Patent Application
20220112571
This disclosure relates to a method of producing a steel material, an apparatus that cools steel material, and a steel material.
One of the longest steel materials is a rail for railways. In particular, a rail where a rail head section has a pearlite structure high in hardness is, for example, produced as follows.
First, bloom cast by continuous casting is reheated to 1100° C. or more and, thereafter, hot rolled by rough rolling and finish rolling to have a predetermined rail shape. The rolling method in each rolling step is performed by a combination of caliber rolling and universal rolling, or by only caliber rolling, and such rough rolling is performed for a plurality of passes and such finish rolling is performed for a plurality of passes or a single pass. The rail here usually has a length of about 50 m to 200 m by hot rolling.
Next, an unsteady section at an end of the rail hot rolled is hot sawn (hot sawing step). When a heat treatment apparatus is here limited with respect to the length, further sawing is performed so that a predetermined length (for example, 25 m) is achieved.
After the hot sawing step, a coolant (air, water, mist, or the like) is sprayed to the rail in a cooling apparatus, thereby performing forced cooling (heat treatment step). In the heat treatment step, the rail is restricted by a restraint apparatus such as a clamp, and the coolant is sprayed to a head section, a foot section, and also, if necessary, a web. The cooling apparatus usually performs cooling until the temperature of the head section of the rail reaches 650° C. or less. After such forced cooling is completed, the rail is released from the restraint apparatus, and further conveyed to a cooling bed and cooled to 100° C. or less.
When the rail for railways is, for example, a rail for use in a severe environment where heavy goods such as coal and iron ore are transported from mines having natural resources such as coal, such a rail is demanded to have high wear resistance and high toughness and, therefore, the heat treatment step is required. The heat treatment is performed, thereby enabling the rail to be high in hardness and decreasing the amount of wear in use and, therefore, the effects of increasing the rail replacement period and decreasing the life-time cost are achieved. When the variation in hardness is large in the longitudinal direction of the rail, however, is not preferable because the amount of wear is larger at a low-hardness section than a high-hardness section, thereby not only increasing the vibration in train running, but also decreasing the replacement period. Thus, there is demanded a heat treatment method that allows the rail to be small in the variation in hardness and high in hardness.
For example, JP H03-166318 A discloses a method of suppressing a cooling rate to 7° C./sec or less, as a method of decreasing the variation in hardness of a rail.
Moreover, J P 2003-193126 A discloses a method of oscillating an H-shaped steel in an amount obtained by an Equation with the pitch between nozzles being adopted as a parameter in accelerated cooling of the H-shaped steel, as a method of uniformly cooling a steel material. Furthermore, J P 2006-55864 A discloses a method of oscillating a steel material at a distance 5 times to 10 times the distance in the longitudinal direction of the material of a guide roller, as a method of uniformly cooling a steel material.
The method described in JP '318 can decrease the influence of the variation in temperature at the start of a heat treatment in the longitudinal direction of a steel material on the variation in hardness. In the heat treatment, however, when the variation in cooling rate is caused in the longitudinal direction of a steel material, uniform hardness is not achieved. Therefore, it is difficult to produce a steel material uniform in material properties in the longitudinal direction.
While the methods described in JP '126 and JP '864 can alleviate the reduction in cooling rate due to a weak cooling section generated in cooling equipment, it is difficult to provide a uniform cooling rate when the variation in cooling rate is caused between cooling headers in the longitudinal direction of a steel material. Therefore, it is difficult to produce a steel material uniform in material properties such as hardness in the longitudinal direction.
It could therefore be helpful to provide a method of producing a steel material uniform in material properties in the longitudinal direction, an apparatus that cools steel material, and a steel material.
We thus provide:
(m−0.20)×Lh≤Lo≤(m+0.20)×Lh (1)
Lo: conveyance distance (m) of steel material
m: natural number
Lh: length (m) of cooling sections in longitudinal direction of steel material.
We thus provide a method of producing a steel material uniform in material properties in the longitudinal direction, an apparatus that cools steel material, and a steel material.
In the following detailed description, many particular details are described to provide a complete understanding of examples of our methods, cooling apparatus and steel materials. It, however, will be apparent that one or more aspects can be carried out even without such particular details. Additionally, well-known configurations and apparatuses are schematically illustrated to simplify the drawings.
First, an apparatus 2 that cools steel material according to one example is described with reference to
As illustrated in
The head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c have coolant-spraying outlets arranged at pitches of several mm to 100 mm, and the coolant-spraying outlets of each of the head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c are provided oppositely on each of the head top surface (end surface in the z-axis positive direction) and the head side surfaces (both end surfaces in the x-axis positive direction) of the head section 11. The head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c each spray a coolant supplied from a supply section not illustrated, to the head top surface and the head side surface of the head section 11, thereby subjecting the head section 11 to forced cooling. The coolant to be used is air, spray water, mist or the like. Respective pressure measurement apparatuses 211a to 211c are also provided on coolant supply pathways of the head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c, and the coolant spray pressure is monitored.
