Patent Application
20100183797
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of producing starch composition having a high content of less digestible starch, particularly a method of easily and economically producing such the starch composition.
2. Related Art
Now that colon cancer ranks high in causes of death of Japanese, it is generally recommended to intake much dietary fiber being less digestible in the human small intestine. It was found in 1980s that there exists starch being less digestible in the human small intestine, such as dietary fiber. Such the starch is called less digestible starch or resistant starch. Even though the less digestible starch is not digested nor absorbed in the small intestine, it is fermented and decomposed in the large intestine by intestinal bacteria normally living there. Short-chain fatty acid, particularly butyric acid, which is produced by fermentation, acidizes inside of the large intestine and has an effect of keeping the intestine environment fit.
The less digestible starch also has an effect of lowering cholesterol and triglyceride in the liver and the blood. Therefore, it is significant to intake much food containing the less digestible starch for such the purposes and preventing occurrence of the colon cancer.
The less digestible starch content (also referred to as “RS content” hereinafter) in the starch depends on derivation of the starch. For example, the content of high-amylose cornstarch is 20% or more, potato starch about 10%, and flour starch 5% or less. Because a daily allowable intake amount of these starches for human beings is limited, a high RS content in the starch is desirable.
Researches are carried out on increasing the dietary fiber and/or less digestible starch content in the starch by process treatment of the starch. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H10-195105 (Method of producing starch material having a high dietary fiber content, Patent Document 1) describes a method of producing starch material having a high dietary fiber content, comprising a step of putting starch having an amylose content of 30% or more by weight in a pressure-resistant container which has both a decompression line and a pressurized steam line, and a step of applying a pressure and heat by introduction of steam after decompression. A total dietary fiber content (TDF) is evaluated by Prosky official method.
It is now under discussion whether or not less digestible starch is regarded as dietary fiber (Non-patent Documents 1 and 2). Recently, an AOAC official method 2002.02 has been recognized as a method of directly measuring an RS content in starch. Therefore, the RS content in the high-amylose starch which has been heat-moisture treated by employing the above-described conventional technology is reevaluated by the AOAC official method 2002.02. Based on this reevaluation, it is found that the RS content is not substantially increased.
The above-described conventional technology is a so-called “heat-moisture treatment” where high-amylose cornstarch is heated at high temperature under low moisture condition. The heat-moisture treatment is disadvantageous in terms of cost because it requires industrially large scale mechanism for a batch treatment.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H09-012601 (Method of producing amylase resistant granular starch, Patent Document 2) describes a method of producing resistant granular starch where high-amylose starch having a total moisture content of 10 to 80% by weight is heated at temperature of 60 to 160° C. based on an amylose content of at least 40% by weight and a weight of mixture of starch and water. According to this invention, it is possible to produce starch having a total dietary fiber content of at least 12%. This invention is also intended to increase the total dietary fiber content in the starch as well as Patent Document 1.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2006-320325 (Producing Process and usage of flour composition having increased total dietary fiber, Patent Document 3) describes flour composition which is prepared by heating high-amylose flour having a total moisture content of approximately 10 to 50% by weight at a temperature of approximately 80 to 160° C. for approximately 0.5 to 15 minutes with a target temperature. According to this invention, it is possible to increase the total dietary fiber (TDF) content by hot-water treating the high-amylose flour for short time. This invention is also intended to increase the total dietary fiber content in the starch as well as Patent Documents 1 and 2.
Published Japanese Translation of a PCT Application No. H08-503123 (High-amylose starch and resistant starch fraction, Patent Document 4) describes a dietary fiber including high-amylose starch derived from corn which is obtained by fractionating high-amylose starch having amylose content of 85% or more based on grain size and/or starch fraction of increased resistance starch content. An invention of Patent Document 4 is provided to remove easy digestible starch from high-amylose cornstarch being an ingredient. The obtained rate of less digestible starch is as low as about 36% at maximum. Further, yield becomes extremely low because starch of as high as about 47% should be removed to obtain such the rate.
