Patent Grant
9018146
The invention relates to a well treatment fluid containing a viscoelastic surfactant and a viscosification activator, wherein the viscosification activator is present in an amount effective to initiate or increase the viscosity of the well treatment fluid.
Well treatment fluids are often aqueous gellant systems containing a viscoelastic surfactant. When thickened, such fluids may be useful in the control of fluid loss in gas or oil well drilling operations, as proppant carriers and as fluid loss control agents in well completion and workover operations.
Such gellant systems have particular applicability when used in fracturing fluids. Typically, the fracturing fluid is prepared on-the-fly, wherein the base media may be 65° F. or less. Fracturing of the formation is accomplished by pumping the fracturing fluid into the borehole of an oil or gas well under high pressure to create fractures in the rock formation surrounding the wellbore. The fractures radiate outwardly from the wellbore, typically from a few to hundreds of meters, and extend the surface area from which oil or gas drains into the well. Frequently, a proppant, whose function is to prevent the created fractures from closing back down upon itself when the pressure is released, is suspended in the fracturing fluid for transport into the fracture. The proppant filled fractures provide permeable channels allowing petroleum to seep through the fractures into the wellbore where it is pumped to the surface.
The fluid structure of the fracturing fluid should therefore be sufficiently viscous in order to suspend the proppant and to transport the proppant into the formation. In particular, the fracturing fluid should exhibit adequate viscosity prior to reaching the wellbore to ensure proppant placement, though viscosification may not be complete until the fluid reaches the formation.
A problem often encountered with viscoelastic based gellant systems is their inability to develop sufficient viscosity at temperatures lower than about 65° F. Thus, such systems are often ineffective in the transportation of proppants into the formation when the base media temperature is less than 65° F. Further, the temperature gradient is typically insufficient to cause viscosification of the fluid by the time it reaches the perforations. As a result, the efficiency of proppant transport into the formation is severely compromised.
Even in instances where viscosity of the well treatment fluid can be established for proppant transport, the time to effectuate the requisite gellation may be lengthy. In other instances, the cost of the viscoelastic surfactant used in the fracturing fluid may be high.
Alternatives have therefore been sought which will more effectively enhance the viscosity of viscoelastic surfactant containing well treatment fluids, including those fluids which contain a base media having a temperature of less than or equal to 65° F. Alternatives have further been sought which will decrease the time for gellation of viscoelastic surfactant-based well treatment fluids and/or provide a more cost effective alternative to the fluids presently used.
The well treatment fluid defined herein contains at least one viscoelastic surfactant and at least one viscosification activator. The viscosification activator is present in the well treatment fluid, such as a fracturing fluid, in an amount effective to either initiate viscosification of the well treatment fluid or to increase the viscosity of the fluid. The presence of the viscosification activator, therefore, is instrumental in enhancing the viscosity of a well treatment fluid in contrast to a treatment fluid that does not contain a viscosification activator.
As such, the viscosification activator may be present in a well treatment fluid in an effective amount to provide viscosity to the treatment fluid. The viscosity of the well treatment fluid is thus greater in the presence of the viscosification activator than in the absence of the viscosification activator. At temperatures less than or equal to about 65° F., the presence of the viscosification activator may even provide viscosity to an otherwise non-viscosified fluid.
Generally, the viscoelastic surfactant in the treatment fluid is capable of forming a surfactant assembly. For instance, the viscoelastic surfactant may form either a micellar assembly or vesicular assembly. In its preferred embodiments, the assembly may be worm-like, lamellae or vesicle shaped.
The volumetric ratio of viscoelastic surfactant:viscosification activator in the treatment fluid is between from about 500:1 to about 1,000,000:1, preferably between from about 1,000:5 to about 750,000:1.
Exemplary viscosification activators are alkoxylated alcohols, condensation products of an alkyl phenol and an alkylene oxide, alkylene carbonates and glycol ethers.
