Patent Application
20170279705
In data center architectures, a network core may connect multiple data centers to one another. This network core may facilitate the flow of inter-subnet traffic from one data center to another. For example, a leaf node within a first data center may transfer inter-subnet traffic to a spine node within a second data center via a network core. In one example, the spine node within the second data center may inefficiently return the inter-subnet traffic to the leaf node (or another leaf node) within the first data center. This routing inefficiency is sometimes referred to as tromboning.
Unfortunately, tromboning may trigger a number of negative effects within the data centers. First, tromboning may lead to increased network latency across the network core and/or within the data centers. Second, tromboning may lead to congested network links and/or increased bandwidth consumption across the network core and/or within the data centers. Third, tromboning may lead to slower Internet access due to the increased network latency, congested network links, and/or increased bandwidth consumption.
The instant disclosure, therefore, identifies and addresses a need for additional and improved methods, systems, and apparatuses for preventing tromboning in inter-subnet traffic within data center architectures.
As will be described in greater detail below, the instant disclosure generally relates to methods, systems, and apparatuses for preventing tromboning in inter-subnet traffic within data center architectures. In one example, a method for accomplishing such a task may include (1) detecting, at a leaf node of a data center, a route advertisement that advertises a route to a spine node of another data center that interfaces with the data center, (2) identifying, at the leaf node of the data center, an Internet Protocol (IP) identifier of the spine node of the other data center included in the route advertisement, (3) determining, at the leaf node of the data center, that the route corresponds to the spine node of the other data center based at least in part on the IP identifier identified in the route advertisement, and then in response to determining that the route corresponds to the spine node of the other data center, (4) rejecting the route to the spine node of the other data center at the leaf node of the data center such that the leaf node does not learn the route to the spine node of the other data center.
Similarly, a system for implementing the above-described method may include (1) a detection module, stored in memory at a leaf node of a data center, that detects a route advertisement that advertises a route to a spine node of another data center that interfaces with the data center, (2) an identification module, stored in memory at the leaf node of the data center, that identifies an IP identifier of the spine node of the other data center included in the route advertisement, (3) a determination module, stored in memory at the leaf node of the data center, that determines that the route corresponds to the spine node of the other data center based at least in part on the IP identifier identified in the route advertisement, (4) a routing module, stored in memory at the leaf node of the data center, that rejects the route to the spine node of the other data center at the leaf node of the data center such that the leaf node does not learn the route to the spine node of the other data center, and (5) at least one physical processor configured to execute the detection module, the identification module, the determination module, and the routing module.
An apparatus for implementing the above-described method may include (1) a memory device that stores, at a leaf node of a data center, routes that define paths to other nodes within the data center, (2) a processing unit communicatively coupled to the memory device at the leaf of the data center, wherein the processing unit (A) detects a route advertisement that advertises a route to a spine node of another data center that interfaces with the data center, (B) identifies an IP identifier of the spine node of the other data center included in the route advertisement, (C) determines that the route corresponds to the spine node of the other data center based at least in part on the IP identifier identified in the route advertisement and then (4) rejects, in response to the determination that the route corresponds to the spine node of the other data center, the route to the spine node of the other data center such that the leaf node does not learn the route to the spine node of the other data center.
Features from any of the above-mentioned embodiments may be used in combination with one another in accordance with the general principles described herein. These and other embodiments, features, and advantages will be more fully understood upon reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims.
The accompanying drawings illustrate a number of exemplary embodiments and are a part of the specification. Together with the following description, these drawings demonstrate and explain various principles of the instant disclosure.
Throughout the drawings, identical reference characters and descriptions indicate similar, but not necessarily identical, elements. While the exemplary embodiments described herein are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. However, the exemplary embodiments described herein are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the instant disclosure covers all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the appended claims.
The present disclosure describes various methods, systems, and apparatuses for preventing tromboning in inter-subnet traffic within data center architectures. As will be explained in greater detail below, systems and methods of the instant disclosure may enable leaf nodes within a local data center to distinguish between routes to spine nodes within the local data center and routes to spine nodes within a remote data center. By distinguishing between such routes, these systems and methods may direct the leaf nodes to learn the routes to the spine nodes within the local data center and not learn the routes to the spine nodes within the remote data center. As a result, these systems and methods may cause the leaf nodes to always forward inter-subnet traffic destined for another leaf node within the local data center to a spine node within the local data center, as opposed to forwarding such traffic to a spine node within the remote data center that simply returns the traffic to the other leaf node within the local data center, thereby causing a tromboning effect across the data centers.