Non-patent Document 1: Kenichiro Kanaya, Requirement for analyzing dietary fiber, Journal of Japanese Association for Dietary Fiber Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2006, p 113-114
Non-patent Document 2: Science of Dietary Fiber, p. 148-149 (ed. by Keisuke Tsuji, published by Asakura Shoten)
Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H10-195105
Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H09-012601
Patent Document 4: Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H08-503123
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of easily and economically producing starch having a high content of less digestible starch.
In deep consideration of the above-described object, the inventors found that unexpectedly, there exist conditions of efficiently transforming into less digestible starch when amylose content starch is hot-water treated and they reached the present invention.
Therefore, the present invention provides a method of producing starch having a high content of less digestible starch comprising contacting amylose content starch with hot water at a temperature of 160 to 260° C. which has a pressure corresponding to a saturated vapor pressure at that temperature or more.
The less digestible starch content in the starch having processed by the producing method of the present invention is measured by an AOAC official method 2002.02.
An ingredient used in the producing method of the present invention is preferably high-amylose cornstarch. In this specification, “high-amylose cornstarch” means a cornstarch having an amylose content which is 40% by weight of the total starch.
Further, the amylose content of the high-amylose cornstarch is preferably 50 to 85% by weight.
According to the producing method of the present invention, the hot-water treatment is preferably carried out for 0.1 to 60 minutes at a temperature of 170 to 230° C.
Further, the hot-water treatment is preferably carried out not in a powder state but in a slurry state. Specifically, it is preferably carried out at moisture of 50% or more on starch dry weight. In this specification, moisture means moisture on dry starch base (dry starch base %).
It is found that in the starch having the increased content of less digestible starch which is obtained according to the producing method of the present invention, a crystallization degree is increased compared with the ingredient starch and the conventional heat-moisture treated products. Such the starch is novel one. Therefore, the present invention also provides a starch having an increased content of less digestible starch and an increased crystallization degree more than those of the ingredient starch, which is obtained by the above-described producing method.
Specifically, the less digestible starch content is 50 to 70% by weight of a total starch amount and the crystallization degree is 12 to 300.
The starch having the increased crystallization degree and the increased content of less digestible starch is nearly spherical, specifically a rate of those having a ratio of 2.0 or more between a short diameter and a long diameter is ordinarily 5% or less in terms of number average.
The present invention also provides food mixed with the starch having the increased crystallization degree and the increased content of less digestible starch which is obtained according to the producing method of the present invention.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2005-87987 describes a method of producing less digestible dextrin from potato waste using a steam blasting device. Despite rich starch in the potato ingredient, the producing method of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2005-87987 is different in reaction condition from that of the present invention. Therefore, product obtained according to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2005-87987 is low-molecular hydro-soluble dextrin and it is absolutely different from the starch having an increased RS content which is obtained according to the producing method of the present invention.
According to the present invention, for example, if high-amylose cornstarch is used for ingredient, it is possible to increase the RS content by 40% by weight to 70% by weight or more from the initial content, depending conditions. Further, according to the producing method of the present invention, processes are easier and more suitable for continuous treatment and it is possible to make production costs more reasonable, compared with conventional methods.
Hereinafter, one embodiment of the present invention is explained in reference to attached drawings.
The starch as an ingredient to be fed into the reaction apparatus of the continuous type and the batch type is not limited as long as amylose is contained. Therefore, a waxy cornstarch containing no amylose and a starch having low amylose content are not suitable for ingredient of the present processing method. The starch used in the present invention may be modified or unmodified.
Specific examples of the starch containing amylose are cornstarch, wheat starch, rice starch, mung bean starch, potato starch, sweet potato starch, tapioca starch, sago starch, kudzu starch, banana starch and others. Among these, the cornstarch which has considerably high amylose content is preferable.
