Patent Grant
10308655
The present disclosure relates to a novel small molecule TLR2 antagonist, and particularly, to 19 novel TLR2 antagonists, a pharmaceutical composition, including the antagonists, for preventing or treating inflammatory diseases, and a TLR4 regulator.
Virtual screening is an in silico approach method capable of rapidly anticipating the binding of a molecule from a compound library to a target receptor and effectively prioritizing molecules with related biological activities for further validation experiments. In order to overcome a high cost problem of the disadvantage of an experimental high-throughput screening (HTS) method, a large amount of compound library requires selective downsizing into a small set that can include a specific target drug. To this end, virtual screening has been increasingly applied in drug discovery projects prior to the experimental HTS. The application of various virtual screening techniques can significantly increase the efficiency of research in the field of drug discovery. One of the widely applied techniques in virtual screening is to compare two-dimensional (2D) properties between the experimentally determined ligands and the molecules of a compound library. In this approach method, the structural characteristics of molecules are expressed by the kind of constituent atoms and their bond levels. Another technique is to use the three-dimensional structural properties of molecules to compare similarities between molecules. Three-dimensional structure-based virtual screening approach methods are classified mainly into an approach method based on ligand coordinates and an approach method based on receptor coordinates. Like a two-dimensional (2D) method, the ligand-based approach method searches for molecules similar to the experimentally determined active ligand by comparing the three-dimensional structure properties between the molecules. This approach method is typically applied where only limited information about a target receptor is available. The ligand-based method essentially includes a comparative analysis process of structural properties, and accordingly, the application thereof necessarily requires information acquisition of the known active ligand. One of the available programs, Rapid Overlay of Chemical Structures (ROCS), uses an overlapping method for large form-based comparisons. ROCS adopts a method of comparing the structural similarities between two molecules based on the three-dimensional form. The three-dimensional form of the parameterized specifically expressed molecule uses Gaussian-based overlap to obtain the optimal alignment of the largest volume overlapping between two molecules. Since the similarity of chemical properties as well as the morphological similarity of molecules is a crucial factor in biological activity, the overlap between the functional groups that a compound has is additionally calculated using a color force field. The conformational flexibility of molecules can be considered by precomputing conformers ensembles in advance and sequentially comparing each of them. The excellence of the ROCS method has been reported through a number of research literature. When high-resolution coordinates of a target receptor are available, molecular docking is a common method of selection in virtual screening. Docking is used to quantify the binding affinity between molecules and receptors from a compound library by computer operation and to predict the binding potential between them. In essence, this method does not necessarily require information about a compound that is active for a drug target, but it can increase performance by incorporating the binding properties of a known active material into a docking process.
An antagonist, on the other hand, is a substance that binds to a receptor of a certain agonist but does not exhibit the physiological action through the receptor. TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) is present in the plasma membrane or endosome and belongs to the first line of defense of host defense in the inflammatory response. Signaling associated with TLR2 has been reported to have an association with cancer, tuberculosis, anemia, atopic dermatitis, and atherosclerosis. In particular, antagonists of TLR2 have become a major pharmacological target due to its inhibitory effect on inflammatory diseases. Accordingly, there is a need to screen for antagonists of novel TRL2 that can be used pharmacologically. In particular, research for screening antagonists that are small molecules is needed.
As a result of screening using a computer on the basis of a pharmacophore model targeted on about 7 million compounds, the present inventors selected a novel small molecule TLR2 antagonist which can be used for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases, and completed the present disclosure.
It is an object of the present disclosure to provide a novel TLR2 antagonist.
Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention or treatment of an inflammatory disease including the TLR2 antagonists, an oral administration agent, and a TLR4 regulator including the antagonists.
Since the novel TLR2 antagonist according to the present disclosure has a low molecular weight and a high oral bioavailability, it can be effectively used as an oral administration agent, effectively inhibits IL-8 secretion and does not cause toxicity in vivo, and thus can be usefully used as a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating inflammatory diseases. The novel TLR2 antagonists according to the invention can also be used as regulators of TLR4.
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in detail.
The present disclosure provides at least one TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) antagonist selected from the group consisting of the compounds illustrated in Table 1 below.