Preferred alkoxylated alcohols are those linear and branched chain alkoxylated alcohol of the formula CH3(CH2)nO(M-O)m—H, wherein n is from about 3 to about 22, preferably from about 3 to about 7, m is from about 6 to about 40, preferably from about 2 to about 5, M is CH2—CH2, CH2—CH2—CH2, CH2—CH—CH3, CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2, CH2—CH—(CH3)—CH2 and mixtures thereof.
Preferred condensation products of an alkyl phenol and an alkylene oxide are those obtained from one mole of alkyl phenol containing from about 6 to 18 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration, with about 3 to about 100 moles of ethylene oxide.
Preferred glycol ethers are ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dimethyl glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether and diethyleneglycol butyl ether.
Preferred alkylene carbonates are propylene carbonate.
In a preferred embodiment, the viscoelastic surfactant is a mixture of an anionic surfactant, sodium xylene sulfonate, and a cationic surfactant, such as N,N,N,trimethyl-1-octadecamonium chloride. The preferred volumetric ratio of anionic surfactant to cationic surfactant is between from about 1:1 to about 1:1.95.
The treatment fluid may further contain a gaseous foaming agent and/or an inorganic salt.
The well treatment fluid defined herein is preferably prepared and viscosified prior to introduction of the fluid reaching the wellbore.
In order to more fully understand the drawings referred to in the detailed description of the present invention, a brief description of each drawing is presented, in which:
The well treatment fluid defined herein contains at least one viscoelastic surfactant and at least one viscosification activator. The viscosification activator is present in the well treatment fluid in an amount effective to either cause the well treatment fluid to viscosify or to provide increased viscosification of the well treatment fluid. The viscosity of a well treatment fluid containing a viscosification activator is thus greater than a corresponding well treatment fluid which does not contain a viscosification activator.
For instance, the viscosification activator may provide viscosity to an otherwise non-viscosified well treatment fluid. For example, a well treatment fluid maintained at a temperature less than or equal to about 65° F., typically exhibits no viscosity. In other instances, such as where the temperature is maintained at temperatures in excess of about 65° F., and especially in excess of 80° F., the viscosification activator augments the viscosity of the treatment fluid.
In essence, the viscosification activator causes solubilization of the viscoelastic surfactant in the base media (water or brine) of the treatment fluid. By solubilizing the viscoelastic surfactant, the viscosification activator provides enhanced viscosity to the treatment fluid. With increased viscosity, the treatment fluid, when used in fracturing, is more efficient in pumping proppant into the wellbore and through the perforations into the fracture.
In its preferred embodiments, the viscoelastic surfactant forms either a micellar or vesicular assembly which, typically, is worm-like, lamellae or vesicle shaped. Alternatively, they may be box-shaped or spherical. Typically, they are spheroidal in cross-sectional area.
The viscoelastic surfactant may be non-ionic, anionic, cationic, zwitterionic or amphoteric or a mixture thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the viscoelastic surfactant is a mixture of anionic surfactant, such as sodium xylene sulfonate, and cationic surfactant, such as N,N,N,trimethyl-1-octadecamonium chloride. Included within such mixtures are those having a ratio of from about 1:4 to about 4:1 by volume of anionic surfactant to cationic surfactant. The preferred ratio of anionic surfactant to cationic surfactant is between from about 1:1 to about 1:1.95. Representative surfactants include those set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,410,489 and 6,468,945, herein incorporated by reference.
The volumetric ratio of viscoelastic surfactant:viscosification activator in the treatment fluid is between from about 500:1 to about 1,000,000:1, preferably between from about 1,000:5 to about 750,000:1.
The viscosification activator is typically an alkoxylated alcohol, a condensation product of an alkyl phenol and an alkylene oxide, an alkylene carbonates or a glycol ether or is a mixture thereof.
