In addition, measurement was performed under conditions of an acceleration voltage of 40 KV, current of 40 mA, a light source of CuKα, and a measurement angle of 5° to 80°. In addition, the surface and a form of the cross section of the obtained separation membrane were observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
In a case where a hydrothermal container volume at 160° C. was 120 ml, the amount of saturated water vapor was 0.37 g. From the result, it can be seen that the water addition amount was preferably 3 g or more, which is much larger than the amount of saturated water vapor. In addition, it is assumed that, in a case of 3 g or more, since the crystal form significantly changes and voids between crystals are confirmed, the water amount is preferably 3 to 10 times the amount of saturated water vapor. Of course, since this value may change depending on a container volume, a membrane formation substrate area, and the like, it is a value applicable to the present membrane forming conditions as a reference value.
In order to examine the influence of heat treatment time, a series of experiments shown below were conducted. Upper and lower sides of the seed crystal attached porous silica substrate were sealed, and the entire substrate was immersed in 0.1 M TPAHO aqueous solution and then pulled up. This was dried at 60° C. for 1 hour. Thereafter, the substrate was installed in a hydrothermal treatment container (in-container volume: 120 cc) containing 3 g of water, without touching the water, and heat treated at 160° C. for 2 to 48 hours to form a zeolite membrane on the surface of the substrate. After heat treatment, the formed product was washed, and dried at 60° C. for 10 hours, and then baked at 375° C. for 40 hours. Accordingly, the structure directing agent was removed to obtain separation membranes of Examples 2-1 to 2-8. The separation membranes of Examples 2-1 to 2-8 represent separation membranes in which the heat treatment times were 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, and 48 hours, respectively. The structure of the surface of the obtained separation membrane was evaluated by XRD analysis and observation of the membrane structure by SEM, under the same conditions as those in Example 1.
(Pervaporation Test (PV: Pervaporation))
A performance of the separation membrane obtained in Example 2 was evaluated by a pervaporation test. The pervaporation test was conducted by an apparatus shown in a schematic view of
In the table, Jtotal represents a permeation flux, EtOH Conc. represents the ethanol concentration of the permeated liquid, αEtOH represents a separation factor, and PSI represents the pervaporation separation index. Jtotal, αEtOH, and PSI are calculated by the following equations.
The separation factor αEtOH changed with the heat treatment time, reached the maximum value at 24 hours, and then decreased. This tendency is also consistent with the graph (
In order to examine the influence of the concentration of the structure directing agent, a series of experiments shown below were conducted. Upper and lower sides of the seed crystal attached porous silica substrate were sealed, and the entire substrate was immersed in 0.01 to 0.5 M TPAOH aqueous solution and then pulled up. This was dried at 60° C. for 1 hour. Thereafter, the substrate was installed in a hydrothermal treatment container (in-container volume: 120 cc) containing 3 g of water, without touching the water, and heat treated at 160° C. for 24 hours to form a zeolite membrane on the surface of the substrate. After heat treatment, the formed product was washed, and dried at 60° C. for 10 hours, and then baked at 375° C. for 40 hours. Accordingly the structure directing agent was removed to obtain separation membranes of Examples 3-1 to 3-7. The separation membranes of Examples 3-1 to 3-7 represent separation membranes in which TPAOH concentrations in the TPAOH aqueous solution were 0.01 M, 0.05 M, 0.075 M, 0.1 M, 0.125 M, 0.3 M, and 0.5 M, respectively. The structure of the surface of the obtained separation membrane was evaluated by XRD analysis under the same conditions as those in Example 1.
Separation membranes of Examples 4-1 to 4-3 were produced in the same manner as in Example 2-6, except that the membrane thickness of the zeolite membrane was adjusted by changing the seed crystal adhesion amount. Then, the pervaporation test was carried out in the same manner as the evaluation in the separation membrane obtained in Example 2. Results thereof are shown in Table 2.
(Method of Related Art)
Examples 5 to 8 shown below are examples related to a hydrothermal synthesis method of the related art, which will be used as comparative examples with respect to the present invention. Examples 5 to 7 are examples in which a zeolite membrane was formed on a silica substrate by hydrothermal synthesis method, and Example 8 is an example in which the zeolite membrane was formed on an alumina substrate by hydrothermal synthesis method.
Using colloidal silica, TPABr, sodium hydroxide, and distilled water, as raw materials, and these were mixed such that a molar ratio of SiO2:TPABr:NaOH:H2O becomes 1:0.05:0.05:75, and were stirred at 22° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a sol for forming a membrane. The above-described seed crystal attached porous silica substrate was immersed in the sol for forming a membrane, and treated at 160° C. in a hydrothermal treatment container (in-container volume: 120 cc) for 4 to 24 hours to synthesize zeolite with the seed crystal on the substrate as a core. After the heat treatment, the formed product was washed, and dried at 60° C. for 10 hours, and then baked at 375° C. for 60 hours. Accordingly the structure directing agent was removed to obtain separation membranes of Examples 5-1 to 5-4. The separation membranes of Examples 5-1 to 5-4 represent separation membranes in which the heat treatment times were 4 hours, 8 hours, 6 hours, and 24 hours, respectively.
Then, the pervaporation test was carried out in the same manner as the evaluation in the separation membrane obtained in Example 2. Results thereof are shown in Table 3.
From the result of Example 5, it was found that it is possible to obtain a higher separation factor α by an appropriate hydrothermal treatment time even in the hydrothermal synthesis method, but the permeation flux Jtotal remains in the order of 3 [kg/(m2h)].