Further, among the cornstarches, a high-amylose cornstarch which has especially high amylose content is the best ingredient for increasing RS content. An amylose content of the high-amylose cornstarch is, ordinarily 40 to 90% by weight, preferably 50 to 85% by weight, to a total amount of starch.
The ingredient starch and purified water are fed into the reaction apparatus. Or the ingredient is suspended in the purified water and subsequently fed into the reaction apparatus. It is preferable that total amount of the starch in the reaction is uniformly dispersed in a water phase or in a state of slurry. For that purpose, moisture in the hot-water reaction is ordinarily 50 to 98% and preferably 60 to 95%. In the case of moisture of 50% or less, fluidity of the slurry decreases and ununiformity increases inside the reaction apparatus, so that there are possibilities of locally insufficient reaction and carbonization because a thermal decomposition reaction proceeds too fast. On the contrary, in the case of 98% or more, it is not economical because losses and wastewater amount increase during the collection of starch after the reaction.
A reaction temperature is 160 to 260° C., preferably 170 to 230° C. In the case of temperature of 160° C. or less, reaction time increases and it is not industrially appropriate. On the contrary, in the case of 260° C. or more, there are possibilities of generation of organic acid or carbonization because the thermal decomposition reaction proceeds too fast in short time. Further, because the reaction apparatus becomes easily corrosive due to high temperature and high pressure, the reaction container requires higher pressure resistance.
A reaction pressure is a pressure corresponding to the saturated vapor pressure at the reaction temperature or more, preferably in a range of 0 to 22 Mpa higher than the saturated vapor pressure at the reaction temperature. Therefore, water inside the reaction container is substantially in a state of water phase (liquid phase).
Although a reaction time is appropriately adjusted depending on the reaction temperature, it is ordinarily 0.1 to 120 minutes, preferably 0.1 to 60 minutes. When the reaction temperature is 170° C., the reaction time is 5 to 60 minutes and when the reaction temperature is 230° C., it is 0.1 to 2 minutes.
After the reaction, the content is rapidly cooled into ordinary temperature. After the pressure is returned to an ordinary pressure, deposit or suspension inside the apparatus is collected. The collection method is not specifically limited. After being collected by spontaneous sedimentation, centrifugal separation, filtration, filter press, or the like, the deposit may be dried by a method such as ventilation, decompression, fluid bed, air current, atomization, or the like. Further when coagulation is found, it may be smashed, granulated, and sieved. In the case of rigid gel state, it may be left evaporated and dried, and then washed to remove soluble component. In such way, the starch having high RS content is obtained.
According to the present producing method, it is possible to increase an RS content to 1.1 to 2 times, particularly 1.2 to 1.6 times of the initial content while maintaining a starch yield. Specifically, RS content of the starch obtained by the present producing method which is measured by an AOAC official method 2002.02 is ordinarily 40 to 75% by weight, particularly 50 to 70% by weight.
According to the producing method of the present invention, a reaction temperature and moisture are high comparing with the conventional heat-moisture producing method. Starch obtained by the present producing method is different in property from the existing amylose content starch and heat-moisture treated products as well as increased RS content.
Specifically, the starch obtained according to the producing method of the present invention is nearly spherical (ratio between short diameter and long diameter: 1.0 to 1.1). Particularly, corded grain (ratio between short diameter and long diameter: 2.0 or more) characteristic of the high-amylose cornstarch are barely found and grains become relatively uniform. Specifically, a percentage of those having a ratio between short diameter and long diameter is 2.0 or more is ordinarily 5% or less, particularly 1% or less in terms of number average.
The starch obtained according to the producing method of the present invention increases crystallization degree more than that of the ingredient. Although crystallization degree of the high-amylose cornstarch in the pretreatment state is 11.4%, it increases to ordinarily 12 to 30%, particularly 18 to 20% when the producing method of the present invention is applied.