The term “tromboning” and the phrase “to trombone,” as used herein, generally refer to any type or form of sub-optimal routing that results in inter-subnet traffic being transferred from a local data center to a remote data center via a network core and then back to the local data center via the network core. The term “data center architecture,” as used herein, generally refers to any type or form of network configuration and/or architecture that includes one or more data centers.
The following will provide, with reference to
In addition, and as will be described in greater detail below, exemplary system 100 may include a routing module 110 that rejects the route to the spine node of the other data center such that the leaf node does not learn the route to the spine node of the other data center in response to the determination that the route corresponds to the spine node of the other data center. Moreover, exemplary system 100 may include a forwarding module 112 that forwards a packet to the other leaf node via the route to the spine node of the data center. Finally, exemplary system 100 may include a receiving module 114 that receives, at the leaf node of the data center, a packet from the spine node of the other data center even though the leaf node has not learned the route to the spine node of the other data center. Although illustrated as separate elements, one or more of modules 102 in
In certain embodiments, one or more of modules 102 in
As illustrated in
Routing table 120 generally represents any type or form of table and/or database that includes, stores, and/or identifies one or more routes. Routing table 120 may include a plurality of routes arranged and/or organized in a variety of ways. Each route may indicate and/or identify various information and/or data representative of a path. Examples of such information and/or data include, without limitation, the IP address of the destination device, the IP address of a gateway device, a routing prefix of the destination or gateway device, a subscriber identifier that identifies a subscriber of a service provider, a community identifier that identifies a community within a network, a route target, the IP address of the next hop, a network mask, combinations or variations of one or more of the same, and/or any other suitable information or data.
Exemplary system 100 in
In one example, leaf node 202 may be programmed with one or more of modules 102. In this example, leaf node 202 may include, store, and/or maintain routing table 120. Although not necessarily illustrated in this way in
As another example, all or a portion of exemplary system 100 may represent portions of exemplary system 300 in
Although not necessarily illustrated in this way in
In one example, one or more of modules 102 from
Leaf nodes 202, 204, 302, and/or 304 each generally represent any type or form of device, system, and/or mechanism that facilitates communication and/or network traffic within a data center and/or network. In one example, leaf nodes 202, 204, 302, and/or 304 may each represent a network switch. In this example, leaf nodes 202, 204, 302, and/or 304 may each facilitate and/or support Layer 2 bridging and/or switching. Additionally or alternatively, leaf nodes 202, 204, 302, and/or 304 may each forward Layer 2 traffic. Examples of leaf nodes 202, 204, 302, and/or 304 include, without limitation, switches, hubs, routers, modems, bridges, repeaters, gateways, multiplexers, network adapters, network interfaces, network racks, chasses, servers, computing devices, virtual machines running on one or more of the same, portions of one or more of the same, combinations or variations of one or more of the same, and/or any other suitable leaf nodes.
Spine nodes 206, 208, 306, and/or 308 each generally represent any type or form of device, system, and/or mechanism that facilitates communication and/or network traffic across data centers and/or networks. In one example, spine nodes 206, 208, 306, and/or 308 may each represent a router (such as a gateway router). In this example, spine nodes 206, 208, 306, and/or 308 may each facilitate and/or support Layer 3 routing as well as forward Layer 2 and/or Layer 3 traffic. Additionally or alternatively, spine nodes 206, 208, 306, and/or 308 may each perform routing and gateway functions. Spine nodes 206, 208, 306, and/or 308 may also implement and/or support Ethernet Virtual Private Network (EVPN) functions by way of either MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) encapsulation or Virtual Extensible Local Area Network (VXLAN) encapsulation. Examples of spine nodes 206, 208, 306, and/or 308 include, without limitation, routers, gateways, switches, hubs, modems, bridges, repeaters, multiplexers, network adapters, network interfaces, network racks, chasses, servers, computing devices, virtual machines running on one or more of the same, portions of one or more of the same, combinations or variations of one or more of the same, and/or any other suitable spine nodes.
