This disclosure relates generally to tissue engineering and in particular to a method of synthesizing gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels.
Gelatin Methacryloyl (hereinafter referred to as GelMA) is one of the most widely used hydrogel materials for applications in tissue engineering, stem cell, and cancer research. GelMA provides a biocompatible matrix for 3D cell culturing. However, the synthesis process for GeIMA is time consuming, taking approximately 2 weeks, and poorly reproducible, leading to high batch to batch variations.
With reference to
Such conventional methods of GeIMA are time-consuming and prone to variability with yield ranges varying widely from 18% to 72%. In particular, the requirement to use reverse osmosis for a week followed by a week of freeze drying extends the synthesis time to 2 weeks or more. Furthermore performing the dialysis at relatively warm temperatures ({tilde over (−)}=40° C.) exposes the protein to degradation risk while carrying out the dialysis at 35 to 40° C. has been previously observed to result in a large reduction of the reaction yield. While dialysis could be performed at 4 ° C. to minimize degradation this may entail an extended dialysis time due to the fact that diffusivity reduces at lower temperatures.
The freeze drying process is also time consuming and ensues high capital equipment costs, which is a primary motivation in minimizing process times. Moreover, freeze drying is well documented to not only cause batch to batch variation but also heterogeneity within batches, which is attributed to fluid-dynamics and radiation. The main hurdles preventing the GeIMA synthesis process from being time efficient, economical and reproducible are therefore the dialysis and freeze-drying steps,
According to a first embodiment, there is disclosed a method for synthesizing hydrogels comprising dissolving a gelatin in a first solvent to form a first solution, methacrylating the first solution using a methacrylating agent to form a solution containing dissolved gelatin methacryloyl, precipitating the gelatin methacryloyl from the solution by adding a second solvent and isolating the precipitated gelatin methacryloyl.
The first solvent may have a dielectric constant of less about than 50. The second solvent may have a dielectric constant of less than about 20. The second solvent may have a dielectric constant of less than about 10.
The first and second solvents may be miscible. The first solvent may be selected from the group consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethyl acetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and hexamethylphosphoramide. The methacrylating agent may be a methacrylate group donor. The methacrylating agent may comprise glycidyl methacrylate.
The second solvent may be immiscible with water. The second solvent may be selected from the group consisting of dichloromethane, dichloromethane, butanol, butanone, ethyl acetate, a C5 to C8 alkane or cycloalkane, diethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, benzene, toluene, trichloroethylene, disopropyl ether, methyl-t -butyl ether and butyl acetate. The second solvent may comprise toluene.
Isolating may comprise decanting the supernatant from the gelatin methacryloyl. The method may further comprise washing the gelatin methacryloyl after separation from the supernatant. The gelatin methacryloyl may be washed with the second solvent. The precipitated gelatin methacryloyl may be disolved in a third solvent, wherein the third solvent is immiscible with the second solvent. The method may further comprise removing residues of the second solvent.
The method may further comprise dissolving the gelatin methacryloyl after washing in a water or aqueous buffered solution and removing any non-aqueous phase via evaporation or decanting.
The gelatin may be dissolved in the first solvent at a temperature of about 50 degrees Celsius and above. The methacrylating agent may be added to the first solution in a volume of up to about 18% V/V. A catalyst may be added to the solution along with the methacrylating agent. The catalyst may comprise dimethylaminopyridine.
According to a further embodiment, there is disclosed a hydrogel formed by dissolving a gelatin in a first solvent to form a first solution, methacrylating the first solution using a methacrylating agent to form a solution containing dissolved gelatin methacryloyl, precipitating the gelatin methacryloyl from the solution by adding a second solvent and isolating the precipitated gelatin methacryloyl. The precipitated gelatin methacryloyl may be disolved in a third solvent, wherein the third solvent is immiscible with the second solvent. The method may further comprise removing residues of the second solvent.
Other aspects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying figures.
The accompanying drawings constitute part of the disclosure. Each drawing illustrates exemplary aspects wherein similar characters of reference denote corresponding parts in each view,
Aspects of the present disclosure are now described with reference to exemplary apparatuses, methods and systems. Referring to
As illustrated in
The first and second solvents are selected to be miscible with each other as well. In particular, the first solvent will be selected to be operable to dissolve the reaction ingredients, namely the gelatin and methacrylating agent whereas the second solvent is selected to precipitate the reaction products out of the solution such as selecting a second solvent in which the resultant product is insoluble. It will therefore be appreciated that such first and second solvents may vary depending upon the starting base material as well as the methacrylating agents. It will be appreciated that in the present exemplary embodiment, the dielectric constant of the second solvent will be lower than the first solvent to cause such precipitation. Similarly, in oil based embodiments, the dielectric constant of the first solvent will be lower than the second solvent for the same reason.