The foot section-cooling header 22 has coolant-spraying outlets arranged at pitches of several mm to 100 mm, and the coolant-spraying outlets are provided opposite to the lower surface (end surface in the z-axis negative direction) of the foot section 13. The foot section-cooling header 22 sprays a coolant supplied from a supply section not illustrated, to the lower surface of the foot section 13, thereby subjecting the foot section 13 to forced cooling, as in the head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c. The coolant to be used is air, spray water, mist or the like, as in the head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c. A pressure apparatus 221 is also provided on a coolant supply pathway of the foot section-cooling header 22, and the coolant spray pressure is monitored.
The head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c and the foot section-cooling header 22 each have the same length in the y-axis direction. The cooling headers are heated from the rail 1 and thus thermally deformed, thereby causing warpage (the generation mechanism of such warpage is described below) to be generated. The amount of warpage of the cooling headers, generated at the same curvature, increases with the square of the length of the cooling headers in the z-axis direction. Therefore, the length of the cooling headers in the z-axis direction is preferably shorter. On the other hand, an increase in the number of the cooling headers provided in the z-axis direction for a decrease in the length of the cooling headers is not preferable because there are required many feed ports of the coolant as well as many measurement devices and control devices of the amount of coolant spray (for example, a pressure gauge, a flow meter, and a flow regulator) mounted to the cooling headers and a pipe arrangement. Accordingly, the length of the cooling headers in the z-axis direction is needed to be a proper length, and is preferably 0.5 m or more and 4 m or less. The head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c and the foot section-cooling header 22 provided side by side in the y-axis direction are preferably provided as close as possible so that any cooling irregularity is not caused.
The pair of clamps 23a and 23b is an instrument that sandwiches each of both ends of the foot section 13 in the x-axis direction to thereby support and restrain the rail 1. The pair of clamps 23a and 23b is plurally provided over the entire length in the longitudinal direction of the rail 1 and are several meters apart.
The thermometer 24 in the apparatus is a non-contact thermometer such as a radiation thermometer, and measures the surface temperature of at least one point on the head top surface of the head section 11.
The conveyance section 25 is a conveyance mechanism connected to the pair of clamps 23a and 23b, and is an apparatus that conveys the pair of clamps 23a and 23b in the y-axis direction, thereby conveying the rail 1 in the cooling apparatus 2. The detail of a conveyance operation of the conveyance section 25 is described below.
In the cooling apparatus 2 configured above, the amount of the coolant sprayed from each of the head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c and the foot section-cooling header 22 is adjusted by a control section not illustrated. The control section here acquires the temperature measurement result of the thermometer 24 in the apparatus, and the amount sprayed is adjusted, as needed, based on the temperature measurement result acquired.
As illustrated in
Next, a method of producing a steel material according to an example is described. A perlite-based rail 1 is produced as a steel material. The rail 1 that can be used is, for example, steel including the following chemical component composition. Herein, Equation by “%” with respect to each chemical component means “% by mass,” unless especially noted.
C (carbon) is an important element that forms cementite in a perlite-based rail, resulting in increases in hardness and strength and enhancement in wear resistance. If the C content is less than 0.60%, however, such effects are less exerted. The C content is thus preferably 0.60% or more, more preferably 0.70% or more. On the other hand, if C is excessively contained, an increase in the amount of the cementite can be achieved to result in increases in hardness and strength, but deterioration in ductility is conversely caused. Moreover, an increase in the C content expands the temperature range of the γ+θ region, and promotes softening of a welded heat affected zone. In consideration of such adverse effects, the C content is preferably 1.05% or less, more preferably 0.97% or less.
Si (silicon) is added to enhance a deoxidizer and a pearlite structure in a rail material, but such an effect is less exerted if the content is less than 0.1%. Therefore, the Si content is preferably 0.1% or more, more preferably 0.2% or more. On the other hand, if Si is excessively contained, decarburization is promoted and generation of surface defects of the rail 1 is promoted. Therefore, the Si content is preferably 1.5% or less, more preferably 1.3% or less.
Mn (manganese) has the effects of decreasing the temperature of perlite transformation and finning the perlite lamellar spacing and, therefore, is an element effective to maintain high hardness inside the rail 1. If the Mn content is less than 0.01%, however, the effects are less exerted. Therefore, the Mn content is preferably 0.01% or more, more preferably 0.3% or more. If the Mn content is more than 1.5%, the equilibrium transformation temperature (TE) of perlite is lowered, and martensitic transformation easily occurs in the structure. Therefore, the Mn content is preferably 1.5% or less, more preferably 1.3% or less.
P (phosphorus) causes deterioration in toughness and ductility, if the content thereof is more than 0.035%. Therefore, the P content is preferably made lower. Specifically, the P content is preferably 0.035% or less, more preferably 0.025% or less. If special refining or the like is here performed to decrease the P content as much as possible, cost rise is caused in smelting. Therefore, the P content is preferably 0.001% or more.