The “TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2)” of the present disclosure means a substance which is located on the cell surface of monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and the like, and functions as receptors for bacterial components (lipid polysaccharides, peptide glycans, adipocyte proteins, mycobacterial glycolipids, and heat shock proteins (hsp)). When TLR2 is stimulated, the cells are activated to stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators (TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, NO, etc.).
In the present disclosure, the term “antagonist” means a substance which binds to a receptor of a drug or some agonist which serves to attenuate some or all of its action by the combination of a drug with another drug, but does not exhibit physiological action through its receptor. Accordingly, the TLR2 antagonist has a strong binding ability to TLR2, so that it can partially inhibit TLR2-related signaling at the micro-molecular level but not completely abolish it.
The “TLR2 antagonist” of the present disclosure includes 19 compounds of Table 1 and preferably 6 compounds (S02546436, S02276077, S06696686, S06690562, S01688300, S01382085), more preferably three compounds (S06690562, S01688300, S01382085). The TLR2 antagonists of the present disclosure may also include, without limitation, the 19 compounds of Table 1 as well as analogs thereof having the same, similar activity.
Some of the compounds, such as S06690562, are tautomeric molecules and may exist in the enol or keto form by tautomerization according to pH.
The TLR2 antagonist of the present disclosure is characterized by being a small molecule because it has no fatty acyl residues. Since such molecular weight reduction is advantageous in pharmacokinetics, the antagonists and their analogs of the present disclosure can be usefully used to design drugs as an active ingredient of pharmaceutical compositions.
The “small molecule” means an organic compound having a molecular weight of preferably 900 Da or less, but not limited thereto.
The TLR2 antagonists of the present disclosure have a different core structure from those previously presented as antagonists of TLR2. In addition, the 19 compounds illustrated in Table 1 have each different structure.
The 19 TLR2 antagonists of the present disclosure include all substances that are purchased and used or synthesized by methods known in the pertinent field.
In addition, the present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases including the TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) antagonist.
The term “inflammatory disease” as used herein includes, but not limited to, edema, dermatitis, allergies, atopy, asthma, conjunctivitis, periodontitis, rhinitis, otitis, sore throat, tonsillitis, pneumonia, gastric ulcer, gastritis, Crohn's disease, colitis, hemorrhoids, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatic fever, lupus, fibrornyalgia, psoriatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, periarthritis of shoulder, tendinitis, peritenonitis, myosins, hepatitis, cystitis, nephritis, sjogren's syndrome, and multiple sclerosis.
As used herein, the term “prevention” means any action that inhibits or slows the progression of an inflammatory disease upon administration of the composition of the present disclosure.
As used herein, the term “treatment” means any action which improves or beneficially changes an inflammatory disease by administration of a composition of the present disclosure.
The compositions of the present disclosure include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carrier which is included and allowed in the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure is usually used in the preparation, and includes lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, acacia rubber, calcium phosphate, alginate, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, methylcellulose, methylhydroxybenzoate, propylhydroxybenzoate, talc, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, saline solution, PBS (phosphate buffered saline), or a medium, etc., but is not limited thereto.
The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may further include a lubricant, a wetting agent, a sweetening agent, a flavoring agent, an emulsifying agent, a suspending agent, a preservative, etc. in addition to the above components. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and preparations are described in detail in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (19th ed., 1995).
The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure can also be used together, simultaneously, and sequentially, including additional components that can be used to prevent or treat inflammatory diseases associated with TLR2.
The appropriate dosage of the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure may be prescribed in various ways depending on factors such as the preparation method, administration method, age, body weight, sex, pathological condition, food, administration time, route of administration, excretion speed and response susceptibility of a patient.
In addition, the present disclosure provides an oral administration agent for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases including the TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) antagonist.
Since the TLR2 antagonist of the present disclosure is characterized by being a small molecule, it has a good oral bioavailability. In the present disclosure, the bioavailability refers to a fraction of the amount of drug administered that falls within the subcategories of absorption of the drug and reaches the systemic circulation. Accordingly, when the oral administration agent for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases including the TLR2 antagonist of the present disclosure is orally administered, there is an effect in that the drug reaches the systemic circulation at a high rate.
Oral administration agents according to the present disclosure may be administered as a formulation selected from solid pharmaceutical preparations such as tablets, pills, capsules, powders and granules, or pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous solutions, suspensions and emulsions, syrups, pharmaceutical preparations dissolved in use and elixir oral liquid pharmaceutical preparations.