Preferred alkoxylated alcohols are alkoxylated alkyl alcohols comprising the condensation products of aliphatic alcohols with from 1 to 75 moles of alkylene oxide. The term “alkyl” is meant to represent saturated alkyl hydrocarbons, unsaturated alkyl hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof. Exemplary of such alkoxylated alcohols are those linear and branched chain ethoxylated alcohols having the general structure CH3(CH2)nO(M-O)m—H, wherein n is from about 3 to about 22, preferably from 3 to 7, and m is from about 6 to about 40, preferably from about 2 to about 5, and M is CH2—CH2, CH2—CH2—CH2, CH2—CH—CH3, CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2, CH2—CH—(CH3)—CH2 or mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the alkylene oxide is preferably ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide.
Preferred condensation products of an alkyl phenol and an alkylene oxide are those obtained from one mole of alkyl phenol containing from about 6 to 18 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain configuration, with about 3 to about 100 moles, typically about 5 to about 50 moles, most typically about 5 to about 20 moles of ethylene oxide. The alkyl group can, for example, be represented by diisobutylene, di-amyl, polymerized propylene, isoctyl, nonyl, and di-nonyl.
Suitable glycol ethers include ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dimethyl glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, and diethyleneglycol butyl ether. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (“EGMBE”) is especially preferred.
Preferred alkylene carbonates are propylene carbonate.
The treatment fluid may further contain a gaseous foaming agent.
The treatment fluid may further contain an inorganic salt. The presence of water soluble salts may further enhance formation stability. Typically, water soluble potassium and ammonium salts, such as potassium chloride, tetramethyl ammonium chloride and ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, calcium bromide, magnesium chloride and zinc halide salts, aluminum salts and zirconium salts may be used.
The treatment fluid defined herein is preferably prepared and commences viscosifying prior to the fluid reaching the wellbore. In many instances, the treatment fluid is viscosified prior to the fluid reaching the wellbore.
The well treatment fluid is particularly suitable for use as a fracturing fluid. Suitable proppants for use with such fluids include any conventional proppant known in the art, including sand, bauxite, and relatively lightweight proppants.
While the well treatment fluids described herein have particular applicability in hydraulic fracturing, they may further be used in other well treatment applications, including acid fracturing, etc.
In place of or in addition to the viscoelastic surfactant referenced above, the viscoelastic surfactant may be a C10 to C24 alkyl trialkyl quaternary ammonium aromatic salt. The alkyl group forming the alkylated moiety can be a C10 to C24 alkyl group, preferably a C12 to a C20 alkyl, most preferably C18. The aromatic salt is preferably an aromatic salicylate or phthalate. Such surfactants include gelled C18 trimethyl quaternary ammonium phthalate or a gelled C18 trimethyl quaternary ammonium salicylate including those set forth in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0138071, herein incorporated by reference.
Further, the viscoelastic surfactant may be generated from an amidoamine oxide gelling agent, such as an amidoamine oxide of the structural formula:
wherein R1 is a saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched chain aliphatic group of from about 7 to about 30 carbon atoms, preferably from about 14 to about 21 carbon atoms. More preferably, R1 is a fatty aliphatic derived from natural fats or oils having an iodine value of from about 1 to about 140, preferably from about 30 to about 90, and more preferably from 40 to about 70. R1 may be restricted to a single chain length or may be of mixed chain length such as those groups derived from natural fats and oils or petroleum stocks. Preferred are tallow alkyl, hardened tallow alkyl, rapeseed alkyl, hardened rapeseed alkyl, tall oil alkyl, hardened tall oil alkyl, coco alkyl, oleyl, or soya alkyl. R2 is a straight chain or branched, substituted or unsubstituted divalent alkylene group of from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, preferably, of 2 to 4 carbon atoms and more preferably of 3 carbon atoms. R3 and R4 are the same or different and are independently selected from alkyl or hydroxyalkyl groups of from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms and are preferably hydroxyethyl or methyl. Alternatively, R3 and R4 in the amidoamine oxide of formula I, together with the nitrogen atom to which these groups are bonded, form a heterocyclic ring of up to 6 members. Finally, R5 is hydrogen or a C1-C4 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group. Such gelling agents are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. US Pat Pub. No. 2005/0067165, herein incorporated by reference.
