Patent Grant
10118304
This invention relates to an improved polyfluorocarbon-coated razor blade cutting edge and its novel method of manufacture. Specifically, this invention relates to razor blade cutting edges which have a thin, well-adhered polyfluorocarbon coating and significantly improved first shave benefits which are maintained over subsequent shaves.
Uncoated razor blades, despite their sharpness, cannot be employed for shaving a dry beard without excessive discomfort and pain, and it is as a practical matter necessary to employ with them a beard-softening agent such as water and/or a shaving cream or soap. Even with the beard-softening agent, the pain and irritation produced by shaving with uncoated blades are due to the excessive force required to draw the cutting edge of the blade through the beard hairs, the force of which is transmitted to the nerves in the skin adjacent the hair follicles from which the beard hairs extend, and, as is well known, the irritation produced by excessive pulling of these hairs may continue for a considerable period of time after the pulling has ceased. Blade coatings were developed to solve these shortcomings. However, conventional razor blades generally have increasing cutting forces with use due to the outer coating wear and adhesion loss.
Fischbein, U.S. Pat. No. 3,071,856, issued Jan. 8, 1963, describes fluorocarbon-coated blades, particularly polytetrafluoroethylene-coated blades. The blades may be coated by (1) placing the blade edge in close proximity to a supply of the fluorocarbon and subsequently heating the blade, (2) spraying the blade with a fluorocarbon dispersion, (3) dipping the blade into a fluorocarbon dispersion or (4) by use of electrophoresis. The resulting blade was later heated to sinter the polytetrafluoroethylene onto the blade edge.
Fischbein, U.S. Pat. No. 3,518,110, issued Jun. 30, 1970, discloses an improved solid fluorocarbon telomer for use in coating safety razor blades. The fluorocarbon polymer melts between 310° C. and 332° C. and at 350° C. has a melt flow from 0.005 to about 600 grams per ten minutes. The preferred polymers are believed to have molecular weights ranging from about 25,000 to about 500,000 grams/mole. For best results, the solid fluorocarbon polymer is broken down into particles ranging from 0.1 to 1 micron. The dispersion is electrostatically sprayed onto stainless steel blades.
Fish et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,658,742, issued Apr. 25, 1972, discloses an aqueous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) dispersion containing Triton X-100 brand wetting agent which is electrostatically sprayed on blade edges. The aqueous dispersion is prepared by exchanging the Freon solvent in Vydax brand PTFE dispersion (PTFE+Freon solvent), distributed by E.I. DuPont, Wilmington, Del., with isopropyl alcohol and then exchanging the isopropyl alcohol with water.
Trankiem, U.S. Pat. No. 5,263,256, issued Nov. 23, 1993 discloses an improved method of forming a polyfluorocarbon coating on a razor blade cutting edge comprising the steps of subjecting a fluorocarbon polymer having a molecular weight of at least about 1,000,000 grams/mole to ionizing radiation to reduce the average molecular weight to from about 700 to about 700,000 grams/mole; dispersing the irradiated fluorocarbon polymer in an aqueous solution; coating said razor blade cutting edge with the dispersion; and heating the coating obtained to melt, partially melt or sinter the fluorocarbon polymer.
Trankiem, U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,428 issued on May 8, 2001 discloses a method of forming a polyfluorocarbon coating on a razor blade cutting edge which comprises subjecting a fluorocarbon polymer having a molecular weight of at least 1,000,000 grams/mole in dry powder form to ionizing irradiation to reduce the molecular weight of the polymer, forming a dispersion of the irradiated polymer in a volatile organic liquid, spraying the dispersion on to a razor blade cutting edge and heating the coating obtained to sinter the polyfluorocarbon. The polyfluorocarbon preferably is polytetrafluoroethylene and irradiation preferably is effected to obtain a telomer having a molecular weight of about 25,000 grams/mole.
Kwiecien et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,459, issued Nov. 16, 1999, describes a process for treating polyfluorocarbon coated razor blade cutting edges with a solvent which produces a blade edge which exhibits lower initial cutting forces which correlates with a more comfortable first shave over conventional razor blade cutting edges which exhibited high initial cutting forces.