Fabric nodes 210, 212, 310, and/or 312 each generally represent any type or form of device, system, and/or mechanism capable of establishing and/or forming a physical and/or virtual interconnection between data centers and/or networks. In one example, fabric nodes 210, 212, 310, and 312 may each represent a network switch. In this example, fabric nodes 210, 212, 310, and/or 312 may each support and/or facilitate full mesh overlay tunnels within data center 220 and/or across data centers 220 and 320. For example, fabric nodes 210, 212, 310, and/or 312 may facilitate and/or implement an EVPN over a VXLAN. Additionally or alternatively, fabric nodes 210, 212, 310, and/or 312 may facilitate and/or implement an EVPN over an MPLS network. Examples of fabric nodes 210, 212, 310, and/or 312 include, without limitation, switches, hubs, routers, modems, bridges, repeaters, gateways, multiplexers, network adapters, network interfaces, network racks, chasses, servers, computing devices, virtual machines running on one or more of the same, portions of one or more of the same, combinations or variations of one or more of the same, and/or any other suitable leaf nodes.
Network core 330 generally represents any type or form of network interconnection, path, and/or link that interfaces data centers and/or networks with one another. In one example, network core 330 may include and/or represent one or more VXLAN and/or MPLS links and/or cables that facilitate communication across and/or between data centers 220 and 320. In this example, network core 330 may enable leaf node 202 to establish a VXLAN and/or MPLS tunnel to one or more of leaf nodes 302 and 304 and/or spine nodes 306 and 308 within data center 320.
Data centers 220 and 320 each generally represent any type or form of centralized physical and/or virtual facility capable of storing, managing, and/or transferring data for a specific purpose. In one example, data centers 220 and 320 may each include and/or implement a multi-stage (e.g., a 5-stage) Clos network. In this example, data centers 220 and 320 may each originate and/or transfer inter-subnet and/or inter-Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) traffic.
As illustrated in
The systems described herein may perform step 410 in a variety of ways and/or contexts. In some examples, detection module 104 may detect the route advertisement while monitoring for new and/or updated routes being advertised by nodes within data centers 220 and 320. For example, spine node 306 or 308 within data center 320 may generate a route advertisement that advertises the route to spine node 306 or 308. In this example, spine node 306 or 308 may transmit, multicast, and/or broadcast this route advertisement to data center 220 via network core 330. As the route advertisement reaches leaf node 202 within data center 220, detection module 104 may receive and/or detect the route advertisement.
Returning to
The systems described herein may perform step 420 in a variety of ways and/or contexts. In some examples, identification module 106 may identify the IP identifier by analyzing the route advertisement. For example, identification module 106 may parse the route advertisement and/or search the same for any IP identifiers. While parsing and/or searching the route advertisement, identification module 106 may identify one or more IP identifiers within the route advertisement.
In some examples, one or more of the IP identifiers identified within the route advertisement may correspond to multiple nodes within data centers 220 and 320. For example, identification module 106 may identify an IP identifier within the route advertisement that is not unique to spine node 306 or 308. Instead, this IP identifier may correspond to all of spine nodes 206, 208, 306, and 308.
However, one or more of the IP identifiers identified within the route advertisement may be specific and/or unique to the node whose route is being advertised. For example, identification module 106 may identify an IP identifier within the route advertisement that is specific and/or unique to spine node 306. In other words, this IP identifier may have a one-to-one relationship with spine node 306.
Returning to
The systems described herein may perform step 430 in a variety of ways and/or contexts. In some examples, determination module 108 may determine that the route corresponds to one of the spine nodes within data center 320 by comparing the IP identifier identified in the route advertisement against a list. For example, determination module 108 may compare the IP identifier identified in the route advertisement to a blacklist of IP identifiers known to correspond to the spine nodes of data center 320. Upon comparing the IP identifier identified in the route advertisement to the blacklist in this way, determination module 108 may determine that the IP identifier identified in the route advertisement matches one of the IP identifiers from the blacklist. As a result, determination module 108 may determine that the route advertised in the route advertisement leads to one of the spine nodes within data center 320, as opposed to one of the spine nodes within data center 220.
As a specific example, identification module 106 may identify a next-hop IP address within the route advertisement. Determination module 108 may then compare this next-hop IP address to a list that includes and/or identifies the next-hop IP addresses of spine nodes 306 and 308 within data center 320. Upon comparing the next-hop IP address identified within the route advertisement to the list in this way, determination module 108 may determine that this next-hop IP address is included and/or identified in the list. As a result, determination module 108 may determine that leaf node 202 is not to learn the route advertised within this route advertisement.
