Patent Grant
7097861
This invention relates in general to livestock footbaths, and in particular to a method of treating livestock footbath solutions to improve the solutions.
Bacterial diseases of the hoof, such as hairy hoof warts and hoof rot, are common in livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats and horses. These diseases can cause lameness which leads to a decline in animal health and performance as measured by a decrease in body weight and fertility. Animals that are seriously afflicted may need to be culled. Lameness in dairy cattle often causes a significant decrease in milk production. Thus, the bacterial diseases create a financial burden on farmers as well as harming the livestock.
One method to address the disease problem is by the use of a livestock footbath. The footbath holds a solution containing a material to prevent and/or treat the disease, such as an antibiotic or other material such as copper sulfate and/or zinc sulfate. The animal is led to walk through the footbath to immerse the hooves in the treatment solution. For example, dairy cattle are usually led through a footbath on their way to or from the milking parlor.
There are still problems associated with the use of livestock footbaths. Some materials used in footbath solutions are not very effective against the diseases or cause irritation to the hooves of the animals. Another problem is that bacteria-containing organic materials on the hooves of the animals are washed off in the footbath solution. The organic materials build up over time and overcome the ability of the material in the solution to prevent and/or treat the disease. An additional problem is that disposal of the footbath water may raise environmental concerns, as several states are mandating the discontinued use of products containing heavy metals such as copper. Therefore, it would be desirable to provide improved livestock footbath solutions.
This invention relates to a method of treating a livestock footbath solution comprising adding an alkali metal bisulfate to the solution. In a typical embodiment, the alkali metal bisulfate is sodium bisulfate. Preferably, the addition of the alkali metal bisulfate reduces the pH of the solution to less than about 4. The alkali metal bisulfate is added to the solution at any effective level, preferably between about 10 lbs. and about 35 lbs. of alkali metal bisulfate per 50 gallons of water. Preferably, the alkali metal bisulfate contains less than about 0.01% heavy metals. The alkali metal bisulfate preferably has a Primary Irritation Index of less than about 3.
The invention also relates to a method of treating a livestock footbath solution comprising adding to the solution a blend of an alkali metal bisulfate and a material to treat a bacterial disease. In a typical embodiment, the alkali metal bisulfate is sodium bisulfate, and the material to treat the bacterial disease is copper sulfate and/or zinc sulfate.
The invention also relates to a method of treating a livestock footbath solution comprising rotating the addition to the solution of an alkali metal bisulfate and a material to treat a bacterial disease.
The addition of an alkali metal bisulfate to a livestock footbath solution improves the effectiveness of the solution in preventing and/or treating bacterial diseases of the hoof. Any type of alkali metal bisulfate can be added to the solution. Preferably, the alkali metal bisulfate is sodium bisulfate, potassium bisulfate, or a mixture thereof. The sodium bisulfate is a sodium salt of sulfuric acid generally expressed as NaHSO4 (CAS Reg. No. 7681-38-1). It is also known as sodium acid sulfate, sodium hydrogen sulfate, and bisulfate of soda.
One suitable type of sodium bisulfate is the food grade sodium acid sulfate sold by Jones-Hamilton Co., 30354 Tracy Road, Walbridge, Ohio 43465. It has been certified as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe), and it meets Food Chemicals Codex, 4th Edition Specifications. The sodium acid sulfate consists of crystalline solid particles having a spherical shape with an average diameter of from about 0.03 mm to about 1 mm, typically about 0.75 mm. The product includes sodium bisulfate in an amount of from about 91.5% to about 97.5% by weight (typically about 93%), and sodium sulfate in an amount of from about 2.5% to about 8.5% by weight (typically about 7%). However, sodium bisulfates that are not food grade can also be used in the invention.
The potassium bisulfate for use in the invention is a potassium salt of sulfuric acid generally expressed as KHSO4 (CAS Reg. No. 7646-93-7). It is also known as potassium acid sulfate and potassium hydrogen sulfate.
The alkali metal bisulfate preferably contains less than about 0.01% heavy metals by weight, and more preferably less than about 0.003%. The low level of heavy metals reduces environmental concerns of disposing of the footbath solution. The Jones-Hamilton sodium acid sulfate is low in impurities, containing less than 0.003% heavy metals as Pb, less than about 0.05% water-insoluble substances, and less than 0.003% selenium.
Preferably, the alkali metal bisulfate is not more than mildly irritating to the hooves and skin of the livestock. The alkali metal bisulfate preferably has a Primary Irritation Index of less than about 3, and more preferably less than about 2. The method for measuring Primary Irritation Index is the well known “Draize grading” method disclosed in the journal article, Draize, J. H., Woodard, G., Calvery, H. O., “Methods for the Study of Irritation and Toxicity of Substances Applied Topically to the Skin and Mucous Membrane”, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1944, Vol. 82, pp. 377–390. The Jones-Hamilton sodium acid sulfate is very mild to the hooves and skin, having a Primary Irritation Index of about 0.
While not intending to be limited by theory, it is believed that the addition of the alkali metal bisulfate to the footbath solution kills bacteria by lowering the pH of the solution. The alkali metal bisulfate is effective for rapidly lowering the pH of the solution, preferably to a pH of less than about 4, and more preferably less than about 3. The alkali metal bisulfate is also effective for keeping the pH low over a prolonged period of usage of the footbath. Preferably, the addition of the alkali metal bisulfate is effective for up to about 400 livestock (e.g., cattle) uses of the footbath to keep the pH of the solution below about 4, usually between about 250 and about 400 livestock uses.
The alkali metal bisulfate can be added to the solution at any effective level. The level added may depend on the pH and/or alkalinity of the water used to make the solution. Typically, the alkali metal bisulfate is added to the solution at a level between about 10 lbs. and about 35 lbs. of alkali metal bisulfate per 50 gallons of water, and frequently at a level between about 15 lbs. and about 25 lbs. of alkali metal bisulfate per 50 gallons of water.
The alkali metal bisulfate kills bacteria in the footbath solution that have built up from the organic material washed off from the livestock's hooves. This results in lower bacterial challenge to the hooves and interdigital skin. The alkali metal bisulfate also kills bacteria on the hooves of the livestock. As a result, the footbath solution is effective for treating bacterial diseases of the hoof.
The alkali metal bisulfate can be used alone in the footbath solution, or it can be used in combination with another material effective to treat a bacterial disease. For example, the alkali metal bisulfate can be used in a blend with copper sulfate or zinc sulfate, or in combination with an antibiotic. Alternatively, the alkali metal bisulfate can be added to the footbath solution in rotation with the other material. For example, the alkali metal bisulfate can be added to the footbath solution every other day, rotating with copper sulfate.
Typically, the livestock footbath solution is composed primarily of water. In addition to the water, alkali metal bisulfate, and optionally another material to treat bacterial disease, the footbath solution can contain any other materials commonly used in footbaths.
In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, the principle and mode of operation of this invention have been explained in its preferred embodiments. However, it must be understood that this invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically explained without departing from its spirit or scope.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/445,907, filed Feb. 7, 2003.
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|---|---|---|---|
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| 5772985 | Kemp et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5780064 | Meisters et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
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| 6444707 | Lampe et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60445907 | Feb 2003 | US |