Polytetrafluoroethylene coatings on razor blade cutting edges are clearly known in the art. Furthermore, it appears that various solvents systems have been proposed in the literature for polytetrafluoroethylene.
However, the art fails to appreciate the importance of a thin PTFE coating which is maintained during the initial or first shave but also for the majority of later shaves. Furthermore, the art is silent on selective removal of polytetrafluoroethylene from razor blade cutting edges, followed by additional coating with polytetrafluoroethylene.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a razor blade cutting edge with a thin, well adhered coating which provides significantly improved cutting force effects which are also sustained with use when compared with the prior art. This improvement in cutting force translates to an improved first shave and improved subsequent shaves.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a razor blade which causes fewer nicks, improves comfort, and/or improves closeness.
Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method producing these improved blades. The process utilizes novel processing steps.
These and other objects will become evident from the following disclosure.
The present invention provides a method of forming a polyfluorocarbon coating on a razor blade cutting edge including the steps of (a) coating a razor blade cutting edge with a first dispersion of polyfluorocarbon in a dispersing medium; (b) heating the coating to adhere the polyfluorocarbon to the blade edge; (c) treating the razor blade cutting edge with a first solvent to partially remove the first coating; (d) coating the blade edge with a second dispersion of polyfluorocarbon in a dispersing medium; and (e) heating the coating of step (d) to adhere the second polyfluorocarbon to the blade edge.
The present invention provides a method of forming a polyfluorocarbon coating on a razor blade cutting edge further including the step of (f) treating the blade edge of step (e) with a second solvent to partially remove the second coating of step (d).
The present invention provides a method of forming a polyfluorocarbon coating on a razor blade cutting edge wherein the critical temperature or boiling point of the first and second solvents is above the dissolution temperature for the first and second polyfluorocarbons in the first and second solvents, respectively, and wherein the blade treatment step (c) or step (f) occurs at a process temperature below the boiling point or critical temperature of the first and second solvents, respectively, and above the dissolution temperature for the first and second polyfluorocarbons, respectively, in the first and second solvents.
The first and the second solvent are selected from the group consisting of perfluoroalkanes, perfluorocycloalkanes, perfluoroaromatic compounds and oligomers thereof.
The polyfluorocarbon is polytetrafluoroethylene having an average molecular weight of from about 700 to about 4,000,000 grams/mole. The polytetrafluoroethylene preferably has an average molecular weight of from about 22,000 to about 200,000 grams/mole.
The present invention provides that the polyfluorocarbon of step (a) is polytetrafluoroethylene having an average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, and the polyfluorocarbon of step (d) is polytetrafluoroethylene having a different average molecular weight and/or molecular weight distribution than the polyfluorocarbon of step (a).
The present invention provides the polytetrafluoroethylene of step (a) having an average molecular weight of from greater than about 200,000 to about 4,000,000 grams/mole and the polytetrafluoroethylene of step (d) having an average molecular weight of from about 3,000 to about 200,000 grams/mole.
The present invention provides the polytetrafluoroethylene of step (a) having an average molecular weight of from about 3,000 to about 200,000 grams/mole and the polytetrafluoroethylene of step (d) having an average molecular weight of from greater than about 200,000 to about 4,000,000 grams/mole.
The present invention provides the polyfluorocarbon of step (a) is polytetrafluoroethylene having an average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, and the polyfluorocarbon of step (d) is polytetrafluoroethylene having substantially the same average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution as the polyfluorocarbon of step (a).
The present invention provides the polyfluorocarbon of step (a) is polytetrafluoroethylene having an average molecular weight of from greater than about 200,000 to about 4,000,000 grams/mole and the polyfluorocarbon of step (d) is polytetrafluoroethylene having an average molecular weight of from greater than about 200,000 to about 4,000,000 grams/mole.
The present invention provides the polyfluorocarbon of step (a) is polytetrafluoroethylene having an average molecular weight of from about 3,000 to about 200,000 grams/mole and the polyfluorocarbon of step (d) is polytetrafluoroethylene having an average molecular weight of from about 3,000 to about 200,000 grams/mole.
The present invention provides that the first solvent of step (c) and the second solvent of step (f) differ in composition, temperature, and/or method of application.