As another example, identification module 106 may identify a community identifier and/or route target within the route advertisement. For example, spine node 306 or 308 may include and/or insert a community identifier and/or route target into the route advertisement. In this example, the community identifier and/or route target may identify and/or indicate data center 320 as being the origin of the route advertisement. As a result, determination module 108 may determine that leaf node 202 is not to learn the route advertised within this route advertisement.
With respect to these examples, determination module 108 may make these determinations in an effort to avoid tromboning traffic back and forth across network core 330. In other words, since leaf node 202 is unable to learn such routes, leaf node 202 may be unable to forward traffic to the spine nodes within data center 320. As a result, leaf node 202 may be limited to selecting one of spine nodes 206 and 208 within data center 220 to facilitate Layer 3 routing, thereby preventing the tromboning of traffic destined for computing systems attached to leaf node 204 within data center 220.
Returning to
The systems described herein may perform step 440 in a variety of ways and/or contexts. In some examples, routing module 110 may reject the route by refusing to add the route to routing table 120 included in leaf node 202. For example, routing module 110 may direct leaf node 202 to disregard and/or ignore the route advertised in the route advertisement. As a result of this directive, leaf node 202 may be unable to learn the route advertised in the route advertisement. By refusing to add the route to routing table 120 in this way, routing module 110 may force leaf node 202 to forward traffic destined for leaf node 204 to spine node 206 or 208 within data center 220.
In other words, routing module 110 may prevent leaf node 202 from forwarding traffic destined for leaf node 204 via spine node 306 or 308 within data center 320. Accordingly, routing module 110 may ensure that leaf node 202 does not forward traffic to leaf node 204 via the route to spine node 306 or 308 within data center 320. For example, identification module 106 may, at leaf node 202, identify a packet to be forwarded to a computing system (such as a virtual machine) attached to leaf node 204 of data center 220. In this example, identification module 106 may identify a route to spine node 206 or 208 of data center 220. Leaf node 202 may have learned this route earlier since this route is to spine node 206 or 208 of data center 220 and not to spine node 306 or 308 of data center 320.
Once this route has been identified, one or more of the systems described herein may forward the packet to leaf node 204 via the route to spine node 306 or 308. For example, forwarding module 112 may, as part of leaf node 202, forward the packet to leaf node 204 via the route to spine node 206 or 208. More specifically, forwarding module 112 may forward the packet to spine node 206 or 208 of data center 220. Upon receiving the packet, spine node 206 or 208 may in turn forward the packet to leaf node 204. By forwarding the packet to spine node 206 or 208 in this way, forwarding module 112 may ensure that the packet does not traverse spine node 306 or 308 of data center 320 en route to leaf node 204.
In some examples, leaf node 202 may facilitate and/or support Layer 2 bridging and/or switching within data center 220. For example, identification module 106 may identify a packet from a source virtual machine attached to leaf node 202. Identification module 106 may then determine, based at least in part on the packet's destination IP address, that the packet is destined for a virtual machine attached to leaf node 204 within data center 220. In the event that the source virtual machine and the destination virtual machine are included in the same subnetwork, forwarding module 112 may be able to forward the packet from leaf node 202 directly to leaf node 204 by way of Layer 2 bridging and/or switching. However, in the event that the source virtual machine and the destination virtual machine are included in different subnetworks, forwarding module 112 may be unable to forward the packet from leaf node 202 directly to leaf node 204 by way of Layer 2 bridging and/or switching.
Continuing with this example, leaf node 202 may be unable to facilitate and/or support Layer 3 routing within data center 220 or across data centers 220 and 320. In contrast, spine nodes 206 and 208 may each be able to facilitate and/or support Layer 3 routing within data center 220 or across data centers 220 and 320. As a result, in the event that the source virtual machine and the destination virtual machine are included in different subnetworks, leaf node 202 may rely on spine node 206 or 208 to facilitate Layer 3 routing of the packet. Since routing module 110 has rejected the routes to spine nodes 306 and 308, identification module 106 may be limited to selecting a route to spine node 206 or 208 within data center 220. Upon selection of the route, forwarding module 112 may assign the MAC address of the corresponding spine node to the packet and then forward the packet to that spine node.