S (sulfur) forms coarse MnS extending in the rolling direction and resulting in deterioration in ductility and toughness. Therefore, the S content is preferably made lower. Specifically, the S content is preferably 0.030% or less, more preferably 0.015% or less. If the S content is here decreased as much as possible, cost rise in smelting is remarkably caused due to increases in smelting treatment time and the amount of a solvent. Therefore, the S content is preferably 0.0005% or more.
Cr (chromium) increases the equilibrium transformation temperature (TE), contributes to fining of the perlite lamellar spacing, and increases hardness and strength. Cr, when used in combination with Sb, is also effective in inhibiting a decarburization layer from being generated. Therefore, the Cr content is preferably 0.1% or more, more preferably 0.2% or more. If the Cr content is more than 2.0%, not only the possibility of the occurrence of welding defects is increased, but also hardenability is increased, and generation of martensite is promoted. Therefore, the Cr content is preferably 2.0% or less, more preferably 1.5% or less.
The total content of Si and Cr is desirably 2.0% or less. The reason is because, if the total content of Si and Cr is more than 2.0%, an excessive increase in scale adhesiveness can inhibit scale peeling and promote decarburization.
Sb (antimony) has a remarkable effect of preventing decarburization during heating of a rail steel material in a heating furnace. In particular, Sb is added together with Cr, to thereby have the effect of reducing generation of a decarburization layer, when the Sb content is 0.005% or more. Therefore, the Sb content is preferably 0.005% or more, more preferably 0.01% or more. If the Sb content is more than 0.5%, the effect is saturated. Therefore, the Sb content is preferably 0.5% or less, more preferably 0.3% or less.
The steel for use as the rail 1 may further contain, in addition to the chemical composition, one or more elements of Cu: 0.01% or more and 1.0% or less, Ni: 0.01% or more and 0.5% or less, Mo: 0.01% or more and 0.5% or less, V: 0.001% or more and 0.15% or less, and Nb: 0.001% or more and 0.030% or less.
Cu (copper) is an element that can provide much higher hardness by solid solution strengthening. Cu also has the effect of suppressing decarburization. To expect such an effect, the Cu content is preferably 0.01% or more, more preferably 0.05% or more. If the Cu content is more than 1.0%, surface cracking due to embrittlement in continuous casting and/or rolling easily occurs. Therefore, the Cu content is preferably 1.0% or less, more preferably 0.6% or less.
Ni (nickel) is an element effective to enhance toughness and ductility. Moreover, Ni is an element also effective to suppress Cu cracking by addition as a composite with Cu. Therefore, when Cu is added, Ni is desirably added, and the Ni content is more preferably 0.05% or more. If the Ni content is less than 0.01%, however, such effects are not exerted. Therefore, the Ni content is preferably 0.01% or more. If the Ni content is more than 0.5%, hardenability is increased, and generation of martensite is promoted. Therefore, the Ni content is preferably 0.5% or less, more preferably 0.3% or less.
Mo (molybdenum) is an element effective for an increase in strength, but such an effect is less exerted if the content is less than 0.01%. Therefore, the Mo content is preferably 0.01% or more, more preferably 0.05% or more. If the Mo content is more than 0.5%, an increase in hardenability causes martensite to be generated, resulting in extreme deterioration in toughness and ductility. Therefore, the Mo content is preferably 0.5% or less, more preferably 0.3% or less.
V (vanadium) is an element that forms VC, VN or the like and is finely precipitated in ferrite, and that contributes to an increase in strength through precipitation strengthening. V can also be expected to have the effects of serving as a trap site of hydrogen and suppressing delayed fracture. To exert such effects, the V content is preferably 0.001% or more, more preferably 0.005% or more. If V is added in a rate of more than 0.15%, an increase in alloy cost is remarkable relative to saturation of such effects. Therefore, the V content is preferably 0.15% or less, more preferably 0.12% or less.
Nb (niobium) is effective to allow the unrecrystallized temperature region of austenite to be in a higher temperature region and promoting introduction of processing strain into austenite in rolling, thereby fining the sizes of perlite colony and block. Thus, Nb is an element effective for enhancements in ductility and toughness. To exert such effects, the Nb content is preferably 0.001% or more, more preferably 0.003% or more. If the Nb content is more than 0.030%, Nb carbonitride is crystalized in the course of solidification in casting of a rail steel material such as bloom, resulting in deterioration in cleanliness. Therefore, the Nb content is preferably 0.030% or less, more preferably 0.025% or less.
The balance other than the above components is configured from Fe (iron) and inevitable impurities. Up to 0.015% of N (nitrogen), up to 0.004% of O (oxygen), and up to 0.0003% of H (hydrogen) can be allowed to be incorporated as such inevitable impurities. To suppress deterioration in rolling fatigue characteristics due to hard AN and TiN, the Al content is desirably 0.001% or less and the Ti content is desirably 0.001% or less.