It will be appreciated that although Toluene is described herein as the second solvent, that other solvents may be useful as well. In particular, the second solvent should be selected to be hydrophobic enough (of low dielectric constant) to allow a complete precipitation of the desired product, and therefore also a reproducible yield of GeIMA, which is a hydrophilic protein. The second solvent also desirably includes superior solubility of all the reaction by-products and unreacted chemicals. It will be appreciated that it is advantageous to have strong antibacterial properties to integrate sterilization with the production and purification processes. It is necessary for it to be water immiscible, which is a physical factor that does not allow it to access the hydrophilic GeIMA, and subsequently inhibits protein hydrolysis. Furthermore, the absence of water in the reaction mixture prevents protein denaturation, as proteins denature quicker in the presence of water. Lastly, it is advantageous that the agent be volatile and lighter than the third solvent, such as water by way of non-limiting example to allow for its easy removal by evaporation upon the addition of the final aqueous PBS solution for dissolving GeIMA. In the present exemplary embodiment, Toluene was selected as the organic solvent of choice as it meets all the above mentioned conditions and has also been long known for its superior safety profile for the working personnel over other similar solvents, such as benzene. It will be appreciated that other solvents may also be suitable for use as the second solvent according to the above desired features. It should also be noted that benzene does not show any antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, the ratio of the toluene, or any other second solvent, may be varied so as to increase the yield of the precipitated product. In particular, the second solvent may be utilized in a volume between 1 and 3 times the volume of the first solvent. It will be appreciated that for different first and second solvents, that other ratios may also be useful depending on the solvents and reactants selected. In the case, for the use of DMSO as a first solvent and toluene as a second solvent, it has been found that a production yield of approximately 70% GeIMA has been achieved with a ratio of 1 to 1 of DMSO to toluene. Increasing this ratio to 1 to 2 of DMSO to toluene increased the yield to approximately 90% and 1 to 3 increased the yield to nearly 100%. Ratios beyond 1 to 4 were found to result in no further significant increases in yield. Images of these ratio samples are illustrated in
In particular, in the present exemplary embodiment, Toluene has three roles in this method:
With respect to the first solvent, it has been found that low relative permittivity toluene-miscible gelatin aprotic solvents (Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Dimethyl Formamide, Dimethyl Acetamide, etc.) work better with the process of the present disclosure. This is because precipitating from solvents of lower relative permittivity (of around 40) is much easier requiring less reagents volumes and so more efficient. DMSO is miscible with both aqueous and hydrophobic organic solvents. Therefore, it can dissolve the reagents allowing the reaction to happen, while also being removed from the medium easily by adding toluene, in which GelMA is insoluble.
Finally, with respect to the methacrylating agent, glycidyl methacrylate was the selected methacrylate group donor for use with gelatin according to the present disclosure. As set out above, the use of glycidyl methacrylate for forming GeIMA from gelatin is known however, in the present exemplary embodiment, the volume% of glycidyl methacrylate was increased up to 18% VN of the initial gelatin methacrylation reaction mixture to attain a high methacrylation rate (({tilde over (−)}75%) in a short time. Advantageously, glycidyl methacrylate is very soluble in toluene and only moderately soluble in water. This makes the elimination of the glycidyl methacrylate easier and instantly thorough, which enables the increase in the volume% of glycidyl methacrylate in the initial methacrylation reaction mixture to fast forward the reaction and reduce the reaction time from 2 days to 2 hours producing a high quality GelMA.
Additionally, this also adds flexibility to the amount of glycidyl methacrylate that can be used without having purification problems. By changing the amount of the added glycidyl methacrylate reagent, the degree of methacrylation can be controlled and subsequently so can all the properties of the resultant GeIMA. This makes it possible to produce different variations of pre-designed GeIMA with different degrees of methacrylation, and mechanical properties.
The precipitate adheres to the bottom surface of the glass beaker due to the extreme hydrophobicity of toluene. This makes the handling, and washing, of the resultant product much easier. The supernatant is simply decanted, and the precipitate is then washed in an equal volume of fresh toluene. The process of washing is repeated twice. Then, PBS is added to produce the required GelMA concentration. The water will simply dissolve the GeIMA while the lighter volatile toluene will float to the surface28 and evaporate producing a pure GeIMA solution. The GeIMA is now ready for use or for packaging.
The exemplary embodiment of the present method, GeIMA was precipitated with a high yield while also ensuring the removal of all other impurities, non-reacted reagents and their by-products by dissolution with simultaneous sterilization. In particular, the results of the above method for producing GeIMA as compared to a conventional process produced the following results:
Furthermore, it will be appreciated that due to the ability of toluene, and in particular the antimicrobial and sterilizing properties thereof, that the resulting GeIMA have been found to have a high degree of viability for use in biofabrication.
Although the base material in the present disclosure is utilized as gelatin, it will be appreciated that other materials may also be utilized including, without limitation, collagen of different molecular weights, alginates and hyaluronic acid by way of non-limiting example. The above exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure discusses the present method utilized to form Gelatin Methacryloyl (GeIMA). It will be appreciated that other compositions may also be formed utilizing a similar method, including other hydrogels, bioinks, proteins, saccharides or any other products as well. In particular, more generally, the present method may be utilized to form any substances comprising the steps of dissolving at least one reactant in a first solvent, initiating and conducting the reaction and then precipitating the products in a second solvent. The solvents should be selected to have different dielectric constants so as to facilitate the desired reaction and the subsequent precipitation. Furthermore, the second solvent may be selected to have one or more qualities including, hydrophobicity, antimicrobial properties, byproduct dissolution ability, volatility, density lower than water and relative safety or non-toxicity. More generally, the product of any chemical reaction may be implemented utilizing the above method wherein the first solvent is a compatible medium for the reaction to happen and the second solvent is able to change the polarity (dielectric constant) of the solution in a way to precipitate the intended product. Desirably, all the ingredients of the system including impurities, byproducts, unreacted remaining reactants would also be soluble in the second solvent and the first and second solvents are miscible. Furthermore, a third solvent may be utilized which is immiscible with the second solvent that is used for dissolving the precipitate. A plurality of potential solvents are illustrated in the table illustrated in
While specific embodiments have been described and illustrated, such embodiments should be considered illustrative only and not as limiting the disclosure as construed in accordance with the accompanying claims.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CA2020/051089 | 8/7/2020 | WO |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
62884408 | Aug 2019 | US |