In addition, the present disclosure provides a method for screening a TLR2 (toll-like receptor 2) antagonist, including: (a) constructing a receptor-ligand-based pharmacophore model; (b) constructing a ligand-based pharmacophore model; (c) screening the results of (a) and (b); and (d) performing a biological experiment with the result of (c) for screening.
The term “pharmacophore” in the present disclosure means a characteristic of a molecule required for molecular recognition of a ligand. The “pharmacophore model” describes how various ligands can bind to a common receptor site and can be used for the virtual screening of novel ligands that bind to the same receptor.
In the present disclosure, a method for constructing “receptor-ligand-based pharmacophore models” includes a technique of inducing In Silico Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis including a process in which the residues of the binding site between Pam3CSK4 and TLR2-TLR1 in the TLR2-TLR1-Pam3CSK4 complex are mutated to alanine and a technique of targeting the binding site of TLR2-TLR1-Pam3CSK4 by using a Receptor-ligand Pharmacophore Generation protocol to confirm the major residues that play an important role in binding. If a technique of using a computer is used, there is an effect of time saving and cost saving.
The “Pam3CSK4” of the present disclosure is an agonist of TLR2 and TLR1
The method for constructing a “ligand-based Pharmacophore model” in the present disclosure includes identifying the characteristics of a pharmacophore model using an antagonist of a known small molecule TLR2.
The screening the identified results from the pharmacophore model constructed in the present disclosure includes screening a fit value, molecular similarity, drug-like compounds, molecular docking and scoring, and rescoring docking complex. Through the screening process, a candidate compound of an antagonist of TLR2, which is a small molecule having drug similarity due to its excellent binding ability to TLR2, can be obtained.
The “biological experiments” in the present disclosure include analysis of IL-8 secretion, cell viability. It can be confirmed whether the candidate compound of the TLR2 antagonist selected through the biological experiments serves as a TLR2 antagonist, and whether toxicity is shown.
In addition, the present disclosure provides at least one TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) regulator selected from the group consisting of the compounds of Table 1 above.
As used herein, the term “regulator” refers to a substance that increases or decreases levels of a molecule to a measurable extent, including, but not limited to, inhibitors, antagonists, effectors, and the like.
The TLR4 of the present disclosure is characterized by having structural and functional similarity with TLR2, and a compound screened with an antagonist of TLR2 may have regulator activity of TLR4. Accordingly, 19 compounds of the present disclosure, TLR2 antagonists, can be utilized as regulators of TLR4.
Terms not otherwise defined herein have meanings as commonly used in the art to which the present disclosure pertains.
Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to examples. However, these examples are for illustrative purposes only, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to these examples.
Statistical analysis shown in the following examples was performed by defining, as statistical significance level, P value (less than or equal to 0.05 or 0.01) as one-dimensional variant analysis using SigmaPlot software version 12.0 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, Calif., USA) for the data obtained from three independent experiments.
For the analysis of the major residues required to construct a pharmacophore model, the alanine scanning mutagenesis technique was used. In the TLR2-TLR1-Pam3CSK4 complex, the residues of the binding site of Pam3CSK4 and TLR2-TLR1 were mutated to alanine, and the mutation energy was calculated based on the difference of the mutation and the wild-type binding free energy. The calculation was performed by using Calculate Mutation Energy (Binding) in Accelrys Discovery Studio (DS) 4.0 and residues with mutation energies greater than 0.5 kcal/mol are believed to affect binding of the receptor-ligand complexes because they make the binding unstable. The major residues affecting binding are illustrated in
The values of the top ten unstable residues are illustrated in Table 2, and the values of all other residues are illustrated in Table 3.
The residues, which were calculated in Table 2 above and determined to affect binding capacity, were Phe325 and Phe349 of TLR2 and Gln316 of TLR1, confirming that they were identical to the major residues found in previous studies in biological experiments.
Accordingly, the three residues were found to play an important role in the process of forming protein-ligand complexes and were used to construct the following receptor-ligand-based pharmacophore models.
