A specific type of carbon nanotubes that have enhanced electron field emission properties and a method of synthesizing the carbon nanotubes is disclosed. The method includes a scalable one-step method for catalyst preparation and a process for the growth of nanotubes using chemical vapor deposition methods. It is related to methods of catalyst preparation, methods of nanotube synthesis and the use of the materials in field emission devices.
In the discussion of the state of the art that follows, reference is made to certain structures and/or methods. However, the following references should not be construed as an admission that these structures and/or methods constitute prior art. Applicant expressly reserves the right to demonstrate that such structures and/or methods do not qualify as prior art against the present invention.
Carbon nanotubes can be synthesized by techniques that include: arc discharge between graphite electrode, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) through catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon and laser evaporation of a carbon target. Examples of these methods are described in the literature: U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 4,572;813; 4,663,230; 5,165,909; 5,591,312; 6,183,714; 6,221,330; 6,232,706; 6,303,094; 6,333,016; 6,346,189; and 6,413,487. CVD methods represent one approach for industrial scale preparation of nanotubes.
CVD is a term used to represent heterogeneous reactions in which both solid and volatile reaction products are formed from a volatile precursor, and the solid reaction products are deposited on a substrate. CVD has become a common method for thin film growth on various solid substrates. CVD of carbon has been successful in making carbon films, fibers, carbon-carbon composites and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) materials at industrial scale. Only recently, however, has the growth of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNTs) using CVD become possible. See, for example, Dai, H., et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. (1996), 260, 471-475. Currently, both SWNTs and MWNTs can be synthesized using CVD methods.
There has been active research and product development using these nanotubes as electron source. For example, carbon nanotubes have been described for use as field emission electron sources. Other applications for nanotubes have been proposed, such as flat panel displays, x-ray devices, and so forth. For device applications, it is preferably that the electron field emission cathodes have long operating lifetime (>100 hours) and emission stability.
Electron field emission properties of nanotubes are found to depend on the structure and morphology of the carbon nanotubes. Because of the field enhancement factor, smaller diameter nanotubes tend to give a lower threshold field for emission. Experimental results have shown SWNTs tend to bundle together and that SWNT bundles tend to have a lower threshold field for emission than the MWNTs which have a larger diameter. Materials comprising individual SWNTs are expected to have an even lower threshold field than those of the SWNT bundles. However at present, macroscopic quantities of materials with discreet individual SWNTs are difficult to obtain.
Emission stability of nanotubes, especially at high emission current and current densities, depends on the quality of the nanotubes, such as the concentration of structural defects. SWNTs formed by the laser ablation method tend to have a higher degree of structural perfection than MWNTs formed by CVD methods. Experimentally, it has been demonstrated that SWNTs formed by the laser ablation methods are more stable at high emission currents than MWNTs formed by the CVD methods. The laser ablation method, however, is costly and produces a small quantity of materials.
SWNTs with a single graphene shell per tube are generally not chemically inert. They can be oxidized at elevated temperatures (>400° C.) and readily absorb chemical species on their surfaces, which can lead to changes in their electronic properties and, consequently, electron field emission properties. SWNTs can also be damaged by ion sputtering during emission leading to catastrophic failures. In the case of MWNTs with several concentric graphene shells, the inner graphene shells are protected by the outer graphene shells and, therefore, can be more chemically stable than the SWNTs.
It is therefore desirable to design and fabricate a structure that can overcome the shortcomings of both the SWNTs and regular MWNTs with large diameters for electron field emission applications.
A type of electron field emission material with enhanced emission characteristics and a method to fabricate such material are disclosed. The material comprises carbon nanotubes with diameters less than 10 nanometers (nm) and has several concentric shells of carbon tubules (hereafter referred to as few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)). By FWNTs, it is meant that the carbon nanotubes have from two to ten concentric shells of carbon tubules, preferably from two to eight, from two to five or from five to eight concentric shells of carbon tubules, and most preferably about three concentric shells of carbon tubules.
The method of fabrication includes a scalable one-step method for catalyst preparation and a process for the growth of nanotubes using chemical vapor deposition methods. One advantage of the method is the ease of catalyst preparation and the compatibility of the method with industrial scale production. The combination of the catalysts and growth conditions disclosed herein produce high quality small diameter and few-walled carbon nanotubes. The threshold voltage for field emission of electrons from these materials is lower or similar to the results reported for SWNT bundles. Further, these materials display higher emission current density and better long-term stability than prior SWNT bundles.
An exemplary method of manufacturing carbon nanotubes comprises the steps of (a) producing a catalyst containing Mo and one or more other metals supported on MgO powder, (b) using a gas mixture containing a carbon-containing gas as precursors; and (c) heating the catalyst and the gas mixture to a temperature above 900° C. to produce a carbon nanotube.
An exemplary carbon nanotube material comprises an outer diameter less than 10 nm and a number of walls less than ten.
An exemplary method of fabricating an electron field emission cathode comprises the steps of (a) synthesizing electron field emission materials containing carbon nanotubes with a number of concentric graphene shells per tube from 2 to 10, an outer diameter of from 2 to 8 nm, and a length greater than 0.1 microns, (b) dispersing the electron field emission material in a suitable solvent, (c) depositing the electron field emission materials onto a substrate, and (d) annealing the substrate.