The above-described crystallization degree is measured by the following procedures. A sample is thinly spread in a petri dish and kept with sulfuric acid aqueous solution of 25% by weight in the desiccator for two days. Calcium fluoride CaF2 is added as an internal standard to the sample thus reaching equilibrium moisture at relative humidity of 81.7% and the sample is provided for X-ray diffraction. Specifically, a measurement sample of 95 mg and CaF2 of 5 mg are uniformly mixed in a mortar and the mixture is uniformly coated on the sample plate for X-ray crystal analysis at measurement conditions of X-ray tube: Cu, voltage: 40 kV, current: 40 mA, scan rate: 2°/min., scan step: 0.02°, divergence slit: 1°, dispersion slit: 1°, and luminescence slit: 0.15 mm. An obtained X-ray diffraction diagram is smoothed at a smoothing point of 19 to eliminate a background. A crystallization degree is a rate of a peak relative area of respective starch samples to a CaF2 peak area of an X-ray diffraction diagram having treated.
It is advantageous that increase of starch crystallization degree improves less digestibility in terms of nutritive function and controls food deterioration (aging and coagulation of the starch) in terms of property because of small amount of amylose elution due to heat during food processing.
Further, in the less digestible starch obtained by the present producing method, a grain is spherical so that texture in the mouth (roughness and dryness) is improved when it is applied to foods.
With respect to the less digestible starch which is obtained by the present producing method and has the above-described property and shape, functions similar to a dietary fiber (improvement of intestinal environment, control of rise in blood sugar level, and improvement of fat metabolism) are expected. Besides, the less digestible starch is very useful as a mixed material for proving delicious foods in which taste is not lowered nor texture is deteriorated during long storage when it is mixed in foods peculiar to dietary fiber-mixed foods. Therefore, the present invention provides foods containing a starch which has increased crystallization degree and increased RS content obtained by the present producing method. Specific examples of foods are sweets, snack foods, bread, cake, doughnut, bakery products, noodles, cereal, grains, cooked rice foods, fried foods, livestock processed foods, fishery processed foods and others. A mixture amount of the starch of the present invention appropriately changes depending on usage, ordinarily 1 to 50% by weight, particularly 5 to 20% by weight, to a total amount of food.
Hereinafter, although the present invention is explained in more detail by giving examples, it is not limited thereto.
A commercially available high-amylose cornstarch (product name: HS-7, manufactured by J-Oil Mills, Inc., hereinafter abbreviated to HAS) is prepared. HAS amylose content is 82% by weight. HAS micrograph is shown in
Meanwhile, waxy cornstarch (product name: Waxy cornstarch Y, manufactured by J-Oil Mills, Inc., hereinafter abbreviated to WS) is prepared.
RS content of HAS starch is measured as described below in compliance with AOAC official method 2002.02. First, HAS is effected by pancreatic α-amylase and amyloglucosidase at 37° C. for 16 hours and digestible starch is solubilized and hydrolyzed. Ethanol is added to stop reaction and less digestible starch is collected by a centrifugal machine. Thus collected less digestible starch is dissolved with 2MKOH, neutralized with acetic acid buffer solution, and hydrolyzed into glucose with amyloglucosidase. Thus obtained glucose is measured by glucose oxidase-peroxidase, and RS content of HAS is found 41%. On the other hand, RS content of WS is measured in a similar way and the content is found 0%.
A batch-type reaction apparatus 20 shown in
A salt bath 22 (product name: Thermometer Inspecting Bath CELSIUS600H, manufactured by Thomas Kagaku Co., Ltd.) is used for keeping high temperature of a reaction pipe 21 constant. Mixed salt (melting point: 140° C.) having potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite which are mixed at a rate of 1:1 is used for a heat medium inside the salt bath. The reaction apparatus 20 further has a basket (height: 7 cm, width: 20 cm, depth: 3 cm) which is kept in the reaction pipe and an agitator 24 for agitating samples inside the reaction pipe by vertically swinging the basket.