In order to construct a receptor-ligand-based pharmacophore model, the TLR2-TLR1-Pam3CSK4 complex was used to identify the characteristic of a ligand that allows binding with the receptor. The crystal structure of the complex is illustrated in
The Receptor-ligand Pharmacophore Generation protocol was used to target the lipopeptide binding site of the TLR2-TLR1-Pam3CSK4 complex together with the default parameters. As a result, all the characteristics of the pharmacophore based on the interaction of the TLR2-TLR1-Pam3CSK4 complex were confirmed and are illustrated in
All the above characteristics are selected with five characteristics and are illustrated in
As illustrated in
The five characteristics identified above are again classified into four sub-models, as illustrated in
In order to construct a ligand-based pharmacophore model, compounds A, B, and C, which were known antagonists of small molecule TLR2, were used and their structures are illustrated in
Compound A was used as a query molecule in constructing the ligand-based pharmacophore model 1. From the various characteristics of Compound A, ten pharmacophore models were constructed, of which three HBAs and two HBYs were constructed as ligand-based pharmacophore model 1. Based thereon, an active molecule was mapped and the result is illustrated in
Compound B was used as a query molecule in constructing a ligand-based pharmacophore model 2. The characteristics of the pharmacophore confirmed from Compound B were confirmed to be one HBD, two HBAs, and two HBYs, and mapping results based thereon are illustrated in
In addition, it was confirmed that the result of mapping the characteristics confirmed from Compound C is the same as in
Four sub-receptor-ligand-based pharmacophore models constructed in Example 2 above were used to screen TLR2 antagonist candidate materials from a commercially available library of approximately 7 million molecules. The Search 3D Database of DS 4.0 was used and each of the above four models was set as an input. The Best Search method was used to calculate the fit value of the ligand to the pharmacophore model. Based on this value, 500 molecules (hits) that were ideally mapped to each model were obtained. As a result, 2000 hit molecules were selected from a total of four models.
In order to select TLR2 antagonist candidate materials from a commercially available library of about 7 million molecules, in accordance with the same method as in Example 4 above, 2,312,604 hit molecules were selected from the ligand-based pharmacophore model 1 with Compound A as an input and 1,651,005 hit molecules were selected from the ligand-based pharmacophore model 2 with Compound B as an input.
In order to further select the 3,963,609 hit molecules selected from the two models, the scoring function of ROCS_tanimoto-Combo according to the shape and atomic type similarity of the query and hit molecules was used. Compound A was used as a query molecule for comparison with 2,312,604 hit molecules obtained from the ligand-based pharmacophore model 1, and Compounds B and C were used as a query molecule for comparison with 1,651,005 hit molecules obtained from the ligand-based pharmacophore model 2. As a result of the scoring, a total of 1,500 hit molecules were selected from the ligand-based pharmacophore model.
In order to further screen drug-like compounds required for the development of new drugs among the 2,000 hit molecules obtained in Example 4 above and 1,500 hit molecules obtained in Example 5 above, that is, a total of 3,500 hit molecules, Lipinski and Veber rule and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity) characteristics were used.
Specifically, the Lipinski and Veber rules were used as a filter for screening compounds with better oral bioavailability. The characteristics of ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity) were used to identify good absorption, adequate solubility, low blood-brain penetrability, cytochrome P450 2D6 non-inhibition, non-hepatocellular toxicity, and non-plasma protein binding ability.
As a result, 1,126 molecules selected as drug-like compounds from a total of 3,500 hit molecules were confirmed. The drug-like characteristics of the candidate compounds were calculated and selected to exclude molecules that were not available at the drug development stage.
The molecular docking of the TLR2-TLR1 dimer was used to select the optimal docking pose and screen ligand for ligand-receptor binding. The ligand was prepared with the Prepare Ligand module of DS 4.0. The binding site of the lipopeptide was selected as the docking site. For optimal screening, the screening was performed using two programs: CDocker (using CD, CHARMM force field) and AutoDock (AD) Vina.
More specifically, the 1,126 drug-like compounds obtained in Example 6 above were docked to four Pam3CSK4 sites using CD. At this time, as illustrated in
The 100 poses were re-docked using AD Vina. At this time, the dock_runscreening protocol was applied. As a result, the top 26 poses with excellent docking were screened based on the AD affinity energy value.
Docking complex scoring was performed using binding free energy to determine the driving force of protein-ligand interaction.