An exemplary electron field emission device comprises a substrate, an optionally layer of adhesion-promoting layer, and a layer of electron field emission material, the electron field emission material including a carbon nanotube having a number of concentric graphene shells per tube of from 2 to 10, an outer diameter from 2 to 8 nm, and a nanotube length greater than 0.1 microns.
The objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof in connection with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals designate like elements and in which:
In general, the growth process for nanotubes synthesis involves a series of steps: (1) heating a catalyst material to high temperature, usually between 700° C. to 1000° C. The catalysts usually are nanoparticles composed of transition metals supported on either porous or flat supports. The catalyst can also be metal nanoparticles formed in gas phase and floating in the flow of feeding gas; (2) introduction of precursor gas containing a carbon source into the furnace; (3) diffusion and decomposition of precursor on the surface of catalyst nanoparticles and dissolution of carbon atoms within the metal nanoparticles; and (4) nucleation and growth of nanotubes from the metal nanoparticles saturated with carbon atoms.
In a typical process, 1 mMol Fe(NO3)3 and 1 mMol citric acid are dissolved in 20 ml of water under stirring. After adding 0.17 mMol Ammonium Molybdate, a clear solution is formed. In this solution, 16 mMol Mg(NO3)2 and 17 mMol Glycine are added, under stirring conditions, until a substantially uniform and clear solution is formed. The solution is slowly heated to 100° C. to evaporate water. After 10 minutes heating, the mixture burst into flame and fume. After the reaction stops, the produced powder is collected and heated at 300° C. for an hour before being used for nanotube growth.
Nanotube synthesis is carried in a CVD chamber using a mixed gas of CH4 and H2 at a reaction temperature above 950° C. The ratio between H2 and CH4 ranges from 1 to 20. In a typical process, the catalyst was introduced into a furnace and heated to the reaction temperature. Then, the mixture of CH4 and H2 was introduced into the furnace at a flow rate of 1000 sccm. The reaction lasted for about 30 minutes before cooling to room temperature and collecting the sample from the furnace.
The produced nanotube samples can be optionally purified by dissolving the catalyst support in dilute HCl. Further optional purification to remove amorphous carbon can be achieved using a number of techniques, as previously developed for SWNT purification.
Several techniques can be used to fabricate field emission cathodes using the thus synthesized FWNTs powders including spraying, spin-coating, casting, screen-printing, self-assembly and electrophoresis. In a preferred method, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) techniques are used to fabricate either patterned or homogeneous electron field emission cathodes. In a preferred method, the as-synthesized FWNTs are further processed such that they can be readily dispersed in a suitable solvent, such as ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol. The basic method of the EPD technique has been disclosed in, for example, U.S. published patent application no. 2003/0102222 A1, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
EPD techniques are used to deposit FWNTs on to suitable electrodes for field emission characterization. EPD techniques offer rigid control over the FWNT film thickness and packing density on the cathodes. The adhesion between the FWNT coating and the substrate can be enhanced by an adhesion promotion layer. In a typical process, FWNTs are added to ethanol alcohol and ultrasonicated for up to several hours until a substantially uniform suspension is obtained. The FWNTs in the liquid move in response to an electric field when they carry charges. Typically, charges are introduced to the FWNTs by adding some metal salts to the suspension, although other methods may be used. The salts dissociate in the liquid and the FWNTs selectively absorb the metal ions and thus are positively charged. The electrophoresis is performed as shown in
To make an adherent FWNT cathode, according to one embodiment, an adhesion promotion layer is deposited on a substrate (see, for example, layer 502 of
According to another embodiment, an adherent FWNT cathode can also be made by depositing a thin film containing FWNTs and some adhesion promotion agents on a substrate (see, for example, the FWNT cathode 600 of
The process can also include an optional activation step. In the activation process, the excess nanotubes that are not bonded to the cathodes are removed by any one or more of a variety of suitable methods including: blowing, rubbing, and brushing (see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,318, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference). The remaining nanotube film adheres strongly to the substrate surface.
The FWNTs fabricated by the process disclosed herein have been measured and their electron field emission properties determined. In one specific example, the measurement was performed following the procedure described below and shown schematically in
Experiments show that the FWNTs based cathodes are capable of producing very high current.
In summary, we have developed a process for the production of a specific type of nanotubes with small diameter and a few walls—few-walled nanotubes (“FWNTs”). The process of catalyst preparation technique and the growth conditions produce the nanotubes and the structure of the FWNTs produce the observed properties. We have named these nanotubes FWNTs to distinguish them from common MWNTs and SWNTs. The new FWNTs have much enhanced field emission properties compare with other nanotubes.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additions, deletions, modifications, and substitutions not specifically described may be made without department from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
This application is based on and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 (e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/531,978, filed Dec. 24, 2003, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
At least some aspects of this invention were made with Government support under the sponsorship of NASA, contract no. NAG-1-01061. The Government may have certain rights in this invention
Number | Date | Country | |
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60531978 | Dec 2003 | US |