Upon receiving the packet from leaf node 202, the spine node may look up the Layer 3 route that corresponds to leaf node 204 in the spine node's routing table based at least in part on the packet's destination IP address. During this lookup, the spine node may identify the Layer 3 route that corresponds to leaf node 204. This Layer 3 route may identify and/or indicate the bridge domain associated with the subnetwork that includes the destination virtual machine. The spine node may then forward the packet to the destination virtual machine via leaf node 204 in accordance with the Layer 3 route identified in the routing table.
Although leaf node 202 may be unable to forward traffic directly to spine nodes 306 and 308 within data center 320, leaf node 202 may be able to receive traffic directly from spine nodes 306 and 308. In one example, one or more of the systems described herein may receive a packet from spine node 306 or 308 at leaf node 202 even though leaf node 202 has not learned the route to either of spine nodes 306 and 308. For example, receiving module 114 may, as part of leaf node 202, receive a packet from spine node 306 or 308 even though leaf node 202 has not learned the route to either of spine nodes 306 and 308. In this example, the packet may have originated from a computing system (such as a virtual machine) attached to leaf node 302 or 304 within data center 320. Upon receipt of the packet at leaf node 202, forwarding module 112 may forward the packet to a computing system (such as a virtual machine) attached to leaf node 202.
As explained above in connection with
Computing system 500 broadly represents any type or form of electrical load, including a single or multi-processor computing device or system capable of executing computer-readable instructions. Examples of computing system 500 include, without limitation, workstations, laptops, client-side terminals, servers, distributed computing systems, mobile devices, network switches, network routers (e.g., backbone routers, edge routers, core routers, mobile service routers, broadband routers, etc.), network appliances (e.g., network security appliances, network control appliances, network timing appliances, SSL VPN (Secure Sockets Layer Virtual Private Network) appliances, etc.), network controllers, gateways (e.g., service gateways, mobile packet gateways, multi-access gateways, security gateways, etc.), and/or any other type or form of computing system or device.
Computing system 500 may be programmed, configured, and/or otherwise designed to comply with one or more networking protocols. According to certain embodiments, computing system 500 may be designed to work with protocols of one or more layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, such as a physical layer protocol, a link layer protocol, a network layer protocol, a transport layer protocol, a session layer protocol, a presentation layer protocol, and/or an application layer protocol. For example, computing system 500 may include a network device configured according to a Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocol, an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1394 protocol, an Ethernet protocol, a T1 protocol, a Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) protocol, a Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) protocol, an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) protocol, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol, a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), a Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE), a Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM (PPPoA), a Bluetooth protocol, an IEEE 802.XX protocol, a frame relay protocol, a token ring protocol, a spanning tree protocol, and/or any other suitable protocol.
Computing system 500 may include various network and/or computing components. For example, computing system 500 may include at least one processor 514 and a system memory 516. Processor 514 generally represents any type or form of processing unit capable of processing data or interpreting and executing instructions. For example, processor 514 may represent an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a system on a chip (e.g., a network processor), a hardware accelerator, a general purpose processor, and/or any other suitable processing element.
Processor 514 may process data according to one or more of the networking protocols discussed above. For example, processor 514 may execute or implement a portion of a protocol stack, may process packets, may perform memory operations (e.g., queuing packets for later processing), may execute end-user applications, and/or may perform any other processing tasks.
System memory 516 generally represents any type or form of volatile or non-volatile storage device or medium capable of storing data and/or other computer-readable instructions. Examples of system memory 516 include, without limitation, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), flash memory, or any other suitable memory device. Although not required, in certain embodiments computing system 500 may include both a volatile memory unit (such as, for example, system memory 516) and a non-volatile storage device (such as, for example, primary storage device 532, as described in detail below). System memory 516 may be implemented as shared memory and/or distributed memory in a network device. Furthermore, system memory 516 may store packets and/or other information used in networking operations. In one example, system memory 616 may include and/or store one or more of modules 102 from
In certain embodiments, exemplary computing system 500 may also include one or more components or elements in addition to processor 514 and system memory 516. For example, as illustrated in
Memory controller 518 generally represents any type or form of device capable of handling memory or data or controlling communication between one or more components of computing system 500. For example, in certain embodiments memory controller 518 may control communication between processor 514, system memory 516, and I/O controller 520 via communication infrastructure 512. In some embodiments, memory controller 518 may include a Direct Memory Access (DMA) unit that may transfer data (e.g., packets) to or from a link adapter.