Specifically, to quantify the thermodynamic interactions of the TRL2-TLR1 complex with the ligand, the 26 docking complexes obtained in Example 7 above were aligned again in accordance with the molecular dynamics (MD) according to the calculation of Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) binding free energy. The MD simulation was performed using the g_mmpbsa tool, and the average binding energy and its standard deviation/error were calculated as MnPbSaSatat.pyscript.
The MM/PBSA binding free energy was calculated by the following Equation 1.
ΔGbind=ΔGcomplex−(ΔGprotein+ΔGligand) [Equation 1]
Gbind is the average binding free energy, Gcomplex is the binding free energy of the TRL2-TLR1 complex, Gprotein is the binding free energy of the protein (receptor), and Gligand is the binding free energy of the ligand.
Three compounds (S06690562, S01688300, S01382085) were selected based on the average MM/PBSA value obtained by the above calculation, the AD binding energy value of Example 7 above, and the CD binding energy value. As a result, two compounds from the receptor-ligand-based model and one compound selected from the ligand-based model were confirmed and their two-dimensional structure is illustrated in
Among the 26 compounds screened in Example 7 above, 19 compounds (S02546436, S02276077, S06696686, S06690562, S06713271, S02396152, 501525559, S06542401, S01739292, S01688300, S06570841, S06570001, S06568641, S06572801, S01577528, S01382085, S01442577, S01414289, S01292238) were treated to confirm whether they exhibit biological activity as an antagonist of TLR2, and the secretion change of IL-8, a cytokine induced by TLR2, was confirmed.
HEK293-TLR2 (expressed at endogenous levels of TLR1) and HEK293-Null cell lines were cultured in 96-well tissue culture plates (BD Biosciences) at a density of 1×104 cells/wells, 37° C., 95% air and 5% CO2 for 24 hours. In order to determine the agonist activity, a cell stimulation was achieved by treatment with 50 μM of compound and 50 nM of Pam3CSK4 (Invivogen, San Diego, Calif., USA). In order to determine the antagonist activity, cells were treated with various concentrations of compound for 1 hour and then co-treated with 50 nM of Pam3CSK4. The next day, IL-8 secretion was quantified by human IL-8 ELISA Ready-SET-Go! ® (Second generation) kit (eBioscience, San Diego, Calif., USA) according to the method of the manufacturer's guide, and the quantified results are illustrated in
As illustrated in
For the dose-dependent analysis of the top three compounds (S06690562, S01688300, S01382085) among the six compounds, the concentrations of the three compounds were varied to 12.5, 25, and 50 μM, and the secretion amount of IL-8 was analyzed as the above method. The results are illustrated in
As illustrated in
HEK293-TLR2 and HEK293-Null cell lines (Invivogen, San Diego, Calif., USA) were cultured with 10% heat-inactivated FBS (fetal bovine serum, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), 50 IU/mL penicillin, 50 μg/mL streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., MA., USA) supplemented with Normocin™ 100 mg/mL (Invivogen., San Diego, Calif., USA). The compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo., USA) in brown tubes and stored at a concentration of 10 mM.
In order to confirm the cytotoxicity of the three compounds screened in Example 8 above (S06690562, S01688300, S01382085), the MTS technique was performed in HEK293-TLR2, and the results are illustrated in
Specifically, cell activity was measured using the CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS assay; Promega, Madison, Wis., USA) according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Cells were cultured in 96-well plates at a concentration of 5×103 cells/mL and maintained overnight at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. The next day, the cultured cells were treated with three concentration conditions (12.5 μM, 25 μM, and 50 μM) of three screened compounds (S06690562, S01688300, S01382085). After 24 hours, the MTS solution was treated in wells and the absorbance was measured at 490 nm with a microplate spectrophotometer system (Molecular Devices Inc.). The results are illustrated in
As illustrated in
The novel TLR2 antagonist according to the present disclosure effectively inhibits IL-8 secretion and does not cause toxicity in vivo, and thus can be usefully used in pharmaceutical compositions for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases. Since the TLR2 antagonist has a small molecular weight and a high oral bioavailability, it can be effectively used as an oral administration agent and can also be used as a regulator of TLR4.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2015-0076217 | May 2015 | KR | national |
| 10-2015-0175045 | Dec 2015 | KR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2015/014202 | 12/23/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016/195194 | 12/8/2016 | WO | A |
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| 10-2011-0071108 | Jun 2011 | KR |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20180148455 A1 | May 2018 | US |