In a method of producing the rail 1 according to the example, first, for example, the bloom of the chemical component composition, serving as the material of the rail 1 cast by a continuous casting method, is carried in a heating furnace, and heated to 1100° C. or more.
Next, the bloom heated is rolled in each of a break-down roller, a rough roller and a finish roller for one or more passes, and finally rolled to the rail 1 having a shape illustrated in
The hot rolled or hot sawn rail 1 is conveyed to the cooling apparatus 2 by the carrying-in table 3, and cooled in the cooling apparatus 2 (heat treatment step).
The temperature of the rail 1 here conveyed to the cooling apparatus 2 is desirably in the austenite temperature region. A rail for use in a mine or a curved section is needed to have high hardness and, therefore, rapid acceleration is needed in the cooling apparatus 2 after rolling. Such acceleration fines the perlite lamellar spacing, thereby providing a high-hardness structure, and an increase in the degree of supercooling in transformation, namely, an increase in the cooling rate in transformation can provide such a high-hardness structure. If the structure of the rail 1, however, is transformed before cooling in the cooling apparatus 2, such transformation progresses at an extremely low cooling rate in spontaneous cooling and, therefore, cannot provide a high-hardness structure. Accordingly, when the temperature of the rail 1 is equal to or lower than the lowest temperature in the austenite temperature region at the start of cooling in the cooling apparatus 2, the rail 1 is preferably reheated to any temperature in the austenite temperature region and thereafter subjected to the heat treatment step.
In the heat treatment step, the rail 1 is conveyed to the cooling apparatus 2, and thereafter the rail 1 is restrained by the clamps 23a and 23b. Thereafter, the rail 1 is rapidly cooled by spraying the coolant from each of the head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c and the foot section-cooling header 22. The cooling rate in the heat treatment is preferably changed depending on the desired hardness and, furthermore, the cooling rate may be excessively increased, thereby causing martensitic transformation to occur and impairing toughness. Therefore, the control section monitors the cooling rate based on the result of the temperature measured by the thermometer 24 in the apparatus during cooling, and changes the amount of the coolant to be sprayed. The control section may also be here, if necessary, set to stop spraying of the coolant and perform cooling by spontaneous cooling.
In the heat treatment step, when a plurality of the cooling headers serving as the cooling sections of the cooling apparatus 2 have been provided in portions in the longitudinal direction of the rail, temperature variation has occurred in the longitudinal direction of the rail 1 in some cases. We investigated the cause of the occurrence of the temperature variation, and found as follows. The cooling headers may be close to the rail 1 to achieve a high cooling rate in cooling of the rail 1 having a high temperature. In such a case, the cooling headers are heated by radiation from the rail 1 and/or heat conduction of air, and therefore thermally deformed. Only surfaces of the cooling headers, the surfaces being closer to the steel material, are heated and thermally expended and, therefore, the cooling headers are usually warped so that end portions thereof are away from the rail 1. When the cooling headers are thus deformed, the end portions are away from the rail 1 against the center portion of the cooling headers, thereby resulting in a reduction in the cooling rate at the end portions as compared with the center portion. Therefore, a strong cooling section and a weak cooling section are repeatedly present in the longitudinal direction of the rail 1 at an interval where each of the cooling headers is provided, thereby causing the temperature variation in the longitudinal direction of the rail 1.
We found that such temperature variation can be eliminated by oscillating the rail 1 in the cooling apparatus 2 along with the longitudinal direction of the rail 1 at a predetermined amplitude and conveying it. In other words, in the heat treatment step, the conveyance section 25 conveys the clamps 23a and 23b together with the rail 1 restrained, with oscillation at a predetermined amplitude, in cooling. Such oscillation here means an operation that conveys the rail 1 alternately in the y-axis positive direction and in the y-axis negative direction by a predetermined conveyance distance Lo. The conveyance distance Lo serving as the amplitude of oscillation corresponds to the distance (m) satisfying Equation (1). In Equation (1), m represents a natural number, and Lh represents the length (m) of the cooling headers, being the length of the cooling sections in the longitudinal direction of the rail 1 (y-axis direction), respectively:
(m−0.20)×Lh≤L0≤(m+0.20)×Lh (1).
The conveyance operation of the rail 1 by the conveyance section 25 is described with reference to
Furthermore, the conveyance operation of the rail 1 in the cooling apparatus 2 by the conveyance section 25 is preferably performed continuously during cooling of the rail 1. In other words, when the cooling time of the rail 1 in the heat treatment step is defined as T (min), the conveyance velocity V (mm/min) of the rail 1 is set so that Equation (2) is satisfied. In Equation (2), n represents a natural number:
V=L
h/(T×n) (2).
Furthermore, cooling is performed in the heat treatment step until a final structure made of 100% of perlite, or a final structure having 5% or less of pro-eutectoid ferrite and pro-eutectoid cementite and the balance being perlite or a final structure where perlite and bainite are mixed is obtained. The bainite phase and the cementite phase are impaired in toughness, therefore, a structure made of 100% of the perlite phase is preferable to not generate any failures caused by deterioration in toughness such as sharing, and a final structure is determined depending on the intended use.