In another embodiment, the viscoelastic surfactant could be (a) an amine corresponding to the formula N(R1R2R3) wherein R1 is at least about a C16 aliphatic group which may be branched or straight chained and which may be saturated or unsaturated, R2 and R3 are each independently, hydrogen or a C1 to about C6aliphatic group which can be branched or straight chained, saturated or unsaturated and which may be substituted with a group that renders the R2 and/or R3 group more hydrophilic; (b) salts of the amine corresponding to the formula [N(R1)(R2)(R3)(H+)]X− wherein R1, R2 and R3 are the same as defined hereinbefore and X− is an inorganic anion; and (c) a quaternary ammonium salt of the amine corresponding to the formula [N(R1)(R2)(R3)(R4+)]X− wherein R1, R2, R3 and X− are the same as defined hereinbefore and R4 independently constitutes a group which has previously been set forth for R3, none of R1, R2, R3 or R4 are hydrogen, and the R2, R3 and R4 groups of the amine salt and quaternary ammonium salt may be formed into a heterocyclic 5- or 6-member ring structure which includes the nitrogen atom of the amine.
Preferred viscoelastic surfactants are one or more of erucyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methyl ammonium chloride, erucyl trimethyl ammonium chloride; N-methyl-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) rapeseed ammonium chloride; oleyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride; octadecyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl)ammonium bromide; octadecyl tris(hydroxyethyl)ammonium bromide; octadecyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide; cetyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide; cetyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl)ammonium salicylate; cetyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl)ammonium 3,4,-dichlorobenzoate; cetyl tris(hydroxyethyl)ammonium iodide; bis(hydroxyethyl) soya amine; N-methyl, N-hydroxyethyl tallow amine; bis(hydroxyethyl)octadecyl amine; cosyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide; cosyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride; cosyl tris(hydroxyethyl)ammonium bromide; dicosyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide; dicosyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride; dicosyl tris(hydroxyethyl)ammonium bromide; hexadecyl ethyl bis(hydroxyethyl)ammonium chloride; hexadecyl isopropyl bis(hydroxyethyl)ammonium iodide; N,N-dihydroxypropyl hexadecyl amine, N-methyl, N-hydroxyethyl hexadecyl amine; N,N-dihydroxyethyl dihydroxypropyl oleyl amine; N,N-dihydroxypropyl soya amine; N,N-dihydroxypropyl tallow amine; N-butyl hexadecyl amine; N-hydroxyethyl octadecyl amine; N-hydroxyethyl cosyl amine; cetylamino, N-octadecyl pyridinium chloride; N-soya-N-ethyl morpholinium ethosulfate; methyl-1-oleyl amido ethyl-2-oleyl imidazolinium-methyl sulfate; and methyl-1-tallow amido ethyl-2-tallow imidazolinium-methyl sulfate.
Further preferred are the dialkoxylated quaternary ammonium salts of the formula
wherein R21 is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, R22 in each of the x (R22O) and y (R22O) groups is independently C2-C4 alkylene, R23 is hydrogen, or a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, R24 is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, x and y are independently an average number from 1 to about 40, and X− is an inorganic anion. In this context, preferred R21 and R24 hydrocarbyl groups are linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, aryl, or aralkyl groups. Preferably, R21 and R24 are independently a linear or branched alkyl or linear or branched alkenyl group having from 1 to about 25 carbon atoms, R22 in each of the x (R22O) and y (R22O) groups is independently C2-C4 alkylene, R23 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, and the sum of x and y is an average number from about 2 to about 30. More preferably, R21 and R24 are independently a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, R22 in each of the x (R22O) and y (R22O) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R3 is hydrogen or methyl, and the sum of x any y is an average number from about 2 to about 20. Even more preferably, R21 is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms and R24 is a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 22 carbon atoms, R22 in each of the x (R22O) and y (R22O) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R23 is hydrogen or methyl, and x is an average number