The present invention provides the first and/or second solvent is selected from the group consisting of: dodecafluorocyclohexane (C6F12), octafluoronaphthalene (C10F8), perfluorotetracosane (n-C24F50), perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene (C14F24), isomers of perfluoroperhydrobenzylnaphthalene (C17F30), high-boiling oligomeric byproducts in the manufacture of perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene (C14F24), perfluoropolyethers, or any combinations thereof.
The present invention provides the first and/or second solvent includes perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene.
The present invention may further include a post treatment step (g) to remove excess solvent.
The present invention provides that the cutting force obtained after step (f) is reduced by about 5 to about 15 percent over the cutting force obtained after step (c).
The present invention provides that the cutting force obtained after step (e) is reduced by about 5 to about 15 percent over the cutting force obtained after step (c) over the life of the blade.
The present invention provides that, after the heating step (b) and/or step (e), a thickness of the polyfluorocarbon coating is greater than 1.0 micrometers.
The present invention provides a razor blade cutting edge produced according to the method outlined above.
This invention concerns a novel process for treating polyfluorocarbon-coated razor blade cutting edges, particularly polytetrafluoroethylene-coated razor blade cutting edges. The razor blade cutting edges produced by the novel process may be disposed in a razor cartridge providing a razor with improved shaving attributes for a user.
The present invention relates to razor blade cutting edges which exhibit an improvement in the first cut (e.g., lower cut force) and in subsequent cuts which correlates to improved shaves for the life of the blade and the method of producing these razor blade cutting edges. Prior art razor blade cutting edges exhibit initial cut (or first shave) improvements. However, razor blades produced according to the present process exhibit significantly lower initial cutting forces which are sustained and which correlate to improved shave performance from the beginning and for the life of the blade. Improved blades according to the present invention involve treating conventional razor blade cutting edges having an adherent polyfluorocarbon coating with a solvent to partially remove the coating, then coating with polyfluorocarbon, sintering and further treatment with a solvent. Preferred solvents include perfluoroalkanes, perfluorocycloalkanes, perfluoroaromatic compounds and oligomers thereof having a critical temperature or boiling point above the dissolution temperature for the polyfluorocarbon in the solvent.
All percentages and ratios described herein are on a weight basis unless other indicated.
As used herein the term “razor blade cutting edge” includes the cutting point or ultimate blade tip and the facets of the blade. The entire blade edge could be coated in the manner described herein; however; an enveloping coat of the type herein is not believed to be essential to the present invention. Razor blades according to the present invention include all types known in the art. For example, stainless steel blades are commonly used. Many other commercial razor blades also include chromium or a chromium/platinum interlayer between the steel blade and the polymer. Other interlayers may also be feasible and are known in the art. A chromium interlayer is typically sputtered onto the blade edge surface prior to polymer coating. Furthermore, a similar process may be used to coat the blade with other materials, for instance, but not limited to, a Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) material coating as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,142,785 and 5,232,568, incorporated herein by reference, prior to an outer polymer coating.
Various methods have been proposed for coating razor blade cutting edges with polyfluorocarbons.
Surprisingly, it was discovered that, when a blade which is coated with a polyfluorocarbon dispersion is subsequently heated and treated with a suitable solvent, and effectively “thinned”, and is then re-coated and re-heated, the resultant blade edge has an improved cutting surface providing better shave characteristics over the prior art over the life of the blade. Thus, applying one or more second coatings on an already thinned coating and then heating that coating provides unexpected blade benefits over the prior art, such as comfort and reduced cutting force with use over the life of the blade. This may be counterintuitive since, as generally known, adding a coating or making a thicker coating on a blade edge may result in undesirable higher cutting forces.
Further surprising still, when this second heated coating was subsequently treated one or more times with a second suitable solvent, the resulting blade edge comprises a surface with even additional enhanced shave characteristics over the prior art such as improved first shave cutting force and maintained lower cutting forces for the majority of subsequent shaves over the life of the blade. The lower cutting forces exhibited are unexpected to those of skill in the art, particularly since the resulting blade edge's outer polymer layer appears to be similar to that of a prior art blade.