Using colloidal silica, TPABr, sodium hydroxide, and distilled water, as raw materials, and these were mixed such that a molar ratio of SiO2:TPABr:NaOH:H2O becomes 1:0.005 to 0.1:0.05:75, and were stirred at 22° C. for 60 minutes to obtain a sol for forming a membrane. The above-described seed crystal attached porous silica substrate was immersed in the sol for forming a membrane, and treated at 160° C. in a hydrothermal treatment container (in-container volume: 120 cc) for 12 hours to synthesize zeolite with the seed crystal on the substrate as a core. After the heat treatment, the formed product was washed, and dried at 60° C. for 10 hours, and then baked at 375° C. for 60 hours. Accordingly, the structure directing agent was removed to obtain separation membranes of Examples 6-1 to 6-4. The separation membranes of Examples 6-1 to 6-4 represent separation membranes in which the molar ratios of TPABr to SiO2 were 0.005, 0.001, 0.05, and 0.1, respectively.
Then, the pervaporation test was carried out in the same manner as the evaluation in the separation membrane obtained in Example 2. Results thereof are shown in Table 4.
In the hydrothermal synthesis method, a property of the obtained membrane is likely to change depending on a state of a starting gel. Here, membrane formation results in an aged state without fixing a gel aging temperature to 22° C. in an uncontrolled at room temperature were evaluated.
Using colloidal silica, TPABr, sodium hydroxide, and distilled water, as raw materials, and these were mixed such that a molar ratio of SiO2:TPABr:NaOH:H2O becomes 1:0.005 to 0.1:0.05:75, and were stirred by setting to a room temperature (22° C. to 25° C.) for 60 minutes to obtain a sol for forming a membrane. The above-described seed crystal attached porous silica substrate was immersed in the sol for forming a membrane, and treated at 160° C. in a hydrothermal treatment container (in-container volume: 120 cc) for 12 hours to synthesize zeolite with the seed crystal on the substrate as a core. After the heat treatment, the formed product was washed, and dried at 60° C. for 10 hours, and then baked at 375° C. for 60 hours. Accordingly, the structure directing agent was removed to obtain separation membranes of Examples 7-1 to 7-4. The separation membranes of Examples 7-1 to 7-4 represent separation membranes in which the molar ratios of TPABr to SiO2 were 0.005, 0.001, 0.05, and 0.1, respectively.
Then, the pervaporation test was carried out in the same manner as the evaluation in the separation membrane obtained in Example 2. Results thereof are shown in Table 5.
From the results of Examples 6 and 7, it can be seen that the hydrothermal synthesis method is sensitive to the production conditions of the starting gel of a membrane to be obtained and it is necessary to precisely control the aging temperature of the gel.
High silica zeolite seed crystals were attached by electrophoresis on a porous alumina tube manufactured by Nikkato, of which an outer diameter was 12 mm, an inner diameter was 9 mm, a length was 80 mm, a porosity was 38%, and an average pore size was 1400 nm, to prepare a seed crystal attached porous alumina substrate.
Using colloidal silica, TPABr, sodium hydroxide, and distilled water, as raw materials, and these were mixed such that a molar ratio of SiO2:TPABr:NaOH:H2O becomes 1:0.005:0.05:50 to 150, and were stirred at a room temperature for 60 minutes to obtain a sol for forming a membrane.
The substrate was immersed in the sol for forming a membrane described above, and treated in the hydrothermal treatment container (in-container volume: 120 cc) at 160° C. for 24 hours. Zeolite was synthesized with the seed crystal on the substrate as a core. After heat treatment, the formed product was washed, and dried at 60° C. for 10 hours, and then baked at 375° C. for 60 hours. Accordingly, the structure directing agent was removed to obtain separation membranes of Examples 8-1 to 8-5. The separation membranes of Examples 8-1 to 8-5 represent separation membranes in which the molar ratios of H2O to SiO2 were 150, 125, 100, 75, and 50, respectively.
Then, the pervaporation test was carried out in the same manner as the evaluation in the separation membrane obtained in Example 2. Results thereof are shown in Table 6.
From the result of Example 8, in a case where the alumina substrate was used, it was possible to confirm that both the permeation flux and αEtOH were lower than those in the hydrothermal synthesis method using the silica substrate or a gel free method according to Examples 1 to 4 using the silica substrate. That is, it was confirmed that separation property was improved by using the silica substrate.
(Influence of Synthesis Method and Substrate on Surface Structure of Separation Membrane)
The photographs of the surface of the separation membrane of Example 4-1 and the cross-section thereof orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, obtained by the electron micrograph are shown in
Furthermore,
Also, a structure of the surface of each of the obtained separation membranes of Examples 4-1, 5-4 and 8-1 was analyzed using a powder X-ray diffraction apparatus D8 ADVANCE (manufactured by BRUKER Corporation). In addition, measurement was performed under conditions of an acceleration voltage of 40 KV, current of 40 mA, a light source of CuKα, and a measurement angle of 5° to 80°. Spectra obtained are shown in
From Table 7, compared to the zeolite membrane obtained by the hydrothermal synthesis method using the alumina substrate or the silica substrate, in the zeolite membrane formed by the production method according to the embodiment of the present application, it was confirmed that peak intensities normalized using the intensity of the diffraction peak appearing at diffraction angles of 7.3° to 8.4° at which the crystal lattice plane belongs to 011 and/or 101 planes as a standard were greatly different.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to specific aspects, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017-005155 | Jan 2017 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2018/000849 | 1/15/2018 | WO | 00 |