As described above, a high-hardness structure is obtained by allowing transformation to occur in the heat treatment and, therefore, the heat treatment completion temperature is needed to be achieved after completion of transformation. While the depth necessary for such a high-hardness structure, however, varies depending on the intended use of the rail 1 and the heat treatment completion temperature cannot be thus clearly limited, cooling is needed to be performed at least until the temperature of the surface of the head section 11 reaches 650° C. or less.
After the heat treatment step, the rail 1 is conveyed to the cooling bed by the discharge table 4, and cooled thereon to a temperature ranging from room temperature to 100° C. Thereafter, the rail 1 is straightened by roller straightening to decrease warpage. The rail 1 then undergoes an examination and thereafter is shipped. Since a section non-straightened is generated at an end in the longitudinal direction of the rail 1 in straightening by roller straightening, cold sawing may also be performed after straightening by roller straightening, without sawing to the length of a final product in hot sawing. The end in the longitudinal direction of the rail 1, in cold sawing, here corresponds to each of both ends in the rolling length and, therefore, any section not-straightened is decreased and warpage is decreased.
A rail 1 uniform in material properties in the longitudinal direction can be produced through the above steps.
Although our methods, cooling apparatus and materials are described above with reference to particular examples, this disclosure is not intended to be limited by such description. Not only various modifications of the examples disclosed, but also other examples are also apparent to those skilled in the art with reference to the detailed description. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the appended claims also cover such modifications or examples encompassed in the scope and gist of this disclosure.
For example, the rail 1 is used as the steel material in the example, but the disclosure is not limited to such an example. For example, the steel material to be produced may be any other steel material product such as a thick plate or a shaped steel. In such a case, the chemical component composition of the steel material product, the configuration of the cooling apparatus 2 and the like are not limited to the examples. Even when the steel material to be produced is the rail 1, any steel having a different chemical component composition from that in the example may be used. As described above, an end surface is involuntarily affected by the coolant sprayed, during cooling and, therefore, the minimum length in the longitudinal direction of the steel material product is three times or more the thickness of the thickest portion of a steel material such as a shaped steel, or three times or more the thickness of a plate material representative of a thick plate, and the maximum length thereof is the rolling length.
While the conveyance distance Lo satisfies Equation (1) in the example, the conveyance distance Lo is preferably a value closer to the integral multiple of the length L of the cooling sections, and preferably satisfies Equation (3):
(m−0.10)×Lh≤Lo≤(m+0.10)×Lh (3).
Thus, the variation in cooling rate, caused in each header unit of the cooling sections, can be more decreased.
While the conveyance section 25 conveys the rail 1 with the rail 1 being oscillated in the heat treatment step in the example, this disclosure is not limited to such an example. For example, the conveyance section 25 may be configured to convey the rail 1 at the conveyance distance Lo in only any one direction of the y-axis positive direction and the y-axis negative direction with the rail 1 being not oscillated.
While the conveyance operation of the rail 1 in the cooling apparatus 2 by the conveyance section 25 in the heat treatment step is continuously performed during cooling of the rail 1 in the example, this disclosure is not limited to such an example. For example, the conveyance operation of the rail 1 in the example may be performed for a time more than half of the cooling time T, after cooling of the rail 1. The conveyance operation is here performed at the conveyance distance Lo satisfying Equation (1), for a predetermined time (time more than half of the cooling time T) from the start of cooling of the rail 1. Thereafter, the conveyance operation is preferably continuously performed for the remaining time of the cooling time T, but the conveyance distance Lo does not necessarily satisfy Equation (1). Thus, the time for which uniform cooling can be made can be at least half of the heat treatment time, thereby decreasing the variation in cooling rate. In such a case, the conveyance velocity V does not necessarily satisfy Equation (2) and, therefore, application to a cooling apparatus 2 that cannot be changed in the conveyance velocity V can also be made.
(1) In a method of producing a steel material according to one example, when a cooling apparatus 2 having a plurality of cooling sections (head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c, and a foot section-cooling header 22) disposed side by side in the longitudinal direction of a steel material cools a steel material hot worked or cooled/reheated, the steel material is conveyed at the conveyance distance Lo (m) satisfying Equation (1), in the longitudinal direction of the steel material, in the cooling apparatus 2.