Desirably, the process steps of the present invention are performed as shown in
The present invention process 10 is shown in
A first polyfluorocarbon or polymer coating in
The uniformity of the coating or a “uniform” coating as used herein signifies that the coating provides substantially full coverage with a generally consistent depth and/or even profile throughout.
The blade 15a is then recoated at step 16 of
The present invention contemplates that steps 16, 17, and 18 of
The process of the present invention results in a polyfluorocarbon coating drat generally may approach the molecular level of thickness.
The present invention process may omit either both steps 18 and 19 or just step 19 before proceeding to a final blade at step 19a while still maintaining the longevous shaving characteristic benefits.
Each of these steps or phases of the present invention process is further described below:
Preparing a Polyfluorocarbon-Coated Blade Edge
Polyfluorocarbon-coated blade edges according to the present invention can be prepared by any process known in the art. Preferably, the blade edge is coated with a polyfluorocarbon dispersion. The dispersion-coated blade edge is next heated to drive off the dispersing media and to heat the polyfluorocarbon onto the blade edge. These processing steps are further described as follows:
A. Polyfluorocarbon Dispersion
According to the present invention, a dispersion is prepared from a fluorocarbon polymer. The preferred fluorocarbon polymers (i.e. starting materials) are those which contain a chain of carbon atoms including a preponderance of —CF2—CF2— groups, such as polymers of tetrafluoroethylene, including copolymers such as those with a minor proportion, e.g. up to 5% by weight of hexafluoropropylene. These polymers have terminal groups at the ends of the carbon chains which may vary in nature, depending, as is well known, upon the method of making the polymer. Among the common terminal groups of such polymers are, —H, —COOH, —Cl, —CCl3, —CFClCF2Cl, —CH2OH, —CH3 and the like. The preferred polymers of the present invention have average molecular weights ranging from about 700 to about 4,000,000 grains/mole, and preferably from about 22,000 to about 200,000 grams/mole.
An “average molecular weight” as used herein generally refers to the number average molecular weight of the polyfluorocarbon used to produce the coating. It is equal to the total weight of all the polymer molecules in a representative sample, divided by the total number of polymer molecules in the representative sample. The term “molecular weight distribution” as used herein refers to the distribution of molecular weights that produces the number average molecular weight of a representative sample. As one of skill in the art may recognize, an average molecular weight may be the same between two materials but their respective molecular weight distributions may be quite different.
The most preferred fluorocarbon polymer (i.e., starting material) is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
The present invention contemplates that the polyfluorocarbon of the coating step 13 of
For instance, the polytetrafluoroethylene of coating step 13 of
Further, the polyfluorocarbon of coating step 13 of
For instance, the polytetrafluoroethylene of coating step 13 of
Generally, the benefit of having a first coating or layer of PTFE having a first average molecular weight and a separate second coating or layer of PTFE subsequently deposited on the first coating or layer having a similar or different second average molecular weight on blade edges is the resultant enhanced coverage, uniformity, and/or adhesion resulting in lower overall friction and/or cutting forces which generally provides more improved shaving characteristics over a longer period of time.
Additionally, the present invention contemplates that the resultant polyfluorocarbon coating after steps 14 and/or 17 includes polytetrafluoroethylene with a resultant thickness of less than about 0.5 micrometers.
In an alternate preferred embodiment, the present invention contemplates that the resultant polyfluorocarbon coating after steps 14 and/or 17 includes polytetrafluoroethylene with a resultant thickness greater than about 0.5 micrometers, more preferably near or greater than about 1.0 micrometer. In particular, blade edges of the heated second polyfluorocarbon coating being significantly thicker than prior art polyfluorocarbon coated blade edges (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,459), have specific applications where skin comfort and/or cutting force reduction with use may be desired.
A thicker second PTFE coating over a well-adhered and solvent-treated first PTFE coating of the present invention is advantageous in that the resultant blade edge may also provide skin comfort by reducing the blade to skin interaction while also maintaining the blade edge to hair engagement and cutting ability.
As discussed below, the second coating of the present invention may be solvent-treated at step 18 as shown in
The preferred commercial polyfluorocarbons include materials manufactured by DuPont™ such as DuPont™ Zonyl® fluoroadditive powders and/or dispersions (e.g., MP1100, MP1200, MP600, and MPD1700) or DuPont™ DryFilm® dispersions, such as LW-2120 or the RA series.