I/O controller 520 generally represents any type or form of device or module capable of coordinating and/or controlling the input and output functions of a computing device. For example, in certain embodiments I/O controller 520 may control or facilitate transfer of data between one or more elements of computing system 500, such as processor 514, system memory 516, communication interface 522, and storage interface 530.
Communication interface 522 broadly represents any type or form of communication device or adapter capable of facilitating communication between exemplary computing system 500 and one or more additional devices. For example, in certain embodiments communication interface 522 may facilitate communication between computing system 500 and a private or public network including additional computing systems. Examples of communication interface 522 include, without limitation, a link adapter, a wired network interface (such as a network interface card), a wireless network interface (such as a wireless network interface card), and any other suitable interface. In at least one embodiment, communication interface 522 may provide a direct connection to a remote server via a direct link to a network, such as the Internet. Communication interface 522 may also indirectly provide such a connection through, for example, a local area network (such as an Ethernet network), a personal area network, a wide area network, a private network (e.g., a virtual private network), a telephone or cable network, a cellular telephone connection, a satellite data connection, or any other suitable connection.
In certain embodiments, communication interface 522 may also represent a host adapter configured to facilitate communication between computing system 500 and one or more additional network or storage devices via an external bus or communications channel. Examples of host adapters include, without limitation, Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) host adapters, Universal Serial Bus (USB) host adapters, IEEE 1394 host adapters, Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), Parallel ATA (PATA), Serial ATA (SATA), and External SATA (eSATA) host adapters, Fibre Channel interface adapters, Ethernet adapters, or the like. Communication interface 522 may also enable computing system 500 to engage in distributed or remote computing. For example, communication interface 522 may receive instructions from a remote device or send instructions to a remote device for execution.
As illustrated in
In certain embodiments, storage devices 532 and 534 may be configured to read from and/or write to a removable storage unit configured to store computer software, data, or other computer-readable information. Examples of suitable removable storage units include, without limitation, a floppy disk, a magnetic tape, an optical disk, a flash memory device, or the like. Storage devices 532 and 534 may also include other similar structures or devices for allowing computer software, data, or other computer-readable instructions to be loaded into computing system 500. For example, storage devices 532 and 534 may be configured to read and write software, data, or other computer-readable information. Storage devices 532 and 534 may be a part of computing system 500 or may be separate devices accessed through other interface systems.
Many other devices or subsystems may be connected to computing system 500. Conversely, all of the components and devices illustrated in
While the foregoing disclosure sets forth various embodiments using specific block diagrams, flowcharts, and examples, each block diagram component, flowchart step, operation, and/or component described and/or illustrated herein may be implemented, individually and/or collectively, using a wide range of hardware, software, or firmware (or any combination thereof) configurations. In addition, any disclosure of components contained within other components should be considered exemplary in nature since many other architectures can be implemented to achieve the same functionality.
In some examples, all or a portion of system 100 in
In addition, one or more of the modules described herein may transform data, physical devices, and/or representations of physical devices from one form to another. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the modules recited herein may transform a processor, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and/or any other portion of a physical computing device from one form to another by executing on the computing device, storing data on the computing device, and/or otherwise interacting with the computing device.
The process parameters and sequence of the steps described and/or illustrated herein are given by way of example only and can be varied as desired. For example, while the steps illustrated and/or described herein may be shown or discussed in a particular order, these steps do not necessarily need to be performed in the order illustrated or discussed. The various exemplary methods described and/or illustrated herein may also omit one or more of the steps described or illustrated herein or include additional steps in addition to those disclosed.
The preceding description has been provided to enable others skilled in the art to best utilize various aspects of the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein. This exemplary description is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to any precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the instant disclosure. The embodiments disclosed herein should be considered in all respects illustrative and not restrictive. Reference should be made to the appended claims and their equivalents in determining the scope of the instant disclosure.
Unless otherwise noted, the terms “connected to” and “coupled to” (and their derivatives), as used in the specification and claims, are to be construed as permitting both direct and indirect (i.e., via other elements or components) connection. In addition, the terms “a” or “an,” as used in the specification and claims, are to be construed as meaning “at least one of.” Finally, for ease of use, the terms “including” and “having” (and their derivatives), as used in the specification and claims, are interchangeable with and have the same meaning as the word “comprising.”