A pressure inside the reaction pipe is assumed equal to a saturated vapor pressure of water. Ratio of respective phases to a volume inside the pipe is expressed by the following formula:
V=V
s
+V
1
+V
2 (1)
[V: reaction pipe volume (cm3), Vs: (dried) starch volume (cm3), V1: water phase (liquid phase) volume (cm3), V2: gas phase volume (cm3)]
Further, relation between a (dried) starch preparation amount (g) and a water preparation amount is expressed by the following formula:
m
w
+m×w=V
1/ν1+V2/(ν2×ρ) (2)
[V, Vs, V1 and V2 are same as the above description. mw: water preparation amount (g), m: (dried) starch weight (g), w: water content rate, ν1: specific water volume (cm3/g) in water phase, ν2: specific water volume (cm3/g) in gas phase, p: water density (g/cm3)]
In the case of starch 0, a water preparation amount V which is allowed to be fed in the reaction pipe is:
V1=V=8.2 g
Therefore, a water amount being a reaction pipe volume at a hot-water treatment temperature becomes 8.2/ν1 (g). A maximum water phase amount is 80% for allowing a portion of gas phase.
Sample solution is prepared by dissolving the ingredient starch with purified water to make moisture shown in Table 1. Here, the moisture of the ingredient starch are 13.1% for HAS and 12.5% for WS. Such the sample solution of 5.0 ml is filled in the reaction pipe 21 shown in
Next, hot-water treatment is carried out by the reaction pipe is submerged in a constant-temperature bath. Specifically, after the reaction pipe 21 fed with the starch and water is placed on a basket 23, the reaction pipe 21 with the basket 23 as a whole is submerged in the salt bath 22 of a temperature shown in Table 1. Further reaction is carried out in conditions shown in Table 1.
During the hot-water treatment, the reaction pipe 21 is vertically swung with the above-described agitator 24 at intervals of 35 times/min. Subsequently, the above-described reaction pipe 21 is drawn from the salt bath 22 and cooled by water.
Thus water-cooled reaction pipe 21 is shaken well to uniform the contents. The cap is opened, whole amount of the contents of the pipe is transferred to a test tube with a push stick having a chip made by Viton. The contents inside the reaction pipe are discharged and external observation is carried out.
Water is added to the test tube to make volume approximately 45 ml. Subsequently it is spun down by centrifugal treatment (3000 rpm×15 minutes). After centrifugal separation, deposit is collected.
The deposit is depressurized and dried and RS content is measured. The RS content is measured in compliance with AOAC official method 2002.02. A result is shown in Table 1.
As shown in Table 1, the RS contents of Examples 1 to 9 increase from 41% of the ingredient starch to maximum 66% depending on conditions.
When RS contents of a conventional high-amylose heat-moisture treated product (product name: LODESTAR, manufactured by Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd.) is measured according to AOAC official method 2002.02, the RS content is 43%. In other words, it is found that the heat-moisture treated product does not increase less digestible starch (RS) which is evaluated by AOAC official method 2002.02 so much, although it increases total amount of dietary fiber (TDF) which is evaluated by Prosky method, compared with high-amylose cornstarch. On the contrary, RS content of the starch obtained by the present producing method significantly increases compared with the heat-moisture treated product.
Based on a result of
HAS with respect to the hot-water treated product of the present invention, whereas the endothermic peak temperature is shifted to a high temperature side with respect to the conventional heat-moisture treated product. Based on comparison with the hot-water treated product of the present invention and HAS, an endothermic peak portion in a low temperature side decreases. Based on this result too, it is confirmed that the hot-water treated product of the present invention is different from the conventional heat-moisture treated product and HAS in a property (gelatinization property) as well as a structure.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007-164019 | Jun 2007 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2008/001528 | 6/13/2008 | WO | 00 | 12/28/2009 |