Polyfluorocarbon dispersions according to the present invention comprise from 0.05 to 10% (wt) polyfluorocarbon, preferably from 0.5 to 2% (wt), dispersed in a dispersant media. The polymer dispersion can be introduced into the flow stream directly or a polymer powder can be mixed into a dispersing medium and then homogenized prior to being introduced into the flow stream.
For the purpose of forming the dispersion to be sprayed onto the cutting edges, the polyfluorocarbon should have a very small submicron particle size.
Dispersing medium is typically selected from the group consisting of fluorocarbons (e.g., Freon brand from DuPont), water, volatile organic compounds (e.g., isopropyl alcohol), and supercritical CO2. Water is most preferred.
When an aqueous dispersing medium is used, a wetting agent is often necessary, especially when the particle size is large. Generally these wetting agents may be selected from the various surface active materials which are available for use in aqueous, polymeric dispersions. The preferred wetting agents for use in the present invention include alkylphenylpolyalkyleneether alcohols such as Triton X100®, sold by Dow Corporation, though many other viable agents are known in the art. Generally, the amount of wetting/dispersing agent employed may be varied. The wetting/dispersing agent is generally used in amounts ranging from about 2% to 20% by weight of the fluorocarbon polymer, preferably at least about 10% by weight of the fluorocarbon polymer.
B. Applying the Dispersion
The dispersion may be applied to the cutting edge in any suitable manner to give as uniform a coating as possible, as for example, by dipping or spraying; nebulization is especially preferred for coating the cutting edges, in which case an electrostatic field may be employed in conjunction with the nebulizer in order to increase the efficiency of deposition. For further discussion of this electrostatic spraying technique, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,713,573 of Fish, issued Jan. 30, 1973, incorporated herein by reference. Preheating of the dispersion may be desirable to facilitate spraying, the extent of preheating depending on the nature of the dispersion. Preheating of the blades to a temperature approaching the boiling point, or higher than the boiling point of the dispersant media, may also be desirable.
C. Heat the Polyfluorocarbon onto the Blades
In any event the blades carrying the deposited polymer particles on their cutting edges must be heated at an elevated temperature to form an adherent coating on the cutting edge and to drive off the dispersant media. The period of time during which the heating is continued may vary widely, from as little as several seconds to as long as several hours, depending upon the identity of the particular polymer used, the nature of the cutting edge, the rapidity with which the blade is brought up to the desired temperature, the temperature achieved, and the nature of the atmosphere in which the blade is heated. It is preferred that the blades are heated in an atmosphere of inert gas such as helium, argon, nitrogen, etc., or in an atmosphere of reducing gas such as hydrogen, or in mixtures of such gases, or in vacuum. The heating must be sufficient to permit the individual particles of polymer to, at least, sinter.
Preferably, the heating shall be sufficient to permit the polymer to spread into a substantially continuous film of the proper thickness and to cause it to become firmly adherent to the blade edge material.
Thus, the heating of the coating is intended to cause the polymer to adhere to the blade. The heating operation can result in a sintered, partially melted or melted coating. A partially melted or totally melted coating is preferred as it allows the coating to spread and cover the blade more thoroughly. For more detailed discussions of melt, partial melt and sinter, see McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Vol. 12, 5th edition, pg. 437 (1992), incorporated herein by reference.
The heating conditions, i.e., maximum temperature, length of time, etc., obviously must be adjusted so as to avoid substantial decomposition of the polymer and/or excessive tempering of the metal of the cutting edge. Preferably, a target processing temperature for MP1100 brand polytetrafluoroethylene, manufactured by DuPont, is about 650° F., and generally should not exceed 750° F.
As described herein, the present invention process calls for two heating steps in
The second heating step 17 of the present invention assists in sufficiently adhering the first and/or the second polyfluorocarbon (e.g., a polymer such as PTFE telomer) coating to the blade edge surface and in particular, if present, to any “active sites” on the blade edge surface. Active sites generally refer herein to the areas on the blade edge surface where a polyfluorocarbon could still bond. These areas may generally exist on the blade edge surface because they were not properly coated or covered after carrying out the first coating step 13 or because they resulted or were exposed after the first heating step 14 and/or solvent treatment step 15 of the present invention.