While the steel material is needed to be cooled at a high cooling rate to provide a high-hardness steel material, as described above, the cooling headers of the cooling apparatus 2 are needed therefor to be cooled by being closer to the steel material. The cooling headers are here heated by radiation or the like from the steel material, and the cooling headers are deformed to be warped in the longitudinal direction. If cooling is performed in such a state, the difference in distance from the steel material is caused in the longitudinal direction of the cooling headers, and thus the variation in the cooling rate (in a strong cooling section and a weak cooling section) is caused in each cooling header unit, resulting in the occurrence of the variation in hardness of the steel material. For example, in production of the rail 1 as the steel material, the rail 1 may be usually cooled with being oscillated at a lower amplitude than that in the example, in the longitudinal direction. The cooling rate is here higher at a position immediately below each coolant-spraying outlet and lower at a position away from the position immediately below each coolant-spraying outlet and, therefore, the rail can be at least conveyed at a distance (several mm to 100 mm) between coolant-spraying outlets, thereby uniformly passing through the position immediately below each coolant-spraying outlet, higher in the cooling rate, and the position away therefrom, lower in the cooling rate. Such conventional oscillation (conveyance operation), however, has not be able to eliminate cooling irregularity caused in each cooling header unit.
On the other hand, the above configuration can allow the steel material to be conveyed at a distance substantially integral multiple of the length Lh of the cooling headers in the longitudinal direction during cooling, thereby allowing respective times, at which the steel material passes through the strong cooling section and the weak cooling section, to be the same at each position in a region corresponding to the conveyance distance Lo in the longitudinal direction of the steel material. Therefore, the variation in cooling rate, caused in each cooling header unit, can be decreased, thereby allowing a steel material uniform in material properties such as hardness in the longitudinal direction to be obtained. Furthermore, the distance between the cooling headers and the steel material can be shorter and, therefore, a high cooling rate can be achieved and the steel material can have high hardness.
(2) In conveyance of the steel material in configuration (1) above, the steel material is conveyed with being oscillated, and the amplitude of such oscillation is set at the conveyance distance Lo satisfying Equation (1).
Such a configuration can allow a long total conveyance distance to be achieved even when the length of the cooling apparatus does not have sufficient margin relative to the length in the longitudinal direction of the steel material.
(3) In configuration (1) or (2), the steel material is a rail material.
Such a configuration can allow a rail material less in the variation in material properties in the longitudinal direction to be obtained as a rail material being a long steel material. For example, when the rail material is a high-hardness rail 1, the variation in cooling in the heat treatment step can be suppressed within 20° C. or less, and as a result, the variation in hardness can be suppressed within an HV of 13 or less at a depth position of 1 mm from the surface and within an HV of 10 or less at a depth position of 5 mm therefrom.
(4) An apparatus 2 that cools steel material according to one example is a cooling apparatus 2 that cools steel material hot worked or cooled/reheated, including a plurality of cooling sections (head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c, and a foot section-cooling header 22) disposed side by side in the longitudinal direction of the steel material, and a conveyance section 25 that conveys the steel material at the conveyance distance Lo (m) satisfying Equation (1), in the longitudinal direction of the steel material in the cooling apparatus 2, during cooling of the steel material in the cooling sections.
Such a configuration can allow the same effect as in configuration (1) above to be obtained.
(5) A steel material according to one example is a steel material produced by hot working or cooling/reheating and thereafter cooling in a cooling apparatus 2 having a plurality of cooling sections (head section-cooling headers 21a to 21c, and a foot section-cooling header 22) disposed side by side in the longitudinal direction, wherein, during cooling in the cooling apparatus 2, the steel material is produced with being conveyed at the conveyance distance Lo (m) satisfying Equation (1), in one direction along with the longitudinal direction of the steel material in the cooling apparatus 2.
Such a configuration can allow the steel material to be uniformly cooled in the longitudinal direction, thereby providing a steel material uniform in material properties in the longitudinal direction.
Next, Example 1 is described. First, before Example 1, a rail 1 being a steel material was produced in a different conveyance distance Lo condition from the example, as Conventional Examples, and the material properties thereof were evaluated.
In the Conventional Examples, first, a bloom of a chemical component composition in Condition A represented in Table 1 was cast by using a continuous casting method. The balance of the chemical component composition of the bloom was here substantially Fe, specifically Fe and inevitable impurities.
Next, the bloom cast was reheated to 1100° C. or more in a heating furnace, thereafter taken out from the heating furnace, and hot rolled through a break-down roller, a rough roller and a finish roller so that the cross-sectional shape was the final shape (rail shape illustrated in
Furthermore, the rail 1 hot rolled was conveyed to a cooling apparatus 2, and the rail 1 was cooled (heat treatment step). Since the rail 1 was here rolled at the inverted position as a rolling position, the rail 1, when carried in the cooling apparatus 2, was inverted, and was allowed to be at an erect position illustrated in
During cooling in the cooling apparatus 2, such cooling was performed in a condition where the rail 1 was not conveyed at all and in a condition where the rail 1 was conveyed at a conveyance distance Lo of 1 m, in the Conventional Examples. The length Lh of the cooling headers was 4 m, and the rail 1 was conveyed at only a total distance of 4 m with being oscillated in the cooling apparatus 2, in the condition where the rail 1 was conveyed.