from about 2 to about 20. Most preferably, R21 is a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms and R24 is a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, R22 in each of the x (R222O) and y (R22O) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R23 is hydrogen or methyl, and x is an average number from about 2 to about 15, or R21 and R24 are independently a linear or branched alkyl group having from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, R22 in each of the x (R22O) and y (R22O) groups is independently ethylene or propylene, R23 is hydrogen or methyl, and x is an average number from about 5 to about 15. Preferred dialkoxylated quaternary ammonium surfactants include Ethoquad™ C12 and Ethoquad™ O12 (methyl-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)coco-ammonium chloride and oleyl-ammonium chloride, respectively from Akzo Nobel), Ethoquad™ C15 (a PEG 5 tallow ammonium chloride from Akzo Nobel),) Ethoquad™ T25 (a PEG 15 tallow methyl ammonium chloride from Akzo Nobel), PEG 5 coco methyl ammonium chloride, PEG 5 tallow methyl ammonium chloride, PEG 5 ditallow ammonium bromide, PEG 10 ditallow ammonium bromide, di-dodecyl diEO 10 ammonium bromide, di-coco di EO (15) ammonium chloride, di-dodecyl di EO (15) ammonium chloride, di-dodecyl di EO (10) ammonium bromide, dialkyl (tallow and stearyl) di EO (19.6) ammonium bromide, polypropylene glycol-40 diethyl ammonium chloride (Emcol CC-42 from CK Witco), polypropylene glycol-55 diethyl ammonium chloride (Emcol CC-55 from CK Witco) and tallow methyl EO (8) ammonium chloride.
Further, the viscoelastic surfactant may be a betaine of the formula:
in which R is a hydrocarbyl group that may be branched or straight chained, aromatic, aliphatic or olefinic and has from about 14 to about 26 carbon atoms and may contain an amine; n=about 2 to about 4; and p=1 to about 5, and mixtures of these compounds. Most preferably the surfactant is the betaine in which R is C17H33 or C21H41, and n=3 and p=1.
Still further, the viscoelastic surfactant may be a surfactant of the formula N+(R1)(R2)(R3)(CH2COO−) where R1-R2 are each an aliphatic group of C1-C4, branched or straight chained, saturated or unsaturated, R3 is a group of C12-C22, branched, straight chained or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated.
The viscoelastic surfactant may further be of the formula N+(CH3)2(R3)(CH2COO−) wherein R3 is an alkyl group, alkylene group or acyl group containing between from about 16 to about 24 carbon atoms.
The following examples will illustrate the practice of the present invention in a preferred embodiment. Other embodiments within the scope of the claims herein will be apparent to one skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention as disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification, together with the example, be considered exemplary only, with the scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the claims which follow.
As used herein:
gpt refers to gallons per thousand;
FAC-1W refers to a C18 trimethyl quaternary ammonium chloride, a product of BJ Services Company;
FAC-2 refers to sodium xylene sulfonate.
Viscosification agent, VA, refers to an alkoxylated alcohol of tridecyl alcohol and 6 moles of ethylene oxide.
As set forth in Table I, the VA was introduced into the base media (fresh water) and allowed to mix for 30 to 60 seconds. Subsequently, 6.5 gpt of FAC-1W and 5.0 gpt FAC-2 were immediately sequentially added. The resulting fluid was allowed to mix for about 30 seconds.
The resulting fluid was then placed in a Fann 35 type rheometer, where viscosity was measured.
Example 1, as illustrated in
As set forth in Table II, aqueous surfactant assemblies were prepared at 40° F. by introducing the VA to a base media (fresh water) and then allowing mixing to occur for 30 to 60 seconds. Subsequently, 6.5 gpt of FAC-1W and 5.0 gpt FAC-2 were immediately sequentially added and the resulting fluid was allowed to mix for about 5 minutes.
The resulting fluid was then placed in a pressurized Fann 50 type rheometer, where viscosity was measured as the temperature was allowed to increase to about 160° F. Example 4 of
From the foregoing, it will be observed that numerous variations and modifications may be effected without departing from the true spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the invention.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/860,616, filed on Nov. 22, 2006.
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