The present invention as noted above, contemplates that the process of treating the blade cutting edge may be finalized after completing the second heating step at step 17 of
Solvent Treatment
A primary feature of the present invention involves treating polyfluorocarbon-coated blades, like those described above, with a solvent to essentially “thin” the polyfluorocarbon coating. The solvent treatment partially removes the polyfluorocarbon coating that was initially deposited and heated on the blade edge surface. The portion of the polyfluorocarbon coating that is removed may generally be referred to as being “non-adherent” soluble polymer molecules of the coating.
A second solvent treatment (e.g., step 18 of
It should be noted that the present invention contemplates that the first solvent treatment step and the second solvent treatment step may utilize solvents which are the same or alternately, which differ in composition, temperature, and/or method of application in order to optimize or customize the blade coatings and resultant blade characteristics.
Solvents are generally selected based on their polyfluorocarbon solvency, being a liquid at a dissolution temperature, and/or having low polarity. These parameters are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,459, incorporated herein by reference.
Post Treatment
After the blade edges have been solvent-treated as discussed above, the blades may be additionally treated to remove any excess solvent. This can be done by dipping the blade edge into a wash solution for the solvent. Preferably the wash solution should be easily separable from the solvent.
The following example generally illustrates the nature of the present invention which improves the quality of the first shave and subsequent shaves.
Blade Preparation Example
A batch of blades was spray coated, heated, and solvent-treated, then re-spray coated, re-heated, and re-solvent-treated as follows:
1. A fixture holding the blades was set on a carrier.
The blade fixture was preheated to greater than about 212° F. and then sprayed with a PTFE/water dispersion at about 1% (w/w). The fixture then was passed through an oven greater than about 650° F. where the PTFE coating was heated to ensure adhesion to the blade edges. The blade edges were then solvent treated at greater than about 500° F. for at least about 1 minute at a pressure at or above about 60 PSI in perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene.
2. Blade samples were collected.
A batch of blades as treated in step 1 was spray coated, heated, and solvent-treated under the same conditions described above, and additional samples were collected for assessment purposes.
Cutting Force Determination
To demonstrate the improvement in the first shave and subsequent shaves of the present invention which can impact the blade longevity, the cutting force of each blade sample is determined by measuring the force required to cut through wool felt mounted in a wool felt cutter. Each blade is generally first run through the wool felt cutter 5 times, the force of these cuts is recorded, and an initial cutting force is obtained. Each blade is then run through the wool felt cutter 500 times to simulate shaving and cutting forces are recorded. After the 500 wool felt cuts, the force of three additional cuts is measured and averaged (Avg.3).
A graph plot 20 of actual cut force of a present invention blade edge is found in
Generally, the overall improvement or the decrease in cutting forces of the present invention versus the prior art is from about 5 to about 15 percent.
It should be noted that the magnitude of the cut forces in a plot of the type shown in
As can be seen by comparison, the mean cut force for
Under microscopy, no visible PTFE coating is easily seen in the solvent-treated blades of
Unpredictably, as noted above, despite the lack of an obvious difference in the coating after the first solvent step of
The present invention process may be expanded beyond the coatings desired in the razor arts, to other devices or products that utilize or could utilize a polyfluorocarbon coating. For instance, low friction and wear resistant coatings are desirable in tools such as cutting implements including knives, scalpels, saws, etc., as well as in mechanical parts such as bearing surfaces, gears, etc. Other areas of potential application include non-stick and release coatings as well as water resistant coatings.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.”
Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3071856 | Fischbein | Jan 1963 | A |
| 3518110 | Fischbein | Jun 1970 | A |
| 3658742 | Fish et al. | Apr 1972 | A |
| 4012551 | Bogaty et al. | Mar 1977 | A |
| 5237049 | Cavanaugh et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5263256 | Trankiem | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5985459 | Kwiecien | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6110532 | Causton | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6228428 | Trankiem | May 2001 | B1 |
| 7247249 | Trankiem | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20160001456 A1 | Jan 2016 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62019796 | Jul 2014 | US |