After completion of the heat treatment, the rail 1 was taken out from the cooling apparatus 2 onto a discharge table 4, and the surface temperature of the head section 11 of the rail 1 after cooling was measured by use of an exit side thermometer 5 provided on the discharge table 4 as illustrated in
Thereafter, the rail 1 was conveyed to a cooling bed and cooled in the cooling bed until the temperature reached room temperature to 100° C. and, thereafter, straightening was performed by a roller straightening machine to produce a rail 1 being a final product. Thereafter, the rail 1 produced was cold sawn to thereby take a sample, and the hardness of the sample taken was measured. The sample was here taken at a pitch of 1 m relative to the total length of the rail 1, and the Vickers hardness test was performed as hardness measurement at depth positions of 1 mm and 5 mm from the surface at the center in the width direction of the head section 11 of the rail 1.
The cooling conditions and the evaluation results of material properties in the Conventional Examples are represented in Table 2. In Conventional Examples 1 to 3 where the distance between the cooling headers and the rail was 50 mm, the variation in temperature in the entire length was within 20° C. and the variation in hardness at each position where the sample was taken was also within an HV of 20 at a depth of 1 mm and within an HV of 10 at a depth of 5 mm. In Conventional Examples 4 to 9 where the distance between the headers and the rail was 20 mm, the variation in temperature in the entire length was within 120° C., the variation in hardness was within an HV of 120 at a depth of 1 mm and within an HV of 60 at a depth of 5 mm, and material properties were confirmed not to be uniform. The reason for this was considered because, when the distance between the cooling headers and the rail was 50 mm, the influence of radiation from the rail 1 was smaller and therefore the amount of warpage of the cooling headers was smaller, and the variations in temperature and hardness were smaller. On the other hand, it was considered with respect to the condition where the distance between the cooling headers and the rail was 20 mm that the cooling headers were heated by radiation of the rail 1 and thus the cooling headers were thermally deformed considerably and, therefore, the variations in temperature and hardness were larger.
When the distance between the cooling headers and the rail was 50 mm, however, a high pressure of 130 kPa exceeding 1 atm was required when the cooling rate is 7° C./sec to obtain a high-hardness structure. Therefore, such is not preferable in terms of facility cost and energy cost. We confirmed from the foregoing that material properties uniform in the longitudinal direction were difficult to obtain, while a high cooling rate was obtained, in the conditions of Conventional Examples 1 to 9.
Next, a rail 1 was produced in a condition where the conveyance distance Lo of the example was adopted, as Example 1, and the material properties thereof were evaluated.
In Example 1, first, a bloom of each of chemical component compositions with respect to A to C represented in Table 1 was cast by using a continuous casting method. Herein, the balance of the chemical component composition of the bloom was substantially Fe, and specifically Fe and inevitable impurities.
Next, the bloom cast was reheated to 1100° C. or more in a heating furnace, and thereafter taken out from the heating furnace and hot rolled through a break-down roller, a rough roller and a finish roller so that the cross-sectional shape was the final shape, in the same manner as in the Conventional Examples. In the hot rolling, the rail 1 was rolled at an inverted position where the head section 11 and the foot section 13 were in contact with a conveyance stage.
Furthermore, the rail 1 hot rolled was conveyed to the cooling apparatus 2, and the rail 1 was cooled in the same manner as in the example (heat treatment step). Since the rail 1 was here rolled at the inverted position as a rolling position, the rail 1, when carried in the cooling apparatus 2, was inverted, and allowed to be at an erect position illustrated in
Furthermore, cooling was performed in the heat treatment step in conditions of the length Lh of the cooling headers, where the conveyance distance Lo and the total conveyance distance (m) serving as the total distance of conveyance in cooling were changed within the scope of the example.
After completion of the heat treatment, the rail 1 was taken out from the cooling apparatus 2 onto the discharge table 4, and the surface temperature of the head section 11 of the rail 1 after cooling was measured by use of the exit side thermometer 5 provided on the discharge table 4, as illustrated in
Thereafter, the rail 1 was conveyed to a cooling bed and cooled in the cooling bed until the temperature reached room temperature to 100° C., and thereafter straightening was performed by a roller straightening machine to produce a rail 1 being a final product. Thereafter, the rail 1 produced was cold sawn to thereby take a sample, and the hardness of the sample taken was measured. Herein, the sample was taken at a pitch of 1 m relative to the total length of the rail 1, and the Vickers hardness test was performed as hardness measurement at depth positions of 1 mm and 5 mm from the surface at the center in the width direction of the head section 11 of the rail 1.
The same manner was also conducted in Comparative Example 1 where the condition of the conveyance distance Lo was different from that of the example, for comparison with Example 1, and material properties of a rail 1 produced were evaluated.
The cooling conditions and the evaluation results of material properties in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 are represented in Table 3. In Table 3, the pressure as the spray pressure condition of the coolant in Example 1-14 was changed from 10 to 30 at a position of ⅓ of the total conveyance distance, and the pressure as the spray pressure condition of the coolant in Example 1-15 was changed from 30 to 10 at a position of ⅓ of the total conveyance distance and the spray pressure was changed from 10 to 30 at a position of ⅔ of the total conveyance distance. While the conveyance distance Lo was set to 4 m in the condition of Comparative Example 1-3, conveyance was made by only up to 3.0 m during cooling of the rail 1, and while the conveyance distance Lo was set to 2 m in the condition of Comparative Example 1-4, conveyance was made by only up to 1.0 m during cooling of the rail 1.
The variation in temperature in the entire length was within 20° C. in the conditions of Examples 1-1 to 1-17, and the variation in temperature in the entire length was smaller and was within 5° C. in the condition where the oscillation distance Lo was n times the cooling header length Lh. The variation in temperature, however, was within 20° C. or more in the condition where the oscillation distance Lo indicated in Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-4 was shorter than the cooling header length Lh or in the condition where the total conveyance distance in the heat treatment was less than the cooling header length Lh.
We confirmed from the evaluation results of material properties that the variation in temperature was suppressed within 20° C. or less, and the variation in hardness was an HV of 13 or less at a depth position of 1 mm from the surface and an HV of 10 or less at a depth position of 5 mm therefrom in the conditions of Examples 1-1 to 1-17. On the other hand, the variation in temperature was not suppressed within 20° C. or less, and the variation in hardness was as large as an HV of 15 or more at a depth position of 1 mm from the surface and as large as an HV of 13 or more at a depth position of 5 mm therefrom in the conditions of Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-4.
In a comparison of the conditions indicated in Examples 1-1 to 1-9 where Component A was adopted, the spray pressure was constant and 30 kPa and the coolant was air, we confirmed that the average hardness was as very high as an HV of 391 or more at a depth position of 1 mm and was as very high as an HV of 367 or more at a depth position of 5 mm in the condition where the cooling header length Lh was 3 m or less. The average hardness, however, was as low as an HV of 398 at a depth position of 1 mm and as low as an HV of 379 at a depth position of 5 mm, while the variation in hardness could be reduced, in the condition where the cooling header length Lh was 4 m, as compared to the condition where the cooling header length Lh was shorter.
We also confirmed in Examples 1-10 and 1-11 where the component was changed, in Examples 1-12 and 1-13 where the spray pressure was changed, and in Examples 1-14 and 1-15 where the spray pressure was changed halfway that the variations in temperature and hardness were reduced as in Examples 1-1 to 1-9. The average cooling rate in cooling was 4° C./sec in Example 1-12 where the spray pressure was the lowest, and the average cooling rate in cooling was 8.5° C./sec in Example 1-13 where the spray pressure was the highest. Therefore, we confirmed that, when the coolant is air, the desired effects can be exerted at least from 4° C./sec to 8.5° C./sec. We also confirmed that the variations in temperature and hardness were smaller, furthermore the average hardness at a depth position of 1 mm was an HV of 479 and the average hardness at a depth position of 5 mm was an HV of 459, and the hardness was thus very high regardless of a long cooling header length Lh of 4 m, in Examples 1-16 and 1-17 where the coolant was spray water or mist.
Next, Example 2 is described. In Example 2, a bloom of a different chemical component composition from that in Example 1 was used to produce a rail 1 in the same manner as in Example 1 in the condition where the conveyance distance Lo in the example was adopted, and material properties of the rail 1 were evaluated. In Example 2, first, a bloom of each chemical component composition of Conditions D to F represented in Table 4 was cast by using a continuous casting method. The balance of the chemical component composition of the bloom was here substantially Fe, specifically Fe and inevitable impurities.
Next, the bloom cast was reheated to 1100° C. or more in a heating furnace, thereafter hot rolled, and subsequently cooled (heat treatment step) in the same manner as in Example 1 described above. Measurement of the surface temperature of the rail 1 and cooling in the cooling bed after completion of the heat treatment, and furthermore straightening with a roller straightening machine, sampling and hardness measurement were also in the same conditions as in Example 1. The same manner was also conducted in Comparative Example 2 where the condition of the conveyance distance Lo was different from that of the example, for comparison with Example 2, and material properties of a rail 1 produced were evaluated.
The cooling conditions and the evaluation results of material properties in Example 2 and Comparative Example 2 are represented in Table 5.
The conveyance distance Lo was n times the cooling header length Lh in the conditions of Examples 2-1 to 2-4, and therefore the variation in temperature in the entire length was within 5° C. and was smaller. As a result, we confirmed that the variation in hardness was an HV of 2 or less at a depth position of 1 mm from the surface and an HV of 2 at a depth position of 5 mm therefrom in the conditions of Examples 2-1 to 2-4.
On the other hand, we confirmed that the variation in temperature was not suppressed within 20° C. or less, and the variation in hardness was as large as an HV of 40 or more at a depth position of 1 mm from the surface and as large as an HV of 20 or more at a depth position of 5 mm therefrom, in the conditions indicated in Comparative Example 2-1 to 2-2 where the oscillation distance Lo was shorter than the cooling header length Lh.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015-099365 | May 2015 | JP | national |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15573885 | Nov 2017 | US |
| Child | 17552058 | US |
